Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

The TerroristsThe Terrorists

Terror From Terror From AboveAbove

State TerrorismState Terrorism

Understanding State-Sponsored Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismTerrorism

The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model

Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismUnderstanding State-Sponsored Terrorism

State terrorism incorporates many types and State terrorism incorporates many types and degrees of violence.degrees of violence. Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.

Linkages between regimes and terrorism range Linkages between regimes and terrorism range from clear lines to murky “deniable” from clear lines to murky “deniable” associations.associations.

Concepts:Concepts: State patronage for terrorism.State patronage for terrorism. State assistance for terrorism.State assistance for terrorism.

The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model

Active state participation in terrorist behavior.Active state participation in terrorist behavior. Foreign and domestic participationForeign and domestic participation

Active involvement by agencies and Active involvement by agencies and personnel.personnel.

Cases: Direct arming, training, providing Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.sanctuary.

The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model

Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior.Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior. Foreign and domestic participation.Foreign and domestic participation.

Indirect support for extremist proxies.Indirect support for extremist proxies.

Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.sanctuary.

Moral SupportMoral Support Technical SupportTechnical Support Selective ParticipationSelective Participation Active ParticipationActive Participation

Moral SupportMoral Support

Politically sympathetic sponsorship.Politically sympathetic sponsorship.

Open embracement of the main beliefs and Open embracement of the main beliefs and principles of a cause.principles of a cause.

Governments may act as ideological role Governments may act as ideological role models for championed groups.models for championed groups.

Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.

Technical SupportTechnical Support

Logistically supportive sponsorship.Logistically supportive sponsorship.

Providing aid and comfort to a championed Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause, directly or indirectly.cause, directly or indirectly.

Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing “deniability.”“deniability.”

Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.

Selective ParticipationSelective Participation

Episode-specific sponsorship.Episode-specific sponsorship.

Support for a single incident or a series of Support for a single incident or a series of incidents.incidents.

Carried out by proxies or agents of the state. Carried out by proxies or agents of the state.

Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.

Active ParticipationActive Participation

Joint operations.Joint operations.

Government personnel jointly carry out Government personnel jointly carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy.proxy.

Case: Phoenix Program.Case: Phoenix Program.

Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority Vigilante State TerrorismVigilante State Terrorism Official State TerrorismOfficial State Terrorism Genocidal State TerrorismGenocidal State Terrorism

Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority

Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its authority and maintain its social order.authority and maintain its social order.

Democracy.Democracy.

Authoritarianism.Authoritarianism.

Totalitarianism.Totalitarianism.

Crazy states.Crazy states.

Vigilante State TerrorismVigilante State Terrorism

Unofficial repression.Unofficial repression.

Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups.groups.

Unofficial support from agents of the state.Unofficial support from agents of the state.

Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.

Official State TerrorismOfficial State Terrorism

Repression as a state’s domestic policy.Repression as a state’s domestic policy.

Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.

Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan.Taliban Afghanistan.

Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Genocidal State TerrorismGenocidal State Terrorism

Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Axis Rule in Axis Rule in Occupied EuropeOccupied Europe..

Scapegoating a group of people as policy.Scapegoating a group of people as policy.

Acts classified as genocide against a group:Acts classified as genocide against a group: Killing members of the group.Killing members of the group. Creating conditions leading to the partial or Creating conditions leading to the partial or

complete destruction of the group.complete destruction of the group. Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.

U.S. Department of State’s U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports Country Reports on Terrorismon Terrorism

Annual list of countries designated as state Annual list of countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism.sponsors of terrorism.

Private Agencies Monitoring Political Private Agencies Monitoring Political AbusesAbuses

Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Watch

Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International