The zero point energy of the quantum-vacuum

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The zero point energy of the quantum-vacuumClaus Wilhelm Turtur

Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuttel, Germany

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of the paper is the presentation of a new source of energy, the so-called zero point energy (ZPE) of the quantum-vacuum. Sameas thermal heat or as ponderable matter have been identified as a type of energy some centuries ago, space is now being identified a type of energy.The advantage of ZPE is its application, because it is an energy source with many practical advantages: clean, friendly to environment and health,extremely low cost, inexhaustible, available everywhere and at all time. It is not expected that this type of energy will be the main source for the futureair transport system, which is topic of this special issue. However, if the ZPE technology is developed at a more advanced level, it might contribute asenergy source for instance during taxing to a certain level.Design/methodology/approach ZPE-converting engines can be constructed on the basis of the theory presented here, which is new.Findings In the next steps, the technology needs to be further studied. For instance more powerful engines on the basis of his theory need to buildand investigated, although the applications seem to be almost anywhere, it needs to be found out which applications are the most appropriate in thefirst step.Originality/value ZPE engines exist already, but the theory of ZPE conversion is unique and new in the work presented here. It can be understood onthe basis of the finite propagation speed of the interacting fields, similar to retarded potentials of Lienart and Wiechert. The experimental verification ofthis theory is also presented in the article here.

Keywords Clean alternative energy, Free energy, Green power supply, New source of energy, Zero point energy of the quantum-vacuum

Paper type Research paper

Introduction

The utilization of the zero point energy (ZPE) of the quantum-

vacuum is explained by the theory of the finite propagation

speed (FPS) of the fields of the fundamental interactions of

nature. For technical purpose, rather often engines are used,

working on the basis of electromagnetic interaction. Due to the

theory of relativity, electric and magnetic fields, as well

as electromagnetic waves, propagate with the speed of light.

This allows the construction of energetically non-conservativecycles of motion of an electrostatic charge within an electric

field, as well as of a magnet within a magnetic field. Both

principles can be used to convert ZPE into classical energy.

The article explains the basics of FPS-theory, an

experiment for its verification and finally the construction of

a powerful ZPE-engine.

Main section

The utilization of ZPE is often under controversial discussion,

although there are already existing devices available, for

instance such as Terawatt Research LLC (www.terawatt.com/

2 01 2) w ith certificates by T UV-Rheinland and by

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (COP above 300 per cent),or such as LUTEC (www.lutec.com.au/how/2011) with

certificates by Societe Generale de Surveillance (SGS) (COP

up to 1,440 per cent). Also the scientific community begins to

take notice of the energy and/or entropy exchange with the

quantum-vacuum, as confirmed with light-emitting diodes

shown by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(COP 230 per cent; Santhanamet al., 2012).

The authors of this MIT-experiment refer to thermal

energy, being extracted from the environment without

having a difference of temperature to a second thermal-

reservoir. This would either contradict to the second law of

thermodynamics or confirm an exchange of entropy with

the quantum-vacuum. In this aspect, the MIT light-emitting

diodes can be understood as quantum-vacuum entropy

device instead of quantum-vacuum energy device.

The physics fundament of powerful ZPE-conversion is not

yet understood, at least not completely. The presented paper

gives a theoretical concept for a possible physics fundament of

ZPE-conversion, which is new, and which is now available for

everybody to be verified (or falsified). This theoretical work is

verified by the author with one experiment (the electrostatic

rotor), and it would be desirable to find further researchers, to

perform further experiments, for its validation.

1. The theory of the FPS of the fields of the fundamental

interactions

Let us tend our attention to two electrical charges, Q1and Q2,

who interact with each other via Coulomb-force (Figure 1).

Q1 is in motion along the red path and Q2 moves along the

blue path. If we observe the situation at the moment of time

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at

www.emeraldinsight.com/1748-8842.htm

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal

85/6 (2013) 493496

q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 1748-8842]

[DOI 10.1108/AEAT-09-2012-0149]

The author wants to express his very deep thanks to his wife Dr O. Turturfor supporting him with practically as well as with her very economichousekeeping budget, because they had to finance all their work bythemselves.

Received: 27 September 2012Revised: 20 December 2012Accepted: 1 January 2013

493

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called tb, the distance between Q1 and Q2 is jx2,b 2 x1,bj asindicated by the green arrow. This is the distance to be

applied within Coulombs law for the calculation of

Coulombs force between Q1 and Q2.But: the approach as described can only be applied as long

as we regard the electrostatic field to propagate with infinite

speed. In reality this is not the case. Following the theory of

relativity, in reality the electrostatic field propagates with the

speed of light. This leads us to the conception of the FPS of

the fields, explaining that the force of interaction in the reality

is different from the classical approximation following the

distance of the green arrow. This conception is first explained

by Lienard and Wiechert under the name of the retarded

potentials (Landau and Lifschitz , 1997), which leads us to

Figure 1.

At the moment of time ta, charge Q1has been at the position

x1,a and charge Q2 has beenat the positionx2,a. At this moment

ta, charge Q1had emitted its electric field into all directions ofspace (see black arrows),one ofthem reaching Q2at themoment

tbat which Q2is at the position x2,bdue to its motion. Thus, in

reality Q2 at x2,b andtb feels theCoulomb-force accordingto the

black arrow and not according to the green arrow. Analogously

we understand that Q1 at x1,band tb feels the Coulomb-force

according to the purple arrow and not according to the green

arrow, because Q2has to move from txin the same time, when

the field of interaction has to move from txto tb.

The consequence is that Newtons axiom actio reactio

is delayed in time, so the actio is to be regarded at a

different moment than reactio, but at one moment tb, force

and counter-force are not identically the same. But this is only

possible as soon as we get free from the old-fashioned static

approximation of Coulombs law, which did not take thespeed of the interacting partners into account. This means

that we have to introduce the motion of the interacting

partners into the position vectors within Coulombs law:

~FC 1

4p10

q1 q2

~r ~x1; ~x2; ~v1; ~v2; t j j2

~er ~x1; ~x2; ~v1; ~v2; t

Coulomb-force following Lienard-Wiecherts retarded potential

1

Thus, we see that the infinite speed of propagation of the

interacting field is a static approximation, whereas the finite

speed of propagation of the interacting field is the more exact

and realistic point of view. But the more precise few has the

huge advantage to allow us to construct non-conservative

cycles of motion within the electrostatic field. And it is

important to emphasize that the analogue point of view can be

constructed for the magnetic interaction and magnetic fields,

so that permanent magnets can be used to convert ZPE, as

soon as they are in motion fast enough to touch a realisticpercentage of the propagation speed of the fields, which is the

speed of light.

2. Experimental verification of the FPS-theory

In Turtur (2000-2010), the author explains an energy cycle

between the electrostatic fields energy and the ZPE, as well as

an energy cycle between the magnetic field and the ZPE,

which is a consequence of the FPS-theory. If this consequence

is sensible and correct, it should be possible to drive an

electrostatic rotor (blue colour in Figure 2) permanently and

indefinitely just by putting electrical charge onto the field

source (disc in red colour in Figure 2). The initialisation of

the motion by charging the field source electrically, indeed

takes energy once which is necessary to load the capacitor,

consisting of the red and blue parts. After this initialisation,the field source attracts the rotor will endlessly, and due to the

special geometry of the rotor-blades, this attractive force

causes an endless rotation of the blue rotor, not taking any

classical energy any further.

In reality the verification experiment has been performed in

a vacuum of about 1026 mbar, in order to avoid gas

molecules, (of the air) transporting classical electrical energy

from the field source to the rotor, which is known as Biefild-

Brown effect. Nevertheless, the real existing isolation between

field source and rotor can never be absolutely perfect, so that

some electrical charge was lost from the field source. Finally

an electrical power of (2.97 ^ 0.89) nanoWatts had been

necessary (detected with a voltmeter and a picoamperemeter)

to maintain the electrical charge on the field-source, in order toproduce a mechanical power of (150 ^ 50) nanoWatts of the

rotation of the rotor, which was just enough to surmount the

forces of friction between the rotor and the vacuum oil, on

which the rotor was swimming inside the vacuum chamber.

If we would like to understand this within the terminology of

coefficient of performance of classical energy, we come to a

COP 5,050 per cent, indicating at least 147 nanoWatts had

Figure 1The fundamental interactions in the dynamic view

Q2

Q1

x1,ata

x2,a

ta

x2,btb

x1,b tb

Figure 2An electrostatic rotor as a possible setup for the conversionof ZPE

50

xy

z

45

The ZPE of the quantum-vacuum

Claus Wilhelm Turtur

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal

Volume 85 Number 6 2013 493 496

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been converted from the ZPE. But on the background of the

theory it is clear, that the 3 nanoWatts being lost, are due to the

imperfections of the real isolators in the experimental setup.

3. Construction of a powerful ZPE-engine

An output-power of 150nanoWatts is only a fundamental

scientific experiment, and a verification of the conversion of

ZPE, but the application is the clean energy-supply foreverybody. And this needs many powerful ZPE-engines. Such

devices must be developed (Turtur, 2010-2011). One possible

theoretical concept for this development is presented now,

resulting in an exemplary demonstration, how to develop

construction-plans of such an engine, which is designed to

produce a power density of several hundred Watts per liter of

engine-volume.

Figure 3 shows a very simple setup for a very first approach

to the FSP-theory: two bodies m1 and m2 are mechanically

connected with each other by a coil spring. The bodies can be

brought into harmonic oscillation. If the bodies are charged

up electrically, or if they are replaced by permanent magnets,

the oscillation will no longer be harmonic, due to the

additional electrostatic or magnetic force. But: as long as thefinite speed of propagation of the fields is not taken into

account, this means as long as the situation is regarded

statically with the approximation of infinitely fast fields, the

classical energy (consisting of kinetic energy, potential energy

of the spring and fields energy) is constant.

But if the FPS of the fields is being taken into account, the

force of electrostatic or magnetic interaction is reduced, as

soon as the bodies move towards each, and on the other hand,

the force of interaction is enhanced, as soon as the bodies

move away from each other, within their oscillation.

This means, that the attractive magnetic force during the

period of the contraction of the spring is smaller than the

attractive magnetic force during the period of the extraction of

the spring both due to the finite speed of the motion of the

magnets. Consequently, the compression of the spring is less

strong than the extraction of the spring, so that the amplitude

of the oscillation is growing during time, being supported

from an invisible source of energy permanently. And from

theory, this source of energy is to be known as the ZPE

of the electromagnetic waves of the quantum-vacuum

(Turtur, 2010-2011).

Nevertheless, the power being converted from the quantum-

vacuum is very small, namely in the range of some picoWatts,

which is about the same order of magnitude as the MIT-

publication reported above. The problem is that the speed of

motion of the interacting partners must be somehow

comparable to the speed of propagation of the interacting

fields (i.e. the speed of light) in order to convert a remarkable

amount of conversion of ZPE. Therefore, the setup must be

replaced by some others setup, which allows a very high speed

of the interacting partners. This can be realized with a magnet

rotating within a coil, and the electrical fields energy

oscillating within an LC-oscillation-circuit, as shown in

Figure 4.

The system as shown in Figure 4 was simulated theoretically

by solving the differential equations of its motion, connecting

the mechanical motion of the rotation of the magnet with themotion of the electromagnetic field within the coil and the

capacitor. Surprisingly, the solutions of the differential

equations lead us to the conversion of ZPE even without

taking the finite speed of propagation of the fields into account

explicitly.

This can be possible, if we remember that the electrostatic

rotor of Figure 2 behaves similar: there, the finite speed of

propagation of the fields is included implicitly into Coulombs

law, which is proven by theoretical calculations. Obviously some

of the fundamental laws of classical electrodynamics (which are

verified many millions of times) contain the finite speed of

propagation of the fields implicitly in order to describe nature

properly. But it is not sure, that the laws of Biot-Savart and the

Lorentz-force applied for the computation of the setup

according to Figure 4, also contain the finite speed of

propagation of the fields implicitly. Consequently, the next

step of investigation should be: the FPS should be introduced

into the theoretical simulation of the system shown in Figure 4.

A design-example up to now was simulated on the computer

with a magnet of about 10 cm of diameter rotating within a coil

of about 15 15 cm, 30,100 round per minute, giving an

electrical power output of about 52 Watts and additionally a

mechanical power outputof about 528Watts about 580Watts

in sum. If future theoretical simulations will show, that the FPS

has to be taken additionally into account, the rotation will have

to be much faster.

The system has got the name electromechanic double

resonance converter (EMDR), because the electric

resonance with in the LC-circuit and the mechanical motionof the magnet on the one hand, have to be adjusted to the

propagation speed of the (magnetic) fields on the other hand.

The EMDR-converter can be one possible future experiment

for the validation of the theoretical concept of the FPS of the

fields (which is new here) explaining the conversion of ZPE.

A very first and rather easy experiment, to start with the

principle validation of the theoretical concept of the FPS of

the fields can be suggested according to the setup in Figure 5,

where two flexible membranes (plastic/rubber foils with

metallic cover) are made plates of a capacitor. An oscillation

of those capacitor-plates can be initiated by applying an AC-

voltage, and as soon as the oscillation of the plates comes into

resonance with the propagation fields (of electrostatic

interaction between the plates), the setup should work

as a ZPE-converter. Of course, a (small) setup does not

Figure 3Two oscillating bodies with interacting field as a very simpleapproach to FPS-theory

m1

mass m1deflection x1velocity v1

mass m2Line of Symmetry

in the middle deflection x2velocity v2

m2

Figure 4Possible setup of a powerful magnetic ZPE-motor

The ZPE of the quantum-vacuum

Claus Wilhelm Turtur

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal

Volume 85 Number 6 2013 493 496

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produce much power (a computation was simulated in the

range of few picoWatts), but the detection of this power

makes the simplicity of the setup: if the geometrical

dimensions of the capacitor and the membranes (with their

spring-constant) is adjusted in appropriate manner to each

other and to the distance of the fields in propagation, theworking-frequency of the system can be some kiloHertz, so

that the setup works in the range of an acoustic signal, which

can be heard directly with our human ears. The sensitivity-

limit of human ears is an acoustic intensity of 10212 Watts/

m2, and the size of the ears is not more than several cm 2, so

that the lower limit of power-sensitivity is about several

10216. . .10215 Watts. This should give a good chance to

detect ZPE-conversion in a rather efficient way.

Conclusion

The ZPE of the quantum-vacuum is an interesting new source

of energy, clean, inexpensive and inexhaustible, which could

in principle be used by everybody for free solving our

energy-problem completely. There are some ZPE-motorsalready existing on our earth, which will hopefully be made

available for everybody in future.

The author of the paper presents a fundamental theory of

utilising ZPE, which can be understood as the concept of the

FPS of the fields, causing a retardation of the fundamental

interactions of nature, dependent on trajectories of the

partners of interaction.

Further work

In order to explainsome ideas howthe ZPEresearch work could

be continued in future, if somebody has the possibilities, to

develop the new clean ZPE source for mankind, the author

published a scientific plan (Turtur, 2012).

References

Landau, L.D. and Lifschitz, E.M. (1997), Lehrbuch der

Theoretischen Physik, Band 2, Klassische Feldtheorie, 12th ed.,

Harri Deutsch Verlag, Frankfurt.

S anthanam , P., G ray, D.J. and R am , R .J. ( 20 12 ),

Thermoelectrically pumped light-emitting diodes

operating above unity efficiency, Physical Review Letters,

Vol. 108, p. 097403.

Turtur, C.W. (2000-2010), Conversion of the Vacuum-Energy of

Electromagnetic Zero-Point Oscillations into Classical Mechanical

Energy, Living Review, available at: www.ostfalia.de/export/

sites/default/de/pws/turtur/FundE/Schrift_03f_englisch.pdf

Turtur, C.W. (2010-2011), Utilization of Vacuum-Energy:

Theoretical Fundament and Explanation of the ZPE-Motor,Living Review, available at: www.ostfalia.de/export/sites/

default/de/pws/turtur/DownloadVerzeichnis/Series-english-

5Articles.pdf

Turtur, C.W. (2012), Research Concept Zero Point Energy,

available at: www.ostfalia.de/export/sites/default/de/pws/

turtur/NeuesVerzeichnis/Forschungplan_englisch.pdf

Web sites

LUTEC www.lutec.com.au/how/2011

www.youtube.com/watch?vg59cGTswGCI

www.youtube.com/watch?vBbhkXDacNx8

http:freeenergynews.com/Directory/Lutec1000/

Corresponding author

Claus Wilhelm Turtur can be contacted at: c-w.turtur@

ostfalia.de

Figure 5Possible setup for a first and simple verification-experiment ofthe theoretical concept of the FPS of the fields

plastic frameplastic frame

foil with metallic

cover

foil with metallic

cover

without voltage

applied

without voltage

applied

with voltage

applied

with voltage

applied

The ZPE of the quantum-vacuum

Claus Wilhelm Turtur

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal

Volume 85 Number 6 2013 493 496

496

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