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THEODORE ROOSEVELT
26TH PRESIDENT
1901-1908
THE EARLY YEARS
Sickly as a child Works hard in
his father’s home gym
Overcomes illnesses through the strength of his will
Attends Harvard University Athlete – Sculling (rowing), boxing
Mother (typhoid fever) & 1st wife (childbirth complications) died onsame day (Valentines’ Day)
TR retreats to the Badlands, SD
Learned lessons there in simple, hard living “Took the snob out of me”
Developed his love of the open land / wilderness
Experience will shape his future policies
“THE COWBOY”
EARLY CAREER Studied law at Columbia 3 yrs. in NY legislature 6 yrs. On US Civil Service
Commission 2 yrs. As NY City Police
Commissioner Already a “mover and a shaker” and a
friend of the common man Assistant Sec. Of Navy under
McKinley 1 term as NY Governor Also, a well-known historian
ROUGH RIDERS Roosevelt forms and
leads this volunteer regiment
Victory at San Juan Hill Medal of Honor granted
posthumously in 2001 for his service at San Juan Hill
Only P to ever be so honored
ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT Succeeded to the Presidency in
1901 on the assassination of McKinley by an anarchist
Youngest President at age 42 on his succession; then elected in 1904
A magnetic personality; powerful speaker appealing to one’s emotions
A “visible” President Energetic & aggressive – “the
strenuous life”
Clifford Berryman,The Washington Post
THE TEDDYBEAR IS NAMED AFTER HIM1902
Presidential Firsts To fly in an airplane To be submerged in a submarine To own a car; have a telephone in
his home To have Secret Service protection To travel outside the US borders
while still in office (Panama) To have an African-American to
dinner in the White House First American and President to
win a Nobel Peace Prize First “trust busting” president “Saved” football
5th Cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrayed on Mount Rushmore
“Speak Softly & Carry a Big Stick”
PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY: ‘It is better to dare mighty
things and fail than to live in a gray twilight where there is neither victory nor defeat.”
• In this photo, Roosevelt stands next to one of his favorite objects, a huge globe on which he used to put small white markers to show the position of U.S., German and British navies in the Western Hemisphere.
President Roosevelt in the
White House
Reference to the White House as a "bully pulpit," meaning a terrific platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda (“how things “ought to be”)
Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.
THE BULLY PULPIT
THE SQUARE DEAL Pledged all Americans a
“SQUARE DEAL” Fair shake - fair chance for
all Balance competing
interests to create a fair deal for all sides: labor and management, consumer and business, developer and conservationist.
TEDDY TEDDY ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT
“The Trustbuster”“The Trustbuster”
THE TRUSTBUSTER Believed trusts were fact of life;
need to get rid of “bad trusts;” other “good trusts” needed strong gov’t regulation, not elimination
Used Sherman Act & carefully chose Northern Securities RR merger as first target case – J.P. Morgan and John J. Hill Supreme Court ordered dissolution
in 1904 Bureau of Corporations –
investigated & worked out deals More trustbusting cases than all 3
previous Pres. combined but really more of a “trust-tamer”
COAL STRIKE OF 1902
One of longest, largest strikes in history by UMW – began in June, 140,000 miners
COAL STRIKE OF 1902 Management & labor unable to agree
Management refuse to negotiate with UMW repsPublic sympathy is with strikers
TR steps in (Oct.) to solve the strike – WHY?Calls union leaders & management to White HouseThreat: If settlement not reached, federal troops will seize
& operate the minesThreat of gov’t intervention caused owners to talk – miners
back to work; Commission appointed by TR to work out terms
Sets a precedent – 1st time a President ever stepped in to settle a labor strike
Other Business & Consumer Regulation
Part of the “Square Deal” Increased power of ICC in RR
regulation Elkins RR Act, 1903 made it
illegal to receive a/w/a grant rebates
Hepburn Act, 1906 energizes ICC – allows it to investigate & fix rates & stop RR abuses
Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act Pure Food & Drug Administration
HIS GREATEST DOMESTIC HIS GREATEST DOMESTIC ACHIEVEMENT!ACHIEVEMENT!
CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION
Early Conservation Efforts: Desert Lands Act, 1877 (Hayes)
Desert land cheap if willing to irrigate
Forest Reserve Act, 1891 (Harrison) Authorized P to set aside land
Carey Act, 1894 (Cleveland) Federal land to states if states
irrigate
Newlands Act, 1902 Put proceeds from federal
western land sales into irrigation projects such as dams
1911 – Roosevelt Dam, AZ Roosevelt will more than
triple the amount of land set aside as national forests
Added over 100 million acres to protected forests
150 national forests; 51 wildlife refuges; 5 national parks
Boy Scouts become popular!
Conservation v. Preservation Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Service Call for intelligent
use & multiple-resource management1913 federal gov’t
authorizes flooding valley in Yosemite to create a dam for San Francisco
John Muir Sierra Club Wilderness areas
should be left totally untouched
BIG STICK FOREIGN POLICY
International Police Role – Roosevelt Corollary
Panama Canal greatest foreign achievement
Treaty of Portsmouth
Gentlemen’s Agreement
FAILURES/WEAKNESSES: Poor relationship with
Congress - had to go directly to the people for support of many programs; many enacted by executive order
Didn’t address the tariff issue Inspired loyalty to himself
rather than his policies BUT:
did restore faith of the American people in the power of the government to serve their interests
Hunting & Safari Expeditions
Only Roosevelt specimen still on display at Smithsonian
"In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the person's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American. There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag... We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language... and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people."
Theodore Roosevelt 1907
Theodore Roosevelt on Immigrants and being an American - 1907:
October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919
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