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United States International Trade Commission
59TH REPORT
USITC Publication 4026July 2008
THE YEAR INTRADE 2007Operation of the TradeAgreements Program
Address all communications toSecretary to the Commission
United States International Trade CommissionWashington DC 20436
US International Trade Commission
Director of Economics
Robert B Koopman
Director of Operations
Robert A Rogowsky
COMMISSIONERS
Shara L Aranoff ChairmanDaniel R Pearson Vice Chairman
Deanna Tanner OkunCharlotte R Lane
Irving A WilliamsonDean A Pinkert
US International Trade CommissionWashington DC 20436
wwwusitcgov
July 2008Publication 4026
The Year in Trade 2007Operation of the Trade Agreements Program
59th Report
This report was principally prepared by
The Office of Economics
Arona Butcher Project LeaderJustino De La Cruz Deputy Project Leader
Nannette Christ Kelly Clark Nick Grossman William Greene Joanne GuthAlexander Hammer Walker Pollard James Stamps and
Edward C Wilson
Office of the General CounselWilliam W Gearhart and Robin Turner
Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade AgreementsNaomi Freeman and Dan Shepherdson
Office of InvestigationsMary Messer and Andy Rylyk
Office of Unfair Import InvestigationsAnne Goalwin
Office of IndustriesKim Freund Dawn Heuschel Laura Rodriguez Donald Sussman
Audrey Tafoya and Isaac Wohl
Office of Information Technology SystemsBarbara V Bobbitt
Supporting assistance was provided byPatricia M Thomas
InternLauren Deason
Office of Publishing
iii
PREFACEThis report is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress undersection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislationSection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 states that ldquothe International Trade Commissionshall submit to the Congress at least once a year a factual report on the operation of thetrade agreements programrdquo
This report is one of the principal means by which the US International Trade Commissionprovides Congress with factual information on trade policy and its administration forcalendar year 2007 The trade agreements program includes ldquoall activities consisting of orrelated to the administration of international agreements which primarily concern trade andwhich are concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the Constitutionrdquoand congressional legislation
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface iii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xi
Executive Summary xv
Chapter 1 Overview of US Trade 1-1Scope and approach of the report 1-1Overview of the US economy in 2007 1-1
Exchange-rate trends 1-2Balance of payments 1-3Trade in goods and services 1-4
US trade in goods in 2007 1-5US merchandise trade by product category 1-5
Exports 1-5Imports 1-5
US merchandise trade with leading partners 1-6US trade in services in 2007 1-9
US services trade by product category 1-9Exports 1-9Imports 1-10
US services trade with leading partners 1-11
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations 2-1Import relief laws 2-1
Safeguard actions 2-1Adjustment assistance 2-1
Trade adjustment assistance for workers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for farmers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for firms and industries 2-3
Laws against unfair trade practices 2-4Section 301 investigations 2-4
Active section 301 cases in 2007 2-4New section 301 petitions in 2007 2-4Special 301 2-5
Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews 2-7Antidumping investigations 2-7Countervailing duty investigations 2-8Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orderssuspension
agreements 2-9Section 337 investigations 2-9
Other import administration laws and programs 2-11Tariff preference programs 2-11
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and RegulationsndashContinuedGeneralized System of Preferences 2-11African Growth and Opportunity Act 2-12Andean Trade Preference Act 2-16Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act 2-18
Textile and apparel developments in 2007 2-20US textile and apparel imports in 2007 2-20US-China textile and apparel trade 2-22Textile and apparel imports under AGOA ATPA and CBERA 2-22Textile and apparel imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through
Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act 2-23US textile and apparel imports under CAFTA-DR 2-24
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APEC 3-1World Trade Organization 3-1
Doha trade negotiations 3-2Negotiations resumed in February 2007 3-2G-4 meetings at Potsdam 3-3Negotiations suspended in June 2007 3-4October 2007 General Council and TNC meetings 3-5November 2007 TNC meeting 3-5
General Council 3-6Work programs decisions and reviews 3-7
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements 3-7TRIPS Council matters 3-7Small economies 3-7Special and differential treatment 3-8Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin 3-9Aid for trade 3-10Cotton initiative 3-11Annual review of Chinarsquos protocol of accession to the WTO 3-12Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation 3-12Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and
Countervailing Measures 3-12Accessions 3-13Waivers 3-13Seventh WTO ministerial conference 3-13
Dispute settlement 3-15Consultations and new panels established 3-15
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States 3-15Measures by China granting refunds reductions or exemptions from taxes
and other payments (DS358) 3-16
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APECndashContinuedMeasures by India imposing ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo or ldquoextra additional dutiesrdquo
including wines and distilled products (DS360) 3-17Measures by China affecting the protection of and enforcement of
intellectual property rights (DS362) 3-17Measures by China affecting trading rights and distribution services for
certain publications and audiovisual entertainment products (DS363) 3-18Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent 3-18
Continued existence and application of ldquozeroingrdquo methodology in USantidumping duty reviews (DS350) 3-18
US subsidies and other domestic support for corn and other agriculturalproducts (DS357) 3-19
US domestic support and export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts (DS365) 3-19
Appellate Body and panel reports adopted during 2007 that involved the UnitedStates 3-19
Reports in which the United States was the complainant 3-20Measures by Turkey affecting the importation of rice (DS334) 3-20
Reports in which the United States was the respondent 3-21US antidumping ldquozeroingrdquo methodology (DS322) 3-21US antidumping measure on shrimp from Ecuador (DS335) 3-22
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 3-22Global policy forums 3-22Nonmember focus 3-23Trade Committee priority topics 3-24
Export credits 3-25Aircraft sector understanding 3-25Export credit understandings for other sectors 3-26
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3-26Action Agenda 3-27Committee on Trade and Investment 3-27
Chapter 4 US Free Trade Agreements 4-1FTAs in force during 2007 4-1Other FTA developments during 2007 4-3
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement 4-5US-Korea Free Trade Agreement 4-6
North American Free Trade Agreement 4-7Free Trade Commission 4-8Commission for Labor Cooperation 4-9Commission for Environmental Cooperation 4-10Dispute settlement 4-12
Chapter 11 dispute settlement developments 4-13Chapter 19 dispute panel reviews 4-13
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners 5-1European Union 5-1
US-EU summit 5-2Canada 5-3
Agriculture 5-4Livestock 5-4Potatoes 5-4Softwood lumber agreement 5-5Aviation 5-5
China 5-6Intellectual property rights enforcement 5-6Product safety 5-7Market access 5-8
Goods 5-8Services 5-9
Global trade imbalances and Chinarsquos exchange-rate regime 5-9Mexico 5-10
Cross-border trucking between the United States and Mexico 5-10Japan 5-12
Beef 5-12Deregulation 5-13
Korea 5-14US-Korea FTA 5-15Beef 5-15
Taiwan 5-16Intellectual property rights 5-16Agriculture 5-17
Beef 5-17Rice 5-18
India 5-18Trade dialogue 5-19Mangoes 5-19Alcoholic beverages 5-20
Bibliography Bibl -1
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageFiguresES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007 xv11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar
daily 2007 1-312 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-613 Leading US export markets by share 2007 1-714 Leading US import sources by share 2007 1-815 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-1016 Leading US private services exports 2007 1-1217 Leading US private services imports 2007 1-12
TablesES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities xxv11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-712 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-1121 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-322 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-323 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007 2-824 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007 2-1325 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07 2-1526 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07 2-1727 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07 2-1928 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major USsuppliers selected regional groups and the world 2-21
31 WTO membership in 2007 3-1432 WTO observers in 2007 3-1533 WTO dispute settlement panels established in 2007 3-1641 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07 4-242 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07 4-343 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 4-544 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07 4-845 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation 4-1146 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement
on Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007 4-1247 NAFTA chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007 4-14
Appendix tablesA1 US merchandise trade with world by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-3A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07 A-4A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07 A-5A4 Antidumping cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-6
x
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageAppendix tablesndashContinuedA5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-7A6 Countervailing duty cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-13A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-14A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007
by date of completion A-15A9 Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the US International
Trade Commission during 2007 and those pending on December 31 2007 A-17A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007 A-26A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007 A-31A12 US imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment by import
categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule 2007 A-32A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-33A14 US imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA 2005ndash07 A-34A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-35A16 US imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA 2005ndash07 A-36A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-37A18 US imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA 2005ndash07 A-38A19 WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-39A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-46A21 US merchandise trade with the European Union by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-47A22 Leading US exports to the European Union by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-48A23 Leading US imports from the European Union by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-49A24 US merchandise trade with Canada by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-50A25 Leading US exports to Canada by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-51A26 Leading US imports from Canada by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-52A27 US merchandise trade with China by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-53A28 Leading US exports to China by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-54A29 Leading US imports from China by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-55A30 US merchandise trade with Mexico by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-57A31 Leading US exports to Mexico by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-58A32 Leading US imports from Mexico by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-59A33 US merchandise trade with Japan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-61A34 Leading US exports to Japan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-62A35 Leading US imports from Japan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-63A36 US merchandise trade with Korea by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-65A37 Leading US exports to Korea by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-66A38 Leading US imports from Korea by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-67A39 US merchandise trade with Taiwan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-69A40 Leading US exports to Taiwan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-70A41 Leading US imports from Taiwan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-71A42 US merchandise trade with India by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-73A43 Leading US exports to India by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-74A44 Leading US imports from India by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-75
xi
List of Frequently Used Abbreviations andAcronyms
ACP Former European Colonies in Africa Caribbean and the PacificAD AntidumpingAFT Aid for TradeAGOA African Growth and Opportunity ActAIT American Institute in TaiwanAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationAPHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)AQSIQ General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine
(China)ASU Aircraft Sector UnderstandingATPA Andean Trade Preference ActATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission (NAFTA)BSE Bovine Spongiform EncephalopathyCAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActCBI Caribbean Basin InitiativeCBTPA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActCD Compact DiscCEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA) CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade AgreementCITA Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (USDOC)CLC Commission for Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)CNL Competitive Need LimitationCSQ Country Specific QuotaCTD Committee on Trade and Development (WTO)CTDSS Committee on Trade and Development in Special SessionCTI Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC)CVD Countervailing DutyDDA Doha Development AgendaDSB WTO Dispute Settlement BodyDSU WTO Dispute Settlement UnderstandingDVD Digital Video DiscECA Export Credit Arrangement (OECD)EDA Economic Development Administration (USDOC)EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework (WT)EPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyEU European UnionFAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA)FBI Federal Bureau of InvestigationFMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (USDOT)FTA Free Trade AgreementFTAA Free Trade Area of the AmericasFTC Free Trade Commission (NAFTA)FY Fiscal Year
xii
G-4 G-4 Bloc (Brazil China India South Africa)G-20 G-20 Bloc of Developing CountriesGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGOI Government of IndiaGSP Generalized System of PreferencesHHOPE Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement ActHS Harmonized SystemHTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule ( United States)IF Integrated FrameworkIMF International Monetary FundIPR Intellectual Property RightsITA International Trade Administration (USDOC)JCCT US-China Joint Commission on Commerce and TradeLCIA London Court of International ArbitrationLDB Least-Developed BeneficiaryLDBDC Least-Developed Beneficiary Developing CountryLTFV Less Than Fair ValueMEA Multilateral Environmental AgreementMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPS Ministry of Public Security (China)MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement NAAEC North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA)NAALC North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)NADB North American Development BankNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNAMA Nonagricultural Market AccessNAO National Administrative Office (NAFTA)NTR Normal Trade RelationsOAS Organization of American StatesOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOIE World Organization for Animal HealthOIG Office of the Inspector General (USDOT)OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation (USDOT)OTAI Office of Trade Agreement Implementation (NAFTA)PRC Peoples Republic of ChinaPSAG Private Sector Advisory GroupSampD Special and DifferentialSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSCM Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresSED US-China Strategic Economic DialogueSITC Standard Industrial Trade ClassificationSLA Softwood Lumber AgreementSMEs Square Meter EquivalentsSPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary StandardsSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSVE Small and Vulnerable EconomyTAA Trade Adjustment AssistanceTAAC Trade Adjustment Assistance Center
xiii
TACA Trade Advisory Committee on AfricaTEC Transatlantic Economic CouncilTIFA Trade and Investment Framework AgreementTNC Trade Negotiations CommitteeTPA Trade Promotion AgreementTPF Trade Policy ForumTPL Tariff Preference LevelTRIMS Trade-Related Investment MeasuresTRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRQ Tariff-Rate QuotaUN United NationsUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUSDOC United States Department of CommerceUSDOL United States Department of LaborUSDOS United States Department of StateUSITC United States International Trade CommissionUSTR United States Trade RepresentativeWTO World Trade Organization
xv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The US economy continued to expand for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 although ata slower pace than in previous years US exports of goods and services ($1046 billion)increased more rapidly than US imports ($1943 billion) for the second year in a row (13percent for exports versus 5 percent for imports) leading to a decrease in the trade deficitin goods and services in 2007 (figure ES1) Increases in US exports of machinery andtransport equipment chemicals and related products food and live animals and crudematerials (except fuels) represented almost three-quarters of the total increase in exports in2007 while increases in US imports of machinery and transport equipment and mineralfuels lubricants and related materials represented over one-half of the increase in importsfor the same year The US surplus in services trade increased by 341 percent to $1069billion in 2007 More than one-half of the increase in exports was accounted for by private
Figure ES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007
services that included business professional and technical services insurance services andfinancial services The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearlyaverage basis against a basket of currencies including the Canadian dollar the euro theChinese yuan and the Japanese yen The largest depreciation was against the United Statesrsquolargest trading partner Canada Despite the fluctuations during the year the US dollarended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexican peso and theBritish pound
A summary of key US trade agreement activities in 2007 is presented below followed bya summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis for the year Tradeagreement activities during 2007 included the administration of US trade laws and
xvi
regulations US participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation (APEC) forum US negotiation of and participation in free trade agreements(FTAs) and bilateral developments with major trading partners
Key Trade Developments in 2007
Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations
bull Section 301 One active case under section 301 concerned the European Union(EU) meat hormone directive which the WTO had found violates the Agreementon the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
bull Special 301 The USTRrsquos 2007 special 301 report highlighted weak intellectualproperty rights (IPR) protection and enforcement in China and Russia both ofwhich were placed on the priority watch list Belize and Brazil were moved fromthe priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPR enforcement TheBahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to their improved IPRenforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due totheir passage of IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removedfrom the watch list principally because it adopted new regulations concerninggeographical indications following an adverse WTO ruling
bull Section 337 investigations During 2007 there were 77 active section 337investigations and ancillary proceedings at the US International TradeCommission (Commission) 39 of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 therewere 35 new section 337 investigations and four new ancillary proceedingsrelating to previously concluded investigations All of the new section 337institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement At the close of2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pending
bull Antidumping investigations The Commission instituted 33 new antidumpinginvestigations and completed 8 during 2007 Antidumping duty orders were issuedby the US Department of Commerce (Commerce) in 2007 on certain activatedcarbon from China and polyester staple fiber from China
bull Countervailing duty investigations The Commission instituted 7 newcountervailing duty investigations and completed three investigations during 2007However because the Commission made negative determinations in each of thethree investigations (on coated free sheet paper from China Indonesia and Korea)no new countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
bull Sunset reviews During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunsetreviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders and theCommission completed 74 reviews resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailingduty orders being continued for five additional years
xvii
bull Trade adjustment assistance In 2007 the US Department of Labor certifiedpetitions covering approximately 146592 workers A total of 1427 petitions werecertified as eligible for benefits and services and 625 petitions were denied
Preferential Trade Programs
bull Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Duty-free imports entering under theUS GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 Angola was the leading GSPbeneficiary in 2007 followed by India Thailand Brazil and Indonesia During2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a least-developed GSPbeneficiary Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP status as a result oftheir accession to the EU and the Dominican Republic was removed from the GSPprogram as a result of its accession to the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) Authorization for the GSPprogram is currently set to expire on December 31 2008
bull African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) A total of 39 sub-Saharan African(SSA) countries were designated for benefits under AGOA as of January 1 2007and 26 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefitsDuty-free US imports under AGOA including GSP were valued at $511 billionin 2007 US imports under AGOA exclusive of GSP were valued at $423 billionin 2007 a 170 percent increase from 2006 The increase in AGOA imports wasdriven mainly by increases in US imports of petroleum-related products whichmade up more than 95 percent of imports by value under AGOA This increasewas almost exclusively due to increases in prices rather than volume
bull Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) ATPA as amended by the Andean TradePromotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) provides duty-free treatment forcertain products of Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru US imports underATPA were valued at $123 billion in 2007 a decrease of 87 percent from $135billion in 2006 Imports under ATPA from each of the four beneficiary countriesdecreased in 2007 Imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in valueduring 2007 mainly because of lower petroleum production Petroleum-relatedproducts accounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 Otherleading imports under ATPA in 2007 included apparel copper cathodes fresh cutflowers and asparagus
bull Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) CBERA as expanded by theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) provides duty-free and reduced-duty treatment for certain products of designated Caribbean Basin countries In2007 articles from 19 countries and territories were eligible for CBERApreferences US imports under CBERA were valued at $55 billion in 2007 a446 percent decline from $99 billion in 2006 The decline in US imports underCBERA was due to the fact that imports from El Salvador Guatemala Hondurasand Nicaragua entered under CAFTA-DR during 2007 rather than under CBERAThe Dominican Republic was a CBERA beneficiary for only part of 2007 beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force for that country Trinidad and Tobago was theleading supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products ranked as the leading US imports under CBERA in 2007
xviii
Textiles and Apparel
bull Trade US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 totaled 531 billion squaremeter equivalents (SMEs) ($964 billion) an increase of 18 percent by volume and34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previous years 2007 was characterizedby a shift in US textile and apparel imports from Central American and SouthAmerican countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarily China butalso Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia
bull China US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billionto $323 billion This increase is mainly attributable to a $42 billion increase inUS imports of apparel articles Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were apparel and $96 billion were textiles LeadingUS apparel imports from China in 2007 included knit sweaters pullovers andvests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousers andshorts Leading imports of textiles from China included certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and certain curtains Chinarsquos share of the US importmarket expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357 percentin 2006 In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21quotas under the 2005 memorandum of understanding between the United Statesand China which established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparelproducts from China from January 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During2007 quotas filled at an average rate of 619 percent
bull AGOA ATPA and CBERA In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible forduty-free entry into the United States totaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs)under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs) under ATPAATPDEA and $927million (481 million SMEs) under CBERACBTPA For the first time since 2004the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly (28 percent) Thevolume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 under bothATPDEA (by 140 percent) and the CBTPA (by 658 percent)
bull Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Trade Partnership Encouragement(HHOPE) Act Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under theHHOPE Act in the second half of 2007 US imports of textiles and appareleligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPE Act in 2007 totaled $136 million(40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparel imports fromHaiti (the remaining imports entering under CBTPA) The CBTPA program underwhich US imports from Haiti have grown steadily in recent years has contributedto a viable apparel manufacturing sector in Haiti and created a base from which theindustry can benefit from enhanced preferences afforded by the HHOPE Act
WTO OECD and APEC
bull WTO developments The Doha Development Agenda multilateral tradenegotiations resumed on February 7 2007 only to be suspended four months laterin June The G-4 countriesmdashBrazil the EU India and the United Statesmdashmetduring June 19ndash21 2007 in an effort to reach some convergence in negotiatingpositions regarding market access for agricultural products domestic support for
xix
agricultural producers and market access for nonagricultural products Issuesraised at the WTO General Council included preferential trade arrangements smalland vulnerable economies the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of originand the Aid for Trade initiative The General Council also held its annual reviewof Chinarsquos Protocol of Accession to the WTO and its biennial review of the USJones Act legislation
bull WTO dispute settlement During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests forWTO dispute settlement consultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005and 19 in 2004 Thirteen new dispute settlement panels were established in 2007One of these panels (DS358mdashreductions or exemptions from taxes) was laterterminated when the United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlementin December 2007 and another (DS359mdash reductions or exemptions from taxes)was terminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement inFebruary 2008 Four cases involved the United States as complainant (DS358DS360Indiamdashadditional and extra duties on imports DS362ChinamdashIPRenforcement and DS363Chinamdash trading rights and distribution services foraudiovisual entertainment products) Other complainants that brought one or moredispute settlement cases in 2007 included Argentina (3) Brazil (1) the EU (3)Mexico (1) and Panama (1) Two dispute settlement panels involved the UnitedStates as respondent (DS350EUmdashldquozeroingrdquo methodology andDS365Brazilmdashdomestic support and export credit for agricultural products)Other respondents cited in one or more dispute settlement cases in 2007 includedBrazil (1) Chile (2) China (4) Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The tradeissues implicated in these cases included measures affecting antidumpingcountervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectual property rights taxmatters and measures affecting border and internal trade issues
bull OECD developments The OECD Trade Committee held several global policyforums during 2007 addressing subjects such as trade and labor market adjustmentand the international sourcing of information technology services The committeecompleted its comprehensive reviews of the economies of China and India andcontinued discussions on trade issues regarding other major nonmembereconomies
bull APEC developments During the September 2007 annual meeting APEC ministersagreed upon an Action Plan to stimulate energy efficiency and environmentalprotection in their region Also in 2007 APECrsquos Committee on Trade andInvestment agreed on measures with respect to regional and free trade agreementselectronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitary andphytosanitary measures formulated a plan aimed at reducing intra-regionaltransaction costs associated with trade developed guidelines to enhance IPRcapacity building in the region and agreed on common procedures for acquiringnew patents in member countries
FTAs in Force During 2007
bull US FTAs in force in 2007 The United States was a party to nine FTAs as ofDecember 31 2007 CAFTA-DR (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the
xx
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA(2004) the US-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) and the US-Israel FTA(1985)
bull FTA legislative developments The US Congress and the Administration agreedon a bipartisan trade deal on May 10 2007 calling for the inclusion of core laborand environmental standards among other things in the text of pending and futuretrade agreements The Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend lapsed on July 1 2007without being renewed
bull Other FTA developments The United States concluded FTA negotiations withPanama on December 19 2006 and the two parties signed the US-Panama TradePromotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 2007 The United States concluded FTAnegotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the two parties signed a bilateralFTA agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral agreementswith Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 The United States and Peru concludednegotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007 that was ratified byCongress in December 2007 and President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 The United States and Colombia concludednegotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 Howevernone of those bilateral agreements entered into force during 2007
bull US merchandise trade flows with FTA partners Total US exports of goods toFTA partners in 2007 were valued at $406 billion and accounted for 388 percentof total US exports while total US imports of goods from FTA partners werevalued at approximately $593 billion and accounted for 322 percent of total USimports The United States had an overall merchandise trade deficit with FTApartners in 2007 of $188 billion including a record high $190 billion deficit withNAFTA partners Australia Singapore and Morocco were the only FTA partnerswith whom the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
bull NAFTA developments Although NAFTA was launched on January 1 1994 thelast of its trade provisions were only fully implemented on January 1 2008 In2007 US two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) with NAFTApartners totaled $855 billion a 52 percent increase over 2006
bull NAFTA dispute settlement Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designedto protect cross-border investors and facilitate the settlement of investmentdisputes In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases against the United Statesby Canadian investors There were also six active chapter 11 cases by USinvestors against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases by US investors againstMexico Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review bya binational panel of final determinations made by national investigatingauthorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases At the end of 2007 theNAFTA Secretariat listed 12 active binational panels under chapter 19 The twobinational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged US agenciesrsquodeterminations on products from Mexico
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus the Czech Republic1
Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia LithuaniaLuxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania the Slovak Republic Slovenia SpainSweden and the United Kingdom
xxi
Trade Activities with Major Trading Partners
European Union
bull The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner1
behind the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandise trade with the EU totaled $5785 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU were valued at$2263 billion in 2007 and US imports of goods from the EU were valued at$3522 billion resulting in a US merchandise trade deficit with the EU of $1259billion in 2007 Leading US exports to the EU during the year included aircraftand aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions and gold LeadingUS imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger cars petroleumderivatives and nucleic acids and their salts
bull There were several active WTO dispute settlement proceedings during 2007 inwhich both the United States and the EU were parties either as the complainantor the respondent Four of these cases involved alleged subsidies to their respectivecivil aircraft industries The United States and EU also created the TransatlanticEconomic Council to guide efforts to lower US and EU barriers to trade andinvestment
Canada
bull Canada was the second-largest export market for US goods in 2007 following theEU and the largest single-country trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $5256 billion US merchandise exports toCanada were valued at $2131 billion in 2007 and US merchandise imports fromCanada were valued at $3125 billion resulting in a $994 billion US merchandisetrade deficit with Canada in 2007 Leading US exports to Canada during the yearincluded passenger and transport motor vehicles parts and accessories for motorvehicles and energy products such as natural gas and crude oils Leading USimports from Canada in 2007 included natural gas and crude oils and passengermotor vehicles
bull The United States and Canada conducted bilateral discussions on a number ofagricultural issues during 2007 notably the resumption of livestock tradefollowing concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and theliberalization of Canadian restrictions on imports of bulk shipments of potatoesThe United States also requested consultations with Canada under the US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement signed in September 2006 to resolve concernsregarding Canadarsquos implementation of several provisions The two countries alsoimplemented a bilateral air service agreement that removes remaining restrictionson civil aviation services between the two countries
xxii
China
bull China was the second-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3838 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to China were valued at $610 billion and US merchandiseimports from China were valued at $3231 billion resulting in a $2621 billionUS merchandise trade deficit with China in 2007 accounting for 292 percent ofthe US global merchandise trade deficit in that year Leading US exports toChina included airplanes soybeans electronic integrated circuits and copper andaluminum waste and scrap Leading US imports from China included computersand their parts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games andfootwear
bull US-China bilateral trade relations in 2007 focused on IPR enforcement productsafety and market access for goods and services in China as well as the twocountriesrsquo global trade imbalances
Mexico
bull Mexico was the third-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3296 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Mexico were valued at $1194 billion and USmerchandise imports from Mexico were valued at $2102 billion resulting in a$908 billion US merchandise trade deficit with Mexico Leading US exports toMexico included machinery and transportation equipment Leading US importsfrom Mexico included crude oils and motor vehicles
bull On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project which permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operate throughout the United States for one year
Japan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Japan totaled $2030 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Japan were valued at $581 billion and US merchandiseimports from Japan totaled $1449 billion resulting in an $868 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Japan in 2007 Leading US exports to Japanincluded airplanes and other aircraft corn parts of airplanes or helicoptersmachines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices orelectronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinerytelevision cameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxesand parts for motor vehicles
bull The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth continues to serve as theprimary forum for trade and economic dialogue between the two countries In2007 discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan andderegulation of Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific
xxiii
reforms such as certification of communications equipment and air transportrestrictions
Korea
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Korea totaled $784 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Korea were valued at $330 billion and US merchandiseimports from Korea totaled $454 billion resulting in a $123 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Korea Leading US exports to Korea includedcomputer chips aircraft and machines and mechanical appliances havingindividual functions (mostly semiconductor production machinery) Leading USimports from Korea included automobiles cellular telephones computer chips andcomputer parts and accessories (mainly memory modules)
bull US-Korea trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations andnegotiations over US beef exports to Korea which had been suspended becauseof Korean concerns with BSE
Taiwan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Taiwan totaled $625 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Taiwan were valued at $245 billion and US merchandiseimports from Taiwan totaled $381 billion resulting in a $145 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Taiwan in 2007 Leading US exports to Taiwanin 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading USimports from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatusfor radiotelephony reception apparatus for television computer parts andnavigational and remote control radar machines
bull During the sixth session of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement inJuly 2007 US-Taiwan negotiations focused on IPR enforcement in Taiwan USaccess to Taiwanrsquos beef market and Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
India
bull US two-way merchandise trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to India were valued at $163 billion and US merchandiseimports from India totaled $239 billion resulting in a $76 billion merchandisetrade deficit with India in 2007 Leading US exports to India during the yearincluded aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India included nonindustrial diamonds articles ofjewelry and parts of precious metals (excluding silver) and womenrsquos or girlsrsquocotton blouses shirts and blouses (not knitted or crocheted)
xxiv
bull During 2007 India resumed shipments of mangoes to the US market ending an18-year bilateral trade dispute under the condition that the mangoes undergoirradiation in India to eliminate pests
Table ES1 provides a summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis forthe year 2007
xxv
TABLE ES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities
January
1-Bulgaria and Romania become EU membersand are no longer designated as beneficiarydeveloping countries under theUS GSPprogram
8-Canada requests WTO consultations with theUnited States regarding US domestic supportmeasures for corn and other agriculturalproducts
8-Chiles status is elevated to ldquopriority watch listrdquofrom ldquowatch listrdquo as the result of an out-of-cycleSpecial 301 review of intellectual propertyprotections
10-The State Department certifies Madagascarand recertifies Nigeria as eligible to export wildshrimp to the United States
16-The EU lifts its restrictions requiring importedUS corn gluten feed and brewers grain to becertified as free of the genetically modifiedorganism Bt10
16-The United States appeals a WTO disputepanel ruling that found that the United Statesfailed to comply with an earlier panel rulingfaulting US sunset review procedures inantidumping cases
25-The United States and Uruguay sign a Tradeand Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
26-The United States and Mexico sign a customscooperation agreement to implement the apparelcumulation provisions of CAFTA-DR
30-A WTO panel upholds Ecuadors claim thatthe US Department of Commerce violated WTOantidumping rules by using ldquozeroingrdquo in itsoriginal investigation on imports of shrimp fromEcuador
February
2-The United States requests dispute settlementconsultations with China over prohibitedsubsidies
2-Canada announces that it will no longer requiretesting for bluetongue in cattle sheep and goatsimported from the United States
16-The United States and Liberia sign a TIFA
FebruarymdashContinued
16-The United States signs an agreement withJapan to facilitate trade in telecommunicationsequipment
16-Japan suspends imports of beef from aLexington Nebraska plant for potential violationof joint import rules
23-A US district court rules that an Illinois lawprohibiting certain investments in companiesdoing business in or with Sudan isunconstitutional
March
1-CAFTA-DR enters into force for the DominicanRepublic
2-Japan suspends imports of sausages from aCalifornia meat packer based on the suspicionthat the products contained banned USprocessed beef
6-The United States requests WTO disputesettlement consultations with India over customsduties India imposes on imports of wine anddistilled spirits
19-The United States and Vietnam beginnegotiations on a TIFA
20-President Bush signs a proclamationimplementing legislation that provides tradebenefits for Haiti under the HHOPE Act
30-The US Department of Commerceannounces its preliminary decision to apply UScountervailing duty law to imports from ChinaThis is the first time countervailing duties will beimposed on imports from a nonmarket economy
30-The United States requests formalconsultations with Canada under a disputeresolution mechanism in the 2006 US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement to discussCanadian compliance with several provisions ofthe pact
April
1-The United States and Korea completenegotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA)
xxvi
AprilndashContinued
10-The United States requests disputesettlement consultations with China regardingdeficiencies in Chinarsquos intellectual property rights(IPR) laws and market access barriers tocopyright-based industries
12-The WTO Appellate Body circulates its reportupholding a US statute concerning the USantidumping ldquosunsetrdquo review of oil country tubulargoods from Argentina
17-The EU announces an expansion of thenumber of products from the United States thatwill be subject to retaliatory import duties as aresult of increased payments to US firms underthe Byrd amendment which has been ruledinconsistent with WTO rules
30-Thailand and Chile are added to the USTRrsquosSpecial 301 priority watch list of countries that donot adequately protect IPR Brazil is removed
30-The United States and the EU agree on aframework to promote greater regulatorycooperation to facilitate transatlantic trade
May
1-First shipment of mangoes from India in 18years enters the United States under a 2006US-India agreement to irradiate mangoes priorto entry into the US market
10-The USTR and Congress announce abipartisan agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards among other things topending US FTAs
10-The EU requests the establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to challenge 40 USantidumping measures that the EU says arebased on the zeroing methodology used inUS antidumping investigations
23-Customs officials from the United States andChina sign an agreement strengthening theenforcement of intellectual property laws
25-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel challengingIndiarsquos duties on wine and spirits and otherimports from the United States
June
4-The United States submits a paper to the WTONegotiating Group on Rules proposing thatcertain trade-distorting subsidies be prohibited
JunendashContinued
8-Canada requests the establishment of a WTOdispute settlement panel to rule whether theUnited States violated WTO rules by providingexcessive subsidies to its farmers as well asillegal agricultural export subsidies
14-The United States and Rwanda launch formalnegotiations on a Bilateral Investment Treaty
20-Antigua and Barbuda announces that it willseek authorization from the WTO to imposemore than $34 billion in annual trade sanctionsagainst the United States for its failure to complywith a WTO ruling against US restrictions onInternet gambling
20-The United States and Georgia sign a TIFA
21-The United States and Vietnam sign a TIFA
25-The United States and Peru agree onamendments to the US-Peru Trade PromotionAgreement (TPA) pursuant to the May 10 2007US agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards
27-Peru ratifies the amended US-Peru TPA
28-The United States and Colombia agree onamendments to the US-Colombia TPA pursuantto the May 10 2007 US agreement to add corelabor and environmental standards
28-The United States and Panama sign abilateral FTA
28-The United States terminates GSP duty-freebenefits for certain products from Brazil CocirctedIvoire India the Philippines Thailand andVenezuela
30-The United States and Korea sign a bilateralFTA
30-President Bush signs legislation to extendATPA duty-free benefits for Bolivia ColombiaEcuador and Peru
July
1-The Presidents Trade Promotion Authorityexpires
3-The Indian government announces that it willlift a tariff on imports of wines beer and spiritsthat is the subject of a WTO dispute settlementcomplaint
xxvii
JulyndashContinued
11-Brazil files a request for WTO disputesettlement consultations relating to US supportand export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts paid to US farmers
11-Panama ratifies the US-Panama TPA
24-The United States and Mexico request aWTO dispute settlement panel challenging Chinese subsidies
August
13-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel to resolveclaims that the Chinese IPR legal regime fails toadequately protect and enforce US copyrightsand trademarks
14-NAFTA trade ministers meet and agree onrules-of-origin changes to be implemented in2008
September
6-US-Mexican Cross-Border Trucking Programbegins satisfying provisions under NAFTA
14-China requests WTO dispute settlementconsultations relating to preliminary USantidumping and countervailing duties imposedon imports of Chinese coated free sheet paper(glossy paper)
21-A WTO dispute settlement panel report iscirculated that agrees with US claims thatTurkeyrsquos measures on imported rice areinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos WTO obligations
28-US duties for certain goods imported fromMexico are eliminated under NAFTA
28-President Bush signs legislation extending thetrade adjustment assistance program for threemonths
October
2-The United States establishes the ValidatedEnd-User program for India to increase securehigh-tech trade with India
8-Costa Rica approves CAFTA-DR in a nationalreferendum
16-President Bush signs a bill boosting penaltiesfor violations of export control regulations
OctoberndashContinued
30-Colombia ratifies the amended US-ColombiaTPA
November
1-The United States and Canada implement anarrangement concerning trade in potatoes
8-Brazil and Canada request establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to considerwhether the United States violated WTO rules byproviding excessive subsidies to US farmers
14-The United States and Libya agree toestablish a formal body that will meet annually todiscuss ways to broaden bilateral commercialties
19-China agrees to terminate subsidies that theUnited States alleged were inconsistent underWTO rules
21-The United States and Japan finalize anagreement to facilitate trade intelecommunications equipment and harmonizecertification requirements
28-A NAFTA panel rejects the US Departmentof Commerces use of ldquozeroingrdquo in calculatingdumping margins
30-The United States and the EU propose toincrease global trade in technologies that inhibitclimate change by eliminating tariffs and otherbarriers
December
4-Congress completes ratification of the US-Peru TPA
5-The United States and Paraguay agree toexpand coverage of GSP duty-free benefits toinclude certified handicrafts
11-The US Department of Commerce andChinarsquos Ministry of Commerce sign the ldquoGuidelines for US-China High Technology andStrategic Trade Developmentrdquo
11-The United States and China sign twoagreements on food and feed import safety anddrug and medical device import safety
12- The United States and China conclude amemorandum of understanding on illegal loggingand associated trade
xxviii
DecemberndashContinued
14-President Bush signs the US-Peru TPAImplementation Act
17-The United States reaches agreement withthe EU at the WTO on compensation for Internetgambling
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theCAFTA-DR textile rules of origin
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theUS-Chile FTA and the US-Singapore FTArules of origin
31-President Bush signs into law the SudanAccountability and Divestment Act of 2007
Sources Compiled from multiple USgovernment sources including US Departmentof Agriculture US Department of CommerceUS Department of Labor US InternationalTrade Commission US Department of Stateand the White House Other sources includeBureau of National Affairs International TradeDaily and US Chamber of Commerce
This is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress under section 163(c) of the1
Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation According to the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) GDP growth in 2007 was the weakest since2
2002 The change is associated with a reorientation of the US economy away from housing investment andtoward exports and investment in business structures White House Economic Report of the PresidentFebruary 2008 25 USDOC Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) ldquoNational Economic Accountsrdquo3
A slowdown in real imports was also a factor in the positive contribution of net exports to the growth of4
GDP during the year Net exports added almost a percentage point to US GDP growth in the second half of2007 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 17
1-1
CHAPTER 1Overview of US Trade
Scope and Approach of the Report
This report provides factual information on the operation of the US trade agreementsprogram and its administration for calendar year 2007 The trade agreement activities1
during 2007 include the administration of US trade laws and regulations US participationin the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum USnegotiation of and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and bilateral developmentswith major trading partners
The report is based on primary source materials on US trade programs and administrativeactions thereunder including US government Federal Register notices publications andpress releases by the US International Trade Commission (USITC or the Commission) andother US government agencies Other primary sources of information include publicationsof international institutions including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the OECDthe WTO and official publications of foreign governments Professional journals tradepublications and news reports are used to provide supplemental factual information whenprimary source information is unavailable
The data provided throughout the report are on merchandise trade except for chapter 1which also includes data on services trade as compiled by the Commission primarily fromthe US Census Bureau of the US Department of Commerce as well as the United Nations(UN) and the IMF
Overview of the US Economy in 2007
The expansion of the US economy continued for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 butgrowth was slower than in previous years Real US gross domestic product (GDP)2
increased by 22 percent in 2007 compared with 29 percent growth in 2006 Personal3
consumption expenditures exports nonresidential structures and state and local4
government spending were leading components of the growth in 2007 The decline in realGDP growth between 2006 and 2007 primarily reflected a large decrease in residential fixed
IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 105
Economic growth slowed as a result of a weak housing sector credit tightening and high energy prices6
White House Economic Report of the President 18 The euro area includes Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg7
the Netherlands Portugal Slovenia and Spain OECD ldquoMain Economic Indicators Country Comparison Tablesrdquo April 20088
GDP growth data for the world and China are from the IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 20089
table 11 8 The OECD includes Australia Austria Belgium Canada the Czech Republic Denmark Finland10
France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico theNetherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal the Slovak Republic Spain Sweden SwitzerlandTurkey the United Kingdom and the United States USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter11
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo These data cover exchange rates for the 2007 calendar year Data analyzedby the Federal Reserve covered January 2007 through February 21 2008 Those data show that the nominaltrade-weighted exchange value of the dollar against major currencies depreciated by more than 10 percentduring that period Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to theCongress 33 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 3312
1-2
investment a downturn in private inventory investment and a decline in equipment andsoftware expenditures that were partly offset by a decline in imports The decline in the UShousing market which began in 2006 continued to be a drag on economic activity in 20075
The quarterly pattern of real GDP growth in 2007 was uneven with relatively strongergrowth in the second and third quarters and relatively weaker growth in the first and fourthquarters GDP growth slowed sharply in the fourth quarter of 2007 increasing only at anannual rate of 06 percent after posting a 49 percent annual rate in the third quarter6
Despite slower growth in 2007 the US economy recorded growth that either equaled orexceeded that of some other major industrialized countries and areas including the euro area(22 percent) and Japan (18 percent) However US economic growth was below the7 8
world average GDP growth rate of 52 percent as well as that of Canada (29 percent)9
Mexico (38 percent) China (115 percent) and the OECD (29 percent)10
Exchange-Rate Trends
The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearly average basisagainst a group of major currencies (figure 11) It generally depreciated during the year11
against the Canadian dollar the euro the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen with thelargest depreciation occurring against the Canadian dollar Short-term fluctuations in thedollar-yuan exchange rate continued to be small with the dollarrsquos rate of depreciationaccelerating against the yuan in late 2007 Despite the fluctuations during the year the12
US dollar ended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexicanpeso and the British pound
USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter13
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo The balance on income is income receipts (including income receipts on US-owned assets abroad and14
compensation of US employees abroad) less income payments (including income payments onforeign-owned assets in the United States and compensation of foreign employees in the United States)
1-3
Figure 11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar daily
2007a
Source US Federal Reserve Board
Units of the foreign currency per unit of the US dollar A decrease in the index represents a depreciation in thea
US dollar relative to the foreign currency and an increase in the index represents an appreciation of the US dollarrelative to the foreign currency
Balance of Payments
The US current account deficitmdashthe combined balances on trade in goods and servicesincome and net current unilateral transfersmdashdecreased from $8115 billion in 2006 to$7386 billion in 2007 As a share of US GDP the current account deficit was 53 percent13
in 2007 down from 62 percent in 2006 The decrease was accounted for by increases in thesurpluses on income and services as well as a decrease in the deficit on goods The deficiton trade in goods decreased from $8383 billion in 2006 to $8154 billion in 2007 Thebalance on income increased from a surplus of $366 billion in 2006 to a surplus of $74314
billion in 2007
Services trade data are reported here on a balance of payments (BOP) basis for purposes of comparison15
with merchandise trade figures BOP data include trade in private services as well as transfers under USmilitary agency sales contracts and US government purchases of miscellaneous services USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsndashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo table 1 US trade in services is described in greater detail below16
The main components of the financial account are capital transfers foreign direct investment portfolio17
investment banking and other flows statistical discrepancies and official reserve assets USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods and Servicesrdquo18
The Census basis data for goods (used elsewhere in this report) are compiled from the documents19
collected by the US Customs Service and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the50 states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the US Virgin Islands and US foreign trade zones Dataon goods compiled on a Census basis are adjusted by the USDOC BEA to a BOP basis to bring the data inline with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national accounts Theseadjustments are made to supplement coverage of the Census basis data to eliminate duplication oftransactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts and to value transactions according to astandard definition For a more detailed discussion of the differences between BOP basis and Census basisdata see USDOC BEA ldquoInformation on Goods and Servicesrdquo in USDOC BEA ldquoInternational EconomicAccountsrdquo December 2007 BOP trade data in this section of the report may not match data in other sectionsor in the report appendix because of adjustments made to the data by the sources cited White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 3520
USDOC US Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods21
and Services December 2007rdquo February 14 2008
1-4
The trade surplus on services increased from $797 billion in 2006 to $1069 billion in2007 Exports of services increased to $4792 billion in 2007 from $4226 billion in 200615
and more than half of the increase was accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo privateservices which includes business professional and technical services insurance servicesand financial services There were also increased exports of travel royalties and licensefees and ldquootherrdquo transportation which includes freight and port services Imports ofservices increased from $3428 billion in 2006 to $3723 billion in 2007 with more than halfof the increase accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo private services Net financial16
account payments (outflows) were $12 trillion in 2007 up from $11 trillion in 200617
Trade in Goods and Services
The US foreign trade deficit for goods and services in 2007 was $7086 billion (51 percentof GDP) down from a deficit in 2006 of $7585 billion (57 percent of GDP) US exports18
of goods and services on a seasonally adjusted US balance-of-payments (BOP) basis19
were valued at $16284 billion in 2007 with imports of goods and services valued at$23369 billion Exports of services increased in 2007 but at a slower pace than in theprevious year The pace of the increase in the exports of goods and services reflected theeconomic growth of US trading partners expanded domestic production capacity andexchange-rate trends20
Largely as a result of higher petroleum prices US spending on petroleum imports increasedduring 2007 resulting in an increase in the petroleum products deficit from $2709 billionin 2006 to $2935 billion in 2007 Imports of petroleum accounted for 142 percent of total21
imports by value in 2007 and the petroleum products deficit represented 412 percent ofthe total US deficit on trade in goods and services in 2007 US trade in goods and servicesis discussed in more detail below
Merchandise trade data in this section do not match the seasonally adjusted BOP basis data presented22
above because of adjustments made to the data as described in footnote 19 US exports have been helped by rising foreign incomes the expansion of production in the United23
States and changes in exchange rates White House Economic Report of the President 20 US trade in services is described in greater detail below24
1-5
US Trade in Goods in 2007
US merchandise exports increased to $10464 billion (76 percent of GDP) in 2007 from$9295 billion (70 percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) US merchandise imports22
increased to $19429 billion (140 percent of GDP) in 2007 from $18451 billion (140percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) Exports increased more rapidly than imports for thesecond year in a row with exports increasing by 156 percent over the 2005ndash06 period and126 percent over the 2006ndash07 period and imports increasing 110 percent and 53 percentduring the same two periods23
US Merchandise Trade by Product Category24
Exports
Machinery and transport equipment ranked as the largest US export by StandardInternational Trade Classification (SITC) group in 2007 (appendix table A1) US exportsof machinery and transport equipment were valued at $4627 billion in 2007 accounting for442 percent of total US exports during the year and grew by 92 percent from $4238billion in 2006 Almost three quarters of the total increase in exports in 2007 wereaccounted for by increased US exports of machinery and transport equipment chemicalsand related products food and live animals and crude materials (except fuels) None of theSITC groups registered a decline in exports from 2006 to 2007
Imports
All SITC groups of US imports increased from 2006 to 2007 (appendix table A1) As inrecent years machinery and transport equipment was the largest US import group by SITCcode in 2007 US imports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $7391billion in 2007 an increase of 43 percent over imports of $7086 billion in 2006 andaccounted for 380 percent of total US imports in 2007 Increased US imports ofmachinery and transport equipment and mineral fuels lubricants and related materialsrepresented over half of the total increase in imports in 2007
US imports under the four preferential trade programs with developing countries totaled$909 billion in 2007 and accounted for 47 percent of total US imports during the yearDuty-free imports totaled $308 billion (appendix table A12) under the Generalized Systemof Preferences (GSP) program $423 billion (excluding GSP imports) under the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) (appendix tables A13 and A14) and $123 billion
See chap 2 of this report for additional information25
Leading US exports to and imports from these partners are presented in appendix tables A22 through26
A44 Data in table 12 may not match with those in appendix tables A22 through A44 because ofadjustments made to the data Global expansion was strong in the first half of 2007 with turbulence in financial markets setting in27
during the last half of the year IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 xiv USDOC USCB ldquoInternational Economic Accountsrdquo February 14 200828
1-6
Figure 12 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce
under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) (appendix tables A15 and A16) Inaddition imports that entered duty free or at reduced rates under the Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act (CBERA) totaled $55 billion (appendix tables A17 and A18)During 2007 as in the past increased US imports under AGOA reflected the increasedvalue of petroleum imports primarily from the three leading exporters of oil underAGOAmdashNigeria Angola and Gabon25
US Merchandise Trade with Leading Partners
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners Canada and Mexico togetherremain the largest US global market for exports and imports followed by the EuropeanUnion (EU) (table 11) Figures 13 and 14 show leading US export and import markets26
by share in 2007
Foreign economic growth continued to be generally strong in 2007 aiding US export growthduring the year As shown above US exports increased by 126 percent while US27
imports increased by 53 percent over the 2006ndash07 period US exports to major trading28
partners Canada Japan and Korea continued to grow faster than imports from thosecountries during the year
1-7
Total $10464 billion
TABLE 11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balanceTwo-way
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
EU-27 2263 3522 -1259 5784
Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
China 610 3231 -2621 3841
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3296
Japan 581 1449 -868 2030
Korea 330 454 -124 784
Taiwan 245 381 -135 626
Brazil 217 250 -33 467
India 163 239 -76 402
Russia 67 191 -125 258
South Africa 52 91 -39 143
World 10464 19429 -8965 29893
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Figure 13 Leading US export markets by share 2007
Source US Department of Commerce
US bilateral trade relations with China are discussed in chap 5 of this report29
1-8
Figure 14 Leading US import sources by share 2007
Total $19429 billion
Source US Department of Commerce
Canada remains the largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United Statesfollowed by China and Mexico China alone accounted for 292 percent of the total USmerchandise trade deficit of $8965 billion in 2007 and Canada and Mexico togetheraccounted for 211 percent of the deficit The US trade deficit with China rose from $2354billion in 2006 to $2621 billion in 2007 despite the fact that US exports to China grewfaster (an increase of 182 percent over 2006) than US imports from China (an increase of126 percent over 2006) 29
This section focuses primarily on cross-border services transactions in private services which exclude30
government sales and purchases of services The section presents changes from 2006 to 2007 and data on2005 are given where appropriate This section draws its services trade data from the BEA In these nationalaccounts data ldquocross-border transactionsrdquo occur when US firms and consumers sell to or purchase servicesfrom firms and consumers in another country with people information or money crossing US boundariesin the process Cross-border transactions appear explicitly as imports and exports in the balance of paymentsUS firms also provide services to foreign consumers through affiliates established in host countries with theincome generated by ldquoaffiliate transactionsrdquo appearing as investment income in the balance of payments Thechannel of delivery used by service providers depends primarily on the nature of the service For examplemany financial services such as retail banking services are supplied most effectively by affiliates locatedclose to the consumer Conversely trade in education services predominantly takes the form of cross-bordertransactions involving students studying abroad USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo US International Transactions Accounts Data Table31
3 accessed June 3 2008 The category ldquobusiness professional and technical servicesrdquo includes advertising computer and32
information services research development and testing services management consulting and publicrelations services legal services construction architectural and engineering services industrial engineeringinstallation maintenance and repair of equipment operational leasing and other miscellaneous services The category ldquofinancial servicesrdquo include non-insurance non-deposit financial services provided by33
banks and securities firms USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Yearrdquo 5 A country is said to have exported travel and tourism services when foreign nationals make purchases in34
that country during a visit of less than one year The value of tourism exports is measured by the totalexpenditures of foreign visitors irrespective of the purpose of the visit be it leisure recreation business orother activities Expenditures on transportation services between countries such as airfare and directspending on education or health care services are excluded from the measure of tourism exports InternationalMonetary Fund Balance of Payments Manual
1-9
US Trade in Services in 200730
Figure 15 shows US private cross-border services trade with the world from 2005 through2007 US private services exports increased from $4043 billion in 2006 to $4622 billion31
in 2007 an increase of 143 percent and US private services imports increased from$3078 billion in 2006 to $3353 billion in the same period an increase of 89 percent
US Services Trade by Product Category
The US surplus in cross-border private services trade increased by 315 percent to $1269billion in 2007 marking the fourth consecutive yearly increase and the largest annualincrease ever reported Numerous services accounted for the surge in the services tradesurplus most notably in the business professional and technical services and financial32
services categories33
Exports
Travel ranked as the largest US cross-border private services export increasing by 13334
percent to $971 billion in 2007 and accounting for 21 percent of total US exports(appendix table A2) This increase was consistent with the recovery of the US tourismindustry since 2004 following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 112001 Increased travel exports reflect strong economic growth in leading overseas
Typically these 5 markets include Mexico Canada the United Kingdom Japan and Germany EIU35
ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and Tourism Forecastrdquo Ibid36
EIU ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The Weak Dollar Lures Visitorsrdquo37
1-10
Figure 15 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website ldquoPrivate ServiceTransactionsrdquo
markets for tourism services and a decline in the value of the US dollar Other large35 36
US services export categories in 2007 were royalties and license fees and businessprofessional and technical services which increased by 144 and 184 percent over 2006 to$713 billion and $561 billion respectively Exports of financial services experienced themost rapid growth among all categories of US private services growing by 221 percentto $453 billion in 2007
Imports
Travel also ranked as the largest category of US private cross-border imports increasingby 61 percent from $720 billion in 2006 to $764 billion in 2007 representing 227 percentof total services imports (appendix table A3) The measured pace of this increase relativeto exports may be attributable to a decline in the value of the US dollar and increased oilprices Other significant categories for US imports of services in 2007 were freight37
transportation which totaled $456 billion and insurance services which totaled $380
1-11
billion While travel freight transportation and insurance were the largest US privateservices import categories in terms of value imports in two categoriesmdashbusinessprofessional and technical services and financial servicesmdashexperienced the most significantgrowth in 2007 increasing by 339 and 393 percent to $212 billion and $118 billionrespectively
US Services Trade With Leading Partners
Table 12 shows US services trade with major trading partners for 2007 The EU was boththe United Statesrsquo largest export market and largest import supplier accounting for 355percent of total US services exports and 393 percent of total US services imports (figures16 and 17) Canada and Japan followed the EU as the second and third most significantmarkets for US services trade in 2007 In addition to a large regional trade surplus withthe EU ($325 billion) the United States maintained large bilateral services trade surpluseswith Canada ($209 billion) Japan ($184 billion) Mexico ($82 billion) and Korea ($57billion) In marked contrast to the large US deficit in goods trade with China as shownabove the United States recorded a services trade surplus of $50 billion with China in 2007
TABLE 12 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 (million dollars)
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balance
EU-27 a 164311 131771 32540
Canada 46566 25687 20879
Japan 43462 25016 18446
Mexico 24221 16070 8151
China 13083 8090 4993
Korea 12385 6685 5700
Australia 9755 6239 3516
Brazil 8711 3126 5585
India 8211 7331 880
Taiwan 8031 7172 859
Other 123498 98116 25382
World 462234 335303 126931
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis website ldquoUS Economic Accountsrdquo
Note Data are preliminary estimates
EU-27 also includes data from the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Investment Bank Ina
addition data for 2007 include Bulgaria and Romania
1-12
2-1
CHAPTER 2Administration of US Trade Laws andRegulations
This chapter surveys activities related to the administration of US trade laws during 2007It covers import relief laws unfair trade laws programs affecting textile and apparelimports and certain other trade provisions including the US Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP) the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) the Andean TradePreference Act (ATPA) the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) and theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)
Import Relief Laws
Safeguard Actions
This section covers only safeguard actions under provisions administered by the USITCincluding global safeguards provided for in sections 201ndash204 of the Trade Act of 1974China safeguards provided for in section 421 of the Trade Act of 1974 and safeguardsprovided for in various bilateral free trade agreements involving the United StatesSafeguard actions under provisions administered by other US government agencies suchas the China textile safeguard actions by the US Department of Commerce (Commerce)are described later in this chapter
The USITC did not conduct any safeguard investigations during 2007 no safeguardmeasures under provisions administered by the USITC were in place during calendar year2007 and no safeguard petitions filed under these provisions were pending before theUSITC at the end of 2007
Adjustment Assistance
The United States maintains a trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program for the purposeof assisting workers firms and farmers dislocated as a result of federal policies that reducedbarriers to foreign trade The program for workers is administered by the US Secretary ofLabor the program for firms by the US Secretary of Commerce and the program forfarmers by the US Secretary of Agriculture The eligibility requirements benefits andprocedures for the program are set forth in Parts 2 3 and 6 respectively of Title II of theTrade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2271-2401) Program benefits available forqualifying petitioning workers consist principally of trade readjustment allowancesemployment services training and job search and relocation allowances Program benefitsfor qualifying petitioning firms consist of technical assistance Program benefits forpetitioning farmers or agricultural commodity producers (including livestock producers) are
Petitions may be filed by a group of three or more workers by a company official by ldquoOne-Stoprdquo1
operators or partners (including state employment security agencies and dislocated worker units) or by aunion or other duly authorized representative of such workers The workers on whose behalf a petition isfiled must be or have been employed at the firm or subdivision identified in the petition A completedpetition describes a group of workers working at a specific location for a specific company producing aspecific product or group of products If the group of workers described in the petition is certified thecertification will cover all workers in the group whether or not their names are on the petition USDepartment of Labor ETA Web site section ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and AlternativeAdjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processrdquo The number of petitions certified for benefits and services and petitions denied will not add up to the2
total number of petitions received because the numbers do not reflect petitions that were terminated prior to adetermination and petitions in which a determination was made in the following fiscal year For workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA the Secretary of Labor must determine that3
workers in a firm have become or are threatened to become totally or partially separated that the firmrsquossales or production has decreased absolutely and that increases in like or directly competitive importedproducts contributed importantly to the total or partial separation and to the decline in the firmrsquos sales orproduction Workers certified for TAA are provided with a certification of eligibility and may apply for TAAbenefits at the nearest office of the State Employment Security Agency For further information see USDOLETA ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) ApplicationProcessrdquo USDA FAS ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistancerdquo4
httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataaasp (accessed May 20 2008)
2-2
generally in the form of cash payments based on a formula related to commodity prices andlimited to a maximum of $10000 per producer in any 12-month period
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
The US Department of Labor (USDOL) received 2218 TAA petitions during fiscal year1
(FY) 2007 (October 1 2006 through September 30 2007) (table 21) The FY 2007 figurerepresents a decrease from the 2495 TAA petitions received in FY 2006 Table 21 showsthe results of TAA petitions determinations during FY 2006 and FY 2007 In FY 2007 atotal of 1443 petitions were certified as eligible for benefits and services and 614 petitionswere denied a decrease from 1447 petitions certified and from 830 petitions denied in FY2006 A total of 146480 workers were certified for TAA benefits and services in FY 20072 3
This was an increase from the 119605 workers certified in FY 2006 Table 22 presents dataon benefits and services provided under the TAA program There were 47048 new TAArecipients in FY 2007 compared to 53491 new recipients in FY 2006 The USDOLappropriated $855 million in TAA funding to assist workers certified as eligible to receivebenefits and services under the TAA program in FY 2007 a decrease from $966 million inFY 2006
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers
The statutory authority for the TAA for Farmers program expired on December 31 20074
Of the eight petitions filed under the TAA for Farmers program in FY 2007 none werecertified and no cash benefits were paid
Data provided to the Commission by USDOC EDA May 30 20085
2-3
TABLE 21 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007
Item
Number of TAA petitions Estimated number of workers covereda
FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2006 FY 2007
Petitions certified for benefits and services(full and partial certifications) 1447 1443 119605 146680
Petitions denied 830 614 49292 43741
Terminations-withdrawals 218 161 120 0
Total petitions received 2495 2218 169017 190421
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)Estimated Number of Workers Covered by Certificationsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMay 21 2008) and correspondence with Commission staff May 30 2008
The estimated number of workers covered by a certification is not an exact figure It is an estimate developed ata
the time the certification is issued A certification covers all members of the affected worker group laid off during theapproximately 3-year period covered by the certification Over the course of time additional workers may be laid offworkers who were laid off may be recalled or planned layoffs may not occur
TABLE 22 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007
Estimated number of participants
Item FY 2006 FY 2007
--------Trade Adjustment allowance benefits-----
Number of new recipients 53491 47048
Total federal allocations (million dollars) 966 855
Total state allocations (million dollars) 827 849
--Training job search and relocation services--
Number entering training 37426 49322
Number receiving a job search allowance 454 399
Number receiving a relocation allowance 531 750
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration correspondence May 30 2008
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms and Industries
In FY 2007 the Economic Development Administration (EDA) of Commerce awarded atotal of $128 million in TAA program funds to its national network of 11 Trade AdjustmentAssistance Centers (TAACs) TAACs typically sponsored by universities or nonprofitorganizations are the primary point of contact for firms during the certification andadjustment proposal processes under the TAA program EDA certified 135 petitions aseligible for the TAA for firms program and approved 126 adjustment projects during FY20075
Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(a))6
Section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(b))7
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 69 86 and 2068
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the9
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007
2-4
Laws Against Unfair Trade Practices
Section 301 Investigations
Sections 301ndash310 (generally referred to here as section 301) of the Trade Act of 1974 is theprincipal US statute for addressing foreign unfair practices affecting US exports of goodsor services Section 301 may be used to enforce US rights under bilateral and multilateraltrade agreements and also may be used to respond to unreasonable unjustifiable ordiscriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict US commerceInterested persons may petition the United States Trade Representative (USTR) toinvestigate foreign government policies or practices or the USTR may initiate aninvestigation
If the investigation involves a trade agreement and consultations do not result in asettlement section 303 of the Trade Act of 1974 requires the USTR to use the disputesettlement procedures that are available under the subject agreement If the matter is notresolved by the conclusion of the investigation section 304 of the Trade Act of 1974requires the USTR to determine whether the practices in question deny US rights under atrade agreement whether they are unjustifiable unreasonable or discriminatory andwhether they burden or restrict US commerce If the practices are determined to violate atrade agreement or to be unjustifiable the USTR must take action If the practices are6
determined to be unreasonable or discriminatory and to burden or restrict US commercethe USTR must determine whether action is appropriate and if so what action to take The7
time period for making these determinations varies according to the type of practicesalleged
Active Section 301 Cases in 2007
The section 301 case concerning the EUrsquos meat hormone directive was ongoing during2007 A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel which was established to considerwhether the EU has fully implemented the recommendations and rulings of the DisputeSettlement Body (DSB) regarding the meat hormone directive continued its work during2007 and the bilateral trade dispute remains unresolved8
New Section 301 Petitions in 2007
During 2007 the USTR also received two new section 301 petitions neither of which wassubsequently accepted for review One petition was filed by the Bipartisan China CurrencyAction Coalition a coalition of 42 members of the US House of Representatives9
According to the USTR the petition was similar to petitions that had been filed in 2004 and
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200710
For additional information see the section ldquoGlobal Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange Rate11
Regimerdquo in chap 5 of this report Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the12
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007 Ibid13
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200714
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the Film15
and Television Action Committee et al dated September 4 2007 Statement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairs regarding a16
Section 301 Petition on Canadian Film Subsidies October 19 2007 Persons who rely on IPR protection means persons involved in ldquo(A) the creation production or17
licensing of works of authorship that are copyrighted or (B) the manufacture of products that are patentedor for which there are process patentsrdquo Section 182(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(1)) A ldquomask workrdquo is a ldquoseries of related images however fixed of encodedndash (A) having or representing the18
predetermined three-dimensional pattern of metallic insulating or semiconductor material present orremoved from the layers of a semiconductor chip product and (B) in which series the relation of the imagesto one another is that each image has the pattern of the surface of one form of the semiconductor chipproductrdquoSection 901(a)(2) of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (14 USC 901(a)(2)) and Section182(d)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(2)) Section 182(d)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(4))19
2-5
2005 regarding Chinarsquos currency regime The petition alleged that the acts policies and10
practices of the government of China have resulted in a significant undervaluing of Chinarsquoscurrency The petition alleged that the exchange-rate regime that maintained the11
undervaluation of the currency violates the WTO Agreement on Subsidies andCountervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Moreover it alleged that the12
exchange-rate regime violates the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement13
After reviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review14
Another section 301 petition was filed by a coalition of workers unions trade associationscompanies and municipalities The petition alleged that numerous federal and provincial15
tax credits that are granted to firms producing film and television programs in Canadaconstitute a prohibited export subsidy that violates the WTO SCM Agreement Afterreviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review16
Special 301
The Special 301 law requires the USTR each year to identify foreign countries that denyadequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) or deny fair andequitable market access to US persons who rely on IPR protection Under the statute17
countries are considered to deny adequate and effective IPR protection if they do not allowforeign persons ldquoto secure exercise and enforce rights relating to patents process patentsregistered trademarks copyrights and mask worksrdquo Countries also are considered to deny18
fair and equitable market access if they deny access to a market for a product that isprotected by a copyright or related right patent trademark mask work trade secret or plantbreederrsquos right through the use of laws and practices that violate international agreementsor that constitute discriminatory nontariff trade barriers A country can be found to denyadequate and effective IPR protection even if it is in compliance with its obligations underthe WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPSAgreement)19
Section 182(a)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(a)(2))20
USTR 2007 Special 301 Report21
Ibid22
Ibid23
2-6
In addition the Special 301 law directs the USTR to identify so-called priority foreigncountries Priority foreign countries are countries that have the most onerous or egregious20
acts policies or practices that have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on therelevant US products Such countries must be designated as priority foreign countriesunless they are entering into good faith negotiations or making significant progress inbilateral or international negotiations to provide adequate and effective IPR protection Theidentification of a country as a priority foreign country triggers a section 301 investigationunless the USTR determines that the investigation would be detrimental to US economicinterests
In addition to identifying priority foreign countries as required by statute the USTR hasadopted a practice of naming countries to either the so-called watch list or the priority watchlist if the countriesrsquo IPR laws and practices do not provide adequate and effective IPRprotection but the deficiencies do not warrant identification of the countries as priorityforeign countries The priority watch list is for countries with significant IPR problems thatwarrant close monitoring and bilateral consultation A country that is identified on thepriority watch list may make progress and be downgraded to the watch list or removed fromany listing Alternatively a country that fails to make progress may be elevated from thewatch list to the priority watch list or from the priority watch list to the list of priorityforeign countries
In the 2007 Special 301 review the USTR examined the adequacy and effectiveness of IPRprotection in 79 countries In conducting the review the USTR focused on a wide range21
of issues and policy objectives including Internet piracy counterfeit pharmaceuticalstransshipment of pirated and counterfeit goods implementation of the TRIPS Agreementand ensuring that foreign government ministries only use legally authorized and properlylicensed business software The USTR devoted special attention to the need for significantlyimproved enforcement against counterfeiting and piracy22
In the 2007 review no countries were identified as priority foreign countries The 2007Special 301 report highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russiaboth of which were placed on the priority watch list Twelve countries altogether wereplaced on the priority watch list and 30 countries were placed on the watch list Belize andBrazil were moved from the priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPRenforcement The Bahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to improvedIPR enforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due to passageof IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removed from the watch listprincipally because the EU adopted new regulations concerning geographical indicationsfollowing an adverse WTO ruling23
19 USC 1673 et seq24
19 USC 1677b 19 CFR part 353 subpart D25
Upon the filing of a petition the Commission has 45 days to determine whether there is a reasonable26
indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury or thatthe establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reason of imports of themerchandise subject to the investigation This is known as the preliminary phase of the investigation If theCommission makes an affirmative determination the USDOC continues its investigation and makespreliminary and final determinations concerning whether the imported merchandise is being or is likely tobe sold at LTFV If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping determination the Commission has 45days to make its final injury determination If the Commissionrsquos reasonable indication or preliminary phasedetermination is negative both the Commission and Commerce terminate further investigation Data reported here and in the following two sections (ldquoCountervailing Duty Investigationsrdquo and27
ldquoReviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty OrdersSuspension Agreementsrdquo) reflect thetotal number of investigations In other Commission reports these data are grouped by product because thesame investigative team and all of the parties participate in a single grouped proceeding and the Commissiongenerally produces one report and issues one opinion containing its separate determinations for eachinvestigation
2-7
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Reviews
Antidumping Investigations
The US antidumping law is contained in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended24
The antidumping law provides relief in the form of special additional duties that areintended to offset margins of dumping Antidumping duties are imposed when (1)Commerce the administering authority has determined that imports are being or are likelyto be sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United States and (2) the Commission hasdetermined that a US industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury orthat the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reasonof such imports Most investigations are conducted on the basis of a petition filed withCommerce and the Commission by or on behalf of a US industry
In general imports are considered to be sold at LTFV when the US price (ie the purchaseprice or the exporterrsquos sales price as adjusted) is less than the foreign market value whichis usually the home-market price or in certain cases the price in a third country or aconstructed value calculated as set out by statute The antidumping duty is calculated to25
equal the difference between the US price and the foreign-market value The duty specifiedin an antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found by Commerce during its periodof investigation This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports from the specifiedproducersexporters in the subject country and may be subsequently adjusted following anappropriate review
Commerce and the Commission each conduct preliminary and final antidumpinginvestigations in making their separate determinations The Commission instituted 33 new26
antidumping investigations and completed 8 investigations during 2007 In 200727
antidumping duties were imposed in two of those investigations as a result of affirmativeCommission determinationsrsquo on certain activated carbon from China and polyester staplefiber from China (table 23)
An antidumping investigation may be suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the28
imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports ofthe merchandise to the United States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation maybe suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to eliminate completely the injurious effect of exports of thesubject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted if LTFV sales recur See19 USC 1673c A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed directly or indirectly by any country dependency29
colony province or other political subdivision on the manufacture production or export of products See 19USC 1677(5) and 1677-1(a) A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended if the government of the subsidizing country or30
exporters accounting for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under investigation agree toeliminate the subsidy to completely offset the net subsidy or to cease exports of the merchandise to theUnited States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation may be suspended if thegovernment of the subsidizing country or exporters agree to eliminate completely the injurious effect ofexports of the subject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted ifsubsidization recurs See 19 USC 1671c
2-8
TABLE 23 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007Country Product Range of duty
PercentChina Certain activated carbon 6195 to 22811China Certain polyester staple fiber de minimis to 4430Source Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices
Details on all antidumping investigations active at the Commission during 2007 arepresented in appendix table A4 A list of all antidumping duty orders including suspensionagreements in effect as of the end of the year is presented in appendix table A528
Countervailing Duty Investigations
The US countervailing duty law is also set forth in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 asamended It provides for the levying of special additional duties to offset foreign subsidieson products imported into the United States In general procedures for such investigations29
are similar to those under the antidumping law Petitions are filed with Commerce (theadministering authority) and with the Commission Before a countervailing duty order canbe issued Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy and the Commission must makean affirmative determination of material injury threat of material injury or materialretardation by reason of the subsidized imports
The Commission instituted seven new countervailing duty investigations and completedthree investigations during 2007 However because the Commission made negativedeterminations in each of the three investigations (on coated free sheet paper from ChinaIndonesia and Korea) no countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
A list of the countervailing duty investigations active at the Commission during 2007 ispresented in appendix table A6 and a list of all countervailing duty orders includingsuspension agreements in effect at the end of the year is presented in appendix table A730
19 USC 1675c31
Two of these reviews were subsequently terminated and the outstanding orders revoked because a32
domestic industry did not request that they be continued The two revoked antidumping duty ordersconcerned automotive replacement glass windshields from China and individually quick frozen redraspberries from Chile In addition the review of the countervailing duty order on low enriched uraniumfrom France was terminated and the outstanding order revoked because of an amended final negativedetermination by the US Department of Commerce For detailed information on reviews instituted as well as Commission action in all reviews see USITC33
web site section ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo 19 USC 133734
Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the35
importation of articles into the United States or in the sale of imported articles the threat or effect of whichis to destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry to prevent the establishment of an industry or to
(continued)
2-9
Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing DutyOrdersSuspension Agreements
Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires Commerce if requested to conduct annualreviews of outstanding countervailing duty and antidumping duty orders to determine theamount of any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine compliance with suspensionagreements Section 751 also authorizes Commerce and the Commission as appropriate toreview certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving information or apetition that shows changed circumstances Under this procedure the party seekingrevocation or modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty order or suspensionagreement has the burden of persuading Commerce and the Commission that circumstanceshave changed sufficiently to warrant review and revocation On the basis of either of thesereviews Commerce may revoke an antidumping or countervailing duty order in whole orin part or terminate or resume a suspended investigation No changed circumstancesinvestigations were active at the Commission during 2007
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 torequire both Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset reviews of outstandingorders and suspension agreements five years after their publication to determine whetherrevocation of an order or termination of a suspension agreement would be likely to lead tocontinuation or recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy and material injury31
During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunset reviews of existingantidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 74 reviews32
resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailing duty orders being continued for fiveadditional years Appendix table A8 lists the reviews of antidumping and countervailingduty orders completed in 200733
Section 337 Investigations
Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended authorizes the Commission on the34
basis of a complaint or on its own initiative to conduct investigations with respect to certainpractices in import trade Section 337 declares unlawful the importation into the UnitedStates the sale for importation or the sale within the United States after importation ofarticles that infringe a valid and enforceable US patent registered trademark registeredcopyright or registered mask work for which a domestic industry exists or is in the processof being established35
(continued)35
restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States Examples of these other unfair acts aremisappropriation of trade secrets common law trademark infringement trade dress infringement falseadvertising and false designation of origin Unfair practices that involve the importation of dumped orsubsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions not undersection 337 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are conducted before an administrative law judge in36
accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act 5 USC 551 et seq The administrative law judgeconducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial determination which is transmitted to the CommissionThe Commission may adopt the determination by deciding not to review it or it may choose to review it Ifthe Commission finds a violation it must determine the appropriate remedy the amount of any bond to becollected while its determination is under review by the President and whether public interest considerationspreclude the issuance of a remedy
2-10
If the Commission determines that a violation exists it can issue an order to exclude thesubject imports from entry into the United States or order the violating parties to cease anddesist from engaging in the unlawful practices The orders enter into force unless36
disapproved for ldquopolicy reasonsrdquo by the USTR within 60 days of issuance
During 2007 there were 77 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings 39of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 there were 35 new section 337 investigationsand 4 new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations All of thenew section 337 institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement TheCommission completed a total of 34 investigations and ancillary proceedings under section337 in 2007 including one enforcement proceeding one advisory opinion proceeding onesanctions proceeding and two remand proceedings Eight exclusion orders and 26cease-and-desist orders were issued during 2007 A number of investigations were alsoterminated by the Commission without determining whether section 337 had been violatedNine of these investigations were terminated on the basis of settlement agreements orconsent orders
As in recent years the section 337 caseload was highlighted by investigations involvingcomplex technologies particularly in the computer and telecommunications fieldsSignificant among these were investigations involving baseband processor chips wirelesscommunication equipment and devices semiconductor devices and personal computersSeveral other investigations involved small electronic devices including laser bar codescanners global positioning satellite chips digital video disc (DVD) players and digitalmultimeters Other section 337 investigations active during the year focused on a variety ofconsumer items including foam footwear nitrile rubber gloves ground fault circuitinterrupters and bassinets
At the close of 2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pendingat the Commission Commission activities involving section 337 actions in 2007 arepresented in appendix table A9 As of December 31 2007 a total of 67 outstandingexclusion orders based on violations of section 337 were in effect Appendix table A10 liststhe investigations in which these exclusion orders were issued
19 USC 2461 et seq37
19 USC 2462(b)38
19 USC 246339
2-11
Other Import Administration Laws and Programs
Tariff Preference Programs
Generalized System of Preferences
The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program authorizes the President togrant duty-free access to the US market for certain products that are imported fromdesignated developing countries and territories The GSP program has lapsed and beenrenewed several times Authorization for the GSP program is currently set to expire onDecember 31 2008
The program is authorized by Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended It has been37
enhanced to allow duty-free treatment for certain products when imported only fromcountries designated as ldquoleast developed beneficiary developing countriesrdquo Further PublicLaw 106-200mdashenacted May 18 2000mdashin Title I (African Growth and Opportunity Act)amended Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the President to provide duty-freetreatment for certain articles when imported from countries designated as beneficiarysub-Saharan African countries through September 30 2008 (the legislation was amendedin 2006 and the authority extended to 2015) By offering unilateral tariff preferences theGSP program reflects the US commitment to three broad goals (1) to promote economicdevelopment in developing and transitioning economies through increased trade rather thanforeign aid (2) to reinforce US trade policy objectives by encouraging beneficiaries toopen their markets to comply more fully with international trading rules and to assumegreater responsibility for the international trading system and (3) to help maintain USinternational competitiveness by lowering costs of imports for US business and loweringprices for American consumers
Countries are designated as ldquobeneficiary developing countriesrdquo under the GSP program bythe President The President cannot designate certain developed countries named in thestatute and also may not designate countries that inter alia afford preferential treatment tothe products of a developed country other than the United States that has or is likely tohave a significant adverse effect on US commerce The President cannot designatecountries that do not afford adequate IPR protection or that do not afford internationallyrecognized worker rights to their workers The President also designates the articles that38
are eligible for duty-free treatment but may not designate articles that he determines to beldquoimport-sensitiverdquo in the context of the GSP Certain articles (for example footweartextiles and apparel) are designated by statute as import sensitive and thus not eligible forduty-free treatment under the GSP program The statute also provides for graduation of39
countries from the program when they become ldquohigh-incomerdquo countries and for removal ofeligibility of articles or articles from certain countries under certain conditions
The following developments with respect to the US GSP program occurred during 2007
Presidential Proclamations 8097 and 8098 of December 29 200640
72 Fed Reg 45941
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007)42
Proclamation No 8157 72 Fed Reg 36528 (June 29 2007)43
2-12
bull On January 4 2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a leastdeveloped GSP beneficiary the members of the South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation (SAARC) (Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistanand Sri Lanka ) were allowed to cumulate the value of their exports for purposesof qualifying exports for the GSP (with Afghanistan noted as eligible uponSAARC accession) and Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP statusfollowing their entry into the EU In addition the Harmonized Tariff Schedule40
(HTS) was modified effective February 3 2007 reflecting changes in theinternational harmonized nomenclature which necessitated changes to the USHTS41
bull Effective March 1 2007 the Dominican Republic acceded to the DominicanRepublic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)and was removed as a beneficiary under the GSP and CBERA programs42
bull On June 29 2007 changes based on the 2006 annual GSP review wereannounced For the first time competitive need limitation (CNL) waivers wererevoked based on the changes made in Public Law 109-432 of December 92006 which had extended the GSP program through December 31 2008 CNLwaivers were revoked for eight products (from six countries) for which 2006imports either exceeded 75 percent of total US imports or exceeded 150percent of the CNL dollar value for 2006 imports Other products were removedfrom GSP eligibility for exceeding the CNL quantity and certain products wereredesignated for GSP eligibility after imports dropped below the CNL level43
Duty-free imports entered under the GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 accountingfor 102 percent of total US imports from GSP beneficiary countries and 16 percent oftotal US imports (table 24) Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary in 2007 followed byIndia Thailand Brazil and Indonesia More than one quarter of all duty-free entries underGSP were petroleum products Appendix table A11 shows the top 20 GSP products orproduct categories in 2007 and appendix table A12 shows the overall sectoral distributionof GSP benefits
African Growth and Opportunity Act
In 2007 articles entering the United States free of duty under the African Growth andOpportunity Act (AGOA) were valued at $423 billion petroleum products accounted formore than 95 percent of such imports AGOA was enacted in 2000 to provide unilateralpreferential trade benefits to eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries pursuing political
2-13
TABLE 24 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007
(Million dollars)
ItemAll GSP
beneficiaries World
Total US imports a 303126 1931941
Non-GSP eligible imports 252118 1054299
GSP eligible products 51008 877642
GSP non-LDBDC eligible b 35155 387551
GSP LDBDC eligible c 15853 490091
Total GSP duty free imports 30849 30849
Non-LDBDC GSP duty free 21835 21835
GSP LDBDC duty free 9014 9014
Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from GSP duty-free treatment 20159 846793
GSP program exclusions 8277 8371
All other 11882 838422
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Customs-value basis excludes imports from the US Virgin Islands
Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles undera
GSP Non-LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate columnb
of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbols ldquoArdquo or ldquoArdquo in parenthesis(the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that all beneficiary countries are eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to allarticles provided for in the designated provisions and the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that the certain beneficiarycountries specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS are not eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to anyarticle provided for in the designated provision) LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate column of thec
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbol ldquoA+rdquo in parenthesis (the symbolldquoA+rdquo indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC) (and only LDBDCs) are eligiblefor duty-free treatment with respect to all articles provided for in the designated provisions) For a variety ofreasons all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP treatmentdo not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP Such eligible imports may not receive duty-free treatment under GSP for at least five types of reasons (1) the importers fail to claim GSP benefitsaffirmatively (2) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary that lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding theso-called competitive need limits (3) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary country that lost GSP benefits on thatproduct because of a petition to remove that country from GSP for that product or because of some other actionby the President or USTR (4) the GSP beneficiary country may claim duty-free treatment under some otherprogram or provision of the HTS and (5) the good fails to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirement ofthe GSP statute
In addition to providing preferential access to the US market for eligible SSA products AGOA also44
includes a number of trade-facilitating provisions For further information see USTR 2007 ComprehensiveReport on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act 7ndash11 The US GSP program is described above45
AGOA was originally scheduled to be in effect until September 30 2008 Section 3108 of the Trade Act46
of 2002 enhanced the original 2000 AGOA provisions and expanded preferential access for apparel importsfrom SSA beneficiaries (these modifications collectively are referred to as AGOA II) The AGOAAcceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA III) enhanced many of the original AGOA trade benefits and generallyextended AGOA provisions until 2015 The Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (AGOA IV) extendedthe textile and apparel provisions from September 2008 to September 2015 extended the provision allowingfor the use of third-party fabric in qualifying duty-free apparel imports from September 2007 to September2012 and expanded duty-free treatment for textiles and textile products originating entirely in one or morelesser developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs) AGOA IV also increased the cap for apparel made fromthird-party fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-monthperiod beginning October 1 2006 In this report the term AGOA refers to the original AGOA AGOA IIAGOA III and AGOA IV as a group For additional information see USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 47
The increase in imports of petroleum and related products reflects increasing prices rather than48
increasing quantities Import quantities from the five leading AGOA suppliers (Nigeria Angola GabonRepublic of the Congo and Chad) increased from 6736 million barrels in 2006 to 6737 million barrels in2007 (approximately 001 percent) US Department of Energy EIA Official Energy Statistics DatabaseldquoUS Imports by Country of Originrdquo
2-14
and economic reform AGOA provides duty-free market access to all GSP eligible44 45
products and more than 1800 additional qualifying tariff line-item products from eligibleSSA countries and exempts beneficiaries from GSP CNLs AGOA also provides duty-freetreatment for certain apparel articles made in qualifying SSA countries AGOA is scheduledto be in effect until 201546
Total US imports from AGOA countries were valued at $645 billion in 2007 an increaseof 152 percent over 2006 (table 25) Duty-free US imports under AGOA including underthe GSP program were valued at $511 billion in 2007 and accounted for 791 percent ofall US imports from AGOA countries US imports under AGOA exclusive of the GSPprogram were valued at $423 billion in 2007 a 170 percent increase over 2006 andaccounted for 655 percent of all imports from AGOA countries Textile and apparel importsunder AGOA are discussed in more detail below47
The leading suppliers of duty-free US imports under AGOA in 2007 were Nigeria (713percent of total AGOA imports) Angola (113 percent) Gabon (40 percent) Republic ofthe Congo (38 percent) Chad (35 percent) and South Africa (26 percent) These sixcountries accounted for 964 percent of total imports by value under AGOA (appendix tableA13) Imports of petroleum-related products increased to $402 billion in 2007 up 177percent by value from 2006 and accounted for more than 950 percent of the total value ofAGOA imports in 2007 approximately the same as in 2006 (appendix table A14) Imports48
of apparel products in 2007 were virtually unchanged from 2006 at $11 billion andaccounted for 26 percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2007 down from 31 percentof total AGOA imports in 2006
19 USC 3706 lists a total of 48 countries or their successor political entities as potential49
beneficiaries 19 USC 3703(a) See also USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 1450
The following countries are listed in General Note 16 of the HTS as designated AGOA beneficiaries51
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Democratic Republic ofthe Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho LiberiaMadagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of theCongo Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa SwazilandTanzania Uganda and Zambia See USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1) June 2007 166 The following 26 countries are listed in US Note 7 of the HTS as eligible to receive AGOA apparel52
benefits during 2006 Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia GhanaKenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1)June 2007 sect xxii 98-II-3 USITC HTS 2008 (Rev 2) June 2007 16653
For more information see USDOC ITA African Growth and Opportunity Act web site54
httpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 555
The LDB SSA countries for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia56
Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal SierraLeone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Botswana and Namibia are also eligible for the specialrule despite the fact that they are not LDBCs Although Liberia and Mauritania are also LDBCs they werenot eligible for the apparel provisions In April 2008 the President designated Togo as AGOA-eligible and asan LDBC White House ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and the
(continued)
2-15
TABLE 25 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from AGOA countries (million dollars) 47003 56010 64532
Total duty free under AGOA including GSP (million dollars) 38146 44239 51051
Duty-free under AGOA excluding GSP (million dollars) 32743 36133 42270
AGOA duty-free as a percentage of total 697 645 655
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Each year the President must consider whether SSA countries are or remain eligible for49
AGOA benefits based on specific criteria As of January 1 2007 a total of 39 SSA50
countries were designated as eligible for AGOA benefits and 26 SSA countries were51
eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits In 2007 Liberia and Mauritania became52
eligible for AGOA benefits Section 105 of AGOA requires the President to establish the53
US-SSA Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum AGOA also requires the USTR and theSecretaries of State Commerce and the Treasury to host meetings with senior-level officialsfrom governments of countries that are eligible for AGOA benefits to discuss their tradeinvestment and development relationships The sixth AGOA forum was held in July 2007in Accra Ghana The theme of the forum was ldquoAs Trade Grows Africa ProspersOptimizing the Benefits Under AGOArdquo In addition in March 2006 the USTR54
ldquore-chartered the Trade Advisory Committee on Africa (TACA) in order to facilitate thegoals and objectives of AGOA The TACA is intended to advise the USTR on trade andeconomic policy matters with respect to the countries of sub-Saharan Africa Theinaugural meeting of the TACA chaired by Ambassador Susan Schwab was convened inMarch 2007rdquo55
Section 112(c)(1) of AGOA allows apparel articles produced in lesser developed beneficiary(LDB) SSA countries from third-country fabric to enter the United States duty free subject56
(continued)56
Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo News release April 17 2008
19 USC 3721(c)(1)57
USITC ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September58
25 2007 USITC Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain
Denim September 2007
USITC ldquoITC Launches Investigation on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA59
Countriesrdquo News release 07-122 December 6 2007 For a more detailed description of ATPA including country and product eligibility see USITC Impact60
of the Andean Trade Preference Act September 2006
2-16
to a cap In late 2006 Congress amended section 112(c) of AGOA to encourage use of57
available regional SSA fabrics in place of third-country fabrics It provided for Commissiondeterminations with respect to the availability and use of regional SSA fabric and for thePresident to remove apparel articles made from third-country fabric from eligibility whenthe Commission determines that regional fabric or yarn is available in commercialquantities but is not being used in the production of such apparel articles More specificallysection 112(c)(2)(A)-(B) requires the Commission potentially to make three types ofdeterminations (1) upon receipt of a petition whether qualifying regional fabric or yarn isavailable in commercial quantities and the quantity that will be available in the followingfiscal year (October 1-September 30) (2) if that determination is affirmative in eachsubsequent year whether such fabric will be so available and the quantity that will beavailable in the next fiscal year and (3) after the end of each fiscal year for which adetermination was made the quantity of regional fabric that was used in LDB SSA countriesin the production of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA In additionsection 112(c)(2)(C) of AGOA deemed denim fabric to be so available during fiscal year2007 in the amount of 30 million square meter equivalents (SMEs) as if a petition had beenfiled and the Commission had made an affirmative determination and a determination thatdenim fabric would be available in that amount
On September 25 2007 the Commission transmitted its report to the President in its firstinvestigation under section 112(c)(2) of AGOA stating that it had determined that suchdenim fabric will be available in the amount of 21303613 SMEs during fiscal year 200858
In December 2007 the Commission announced that it had initiated two additionalinvestigations under section 112(c)(2) for the purpose of (1) determining the quantity ofsuch denim fabric that was used during fiscal year 2007 in LDB SSA countries in theproduction of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA and (2)determining the quantity of such denim fabric that will be so available during fiscal year2009 the Commission indicated it would make its determinations in July and August 2008respectively The Commission did not receive any petitions under section 112(c)(2)(A)59
during 2007
Andean Trade Preference Act
In 2007 articles from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru entering the United States freeof duty under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) were valued at $123 billion (table26) ATPA was enacted in 1991 to promote broad-based economic development and viableeconomic alternatives to coca cultivation and cocaine production by offering Andeanproducts broader access to the US market ATPA expired on December 4 2001 but was60
renewed retroactively on August 6 2002 under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug
Public Law 107-210 Title XXXI The four ATPA beneficiaries are not automatically eligible for61
ATPDEA preferences ATPDEA authorizes the President to designate any ATPA beneficiary as eligible forATPDEA benefits provided the President determines the country has satisfied certain requirements includingprotection of IPR and internationally recognized workers rights The President designated all four ATPAbeneficiaries as ATPDEA beneficiaries on October 31 2002 President Proclamation ldquoTo Implement theAndean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act Proclamation 7616rdquo 67 Fed Reg 67283ndash67291(October 31 2002) Public Law 109-432 section 7001 et seq62
Public Law 110ndash42 The conditional extensions were also repealed63
Public Law 110ndash191 For additional information see the discussion of US free trade agreements in64
chap 4 of this report
2-17
TABLE 26 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from ATPA countries (million dollars) 20060 22511 20923
Total under ATPA (million dollars) 11464 13484 12307
Imports under ATPDEA (million dollars) 9303 10559 9497
Total under ATPA excluding ATPDEA (million dollars) 2161 2925 2810
Total under ATPA as a percent of total 571 599 588
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Eradication Act (ATPDEA) part of the Trade Act of 2002 ATPA as amended by61
ATPDEA expired on December 31 2006 but was extended for six months for all ATPAbeneficiary countries and for one year for beneficiary countries that meet certain milestonesfor completing a trade promotion agreement with the United States by June 30 200762
ATPA was extended until February 29 2008 for all beneficiary countries on June 302007 and was extended again until December 31 2008 on February 29 200863 64
A wide range of products is eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA ATPDEA amendedATPA to provide duty-free treatment for certain products previously excluded from ATPAincluding certain textiles and apparel (discussed in more detail below) footwear petroleumand petroleum derivatives watches and watch parts assembled from parts originating incountries not eligible for normal trade relations (NTR) rates of duty and certain tunapackaged in foil or other flexible airtight packages (not cans) In addition certain productspreviously eligible for reduced-duty treatment are now eligible for duty-free entry underATPA including certain handbags luggage flat goods (such as wallets change purses andeyeglass cases) work gloves and leather wearing apparel Products that continue to beexcluded from ATPA preferential treatment include textile and apparel articles nototherwise eligible for preferential treatment under ATPDEA and certain agriculturalproducts With the exception of tuna in foil or flexible airtight packages ATPDEA did notgrant new benefits to agricultural products Thus canned tuna rum and tafia and above-quota imports of certain agricultural products subject to tariff rate quotas (primarily sugarbeef and dairy products) continue to be excluded from the program
Total (dutiable and duty-free) US imports from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru werevalued at $209 billion in 2007 a decrease of 71 percent from $225 billion in 2006 (table26) US imports entered under ATPA preferences in 2007 were valued at $123 billion andaccounted for 588 percent of all imports from ATPA countries US imports underATPDEA were valued at $95 billion and accounted for 772 percent of imports underATPA in 2007 US imports under the original ATPA (ATPA excluding ATPDEA)accounted for the remaining 228 percent valued at $28 billion
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 65
CBERA was enacted August 5 1983 as Public Law 98-67 title II 97 Stat 384 19 USC 2701 et seq66
and became effective January 1 1984 (Presidential Proclamation 5133 48 Fed Reg 54453) Minoramendments to CBERA were made by Public Laws 98-573 99-514 99-570 and 100-418 Majoramendments were made to CBERA by Public Law 106-200 the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActFurther modifications were made by Public Law 107-210 the Trade Act of 2002 Public Law 109-53 theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act and PublicLaw 109-432 sec 5001 et seq the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership EncouragementAct of 2006 (HHOPE Act) On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) Public Law No 110-234 which extended CBTPA by67
two years until September 30 2010 For CBTPA provisions related to textiles and apparel see ldquoTextile and Apparel-Related Legislationrdquo in68
this report Only watches assembled from parts originating in countries that are not eligible for normal trade69
relations tariff treatment were ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBERA see USITC Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act September 2007 1-10 Table 210 and appendix tables A17 and A18 include data of four CAFTA-DR countries that were70
eligible for CBERA benefits during a portion of 2006 and data for the Dominican Republic that was aCBERA beneficiary during part of 2007 When the CAFTA-DR enters into force for a country such acountry is removed from the enumeration of designated beneficiary countries under CBERA CBTPA andthe GSP CAFTA-DR entered into force in 2006 for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua US
(continued)
2-18
In 2007 US imports under ATPA decreased from each of the four beneficiary countries(appendix table A15) Ecuador became the largest source of US imports under ATPA in2006 imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in value during 2007 mainly becauseof lower petroleum production in that country Colombia fell to the second-leading supplierof ATPA imports in 2006 and continued in that position in 2007 Petroleum productsaccounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 and represented 4 of the top25 US imports under the program Apparel was the next-largest category of imports underATPA accounting for 9 percent of such imports and 5 of the 25 leading imports underATPA Other leading imports under ATPA in 2007 included copper cathodes fresh cutflowers asparagus and gold jewelry (appendix table A16) Textile and apparel importsunder ATPA (including ATPDEA) are discussed in more detail below65
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act
The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) was enacted in 1984 as part of theCaribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) to encourage economic growth and development in theCaribbean Basin countries by promoting increased production and exports of nontraditionalproducts through duty preferences The Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)66
amended CBERA in 2000 and extended the authority through September 30 2008 The67
list of newly qualifying articles under the CBTPA included certain apparel (described inmore detail below) the assembly of which is an important Caribbean Basin industry The68
CBTPA also extends NAFTA-equivalent treatment (that is rates of duty equivalent to thoseaccorded to goods under the same rules of origin applicable under NAFTA) to a number ofother products previously excluded from CBERA including certain tuna petroleumproducts certain footwear and some watches and watch parts In the discussions that69
follow references to CBERA include CBERA as enhanced by the CBTPA
In 2007 articles from 19 countries and territories in the Caribbean Basin and CentralAmerica entering the United States free of duty or at reduced duties under CBERA werevalued at $55 billion Table 27 shows US imports under CBERA from 2005 to 2007 70
(continued)70
FTAs are discussed in more detail in chap 4 of this report For a description of the current level of economic development and some of the possible future trade71
and development strategies including the 18 remaining CBERA beneficiary countries see USITC CaribbeanRegion Review of Economic Growth and Development May 2008 See previous note72
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 73
2-19
TABLE 27 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007a
Total imports from CBERA countries (million dollars) 31814 25755 19058
Total under CBERA including CBTPA (million dollars) 12336 9915 5496
Total under CBTPA (million dollars) 8773 5961 2662
Total under CBERA excluding CBTPA (million dollars) 3563 3955 2834
Percent of total under CBERA includes CBTPA 388 385 288
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Data for 2006 and 2007 include US imports from El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua and thea
Dominican Republic only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force
US imports entering under CBERA provisions decreased by 446 percent in 2007 Themarked decline in US imports under CBERA provisions in 2007 reflects the fact that ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua are no longer CBERA beneficiaries and theDominican Republic was a beneficiary only during a portion of the year and their importsnow enter under CAFTA-DR US imports under CBERA (including the CBTPA)71
provisions amounted to $123 billion in 2005 $99 billion in 2006 and $55 billion in 2007During this three year period duty-free or reduced-duty imports under CBERA (includingthe CBTPA) accounted for a declining share of all US imports from CBERAcountriesmdash388 percent in 2005 385 percent in 2006 and 288 percent in 2007
Appendix table A17 shows US imports entered under CBERA provisions from each of theCBERA countries from 2005 to 2007 Trinidad and Tobago continued as the leading72
supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Appendix table A18 shows the leading 25US imports entered under CBERA provisions from 2005 to 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products dominated the list of duty-free imports in 2007 Four of the leadingproducts were mineral fuels 8 were knitted and nonknitted apparel and the remaining 13were products that had already qualified for benefits under the original CBERA before theimplementation of the CBTPAmdashmethyl alcohol pineapples undenatured ethyl alcoholpolystyrene frozen concentrated orange juice new pneumatic radial tires articles ofjewelry ethyl alcohol cantaloupes nonautomotive gaskets washers and seals other sugarraw sugar and automatic circuit breakers Textile and apparel imports under CBERA(including the CBTPA) are discussed in more detail below73
The data in this section were compiled by USITC from official statistics of the US Department of74
Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel (OTEXA) Most of the data included in this section are availableon the OTEXA Website httpotexaitadocgov The percentage figures included in this section are based onunrounded SMEs
2-20
Textile and Apparel Developments in 2007
US Textile and Apparel Imports in 200774
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel totaled 531 billion SMEs ($964 billion) anincrease of 18 percent by volume and 34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previousyears 2007 was characterized by a shift in US textile and apparel imports from CentralAmerican and South American countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarilyChina but also Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia (table 28) Chinarsquos shareof the US import market expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357percent in 2006
US imports of textiles and apparel from Southeast Asian countries increased byapproximately 26 percent in volume during 2007 to 59 billion SMEs (table 28) Thelargest part of the increase in these imports was from lower-priced suppliers in the regionnamely Vietnam Cambodia and Indonesia The volume of US imports of textiles andapparel from these three countries during 2007 increased respectively by 312 percent (to15 billion SMEs) 20 percent (to 887 million SMEs) and 16 percent (to 16 billion SMEs)However while US imports of textiles and apparel from Vietnam Cambodia andIndonesia increased by a sizable amount over the past several years each countryrsquos shareof the US market remained relatively small US import volumes from India andBangladesh continued to expand during 2007 while imports from Pakistan declined by morethan 11 percent during the year Nevertheless these three countries combined accounted for148 percent of the US import market by volume in 2007
US imports of textiles and apparel from FTA and trade preference partners in the WesternHemisphere declined in 2007 from 2006 levels In 2007 US textiles and apparel importsfrom NAFTA ATPA CBERA and CAFTA-DR countries fell by 155 percent 88 percent25 percent and 23 percent by volume respectively
US imports of textiles and apparel from SSA countries increased by nearly 2 percentduring 2007 to 346 million SMEs ($13 billion) a slight turnaround compared to the 13percent decrease during 2006 This overall increase can be attributed to increased importsfrom Madagascar and Kenyamdashtwo of the three largest SSA exporters of textiles and apparelto the United States Textiles and apparel imports from Lesotho the regionrsquos largest USsupplier remained essentially unchanged in 2007 In 2007 94 percent (327 million SMEs)of US textile and apparel imports from SSA countries entered duty free under AGOA
2-21
TABLE 28 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major US suppliers selected
regional groups and the world
Country or region US imports 2007Change in imports
2006ndash07
Share of total US textile andapparel imports
2006 2007
Million SMEs ------------------------------Percent------------------------------a
World 53112 18 1000 1000
China 21371 148 357 402
Pakistan 3173 -111 68 60
Mexico 3041 -112 66 57
India 2723 26 51 51
Korea 1953 -87 41 37
Canada 1913 -213 47 36
Indonesia 1625 16 31 31
Bangladesh 1555 40 29 29
Vietnam 1506 312 22 28
Honduras 1235 80 22 23
Taiwan 1134 -32 23 21
Thailand 965 -51 20 18
Cambodia 887 20 17 17
Southeast Asian countries b 5906 26 101 111
Central AmericanCaribbean countries c 3701 -25 82 70
Sub-Saharan African countries d 346 18 08 07
Andean countries e 240 -87 05 05
Source US Department of Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor Shippers Reportrdquo
Square meter equivalentsa
Southeast Asian countries include ASEAN members Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmarb
Philippines Thailand Singapore and Vietnam Central AmericanCaribbean countries include Antigua and Barbuda Aruba The Bahamas Barbados Belizec
British Virgin Islands Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana HaitiHonduras Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincentand the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago Sub-Saharan African countries include AGOA participants Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundid
Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon TheGambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali MauritiusMozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone SouthAfrica Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Andean countries are Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Perue
USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report Chinardquo China is the largest supplier of textiles and apparel75
to the US market and in 2007 accounted for 412 percent of the total US trade deficit in textiles andapparel For the purposes of the MOU several categories of textile and apparel products (using the US Textile76
and Apparel Category System) were grouped together and subject to the same quota For example for theperiod January 1 2008 through December 31 2008 products in categories 340 (mens and boys cottonwoven shirts) and 640 (menrsquos and boysrsquo man-made fiber woven shirts) are subject to the same restraint levelof 8724590 dozen ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States ofAmerica and the Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo Nov 82005 Likewise in June 2005 China and the EU signed an MOU establishing quotas on 10 product77
categories of Chinese textile and apparel products effective through December 31 2007 The productcategories included pullovers menrsquos trousers blouses t-shirts dresses bras flax yarn cotton fabrics bedlinens and table and kitchen linens The quotas limited the export growth rates of these products to 8ndash125percent annually Upon the expiration of quotas in 2007 the EU and China established a program to jointlymonitor Chinese exports of textiles and apparel to the EU through 2008 with a goal of avoiding marketdisruptions US Customs and Border Protection78
httpwwwcbpgovxpcgovimporttextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rpt 19 USC 3721(b)(1)-(3)79
Amending 19 USC 3202(e)(1)(B)(i)80
Amending 19 USC 2703(b)(2)(A)81
US HTS heading 9819110982
2-22
US-China Textile and Apparel Trade
During 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billion to$323 billion This increase is mainly attributed to a $42 billion increase in US imports75
of apparel from China Major US imports of apparel from China included knit sweaterspullovers and vests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousersand shorts Major US imports of textiles from China include certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and curtains Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were imports of apparel and $96 billion were imports oftextiles
In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21 quotas under the2005 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and China which76
established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparel products from China fromJanuary 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During 2007 quotas filled at an average rate77
of 619 percent This represents a slight increase over 2006 when the average fill rate stoodat 597 percent In 2007 quota fill rates ranged from 932 percent for certain articles ofhosiery to 33 percent for certain man-made fiber furnishings78
Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERA
The United States grants unlimited duty-free treatment to imports of textiles and apparelmade from US yarns and fabrics in eligible beneficiary countries under AGOA ATPA79
(as amended by ATPDEA) and CBERA (as amended by the CBTPA) These programs80 81
also extend duty-free entry to apparel made in the beneficiary countries from ldquoregionalfabricsrdquo subject to a ceiling or cap on the quantity of such apparel that can enter free of82
LDBCs with apparel benefits for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad83
Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia See the discussion of AGOA aboveBotswana and Namibia are also eligible for the special rule despite the fact that they are not least developedcountries The special rule for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012 AGOA IV (see AGOA section above for additional information) increased the cap for apparel made84
from third-country fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-month period beginning October 1 2006 USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo This figure includes US85
imports that were eligible for benefits under HHOPE starting in March 2007 The Commission recently completed its study of the effects of the HHOPE Act on textile and apparel86
markets in Haiti the United States and countries with which the United States has a free trade agreement orpreferential trade relationship in June 2008 The report concluded that the HHOPE Act likely benefited Haitiin terms of increased employment and increased exports over what might have occurred in the absence of theAct but that the benefits were small and that little additional investment in Haiti had taken place TheHHOPE Act only had negligible effects on the United States and its beneficiary countries although theremay be a very small positive effect on the Dominican Republic See USITC Textiles and Apparel Effects ofSpecial Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and Industries 72 Fed Reg 13655 (March 22 2007) 87
CBERA is discussed earlier in this chapter88
On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) the Food Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (Public89
Law No 110-234) which amends the special rules for apparel and other textiles from Haiti in section213A(b) of CBERA including rules enacted in 2006 by the HHOPE Act The legislation generally modifiedthe rules and extended them through September 30 2018
2-23
duty under each program In addition AGOA permits apparel made in LDBCs from third-83
country fabrics (made in countries other than the United States or SSA) to enter free of dutyunder the AGOA regional fabric cap84
In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry into the United Statestotaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs) under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs)under ATPAATPDEA and $927 million (481 million SMEs) under the CBERACBTPA85
For the first time since 2004 the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly(28 percent) The volume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 underboth ATPAATPDEA (140 percent) and CBERACBTPA (658 percent)
Textile and Apparel Imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunitythrough Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act86
The HHOPE Act of 2006 authorizes duty-free treatment to apparel made with inputs fromany country subject to certain requirements and an annual cap On March 20 2007President Bush in accordance with section 5002 of the HHOPE Act issued a presidentialproclamation indicating that Haiti had met these requirements after which the special rulesfor Haiti went into effect Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under the87
HHOPE Act beginning in the second half of 2007
Section 5002 of the HHOPE Act amended section 213A(b) of CBERA (19USC 2703a(b))to provide special rules for apparel imported directly from Haiti a CBERA beneficiary88
for a 5-year period from the date of enactment (ie from December 20 2006 to December19 2011) These special rules for Haiti grant duty-free treatment to US imports of apparel89
assembled or knit-to-shape in Haiti regardless of the source of the fabric or other inputsused in production provided that a specified percentage of the value of such apparel comesfrom processing in andor inputs from Haiti the United States or any country with which
Beginning from the date of enactment through the third 1-year period of the Act the value-added90
requirement is 50 percent In the fourth and fifth 1-year periods the value-added requirement increases to 55and 60 percent respectively The cap is successively raised each year by the addition of 025 percent for a final overall quantitative91
limit in the fifth and final 1-year period of 2 percent of total US imports of apparel USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo US imports were92
eligible for benefits under the HHOPE Act beginning in March 2007 Upon entry into force of CAFTA-DR the Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and93
Nicaragua were no longer eligible for CBERA benefits Although Costa Rica has not yet ratified the CAFTA-DR for the purposes of this section US apparel trade with Costa Rica is included in the CAFTA-DRgrouping rather than the CBERA grouping CAFTA-DR is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report US import data from CAFTA-DR countries entered under that agreement are not yet publicly available94
by quantity from the US Department of Commerce
2-24
the United States has an FTA or a preferential trading program The HHOPE Act also90
includes a single transformation rule for brassieres (HTS subheading 621210) in place forthe duration of the Act which allows for the components of these garments to be sourcedfrom anywhere in the world as long as the garments are both cut and sewn or otherwiseassembled in Haiti the United States or both countries
The HHOPE Act establishes an overall limit or cap on the total quantity of apparelimported under the above provisions in the first 1-year period to no more than 1 percent ofthe SMEs of all apparel articles imported into the United States in the most recent 12-monthperiod for which data are available In addition the HHOPE Act extends duty-free91
treatment for three years to a specified quantity of woven apparel from Haiti (chapter 62 ofthe HTS) that does not meet the aforementioned value-added requirements Such wovenapparel must be wholly assembled in Haiti but can be made from inputs from any countryThe quantity allowed under this provision of the HHOPE Act is in addition to the overallquantitative limit noted above for brassieres and woven and knit garments meeting thevalue-added rule
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPEAct totaled $136 million (40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparelimports from Haiti Overall US imports of textiles and apparel from Haiti in 200792
decreased by 2 percent in terms of quantity over the previous year from 252 million SMEsto 247 million SMEs but rose in value over the previous year by less than 1 percent to $452million the smallest increase since 2000 Haiti is a small supplier to the United Statesaccounting for less than 05 percent of total US apparel imports in 2007 Haiti became theleading supplier of apparel to the United States in the CBERA region after CAFTA-DR wentinto effect in 200693
US Textile and Apparel Imports under CAFTA-DR
In 2007 total US imports of textiles and apparel from CAFTA-DR countries declined 6percent by value to $79 billion and by just under 1 percent by quantity to 2227 millionSMEs US imports of textiles and apparel entering under the CAFTA-DR accounted for71 percent of total imports by value ($56 billion) from the CAFTA-DR countries in 200794
up from 39 percent of total imports in 2006 Honduras the largest CAFTA-DR supplier oftextiles and apparel accounted for more than one-third of total US imports of textiles andapparel from the CAFTA-DR countries ($22 billion) entering under the FTA in 2007 ElSalvador was the second largest CAFTA-DR exporter supplying $12 billion of textiles and
Proclamation 8213 72 Fed Reg 73555 (December 27 2007)95
72 Fed Reg 46611(August 21 2007)96
USDOC International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard on97
Cotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo News release January 18 2008
2-25
apparel to the United States Products leading US imports of textiles and apparel underCAFTA-DR included cotton knit shirts and blouses cotton underwear and cotton trousersand slacks
During 2007 the United States reached agreement with the five signatory countries onmodification of certain rules of origin pertaining to CAFTA-DR but the modifications havenot been implemented The modification required that pocketing fabrics be made in theCAFTA-DR region established single transformation rules for additional apparel items suchas womenrsquos wool anoraks womenrsquos and girlsrsquo ensembles and certain menrsquos suit-typejackets reduced tariffs on certain non-originating items changed the Costa Rica wool tariffpreference level (TPL) created a separate TPL for certain womenrsquos swimwear from CostaRica and changed the rules on cumulation for wool apparel After meeting certain statutorylayover and review requirements including receipt of USITC advice the President issueda proclamation on December 27 2007 to revise CAFTA-DR rules of origin95
On August 21 2007 the Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA)initiated a textile safeguard proceeding to determine whether imports of Honduran cottonwool or man-made fiber socks are causing serious damage or actual threat thereof to theUS industry producing socks On January 18 2008 as provided for under Article 32396
of CAFTA-DR CITA formally advised Honduras of its intent to apply a textile safeguardmeasure on imports of Honduras-origin cotton socks because of the substantial growth (99percent) in imports of these products from Honduras in the first eleven months of 2007 overthe previous year97
The TNC met informally January 31 April 20 June 22 and November 30 20071
The General Council met February 7 May 9 July 27 October 9 and December 18 with the Aid for2
Trade debate occurring November 21 2007
3-1
CHAPTER 3Selected Trade Developments in the WTOOECD and APEC
During 2007 multilateral trade negotiations underway in the Doha Development Agendaresumed in February but stalled again in June over the issue of establishing full negotiatingmodalities for liberalizing agricultural market access agricultural support payments andnonagricultural market access In regular WTO General Council proceedings keydevelopments included the councilrsquos regular reviews concerning Aid for Trade measuresChinarsquos commitments made in its WTO Protocol of Accession under the TransitionalReview Mechanism and US maritime legislation widely known as the Jones Actlegislation
In a major development in the OECD new rules under the Aircraft Sector Understandingcame into effect in July 2007 regarding aircraft financing provisions annexed to the 1978OECD Export Credit Arrangement In APEC developments ministers formulated a new Action Agenda following their annualministerial meeting in September aimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmentalprotection among member states and also pushed forward the grouprsquos Bogor Goals of freeand open trade in the region through several initiatives agreed upon in APECs Committeeon Trade and Investment
World Trade Organization
The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) chaired by the WTO Director-General PascalLamy held one formal meeting during the year on June 22 2007 as well as a number ofinformal meetings Despite the resumption of negotiations in February 2007 Lamy in June1
2007 called together participants in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) of multilateraltrade negotiations to announce that the trade talks had reached an impasse over how toapproach the negotiating structure or ldquomodalitiesrdquo that aim at liberalizing agricultural marketaccess agricultural support payments and nonagricultural market access essentially thesame issues that led to suspension of the talks in 2006
During 2007 the WTO General Council met five times plus a meeting in Novemberdedicated to its annual debate on Aid for Trade In addition to its debate of Aid for Trade2
measures for developing and least developed countries council activity also addressed smalland vulnerable economies special and differential treatment for developing countries andseveral regular reports including the biennial report by the United States regarding its so-
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 20073
WTO ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations Fully4
Across the Boardrsquordquo February 7 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of DelegationmdashWednesday 31 January5
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007 USDOS US Mission Geneva ldquoTNCMeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007 par 1 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms6
Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
The G-4 group comprises Brazil the EU India and the United States The G-6 group comprises7
Australia Brazil EU India Japan and the United States
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 20 April8
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007 US Department of State US Mission GenevaldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 1ndash2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 20079
(Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 2
3-2
called Jones Act legislation and the annual report by China under the Transitional ReviewMechanism regarding commitments made by China under its WTO accession protocol
Doha Trade Negotiations
Negotiations Resumed in February 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy reported to the WTO General Council on February 7 2007that the DDA negotiations had resumed (the negotiations had been suspended in July 2006)3
The suspension resulted from the inability of participants to agree on setting full negotiatingmodalities for several key areas notably agriculture and nonagricultural market access As4
he first related to participants at an informal meeting of the TNC on January 31 2007 Lamyreported that recent high-level contactsmdashsuch as at the World Economic Forum held inDavos Switzerland January 24ndash28 2007mdashpointed to signs of renewed commitment toresuming the Doha Round negotiations and that participants indicated flexibility in theirnegotiating positions He said that bilateral contacts among WTO members had been5
intensifying but that these were not a substitute for multilateral negotiations6
On April 20 2007 the Director-General in his capacity as TNC chairman reported to theTNC that he welcomed the meetings among members of such groups as the G-4 and G-67
held in New Delhi India April 11ndash12 2007 but reiterated that the broader multilateralnegotiations in Geneva Switzerland should not be made to wait on decisions taken bysmaller groupings of participants He reported that the chairmen of the negotiating groups8
in Geneva were working toward revised texts in their individual subjects and asked thatparticipants show flexibility in their positions as this process moved forward particularlyconcerning setting modalities for negotiations in agriculture and nonagricultural marketaccess9
At the General Council meeting held May 9 2007 Lamy reported that the chairman of theCommittee on Agriculture Special Session had issued a paper outlining possible areas ofcommonality regarding the ldquothree pillarsrdquo under discussion that address import market
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 US10
Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May16 2007 par 2ndash4
Ibid11
Ibid par 4ndash512
USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns on13
Doha Roundrdquo June 21 2007 US Department of State Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round(State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007 par 2-6 For details concerning tariff formula modalities under negotiation atPotsdam see ICTSD ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down Doha Rounds Fate in the Balance Once AgainrdquoJune 27 2007
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha14
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
European Commission Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoPotsdam G4 Meeting15
Ends with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cutsrdquo June 21 2007
Ibid16
3-3
access export competition and domestic support The Director-General reported as wellthat intensive consultations were to begin immediately to assist the chairman of theNegotiating Group on Market Access in drafting a revised negotiating text for his group10
G-4 Meetings at Potsdam
Trade and agriculture ministers from the G-4 members met in Potsdam Germany June19-21 2007 in an effort to reach convergence in negotiating positions regarding agriculturenonagricultural market access and services During discussions on June 20 2007concerning the formula to be used by the more advanced developing countries to reducetariffs the US State Department reported that Brazilmdashendorsed by Indiamdashreiterated itsldquouncompromising positionrdquo that very few of the current tariffs on manufactured goodsimports would be reduced Negotiations continued only partly into June 21 2007 before11
being adjourned
According to the US State Department the position taken by the United States was to seekmeaningful creation of new trade flows a situation not possible if currently applied tariffson trade in industrial products were not reduced The United States issued a statement on12
June 21 2007 expressing its disappointment at the outcome of the negotiations at Potsdamsaying that the talks did not generate the political consensus necessary to meaningfully openmarkets to new trade particularly for manufactured goods13
The EU stated that a strong outcome in negotiations on nonagricultural market access(NAMA)mdashsuch as reductions in tariffs on industrial goods in large emerging markets likeBrazil and Indiamdashwas a necessary condition for further EU flexibility in opening up itsagricultural market The EU negotiator Peter Mandelson said that Europe was ldquoprepared14
to pay a lotrdquo but not ldquofor next to nothing in returnrdquo He went on to say ldquoIt emerged from15
the [G-4] discussion on NAMA that we would not be able to point to any substantive orcommercially meaningful changes in the tariffs of the emerging economies as a reasonablereturn on what we are paying into the roundrdquo16
Indian officials attributed the breakdown in the G-4 Potsdam talks to ldquothe failure of thedeveloped countries to accept effective reductions in their agricultural subsidies and at the
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 Talks17
Broke Down in Potsdamrdquo June 22 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 22 June18
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 252007 par 1ndash4
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha19
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
Ibid20
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June21
22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 25 2007 par 5ndash11
Ibid par 622
Ibid par 1023
Ibid par 1124
3-4
same time seeking additional market access in the developing countries for their [thedeveloped countriesrsquo] agricultural products including for their highly subsidized onesrdquo17
Negotiations Suspended in June 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy convened an informal TNC meeting in Geneva on June 222007 to discuss the impasse reached at the Potsdam talks and what should be the next keysteps in the Doha Round multilateral trade negotiations The EU representative reported18
to the TNC that the EU considered that the Potsdam talks made real progress concerningagricultural market access export competition and subsidized domestic support paymentsas well as substantive progress about services and concerning multilateral trade rules (suchas under discussion in the Negotiating Group on Rules) However he noted that the EU19
was at the limit of what it can offer on agricultural market access without further openingfrom the more advanced developing countries on nonagricultural market access20
Brazil said that the Potsdam negotiations failed because the developed countries were tryingto change the development mandate of the DDA toward trade negotiations focused onmarket access where developing countries would make tariff cuts that would result ingreater market access in their markets than would result in developed countriesrsquo markets21
India said that the differences at Potsdam were too wide to bridge largely reflectingdifferences between developed and developing countries over the meaning of thedevelopment agenda and how to give effect to the economic development factors that arethe focus of the DDA South Africa another major G-20 member although not present at22
the Potsdam negotiations said that under the current NAMA positions in the round theUnited States and EU were asking developing countries to make tariff cuts that ldquowould havedevastating effects on their industrial production and employmentrdquo A number of countries23
called for more transparency and inclusion in the negotiations process reflecting the factthat only four participants were in negotiations at Potsdam24
The United States also addressed the meeting stating that the developed countries have thelargest responsibility to open their markets to the goods and services of the developingcountries but that the fastest growing markets over the coming 5 to 10 years would be in the
Ibid par 22-2325
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1526
2007 US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007(Geneva 002406)rdquo October 22 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting (Geneva 002406)rdquo27
par 2
WTO ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 200728
Chairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo Job(07)191 November 30 2007
3-5
more advanced developing countries and that therefore these advanced developing countriesshould make more significant contributions than in the past25
October 2007 General Council and TNC Meetings
On October 9 2007 the Director General reported to the WTO General Council that thechairmen of the Committee on Agriculture Special Session and the Negotiating Group onMarket Access were working toward sufficient convergence in each group to be able to draftrevised negotiating texts He reported that the chairmen for the groups negotiating services26
and rules would be issuing revised texts at approximately the same time On October 3027
2007 the chairmen of the various Doha Round negotiating groups presented their progressreports to the TNC chairman
November 2007 TNC Meeting
On November 30 2007 Lamy held an informal TNC meeting in Geneva to review the statusof the various areas in the negotiations On agriculture he noted that progress had been28
made in the final months of 2007 concerning export competition but that more work wasstill needed concerning agricultural market access and domestic support in order to reacha convergence that would allow the group to establish negotiating modalities in this areaOn nonagricultural market access he said that progress toward clarifying certain areas wasreported by the grouprsquos chair but that further technical work appeared necessary for certainother issues
On services Lamy said that the group chairman had held a number of consultations onelements pertinent to producing a revised draft of a negotiating text for services althoughthe chairman reported that some delegates have questioned the need for such a revised textWhile he reported that some progress had been made toward drafting a services textconcerning disciplines on domestic services regulation little progress was reportedregarding other rulemaking issues in the services negotiations such as on emergencysafeguards subsidies and government procurement
In the rules negotiating group the chairman released a revised draft text on November 302007 addressing antidumping subsidy and countervailing measures including fisherysubsidies
In the negotiating group on intellectual property rights the chairman reported some newideas had been put forward and discussed recently and that consultations and discussionscontinue in an effort to close gaps in negotiating positions among delegations especially on
WTO ldquoMinisterial Declarationrdquo WTMIN(05)DEC December 22 2005 par 3129
3-6
issues regarding the legal effects of and participation in any register created to covergeographical indications
On trade and environment it was reported that members had recently begun work onelements of the relationship between WTO rules and specific trade obligations ofmultilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) A draft text regarding cooperation29
between the WTO Secretariat and MEA secretariats was reported to be well advancedHowever discussions on identification of products that could qualify as environmentalgoods under paragraph 31 were held up over how to approach this part of the grouprsquosmandate reportedly stymied in part by several participants until modalities are first agreedupon in the agriculture and nonagricultural market access groups
On trade and development the group chairman reported that discussions were continuingon draft texts for 7 of the 16 remaining agreement-specific proposals He said thatparticipants were addressing specifically the possible elements of a monitoring mechanismfor special and differential treatment
On trade facilitation progress was reported in the areas of special and differential treatmentas well as technical assistance and capacity building with efforts forthcoming to address thearea of needs assessment The chairman reported that efforts to produce a draft text hadrecently intensified
On dispute settlement although a subject not technically bound to the ldquosingle undertakingrdquoof the DDA the group chairman said that further consultations were underway on thevarious legal texts submitted to date in an effort to reach convergence within the group
In conclusion Lamy reported on the topics of extending negotiations on geographicalindications beyond wine and spirits and the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement to theUnited Nationsrsquo Convention on Biological Diversity Proposals by some participants tocommit to negotiations in these two areas have to date met with opposition from othermembers and as a consequence he said that consultations continue in an effort to findcommon ground
General Council
During 2007 the General Council heard periodic reports on the Doha Round tradenegotiations as well as about ongoing work programs considered waivers and exemptionsinvolving various members changes to their tariff schedules arising from changes inHarmonized System (HS) nomenclature as well as involving trade preferences approved forvarious groups of developing and least developed countries and concluded the biennialreview of the US exemption concerning certain foreign maritime vessels (commonlyknown as ldquothe Jones Actrdquo exemption) Several Latin American members continued to voicetheir concerns to the council regarding preferential treatment granted by the EU to certaindeveloping countries under the EU banana regime
With the adoption of the decision in December 2006 the council tasked the committee to consider30
without prejudice concerning the adopted decision the issue of transparency for preferential tradearrangements under the ldquoEnabling Clauserdquo the 1979 WTO Decision on Differential and More FavorableTreatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries The CTD was asked to report backto the council in six months WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007 par 96
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200731
par 97 100
WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules of32
Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200833
The SVE members include Barbados Fiji Nicaragua St Vincent and the Grenadines and the34
Solomon Islands
In early 2002 the General Council approved as a standing item on the councilrsquos agenda a work35
program that was to address the special needs of SVEs The council designated the CTD to meet in dedicatedsession on the subject and report regularly to the council on progress made At the WTO Sixth MinisterialConference in Hong Kong in December 2005 ministers instructed the CTD to continue this work programmonitoring the progress of the SVEs proposals in the Doha Round and elsewhere In December 2006 thechairman of the CTD in Dedicated Session reported to the council on future directions involving the workprogram WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November
(continued)
3-7
Work Programs Decisions and Reviews
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements
In July 2007 the chairman of the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) reported oninformal consultations held concerning the WTO Decision with Regard to Transparency forPreferential Trade Arrangements adopted by the General Council in December 2006 The30
CTD noted in July 2007 that Brazil and India had indicated that they were near completionof a working paper containing suggested elements for members notifications of preferentialtrade arrangements and requested additional time to consider the matter The council agreedto extend the deadline to the end of 2007 when the CTD was to report back on possibleaction In December 2007 the committee requested additional time to consider its task and31
the council extended the deadline for recommendations until July 200832
TRIPS Council matters
In December 2007 the General Council agreed to extend the acceptance period untilDecember 31 2009 for the 2003 protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement concerningpublic health matters The extension allows additional time for members to implement theWTO Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPSAgreement and Public Health that was adopted by the General Council in August 2003 andwhich is to enter into force upon acceptance by two-thirds of the WTO members33
Small economies
The CTD met formally in July 2007 as well as informally in February and May to discussissues concerning small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) while individual SVE members34
met more frequently in bilateral and multilateral consultations to coordinate positions onissues of interest in various Doha Round negotiating groups35
(continued)35
15 par 32
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1536
2007 par 57
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par37
29
Ibid38
These revisions covered one proposal addressing Article XVIII of the GATT two proposals relating to39
Article 103 of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS Agreement) and threeproposals concerning Article 35 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures Consultations continuedon a seventh related to Article 102 of the SPS Agreement WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutesof Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007 par 51
As a consequence the CTDSS chairman said it foresaw no further action likely on these proposals for40
the time being WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 262007 par 29
Ibid Annex III41
However the chairman remarked that it was his sense that there had been no significant development42
on these proposals WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquoTNCM27 October 30 2007 par 53
3-8
The SVEs focused on negotiations on agriculture nonagricultural market access tradefacilitation and trade in services particularly concerning domestic services regulation Thegroup focused in particular on several subsidies issues one concerning fisheries subsidiesin the DDA Negotiating Group on Rules and another in the WTO Committee on Subsidiesand Countervailing Measures (SCM) regarding the July 2007 council decision to extend thetransition period for eliminating export subsidies under SCM Article 274 (see below forfurther detail)36
Special and differential treatment
Ministers at the December 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong instructed theCommittee on Trade and Development in Special Session (CTDSS) to (1) review all theoutstanding proposals specific to particular WTO agreements and report to the council withrecommendations for a decision on these proposals (2) consider the so-called Category IIproposals (those not agreement-specific) that had been referred to other WTO bodies (3)coordinate the CTDSS efforts with these other bodies and (4) resume work on all otheroutstanding issues including crosscutting issues a monitoring mechanism for special anddifferential (SampD) treatment provisions as well as ways to incorporate these provisionsmore effectively into WTO rules37
In 2007 the chairman of the CTDSS reported to the General Council on the status ofprogress made highlighting five key points These concerned (1) progress made in revising38
6 and possibly 7 of the 16 agreement-specific proposals (2) an impasse reached39
concerning the remaining nine proposals (3) some progress identifying elements for a40
monitoring mechanism to be focused on more effective implementation of SampD provisionsunder WTO rules (4) continued coordination with other WTO bodies regarding Category41
II proposals and (5) continued discussion of a decision on duty-free quota-free market42
access for least developed country members including a new submission on rules of originand another on market access recently submitted by these least-developed countries
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par43
29 Annex I
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200744
par 78 Under a mandate from the Uruguay Round Agreements the Committee on Rules of Origin haspursued a work program directed at the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin In July 2002 thecommittee reported 94 core policy issues to the General Council for discussion and decision with the councilinstructing the committee to continue work toward an agreement In February 2008 the committee issued arevision of its draft consolidated text of non-preferential rules of origin that had been reached to datereflecting committee discussions through October 2007 In March 2008 the WTO Secretariat issued a textcontaining the technical issues to be resolved in an effort to focus attention on how to move forward with theharmonization program WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferentialRules of OriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquoGROW111Rev1 February 25 2008 WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to BeResolved in the Committee On Rules of Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatrdquoGROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200745
par 79ndash80
3-9
The CTDSS chairman stated that elements of a package on SampD treatment were likely toinclude (1) the agreement-specific proposals on which the group had reached agreement inspecial session (2) the 28 agreement-specific proposals that had been agreed to in principlebefore the September 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico and (3) a43
possible framework for a monitoring mechanism
Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin
The Committee on Rules of Origin continued its work on the harmonization ofnonpreferential rules of origin seeking to complete negotiations on an overall agreementcore policy issues and technical matters by the end of 200744
In July 2007 the committee chairman reported an impasse regarding the application ofvalue-added rules of origin to the machinery sector which some members supported whileothers opposed As a consequence the chairman proposed the adoption of a two-rule systemfor 607 tariff lines for machinery (HS Chapters 84 to 90) with each member notifying itschoice to the WTO Although some members supported the two-rule proposal as pragmaticothers expressed concern that the complex and costly mechanisms that would be needed totrack the origin of imports under the proposed rule would be an unjustifiable cost incomparison to the benefits gained
Opponents also pointed out that the two-rule system could prove problematic in traderemedy situations unless and until the Negotiating Group on Rules concluded negotiationswith respect to a decision on anticircumvention of trade remedy import duties Proponentsexpressed the view that the 12 years of negotiations in the Committee on Rules of Originhad accomplished a great deal toward developing harmonized rules of origin fornonpreferential trade completing the main technical work on all products from HS Chapters1 to 96 and covering more than 6000 tariff lines although all agreed that further technicalwork was needed45
Given the impasse reached over the two-rule approach for machinery as well as its possibleimplications in trade remedy situations the committee chairman proposed to the GeneralCouncil that the committee (1) continue consultations with the council (2) suspend work
Ibid par 8046
Ibid par 8147
WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated Framework48
Task ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006 In May 2006 the AFT Task Force reported to the General Council itsldquoDraft Recommendations Of The Task Force On An Enhanced Integrated Frameworkrdquo and in July 2006issued its ldquoRecommendations Of The Task Force On Aid For Traderdquo
The IF was established in October 1997 as a technical assistance fund to help the least developed49
countries in matters concerning trade-related development The IF is managed by six major multilateraleconomic institutionsmdashthe IMF United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) UnitedNations Development Programme World Bank WTO and the UNCTADWTO joint technical cooperationagency the International Trade Centre
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 In July 2006 the Task50
Force also proposed recommendations to strengthen country and regional needs assessments donor responsethe nexus between coordinating trade assistance needs raised by countries and regions and the response bydonors to those needs as well as a proposal to establish a monitoring and evaluation body for these AFTprojects WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007 par 11 The council adopted therecommendations in October 2006 and in December 2006 the Director-General suggested that theCommittee on Trade and Development undertake periodic reviews of progress as a means to monitor AFTprojects in order to keep WTO Members informed WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirstSession on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007par 3
3-10
on the two points at issue about the two-rule approach and its trade remedy implicationsuntil the council can provide further guidance and (3) continue work on technical questionstoward a possible agreement as part of regular committee work46
The chairman also remarked that during a meeting of the World Semiconductor Councilcommittee members found consultations with industry useful regarding development ofrules of origin for semiconductors and as a result the chairman indicated an intent to opensimilar private sector consultations regarding the three machinery product categories ofconsumer electronics household appliances and heavy machinery47
Aid for Trade
In 2007 the General Council moved forward with its Aid for Trade (AFT) initiativelaunched in 2006 Following direction from trade ministers at the December 2005 WTOMinisterial Conference in Hong Kong the WTO Director-General established the Aid forTrade Task Force in February 2006 The task force was to examine ways to assistdeveloping and in particular the least developed countries in building their supply-sidetrade capacity and trade-related infrastructure to help them better implement the WTOAgreements and thereby expand their exports of goods and services48
In 2006 the AFT Task Force issued its recommendations for an Enhanced IntegratedFramework (EIF) Discussions among agencies and countries participating in the IntegratedFramework (IF) led to the formal launch of the EIF in May 2007 Also in 2006 the task49 50
force proposed recommendations regarding strengthening the linkages for trade assistancebetween donors and recipients including a monitoring and evaluation system
WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting51
of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007 par 4ndash5 The CTD focused on a monitoringcapability in conjunction with the OECD trade facilitation and standards and testing with contributions fromthe World Bank World Customs Organization OECD Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations World Organization for Animal Health (ldquoOIErdquo) and the WTO trends in trade-related infrastructurein conjunction with the World Bank Japan the EU and the OECD building productive capacity andassistance for adjustment trade diversification and competitiveness in conjunction with the United StatesAgency for International Development United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNCTADWTO ITC and the IMF as well as reports and recommendations arising out of three regionalreviews held in September and October 2007 for the Latin American and Caribbean region one for theAsia-Pacific region and one for the Africa region in conjunction with the Inter-American DevelopmentBank Asian Development Bank African Development Bank and the United Nations Economic Commissionfor Africa WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On AidFor Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007 Annex 1
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For52
Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
Ibid par 653
Ibid par 854
3-11
In April 2007 the CTD chairman in conjunction with the WTO Secretariat proposed atentative monitoring and evaluation regime at three levels (1) a global picture of financialflows assembled each year in cooperation with the OECD (2) a donor self-evaluation thatdetails AFT activities carried out by its development agencies and (3) a country assessmentto provide country-specific views on trade and financial needs51
In November 2007 the General Council held its first annual Global Aid for Trade sessionto review this monitoring and evaluation project as well as to chart a future course for theAFT work program The review concluded that progress was made on a monitoring system52
during 2007 the programrsquos initial year Following three regional AFT seminars held in2007 members noted that a greater emphasis on country and regional monitoring might beuseful as well as an evaluation of the actual impact of AFT projects rather than focus solelyon AFT financial flows Other conclusions from the regional seminars led to proposals to53
encourage countries and regions to map out their key priorities and constraints and todevelop country and regional action plans that devise AFT networks that could help setpriorities and develop plans develop guidance to assess results and implement follow-upplans54
Cotton initiative
In December 2007 the WTO Director-General updated the General Council on his workconcerning development assistance aspects regarding cotton Following the December 2003WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico consultations between theDirector-General and members led to a cotton initiative aimed at addressing issues raisedabout domestic agricultural support payments to cotton producers in the developed countriesthat affect unsubsidized cotton production in and exports from least developing countriesin particular from the four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Benin Burkina Faso Chad andMali The General Council subsequently tasked the Director-General in 2004 to pursue theseconsultations In 2007 the Director-General reported that the WTO Secretariat would beginmonitoring development assistance aspects of domestic cotton sector reforms but that
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200855
Ibid56
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 1957
2007 WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 18 December 2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 42008
The designated developing country members were Bolivia Cameroon Congo Cocircte drsquoIvoire58
Dominican Republic Egypt Ghana Guatemala Guyana India Indonesia Kenya Morocco NicaraguaNigeria Pakistan Philippines Senegal Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe countries whose GNP per capita had notreached $1000 per annum in 1995 when the WTO was established
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnex VIIrdquo 199559
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under60
Article 274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Ibid par 1(e)-(f)61
3-12
agreement on an adjustment mechanism regarding income declines in the cotton sector hasto date remained elusive55
Annual Review of Chinas Protocol of Accession to the WTO
In December 2007 the General Council held its annual review of Chinarsquos implementationof the WTO Agreement under the provisions of Chinarsquos WTO Protocol of Accession Thecouncil conducted the review under the Transitional Review Mechanism based oninformation provided by China as well as on reports submitted by a number of subsidiaryWTO bodies56
Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation
GATT 1994 paragraph 3(a) provides the United States with an exemption from certainGATT obligations for measures taken under legislation existing prior to the GATT 1947 thatprohibit the use sale or lease of foreign-built or foreign-reconstructed vessels incommercial applications between points in national waters or waters of an exclusiveeconomic zone (so-called cabotage) The biennial review of the operation of this legislationcommonly known in the United States as the ldquoJones Actrdquo was held in February 2007 withfurther clarification provided in December 2007 based on the annual report provided by theUnited States57
Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and CountervailingMeasures
Article 274 of the WTO SCM Agreement states that certain developing country membersdesignated in the agreement are to phase out their export subsidies within eight years of58
the establishment of the WTO that is by year-end 2003 Countries seeking to apply such59
subsidies beyond 2003 were required to request an extension from the SCM Committee In2001 the committee agreed on procedures for these requests that would extend thephase-out period through 2007 with the possibility at that time of seeking to continue the60
extension61
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement on62
Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July 172007 esp par 1(d)
WTO Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations Art63
IV1 1995
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200864
3-13
In July 2007 the committee drafted a decision that agreed on procedures for thecontinuation of this extension of the phase-out period which would require these countriesto end their notified export subsidy programs not later than December 31 201562
Accessions
The Kingdom of Tonga became the 151st WTO member on July 27 2007 (table 31) InDecember 2007 the General Council also approved final membership arrangements for theWTO accession of Cape Verde In 2007 the council established two accession workingparties as requested one for the Comoros and a second for Liberia Another 30 countriesare observers or in various stages of accession to the WTO (table 32)
Waivers
During 2007 the General Council agreed to grant or extend waivers from WTO obligationsparticularly regarding membersrsquo schedules of concessions resulting from the adoption ofnewer HS tariff schedule nomenclature (notably HS 1996 HS 2002 and HS 2007) as wellas waivers from most-favored-nation obligations when granting nonreciprocal tradepreferences approved by members The council also granted several waivers to membersregarding particular individual obligations resulting from past concessions
Seventh WTO ministerial conference
In October 2007 the chairman of the General Council reported on broad consultations withmembers which concluded that it would not be possible to convene a WTO conference atthe ministerial level before the end of 2007 (a conference is required at that level at leastevery other year) The council and members agreed that the failure to hold the Seventh63
Session of the Ministerial Conference in 2007 should not establish a precedent for thefuture and agreed to return to the issue as soon as the situation could be clarified inparticular regarding a ministerial-level conference in conjunction with a conclusion to theDoha Round of trade negotiations64
3-14
TABLE 31 W TO membership in 2007
AlbaniaAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgiumBelizeBeninBoliviaBotswanaBrazilBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurmaBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCentral African RepChadChileChinaChinese Taipei a
ColombiaCongo Democratic Rep ofCongo Rep ofCosta RicaCocircte dIvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEuropean CommunitiesFijiFinlandFranceGabon
GambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong Kong ChinaHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKenyaKorea Rep ofKuwaitKyrgyz RepLatviaLesothoLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMoldovaMongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNepalNetherlands and Dutch AntillesNew Zealand
NicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaudi ArabiaSenegalSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovak RepSloveniaSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited States of AmericaUruguayVenezuelaVietnamZambiaZimbabwe
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
In the WTO the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu is informally referred to asa
Chinese Taipei although elsewhere it is commonly referred to as Taiwan
3-15
TABLE 32 W TO observers in 2007
AfghanistanAlgeriaAndorraAzerbaijanBahamasBelarusBhutanBosnia and HerzegovinaCape VerdeComorosEthiopia
Guinea EquatorialIranIraqKazakhstanLaosLebanonLibyaMontenegroRussiaSamoaSatildeo Tomeacute and Principe
SerbiaSeychellesSudanTajikistanUkraineUzbekistanVanuatuVatican (Holy See)Yemen
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
Dispute Settlement
Consultations and New Panels Established
During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests for WTO dispute settlementconsultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005 and 19 in 2004 There were 13new dispute settlement panels established in 2007 compared to 14 in 2006 7 in 2005 and8 in 2004 One of these panels (DS358) was later terminated when the United States andChina reached a mutually agreed settlement in December 2007 and another (DS359) wasterminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in February 2008Table 33 shows the 13 cases in which panels were established during 2007
Four of the panels established during 2007 were at the request of the United States (DS358DS360 DS362 DS363) Other panels were established in 2007 at the request of Argentina(3) Brazil (1) the EU (3) Mexico (1) and Panama (1) The United States was named as therespondent in two of the cases (DS350 DS365) Other countries named as respondents incases before newly established panels in 2007 were Brazil (1) Chile (2) China (4)Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The trade issues involved in these cases includedmeasures affecting antidumping countervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectualproperty rights tax matters as well as measures affecting border and internal trade issuesAppendix table A19 shows developments during 2007 in the WTO dispute settlement casesto which the United States was a party
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States
During 2007 the DSB established panels in four cases at the request of the United StatesThe issues raised and procedural history of each of the four are summarized below
3-16
TABLE 33 W TO dispute settlement panels established in 2007
Case No Complainant Respondent Case NamePanel
Established
DS341 EU Mexico Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the EU
Jan 23 2007
DS350 EU United States Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology
June 4 2007
DS351 Argentina Chile Provisional Safeguard Measure on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS352 EU India Measures Affecting the Importation and Sale of Wines and Spirits from the EU
Apr 24 2007
DS355 Argentina Brazil Antidumping Measures on Imports of CertainResins from Argentina
July 24 2007
DS356 Argentina Chile Definitive Safeguard Measures on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS358 United States China Certain Measures Granting RefundsReductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
Aug 31 2007
DS359 Mexico China Certain Measures Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
July 12 2007
DS360 United States India Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States
June 20 2007
DS362 United States China Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual PropertyRights
Sept 25 2007
DS363 United States China Measures Affecting Trading Rights andDistribution Services for CertainPublications and AudiovisualEntertainment Products
Nov 27 2007
DS365 Brazil United States Domestic Support and Export CreditGuarantees for Agricultural Products
Dec 17 2007
DS366 Panama Colombia Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports ofEntry
Oct 22 2007
Source Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The Disputes Chronological List of Disputes Casesrdquohttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm (accessed Feb 27 2008)
Note The United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS358 in December 2007Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS359 in February 2008
Measures by China Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxes andOther Payments (DS358)
The United States claimed that certain refunds reductions or exemptions to firms in Chinawere inconsistent with Article 3 of the SCM Agreement in that they were conditioned on thepurchase of domestic over imported goods or that they required the firm to meet certainexport performance criteria The United States also claimed that the measures were
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo65
DS358 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoChina To End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo November 2966
2007
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo67
DS360 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos Intellectual68
Property Rights Lawsrdquo August 13 2007
3-17
inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 and Article 2 of the Trade-RelatedInvestment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement to the extent that they accord imported productsless favorable treatment than like domestic products The United States claimed in additionthat the measures did not comply with certain provisions in Chinarsquos Accession Protocol andthe Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China The United States filed itsrequest for consultations on February 2 2007 After consultations failed to resolve thedispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon August 31 2007 On December 19 2007 China and the United States informed the DSBthat they had reached an agreement in relation to the dispute in the form of a MOU Under65
the MOU China committed to complete a series of steps by January 1 2008 to ensure thatthe WTO-prohibited subsidies cited in the US complaint have been permanentlyeliminated and that they will not be reintroduced in the future66
Measures by India Imposing ldquoAdditional Dutiesrdquo or ldquoExtra Additional DutiesrdquoIncluding Wines and Distilled Products (DS360)
In its complaint the United States claimed that certain ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo and ldquoextraadditional dutiesrdquo imposed by India on certain goods including wines and distilled productsare inconsistent with Articles II1(a) and (b) and III2 and III4 of the GATT 1994 TheUnited States filed its request for consultations on March 6 2007 After consultations failedto resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel wasestablished on June 20 2007 and composed on July 3 2007 On December 17 2007 thepanel chairman announced that the panel expects to issue its final report in March 200867
Measures by China Affecting the Protection of and Enforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights (DS362)
The United States claimed that various measures taken by China were inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under the TRIPS Agreement These measures include (a) quantitative68
thresholds in Chinarsquos criminal law that must be met in order to start criminal prosecutionsor obtain criminal convictions for copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting (b) rulesallowing infringing goods seized by Chinese customs authorities to be released intocommerce after removal of fake labels or other infringing features and (c) apparent denialof copyright protection for works poised to enter the market but awaiting Chinese censorshipapproval The United States filed its request for consultations on April 10 2007 Afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo69
DS362 April 11 2008
Ibid70
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show71
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 199472
commonly referred to as the Antidumping Agreement
Ibid73
3-18
panel a panel was established on September 25 2007 and composed on December 13200769
Measures by China Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for CertainPublications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (DS363)
The United States alleged that various Chinese measures reserve trading rights for certainpublications and audiovisual entertainment products to certain Chinese state-designated andwholly or partially state-owned enterprises and that various Chinese measures imposemarket access restrictions or discriminatory limitations on foreign service providers seekingto engage in the distribution of publications (eg books magazines newspapers andelectronic publications) and certain audiovisual home entertainment products (eg videocassettes and DVDs) The United States claimed that such measures are inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under its Protocol of Accession the GATT 1994 and the GeneralAgreement on Trade in Services (GATS) The United States filed its request forconsultations on April 10 2007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the UnitedStates requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on November 272007 The panel was composed on March 27 200870
Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent
Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology in USAntidumping Duty Reviews (DS350)
In its complaint the European Communities asserted that United States Department ofCommerce (USDOC) implementing regulations ldquozeroingrdquo methodology practice71
administrative procedures and measures for determining the dumping margin inadministrative reviews are inconsistent with various provisions of the AntidumpingAgreement and Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 1994 The EC filed its request for72
consultations on October 2 2006 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute theEuropean Community (EC) requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon June 4 2007 and composed on July 6 2007 On October 1 2007 the chairman of thepanel informed the DSB that the panel expects to complete its work in June 200873
Ibid74
Ibid75
3-19
US Subsidies and Other Domestic Support for Corn and Other AgriculturalProducts (DS357)
In its complaint Canada claimed (1) that the United States provides subsidies to the UScorn industry that are specific to US producers of primary agricultural products andor theUS corn industry (2) that the United States through export credit guarantee programs andother measures makes available to its exporters premium rates and other terms morefavorable than those which the market would otherwise provide and (3) that the UnitedStates through the improper exclusion of domestic support provides support in favor ofdomestic producers in excess of its agreed to commitment levels Canada claimed that theUS measures are contrary to US obligations in Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCMAgreement Articles 32 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreement on Agriculture and Section1 of Part IV of the US Schedule Canada filed its request for consultations on January 82007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canada on June 7 2007 requestedestablishment of a panel the decision to establish a panel was deferred On November 82007 Canada and Brazil following consultations relating to similar issues in DS365 (seebelow) requested establishment of a panel in that dispute and a single panel wasestablished on December 17 2007 in that dispute On November 15 2007 Canadawithdrew its June 7 2007 request to establish a panel in DS357 No panel has been74
composed as of mid-2008
US Domestic Support and Export Credit Guarantees for Agricultural Products(DS365)
In its complaint Brazil claimed possible inconsistencies in the case of two categories of USagricultural measures (1) domestic support for agricultural products and (2) export creditguarantees for agricultural products Brazil claimed that the US domestic support measuresexceeded US commitment levels in 1999-2001 2002 and 2004-2005 resulting in possibleinconsistencies with Article 32 of the Agreement on Agriculture Brazil also claimed thatvarious US programs for agricultural products made export credit guarantees available onmore favorable terms than those otherwise available in the market resulting in possibleinconsistencies with US obligations under Articles 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreementon Agriculture and Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCM Agreement Brazil filed its request forconsultations on July 11 2007 and Canada and several other members subsequentlyrequested to join the consultations After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canadaand Brazil each requested establishment of a panel and a single panel was established onDecember 17 2007 No panel has been composed as of mid-200875
Appellate Body and Panel Reports Adopted during 2007 that Involved theUnited States
During 2007 the WTO DSB adopted Appellate Body andor Panel reports in three disputesettlement cases in which the United States was either the complaining party (one report)
This list does not include panel and Appellate Body compliance reports adopted by the DSB during76
2007 relating to challenges of implementation actions taken by responding parties in response to earlierreports adopted by the DSB
3-20
or the responding party (two reports) The status of each of these cases is summarized76
below (including a summary of adopted reports) In addition there is a discussion of a fourthcase in which an appeal of a panel report was pending at the end of 2007 and the AppellateBody report was adopted in early 2008 the United States was the complaining party in thatcase
There were additional cases in which the United States was the complainant or therespondent that remained pending throughout 2007 with rulings made or expected during2008 These included a case brought by the United States against China (DS340 MeasuresAffecting Imports of Automobile Parts) and cases brought against the United States by theEuropean Communities (DS350 Continued Existence and Application of ZeroingMethodology with a panel report expected in June 2008 and DS353 Large Civil Aircraft2nd Complaint with a panel report expected in July 2008) India (DS346 Customs BondDirective for Merchandise Subject to AntidumpingCountervailing Duties panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008) Mexico (DS344 Final Antidumping Measures on Stainless Steelfrom Mexico panel report circulated December 20 2007 and appealed to the AppellateBody) and Thailand (DS343 Measure Relating to Shrimp from Thailand panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008)
Reports in which the United States was the complainant
Measures by Turkey Affecting the Importation of Rice (DS334)
This dispute involved a complaint filed by the United States challenging Turkeyrsquos importrestrictions on rice The United States alleged that Turkey (1) requires an import license toimport rice but fails to grant such licences to import rice at Turkeyrsquos bound rate of duty and(2) that Turkey also operates a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for rice imports that requiresimporters in order to import specified quantities of rice at reduced tariff levels to purchasespecified quantities of domestic rice The United States alleged that such measures wereinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos obligations under Article 21 and Annex 1 of the TRIMsAgreement Articles III (para 4 5 and 7) and XI1 of the GATT 1994 and certain articlesof the Import Licensing Agreement The United States filed a request for consultations onNovember 2 2005 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the United Statesrequested establishment of a panel and the DSB established a panel on March 17 2006 Thepanel was composed on July 31 2006 The panel circulated its report on September 212007 The panel found that Turkeyrsquos decision to deny or fail to grant Certificates of Controlto import rice outside of the TRQs constituted a quantitative import restriction as well as apractice of discretionary import licensing within the meaning of footnote 1 to Article 42 ofthe Agreement on Agriculture The panel also found that Turkeyrsquos requirement thatimporters must purchase domestic rice in order to import rice at reduced-tariff levels underthe tariff quotas accorded less favorable treatment to imported rice than to domestic rice ina manner inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 The DSB adopted the panelreport on October 22 2007
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show77
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88 Specifically the USDOC calculation of a weighted averagedumping margin for a company generally involves numerous comparisons between sales in the United Statesand sales in the home market or third country market (or costs in the home market) While some comparisonsreveal dumping (eg the price in the United States is lower than the home market price) other comparisonsmay reveal no dumping (eg the price in the United States is higher than the home market price) Where acomparison reveals no dumping the USDOC assigns a zero to that comparison rather than a negativenumber equal to the amount by which the US price exceeds the home market price This practice isgenerally referred to as ldquozeroingrdquo The WTO Antidumping Agreement contemplates three methodologies forcalculating a dumping margin in investigations average-to-average transaction-to-transaction andaverage-to-transaction These issues in these disputes involve the use of zeroing for each of thesemethodologies as well as whether the zeroing methodology can be used in different types of antidumpingproceedings including original investigations administrative reviews and 5-year reviews USTR ldquoWTOPanel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo September 20 2006
WTO ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the Appellate78
Bodyrdquo WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2379
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoApril 11 2008 In80
June 2007 the United States submitted a proposal to the WTO Negotiating Group on Rules to ldquocorrectrdquo theAppellate Bodyrsquos rulings on zeroing USTR ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World TradeOrganization Negotiationsrdquo June 4 2007
3-21
Reports in which the United States was the respondent
US Antidumping ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology (DS322)
This dispute involved a complaint brought by Japan in 2004 against the United Statesregarding a methodology used by the United States in calculating dumping margins knownas ldquozeroingrdquo Japan contested US laws regulations and methodologies involving zeroing77
as such and as applied and in particular when zeroing is used in transaction-to-transactioncomparisons to calculate dumping margins and when margins calculated using zeroing arerelied on in 5-year reviews Japan alleged that US measures are inconsistent with certainprovisions of the Antidumping Agreement and Articles VI1 VI2 and XVI4 of the GATT1994 Japan filed its request for consultations on November 24 2004 and afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute requested establishment of a panel the DSBestablished a panel on February 28 2005 The panel was composed on April 15 2005 Thepanel found in favor of the United States on most issues and circulated its report onSeptember 20 2006 Both Japan and the United States appealed the panel report and theAppellate Body in a report adopted on January 23 2007 reversed the panelrsquos findings andconcluded that US use of a zeroing methodology when calculating dumping margins on thebasis of transaction-to-transaction comparisons and its reliance on dumping marginsinvolving zeroing in 5-year reviews among other practices were not consistent with USWTO obligations The United States subsequently reached agreement with Japan to78
implement the DSB recommendations and rulings by December 24 2007 As a result of aseparate proceeding the USDOC announced that it would no longer engage in zeroing inaverage-to-average comparisons in investigations On January 10 2008 Japan requested79
DSB authorization to suspend concessions on the ground that the United States had failedto implement the DSB recommendations and rulings On January 18 2008 the United Statesobjected to the level of suspension and requested that the matter be referred to arbitrationOn January 21 2008 the DSB agreed that the matter had been referred to arbitration80
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoApril 11 200881
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2382
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th83
Session of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008 par3 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 187
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th84
Session rdquo May 30 2007 and OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraftSummary Record of the 148th Session rdquo February 11 2008
3-22
US Antidumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador (DS335)
This dispute involved a complaint by Ecuador concerning a final affirmative antidumpingduty determination and antidumping duty order by the USDOC regarding certain frozenwarm-water shrimp from Ecuador Ecuador raised concerns particularly about the USDOCrsquospractice of ldquozeroingrdquo negative antidumping margins and alleged that the USDOCdeterminations and order are inconsistent with various provisions of Article VI of the GATT1994 and Article 181 of the Antidumping Agreement Ecuador filed a request forconsultations on November 17 2005 Following consultations that failed to resolve thedispute Ecuador requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on July 192006 The panel was composed on September 26 2006 The panel report was circulated onJanuary 20 2007 and adopted by the DSB on February 20 2007 The panel found that theUSDOC acted inconsistently with Article 242 of the Antidumping Agreement in itsdeterminations and order and requested that the United States bring its measures intoconformity with its obligations Neither party appealed The United States agreed toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings by August 20 2007 The USDOC81
recalculated the margins which were de minimis and revoked the order82
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
In 2007 the OECD Trade Committee held several global policy forums addressing subjectssuch as trade and labor market adjustment and the international sourcing of informationtechnology services The committee completed in 2007 its comprehensive reviews of theeconomies of China and India and continued discussions on trade issues regarding other83
major nonmember economies For the medium-term future the committee decided to focuson the issues of international disciplines on export credits trade in services the costs andbenefits of continued trade liberalization and the interaction of domestic and trade policiesThe Trade Committee also continued to monitor developments in the WTO Doha Roundtrade negotiations during the year and continued its ongoing work program
Global Policy Forums
During 2007 the Trade Committee members held two global policy forums one concerningtrade and labor market adjustments and a second concerning the role of internationalsourcing of business processing and information technology services in trade innovationand growth84
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th85
Session rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007 par 12
Ibid86
Ibid par 1387
Ibid88
Ibid par 1689
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th90
Session rdquo February 11 2008
Ibid par 291
Ibid92
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 18893
OECD Council ldquoCouncil Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagementrdquo94
CMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
3-23
Regarding labor adjustments to trade the Secretariat noted at a policy forum in March 2007that its studies indicate that despite increases over the past decade in total employment andlabor productivity labor demand in manufacturing sectors has nonetheless become moreelastic over the years According to the Secretariat this situation has rendered workers in85
member countries more vulnerable than before to economic shocks such as increased importcompetition Concerning developing countries members examined the issue raised by86
other studies that suggest that increased trade was in part responsible for increasinginequality in both China and Latin America The committee reported that the economic87
literature generally finds no automatic linkage between economic growth and povertyreduction or between increased trade and economic development Committee members88
offered the idea that education and job training may provide a remedy to capture thepotential gains from trade liberalization that might help offset such imbalances89
At a second policy forum on the role of international sourcing of business processing andinformation technology services in trade innovation and growth in October 2007committee members discussed trends in outsourcing services jobs in the business processingand information technology areas Members concluded that outsourcing can yield90
significant economic benefits but that governments need to have proper domestic policiesin place at home to address related worker concerns that may arise as a result ofoutsourcing Some members suggested that binding current outsourcing policies under91
WTO disciplines might be desirable considering that few trade barriers exist currently in thisarea The forum also touched on issues of technology transfer through trade competitionrsquos92
effect on innovation global value chains trade in services and how innovation affectsinformation and communication technologies93
Nonmember Focus
Following the May 2007 OECD ministerial decision on OECD enlargement and ldquoenhancedengagementrdquo with nonmember economies the OECD strengthened its involvement with94
leading developing economy nonmember countries Chile Estonia Israel Russia andSlovenia were invited to begin the OECD accession process In addition the OECD offeredan ldquoEnhanced Engagementrdquo partnership arrangement to Brazil China India Indonesia andSouth Africa whereby these countries could participate in OECD activities of interest
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th95
Session rdquo February 14 2008 par 1ndash3
Ibid par 396
Ibid97
Ibid98
Ibid99
Ibid par 1100
Ibid par 3101
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th102
Session rdquo May 30 2007 par 4ndash5
Ibid OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the103
148th Session of the Trade Committee 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 112008 par 4ndash5
3-24
including committees economic surveys sector-specific peer reviews OECD instrumentsintegration into OECD information and statistical reporting systems and similar work95
The Trade Committee also examined in 2007 progress in and the impact of the integrationof China and India into the world trading system The committee remarked that Chinarsquos96
trade reforms in particular regarding manufacturing have been key to Chinarsquos improvedeconomic performance The committee noted that India retains moderate protection on its97
external trade despite some tariff reductions on nonagricultural products Committee98
members noted that India shows a comparative advantage in certain services sectors but thatIndiarsquos trade policy concerning services in general is still very restrictive compared toChina The committee also reviewed its outreach discussions with government officials99
in China and India during 2007 addressing regulatory reform and market openness in Chinaand global and country-specific trade policy issues in India100
In addition the committee renewed observer status in the OECD Trade Committee forArgentina Brazil Chile and Hong Kong (China) for the 2008ndash09 period101
Trade Committee Priority Topics
During 2007 the Trade Committee considered its medium-term work priorities as part ofa ldquoreflection processrdquo initiated in October 2006 Delegations agreed that the committee102
should move from its previous broad consideration of trade issues to an approach thataddressed in a more focused manner the specific key policy priorities raised by delegationsDelegates expressed strong support for more focused work on the policy priorities of (1)international disciplines on export credits (2) trade in services (3) committee support forbetter understanding of the costs and benefits to be gained from further trade liberalizationand (4) committee interest in examining in more detail the interaction of domestic policiesand international trade although delegations raised the need to be mindful of carefuldefinition in such studies103
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th104
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 12ndash13
OECD Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees105
ldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo TDECG(2006)24December 18 2006
OECD Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environment106
and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of107
the Trade CommitteemdashParis 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30 2007OECD ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary General during the Signing Ceremony of the AircraftSector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo July 30 2007
OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30108
2007
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192109
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th110
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 6ndash13USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192
3-25
Export Credits
The Trade Committee finalized a number of sectoral revisions to the 1978 OECDArrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (Export Credit Arrangement or ECA)The Trade Committee considered strengthening its work on international export creditdisciplines as part of its medium-term priorities in particular through dialogue withnonmembers The committee highlighted two OECD recommendations recently adopted104
by the OECD Council one on antibribery measures concerning export credits and a105
second on export credits and their environmental impact106
Aircraft sector understanding
In July 2007 the OECD concluded its review of the 1986 provisions governing aircraftfinancing that are annexed to the 1978 ECA The new rules under the Aircraft SectorUnderstanding (ASU) went into effect on July 1 2007 with the final text signed on July 302007 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil The ASU limits official subsidies for export credits among107
its signatories allowing aircraft sales to focus purchasing decisions on price and quality108
rather than on financing terms where export subsidies have in the past influenced purchasingdecisions The committee recognized in particular the significance of Brazil as a109
negotiating party and first-time signatory of the ASU because Brazil is both a non-OECDmember in addition to being a major regional aircraft producer The committee consideredthe ASU a model for cooperation and strengthened dialogue between OECD members andnonmember countries The committee viewed the understanding as an important approachin addressing the use of export credits in likely future competitive emerging nonmembereconomies such as Brazil China India Israel Romania South Africa and Slovenia110
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of111
the Trade Committeemdash Paris 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4
Ibid112
APEC was established in 1989 Its 21 members are Australia Brunei Darussalam Canada Chile113
China Hong Kong China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New GuineaPeru the Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) Thailand the United States andVietnam For more information see APEC ldquoAPEC at a Glancerdquohttpwwwapecorgapecabout_apechtml
APEC ldquoOutcomes amp Outlook 2005ndash06rdquo 114 wwwapecorgcontentapecabout_apechtml (accessed
February 1 2007)
3-26
Export credit understandings for other sectors
In April 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA extended the trial period for the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits Renewable Energies and Water Projectsmdashinitially agreedin 2005mdashthrough June 30 2009 In 2009 participants are expected to consider whether111
to modify the understanding and whether to incorporate it into the ECA
In October 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA concluded their update of the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits for Ships which was first agreed in 2003 In the update112
ECA participants in conjunction with the OECD Council Working Party No 6 agreed tofuture work plans that are to include examination of rules on minimum premium rates andinterest rates
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APEC is an international organization comprised of Pacific Rim countries seeking tofacilitate intraregional economic growth trade investment and cooperation The113
organization operates as a cooperative multilateral economic and trade group whosedecisions are made by consensus and whose commitments are undertaken voluntarilyAPEC leaders meet annually to provide direction to the organization in the form of action-oriented work programs and to define priorities for its committees working groups seniorofficialsrsquo meetings and special task groups To reach its objective member countriescommitted to the ldquoBogor Goalsrdquo in 1994 which set forth a timetable for creating a free andopen trade and investment area in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for industrializedcountries and by 2020 for developing countries Various annual APEC initiatives have beenundertaken to provide member countries with direction on how to successfully meet thelong-term objectives agreed upon in Bogor Indonesia in 1995114
Two major developments resulted from the September 2007 annual ministerial meeting inSydney Australia and its related workshops Ministers formulated a new ldquoAction Agendardquoaimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmental protection among member nationsand advanced the Bogor Goals of a free and open trade region through several initiativesagreed upon in APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment
APEC Sydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and Clean115
Development September 9 2007
APEC ldquoAPEC Model Measures for RTAsFTAsrdquo September 5ndash6 2007 116
APEC ldquoAPECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Planrdquo July 2007117
APEC ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos Summary Reports to CTIrdquo June 29-30 2007118
httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf
APEC ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo July 3 2007 119
3-27
Action Agenda
APEC ministers agreed upon an action plan that is designed to stimulate energy efficiencyand environmental protection in the Asia-Pacific region They set objectives of reducingenergy consumption throughout the region by 25 percent by 2030 increasing forest coverin the region by at least 20 million hectares by 2020 and establishing an Asia-PacificNetwork for Energy Technology to promote collaboration on energy research115
Committee on Trade and Investment
APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI) accomplished four main tasks in 2007First members agreed upon model measures with respect to regional agreements and freetrade agreements electronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitaryand phytosanitary measures Second members formulated APECrsquos Second Trade116
Facilitation Action Plan which aims to reduce intraregional transaction costs associatedwith trade by 5 percent by 2010 Third its members developed guidelines to enhance IPR117
capacity building in the region by promoting regional IPR protection and enforcement118
Finally CTI members agreed upon common procedures for acquiring new patents inmember countries119
The agreement with respect to the Dominican Republic entered into force on March 1 2007 The1
agreement entered into force with respect to the other listed parties during 2006 The status of Costa Ricarsquosadherence to CAFTA-DR is discussed below in the section ldquoOther FTA Developments during 2007rdquo
4-1
CHAPTER 4 US Free Trade Agreements
This chapter reviews developments related to US Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) during2007 It describes trends in US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2006ndash07reviews the status of US FTA negotiations during the year and reviews major NAFTAactivities including NAFTA dispute settlement developments during the year
FTAs in Force During 2007
The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of December 31 2007 These included amultiparty agreement with the countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic(CAFTA-DR) implemented with respect to the Dominican Republic El SalvadorGuatemala Honduras and Nicaragua (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the1
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA (2004) theUS-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) NAFTA (1994) and theUS-Israel FTA (1985)
Table 41 shows US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2005ndash07 In 2007 totalUS exports of goods to FTA partners were valued at $4055 billion US exports to FTApartners accounted for 388 percent of total US exports Total US imports of goods fromFTA partners were valued at approximately $5934 billion and accounted for 322 percentof US imports from the world The overall US merchandise trade balance with FTApartners was a deficit of $1878 billion In 2007 the US trade deficit with its NAFTApartners ranked a record high $1902 billion and decreased with Israel Jordan Chile andBahrain Australia Singapore Morocco and the CAFTA-DR countries were the only FTApartners with which the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
The value of US imports entered under FTA provisions has risen steadily from $2637billion in 2005 to $3139 billion in 2007 (table 42) US FTA imports increased by 190percent during 2005ndash07 outpacing the increase in overall US imports of 169 percentduring the same period NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico accounted for more than 930percent of the value of US FTA imports in 2007 The large increase in imports underCAFTA-DR during 2006ndash07 was the result of the staged implementation of that FTA duringthe period Imports from all FTA partners accounted for 162 percent of total US importsin 2007
4-2
TABLE 41 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Million dollars
Exports
Israel 6497 8094 9940
NAFTA 284902 312789 332500
Jordan 607 623 832
Singapore 18680 21911 23577
Chile 4668 6221 7610
Australia 14638 16836 17917
Morocco ndash 869 1334
Bahrain a ndash 471 565
CAFTA-DR b ndash 9657 11257
FTA partner total 329992 377471 405532
World 803992 929486 1046358
FTA partner share of world (percent) 410 406 388
Imports
Israel 18680 19157 20817
NAFTA 456750 500090 522663
Jordan 1267 1421 1333
Singapore 15084 17750 19080
Chile 6745 9551 8969
Australia 7360 8244 8633
Morocco ndash 546 626
Bahrain a ndash 632 626
CAFTA-DR b ndash 10206 10627
FTA partner total 505886 567598 593374
World 1662380 1845053 1942863
FTA partner share of world (percent) 304 308 322
Balance
Israel -10373 -11063 -10877
NAFTA -171848 -187302 -190163
Jordan -660 -798 -501
Singapore 3596 4161 4497
Chile -2077 -3330 -1359
Australia 7278 8592 9284
Morocco ndash 323 708
Bahrain a ndash -161 -61
CAFTA-DR b ndash -549 630
FTA partner total -174084 -190127 -187842
World -858388 -915567 -798695
FTA partner share of world (percent) 203 208 235
Source US Department of Commerce
Note Data represent US bilateral trade flows (ie trade under FTA provisions as well as non-FTA trade) with FTA partners Thesymbol ldquondashrdquo indicates not applicable because an FTA was not in force
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominican Republicb
beginning in 2007
4-3
TABLE 42 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2005ndash07
Million dollars
Israel 2824 2771 2755 -24
NAFTA 253458 286959 293057 156
Jordan 246 309 313 272
Singapore 800 868 935 169
Chile 3679 5508 5001 359
Australia 2670 3248 3155 182
Morocco ndash 116 176 ndash
Bahrain a ndash 47 199 ndash
CAFTA-DR ndash 3976 8289 ndash
El Salvador ndash 993 1490 ndash
Guatemala ndash 561 1286 ndash
Honduras ndash 2003 2855 ndash
Nicaragua ndash 418 706 ndash
Dominican Republic ndash ndash 1952 ndash
FTA partner total 263677 303802 313880 190
World 1662380 1845053 1942863 169
Share of total partner imports
Israel 167 145 132
NAFTA 555 574 561
Jordan 195 217 235
Singapore 53 49 49
Chile 545 577 558
Australia 363 394 365
Morocco ndash 212 281
Bahrain a ndash 74 318
CAFTA-DR b ndash 390 780
FTA partner total share of world 159 165 162
Source US Department of Commerce
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominicanb
Republic beginning in 2007
Other FTA Developments During 2007
Costa Rica is also a party to the CAFTA-DR but the United States and Costa Rica have notyet implemented the agreement In a national referendum held on October 7 2007 thecitizens of Costa Rica voted to join CAFTA-DR However the Costa Rican government didnot complete the necessary implementing legislation during the year CAFTA-DRestablishes a 2-year period for signatory countries to join the agreement after it first takeseffect CAFTA-DR first took effect on March 1 2006 and therefore the 2-year period forall parties to join the agreement was to end on March 1 2008 On February 27 2008
USTR ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquo2
News release February 27 2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo June 28 2008 The US-Panama3
TPA is described in more detail below USTR ldquoUnited States and Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release4
June 30 2007 The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail below FTA negotiations with those countries were concluded during 2006 For information on FTA5
developments during 2006 see USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade AgreementProgrammdash58th Report 2007 4-3 USTR ldquoBipartisan Trade Dealrdquo May 20076
httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsTPA05-11-07FinalBipartisanTradeDealpdf USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US-Peru Trade Promotion7
Agreementrdquo December 14 2007 and USTR ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru TradePromotion Agreementrdquo June 25 2007 OAS ldquoColombiamdashUnited Statesrdquo httpwwwsiceoasorgTPDAND_USACOL_USA_eASP8
The Trade Act of 2002 (title XXII of the Trade Act of 2002) was enacted on August 2 20029
4-4
however the USTR announced that Costa Rica would be granted an extension until October1 2008 to complete its implementing process2
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Panama on December 19 2006 and thetwo parties signed the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 20073
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the twoparties signed the agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral4
agreements with Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 However none of those bilateral5
FTAs entered into force during 2007
On May 10 2007 Congress and the Administration agreed on a Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy to provide a path for Congressional approval for the FTAs with PeruColombia Panama and Korea The Agreement calls for the inclusion into the text ofpending and future trade agreements provisions on basic labor standards environmentalstandards patents and IPR government procurement port security investment and strategicworker assistance and training6
As a result of that bipartisan arrangement the United States negotiated amendments withColombia and Peru to the bilateral TPAs signed with those countries in 2006 The UnitedStates and Peru concluded negotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007(the amendments reflected the provisions of the May 10 2007 Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy described above) which was ratified by Peru on June 27 2007 The USHouse of Representatives and Senate approved the US-Peru TPA Implementation Act onNovember 2 and December 4 2007 respectively President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 and the agreement is expected to enter into force oncePeru takes the necessary steps to implement it The United States and Colombia concluded7
negotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 which was ratified byColombia on October 30 2007 and approved by the President of Colombia on November22 20078
Trade Promotion Authority the Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat the Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend expired on July 1 2007without being renewed There was no significant change in status of the FTA negotiations9
launched in prior years with Ecuador Malaysia the South African Customs UnionThailand and the United Arab Emirates or countries involved with the Free Trade Area ofthe Americas The status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 is shown in table 43
USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo News release June 28 200710
USTR ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo Fact Sheet September 12 200711
4-5
TABLE 43 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007
FTA partner(s)Negotiationslaunched
Negotiationsconcluded
Agreementsigned by parties
Date of entryinto force
Central America and the Dominican RepublicEl SalvadorHonduras and NicaraguaGuatemalaDominican RepublicCosta Rica
Jan 8 2003 Jan 8 2003Jan 8 2003Jan 14 2003Jan 8 2004
Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Mar 15 2004Jan 25 2004
May 28 2004May 28 2004May 28 2004Aug 5 2004May 28 2004
Mar 1 2006Apr 1 2006July 1 2006Mar 1 2007
ndash
Korea Feb 2 2006 Apr 1 2007 June 30 2007 ndash
Oman Mar 12 2005 Oct 3 2005 Jan 19 2006 ndash
Andean TPA
Peru May 18 2004 Dec 7 2005June 25 2007a
Apr 12 2006 ( )b
Colombia May 18 2004 Feb 27 2006 Nov 22 2006 ndash
June 28 2007 ndash c
Ecuador May 18 2004 ndash ndash ndash
Panama TPA Apr 26 2004 Dec 19 2006 Jun 28 2007 ndash
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Apr 18 1998 ndash ndash ndash d
Malaysia Mar 8 2006 ndash ndash ndash
South African Customs Union (BotswanaLesotho Namibia South Africa and Swaziland) June 2 2003 ndash ndash ndash
Thailand June 28 2004 ndash ndash ndash
United Arab Emirates Mar 12 2005 ndash ndash ndash
Source USTR various press releases httpwwwustrgov
Amendments to the US-Peru TPA signed April 12 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007 ldquoBipartisana
Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Implementing legislation signed by President Bush on Dec 14 2007b
Amendments to the US-Colombia TPA signed Nov 22 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007c
ldquoBipartisan Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Other negotiating parties to the FTAA are Antigua and Barbuda Argentina The Bahamas Barbados Belized
Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El SalvadorGrenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St LuciaSt Kitts and Nevis St Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay and Venezuela
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement
The United States and Panama signed the United States-Panama TPA on June 28 2007after 10 months of negotiations The agreement was approved by Panamarsquos legislature on10
July 11 2007 Panama is predominantly a service-based economy with services accountingfor about 80 percent of economic activities The Panama Canal is the focal point ofPanamarsquos economy with much of the countryrsquos economic activity tied to the canalrsquosinfrastructure and to the logistics and financing of international shipping According to theUSTR the trade agreement will provide US exporters significant opportunities toparticipate in the $525 billion expansion plan for the Panama Canal that is due to begin in200811
USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion12
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Panama TPA on the US economy as a whole and on13
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion14
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 Hornbeck The Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008 January 1815
2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press Release June 28 200716
USTR ldquoPanamamdashTrade SummarymdashTrade Promotion Agreementrdquo National Trade Estimates Report17
(NTE) 2008 GSP and CBERA are discussed in more detail in chap 2 of this report18
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release19
June 30 2007
4-6
Under the agreement more than 88 percent of US exports of consumer and industrialgoods to Panama would become duty free immediately with remaining tariffs phased outover the next 10 years The agreement includes ldquozero-for-zerordquo immediate duty-free access12
for key US sectors including agricultural and construction equipment informationtechnology products and medical and scientific equipment Nearly 50 percent of USagricultural exports become duty free immediately and the agreement provides thatremaining tariffs and TRQs on agricultural products would be phased out over the next 17years Other key export sectors such as motor vehicles and parts paper and wood productsand chemicals would also obtain significant access to Panamarsquos market13
The agreement includes an enforceable reciprocal obligation for the countries to adopt andmaintain in their laws and practice the principles concerning the fundamental labor rightsas stated in the 1998 International Labor Organizationrsquos Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work including the prohibition on the worst forms of child labor14
The agreement also commits both countries to effectively enforce their own domesticenvironmental laws and adopt maintain and implement laws regulations and all othermeasures to fulfill obligations under covered multilateral environmental agreements Inaddition the agreement includes a separate sanitary and phytosanitary agreement in whichPanama recognizes US food and safety inspection standards as equivalent to Panamanianstandards which would expedite the entry of US meat and poultry exports According15
to the USTR the agreement establishes a stable legal framework for US investors operatingin Panama and all forms of investment are protected under the agreement16
Apparel products made in Panama will be duty free under the agreement if they use US orPanamanian fabric or yarn thereby supporting US fabric and yarn exports and jobs17
Panama already enjoys broad duty-free access to the US market through various tradepreference programs designed to promote economic development including the GSP andCBERA programs18
US-Korea Free Trade Agreement
The United States-Korea FTA negotiations were concluded on April 1 2007 and anagreement was signed on June 30 2007 after eight formal rounds of negotiations over a 10-month period According to the USTR approximately 95 percent of bilateral trade in19
consumer and industrial products will become duty free within three years of entry intoforce of the agreement and tariffs on almost all goods would be eliminated within 10
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo April 2 200720
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release21
June 30 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on22
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFact Sheet on Auto-related Provisions in the US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 3 200723
USDA FAS ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008 and USTR ldquoFree Trade24
with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo June 2007 On January 1 2008 the last remaining restrictions on US-Mexico trade were removed These include25
restrictions on a few agricultural commodities such as US exports to Mexico of corn dry edible beansnonfat dry milk and high fructose corn syrup as well as US imports from Mexico of sugar and certainhorticultural products US-Canada agricultural restrictions were removed before January 1 1998 under theprovisions of the US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) which was incorporated into NAFTA in 1994USDA ERSldquoFact Sheet North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo January 2008 USDAldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on the Full Implementation of the North AmericaFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo and USTR ldquoUSndashMexican Officials Meet to DiscussNAFTArdquo News Release January 11 2008 US bilateral trade relations with Canada and Mexico are described in chap 5 of this report26
4-7
years The USTR reports that roughly 64 percent of US agricultural exports would20
become duty free immediately The agreement eliminates tariffs and nontariff barriers on21
US auto exports most notably the immediate elimination of Korean tariffs on most USpassenger vehicles and trucks The USTR also said that Korea agreed to overhaul its22
system for taxing cars based on engine displacement 23
The USTR also reported that the agreement grants Korean apparel products preferentialaccess to the US market (provided they are made from US or Korean fabric and yarn)ensures that US investors in Korea will have the same rights and enjoy equal footing withKorean investors expands market access and investment opportunities in a number ofKorean services sectors (including financial telecommunications broadcasting expressdelivery and legal) provides for high standards for protection and enforcement ofintellectual property rights (including trademarks copyrights and patents) establishes acommittee to enhance cooperation and consultation on sanitary and phytosanitary mattersand requires both countries to enforce their own labor and environmental laws24
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA entered into force on January 1 1994 All of its trade provisions became fullyeffective on January 1 2008 In 2007 total two-way (exports plus imports) US25
merchandise trade with NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico increased by 52 percent over2006 with US-Canada merchandise trade amounting to $5256 billion and US-Mexicomerchandise trade totaling $3295 billion (table 44) In 2007 the US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased for a seventh consecutive year but at a rate (15percent) that was substantially lower than in 2006 (90 percent) The US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased to $1902 billion in 2007 from $1873 billion in200626
The following sections describe the major activities of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission(FTC) the Commission for Labor Cooperation (CLC) the Commission for Environmental
The representatives are the US Trade Representative the Canadian Minister for International Trade27
and the Mexican Secretary of Economy USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission MeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade28
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 Ibid29
The first set of changes to the rules of origin affecting approximately $20 billion in annual trilateral30
trade was implemented in 2005 while the second set of changes affecting an estimated $15 billion wasimplemented in 2006 See USITC The Year in Trade 2006 58 Report 4-7 USTR 2008 Trade Policyth
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 and USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA CommissionMeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 The Commission has recently completed two studies on NAFTA Certain SugarGoods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goods of Mexico and CertainTextile Articles Probable Effect of the Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goods of Canada and
(continued)
4-8
TABLE 44 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07
Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balanceTwo-way trade
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
2007 Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3295
Canada and Mexico 3325 5227 -1902 8552
2006 Canada 1982 3030 -1048 5013
Mexico 1146 1971 -825 3116
Canada and Mexico 3128 5001 -1873 8129
2005 Canada 1832 2875 -1043 4708
Mexico 1017 1692 -675 2709
Canada and Mexico 2849 4567 -1718 7417
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Cooperation (CEC) and dispute settlement activities under NAFTA chapters 11 and 19during 2007
Free Trade Commission
NAFTArsquos central oversight body is the FTC which is chaired jointly by representativesfrom the three member countries The FTC is responsible for overseeing the27
implementation and elaboration of NAFTA as well as for its dispute settlement provisions
At its most recent annual meeting in August 2007 in Vancouver Canada the FTC agreedto develop a work plan to enhance North American competitiveness The plan is to addresskey issues that impact NAFTArsquos trade and identify the most effective means to facilitate itThe plan will be presented for review at the next FTC meeting hosted by the United Statesin 2008 The FTC also agreed to work to facilitate trade in four specific sectorsmdashswine28
steel consumer electronics and chemicalsmdashand to identify a second set of sectors forreview at the 2009 FTC meeting Next the FTC agreed to analyze the FTAs that each29
country has negotiated subsequent to NAFTA beginning with those in the WesternHemisphere The analysis will focus on identifying specific differences among theagreements especially those related to trade facilitation and regulatory transparencyFinally the FTC agreed to a third set of changes to the rules of origin affecting an30
(continued)30
Mexico USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo August 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade31
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 CLC ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo32
The responsible office in the United States was the National Administrative Office (NAO) until33
December 17 2004 when it became OTAI US Department of Labor (USDOL) Bureau of InternationalLabor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officerdquo OTAI is now located in theUSDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs USDOL ldquoThe Office of Trade Agreement Implementationrdquo CLC ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluationrdquo 34
Information on the submissions and the status of the submissions under NAALC is available in35
USDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissionsrdquo USDOL ldquoPublic Report of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairs Submission No 2005-0336
(HIDALGO)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoUS NAO Submission No 2006-01 (Coahuila)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and37
2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoMexico NAO Submission No 2005-1 (H-2B Visa Workers)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy38
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL Office of Trade and International Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North American39
Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 AnnualReport 119
4-9
estimated $100 billion in trilateral trade The NAFTA countries agreed to work toimplement these new rules in 200831
Commission for Labor Cooperation
The CLC comprised of a ministerial council and an administrative secretariat wasestablished under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) asupplemental agreement to NAFTA that aims to promote effective enforcement of domesticlabor laws and foster transparency in their administration The CLC is responsible for theimplementation of the NAALC Each NAFTA partner has established a NationalAdministrative Office (NAO) within its labor ministry to serve as the contact point with theother parties and the secretariat to provide publicly available information to the secretariatand the other parties and to provide for the submission and review of publiccommunications on labor law matters In the United States that office is the Office of32
Trade Agreement Implementation (OTAI) If the OTAI determines that a violation of the33
agreement has occurred in a partner country the matter is referred to the CLC Council tohold ministerial consultations with the respective party to resolve the issue34
The NAALC provides for the review of public submissions related to the labor laws of theNAFTA partners In 2007 no new submissions were filed under the NAALC but the US35
and Mexican NAOs addressed various submissions filed in years prior to 2007 On August2007 the US NAO released its public review of US Submission 2005-03 (Hidalgo)requesting consultations with the Mexican NAO regarding several issues on labor lawenforcement In August 2007 the US NAO declined for review US Submission 2006-0136
(Coahuila) concerning freedom of association and occupational safety and health for mineworkers in Mexico In October 2007 the Mexican NAO requested responses from the US37
NAO to questions related to two submissions filed in Mexicondash-the first concerning H2-BVisa workers (Mexican NAO submission 2005-1) and the second concerning the38
collective bargaining rights of public-sector workers in North Carolina (Mexican NAOSubmission 2006-01)39
CLC ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discriminationrdquo40
Ibid41
CLC ldquoHigh Performance Work Systemsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual42
Report 119 CLC ldquoLabor Marketsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11943
CLC ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshoprdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 200744
Annual Report 119 The CEC Council consists of the Canadian Environment Minister the Mexican Secretary for45
Environment and Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator CEC ldquoCEC Secretariatrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report11946
CEC ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15rdquo47
CEC ldquoCEC Ministerial Statementrdquo June 27 200748
4-10
In 2007 as part of its research program the NAALC Secretariat released a report onworkplace antidiscrimination and equal-pay laws This volume is a comparative guide to40
labor law in Canada the United States and Mexico The NAALC Secretariat also released41
a report on high-performance work systems in North America and the third edition of a42
report that describes the economic conditions and characteristics of the labor market in thethree countries Additionally in October 2007 the Secretariat hosted a trinational43
workshop in Guadalajara Mexico on mine safety and health issues44
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
The CEC was established under the North American Agreement on EnvironmentalCooperation (NAAEC) a supplemental agreement to NAFTA designed to ensure that tradeliberalization and efforts to protect the environment are mutually supportive The CECoversees the mandate of the NAAEC and is composed of (1) the Councilmdashthe governingbody of the CECmdashmade up of the environmental ministers from the United States Canadaand Mexico (2) the Joint Public Advisory Committee made up of five private citizens45
from each of the NAFTA parties and (3) the Secretariat made up of professional stafflocated in Montreal Canada46
Articles 14 and 15 of the NAAEC provide citizens and nongovernmental organizations witha mechanism to aid in enforcing environmental laws in the NAFTA countries Article 14governs alleged violations submitted for review by the CEC It sets forth specific guidelinesregarding criteria for submissions and parties that can file complaints Article 15 outlinesthe Secretariatrsquos obligations in considering the submissions and publishing findings in thefactual record Eleven files remained active under article 14 at the end of 2007 two of47
which had been submitted in 2007 (table 45) There were 14 active files during 2007 basedon citizen submissions under article 15 five involved Canada eight involved Mexico andone involved the United States (table 46) Also in 2007 the CEC publicly released two finalfactual records for submissions that had first been filed in 2002 with respect to Canada
At the 2007 annual ministerial session in Morelia Mexico the CEC Council reaffirmed itsinterest in addressing trade and the environment in an integrated manner At the meeting48
the Council instructed the Secretariat to prepare a succinct report on key issues related tothe state of North Americarsquos environment in addition to directing the Secretariat to review
4-11
TABLE 45 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation
Name Case First Filed Country Status
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico The Council voted to instruct the Secretariat to develop a factual record on May 30 2008
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008a
Montreal Technoparc
SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008
Coal-fired PowerPlants
SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 UnitedStates
The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warranteddevelopment of a factual record on December 52005
Quebec Automobiles
SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant to the factual record on its Web site on September 12006
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II
SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on April 4 2007
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II
SEM-06-003 July 17 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III
SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on September 10 2007
Minera San Xavier
SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico The Secretariat requested additional information from theconcerned government party under article 21(1)b onMarch 7 2008
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten
SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico The Secretariat received the requested information from the concerned government party on May 16 2008
Source CEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoActive Filesrdquo
The final factual record was publicly released on June 2 2008a
Ibid49
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11950
North American Development Bank BECC-COCF Joint Status Report 251
Ibid52
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo53
4-12
TABLE 46 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007
Name Case First Filed Country Statusa b
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico Open
Minera San Xavier SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico Open
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II SEM-06-003 July 172006 Mexico Open
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico Open
Quebec Automobiles SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada Open
Coal-fired Power Plants SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 United States Open
Montreal Technoparc SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada Open
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico Open
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico Open
Pulp and Paper SEM-02-003 May 8 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Ontario Logging SEM-02-001 Feb 6 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Tarahumara SEM-00-006 June 9 2000 Mexico January 9 2006
Source Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoCurrent Statusrdquo
Refers to the country against which an allegation was fileda
Status as of Dec 31 2007 Date indicates when the final factual record was publicly releasedb
and synthesize current assessments of the major environmental trends affecting NorthAmerica49
In November 1993 Mexico and the United States agreed on arrangements to help bordercommunities with environmental infrastructure projects to further the goals of NAFTA andthe NAAEC The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North50
American Development Bank (NADB) reported working with more than 140 communitiesthroughout the Mexico-US border region to address their environmental infrastructureneeds As of March 31 2008 the BECC had certified 137 environmental infrastructure51
projects which will cost an estimated $29 billion to build To date the NADB hascontracted a total of $808 million in loans and grants to support 108 certified infrastructureprojects with approximately 44 percent going to projects in the United States and theremaining 56 percent to projects in Mexico52
Dispute Settlement
The dispute settlement provisions of NAFTA chapters 11 and 19 cover a variety of areas53
Developments during 2007 are described below with respect to NAFTA chapter 11 investor-state disputes and chapter 19 binational reviews of final determinations of antidumping andcountervailing cases Appendix table A20 presents an overview of developments in NAFTAdispute settlement cases to which the United States was a party in 2007
Internationally recognized channels include the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment54
Disputes (ICSID) at the World Bank or Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law(UNCITRAL Rules) NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo55
US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United Statesrdquo56
and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTA-Chapter 11 Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Statesrdquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the Government of57
Canadardquo and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases Filed Againstthe Government of Canadardquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United58
Mexican Statesrdquo International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases FiledAgainst the Government of the United Mexican Statesrdquo and Secretariacutea de Economiacutea Tratado de LibreComercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN) Solucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de Inversioacuten NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo59
4-13
Chapter 11 Dispute Settlement Developments
Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designed to protect cross-border investors andfacilitate the settlement of investment disputes An investor who alleges that a NAFTAcountry has breached its investment obligations under chapter 11 may pursue arbitrationthrough internationally recognized channels or remedies available in the host countryrsquos54
domestic courts A key feature of the chapter 11 arbitral provisions is the enforceability indomestic courts of final awards made by arbitration tribunals55
In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases filed against the United States by Canadianinvestors In the same year there were six active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors56
against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors against Mexico57 58
Chapter 19 Dispute Panel Reviews
Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review by a binational panelas an alternative to judicial review by domestic courts of final determinations made bynational investigating authorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases A panel maybe established at the request of any involved NAFTA country59
At the end of 2007 the NAFTA Secretariat listed 12 binational panels active under chapter19 (table 47) The two binational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged USagenciesrsquo determinations on products from Mexico
4-14
TABLE 47 NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007
Country Case National agencies final determination Product descriptiona
Mexico
MEX-USA-2005-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of carbon steel tubingwith straight longitudinalseam from the UnitedStates
MEX-USA-2006-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of pork originating in the United States
MEX-USA-2006-1904-02 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of fresh red deliciousand golden deliciousapples originating in theUnited States
United States
USA-CDA-2004-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews
Pure magnesium and alloymagnesium from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review and Rescission of Certain Company-Specific Reviews
Certain softwood lumber products from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-03 USITC Implementation of the New Determination under Section 129(a)(4) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review
Carbon and certain alloy steelwire rod from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-05 USDOC Final Scope Ruling Regarding Entries Made Under HTSUS 44091005
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Gray Portland cement andcement clinker fromMexico
USA-MEX-2005-1904-06 USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-01 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-03 USITC Final Determination of Antidumping Duty Review
Certain welded large diameter line pipe from Mexico
Source NAFTA Secretariat ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedingsrdquo
In Canada final dumping and subsidy determinations are made by Canada Border Services Agency and injurya
determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal In Mexico all determinations are made bythe Secretariacutea de Economiacutea In the United States dumping and subsidy determinations are made by the USDepartment of Commerce (USDOC) and injury determinations are made by USITC NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverviewof the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria (effective January 1 2007) Cyprus1
Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy LatviaLithuania Luxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania (effective January 1 2007)Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden and the United Kingdom Primarily certain aromatic or modified aromatic drugs of other heterocyclic compounds2
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of Biotech3
ProductsmdashModification of the Agreement under Article 213(b) of the DSUrdquo WTDS29136 November 232007
5-1
CHAPTER 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners
This chapter reviews US bilateral trade relations with eight selected trading partners during2007 the European Union Canada China Mexico Japan Korea Taiwan and IndiaAppendix tables A21 through A44 provide detailed information on US trade with theseselected partners
European Union
The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner behind1
the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandisetrade with the EU increased 95 percent over 2006 to $5784 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU increased by 147 percentto $2263 billion in 2007 US imports of goods from the EU increased by 64 percent to$3522 billion in 2007 resulting in a 56 percent decline in the US-EU merchandise tradedeficit to $1259 billion Leading US exports to the EU during the year included certainaircraft and aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions (eg antiserum)and gold Leading US imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger carspetroleum derivatives and nucleic acids and their salts US-EU merchandise trade data2
are shown in appendix tables A21 through A23
During 2007 there were developments of varying scope in several World TradeOrganization dispute settlement cases involving the United States and EU (see appendixtable A19) Two cases brought by the EU related to US zeroing methodology DS294 andDS350 are summarized in chapter 3 of the report In two compliance actions the UnitedStates challenged EU actions (or failure to take action) following earlier rulings adopted bythe DSB in the biotechnology case (DS291) and the bananas case (DS27) In thebiotechnology case the United States twice agreed to an extension of the EUrsquos deadline forimplementation of the DSBrsquos recommendations and rulings during 2007 with EUimplementation now set for January 11 2008 In the bananas case the United States3
requested establishment of an Article 215 panel to determine whether the EUrsquos 2005replacement import regime for bananas complied with the EUrsquos WTO obligations In May2008 the panel found the replacement regime to be inconsistent with the EUrsquos GATT 1994
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of4
BananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RWUSA May 19 2008 DS347 (second complaint) DS316 the first complaint brought by the United States remained pending5
in 2007 DS353 (second complaint) DS317 the first complaint brought by the EU also remained pending in6
2007 Germany held the EU Council presidency from January through June 20077
White House ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo April 30 20078
Ibid and White House ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo9
April 30 2007 White House ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United10
States of America and the European Unionrdquo April 30 2007 US Mission to the European Union ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works to Dismantle11
Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007 and EU Delegation of the European Commission to the UnitedStates ldquoJoint Statement of the Transatlantic Economic Councilrdquo November 9 2007 US Department of State ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo April 30 200712
5-2
obligations Two additional cases involving alleged subsidies for large civil aircraft one4
brought by the United States against the EU and one brought by the EU against the United5
States were active during 2007 6
US-EU Summit
Leaders from the United States Germany and the European Commission met April 307
2007 in Washington DC to hold their annual US-EU summit At the summit meeting8
the leaders reached an agreement on a Framework for Advancing Transatlantic EconomicIntegration The agreement contained three segments (1) a regulatory focus on ways toconverge the different regulatory structures and regulatory approaches and ways tostreamline regulations where possible (2) accelerated work on priority issues fortransatlantic economic integration identified at the April summit (so-called lighthouseprojects) including intellectual property rights (IPR) secure trade investment promotionfinancial markets and innovation and (3) the creation of a new cabinet-level organizationthe Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC) staffed by key ministerial-level members fromboth sides The TEC is to oversee and guide efforts to lower barriers to trade and9
investment between the United States and the EU The TEC held its first meeting on10
November 9 2007 in Washington DC and discussed issues such as investmentaccounting standards security ldquoorphanrdquo drug designations poultry pathogen reductiontreatment product standards biofuels and patents11
On April 30 2007 the United States and the EU also signed a first-stage Air TransportAgreement that replaced existing bilateral agreements and established an ldquoOpen-Skies Plusrdquoframework between the EU and the United States The agreement allows every US and12
EU airline to fly between every city in the EU and in the United States and allows airlinesto operate without restrictions on the number of flights aircraft and routes airlines mayalso set fares according to market demand and airlines may enter into cooperativearrangements including code sharing franchising and leasing The agreement also permitsUS investors to invest in EU airlines as long as the majority ownership is controlled by anEU member state allows EU investors to hold up to 499 percent equity in a US airlineand opens the possibility for EU investors to own airlines in Switzerland Liechtenstein theEuropean Common Aviation Area Kenya and Americarsquos Open Skies partners in Africa It
Ibid and US Mission to the European Union ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Host US-EU13
Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo April 27 2007 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January14
2008 USTR 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers March 2007 p 6115
Ibid16
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January17
2008
5-3
also grants new traffic rights to EU carriers and permits cross-border mergers andacquisitions within the EU The agreement is to apply provisionally starting March 30 2008and calls for negotiations toward a second stage of liberalization to begin within two monthsof that date13
Canada
Canada was the largest single-country market and the second-largest export market after theEU for US goods in 2007 with two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) reaching$5256 billion an increase of 49 percent over 2006 US exports to Canada were valued at$2131 billion in 2007 and US imports from Canada were valued at $3125 billionincreases of 75 and 31 percent respectively from 2006 The US merchandise trade deficitwith Canada was $994 billion in 2007 down from $1048 billion recorded in 2006 and$1043 billion in 2005
Manufactured products figured prominently in US-Canada merchandise trade with leadingUS exports to Canada during the year including passenger and transport motor vehiclesparts and accessories for motor vehicles such as cabs engines and gear boxes and energyproducts such as natural gas and crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals andtheir preparations The US exports in 2007 showing the greatest percentage increase overlast year were airplanes and aircraft followed by motor vehicle and related products suchas drive axles and energy products such as natural gas and heavy petroleum oils and theirpreparations
Leading US imports from Canada in 2007 included similar products such as natural gasand crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals and passenger motor vehicles In2007 imports of metals such as raw nickel and refined copper as well as imports ofpharmaceuticals and medicaments showed the greatest percentage increase over 2006 US-Canadian merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A24 through A26
US-Canadian trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which entered intoforce January 1 1994 replacing the 1989 bilateral US-Canada FTA NAFTA14
progressively eliminated tariff and nontariff barriers for bilateral trade in most agriculturaland all industrial products that originate in the United States and Canada In addition15
NAFTA improved access for trade in services established rules on investment strengthenedIPR protection and created a NAFTA dispute settlement mechanism Since the16
implementation of NAFTA total two-way trade in merchandise goods between the UnitedStates and Canada has grown by 250 percent 17
Certain trade-related disputes between the United States and Canada are governed byNAFTA as well as by WTO dispute settlement rules Major procedural developments in
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January18
2008 Ibid19
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 p 12520
Ibid and US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note21
Canadardquo January 2008 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 200822
5-4
these bilateral dispute cases are listed in table 47 or appendix table A20 Established inMarch 2005 the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America provides anotherforum in which to address additional border issues that affect the three NAFTA countriesincluding nontrade as well as trade matters18
Agriculture
Canada was the leading US agricultural market taking 58 percent of US agriculturalexports at the end of 2006 In 2007 the US-Canada Consultative Committee on19
Agriculture as well as the ProvinceState Advisory Group both established as a result ofthe 1998 US-Canada Record of Understanding in Agricultural Matters met several timesto discuss agricultural issues including issues concerning livestock fruits and vegetablesseed and processed food and plant trade as well as pesticide and animal drug regulationsand biotechnology matters20
Livestock
US imports of Canadian livestock products fell steeply in early 2003 following thediscovery of a single case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE commonly knownas ldquomad cow diseaserdquo) Shipments of most Canadian beef to the United States resumed inlate 2003 and bilateral trade in live cattle under 30 months of age resumed in July 2005 InJuly 2007 the government of Canada agreed to allow full market access for imports of allUS beef and beef products regardless of age consistent with the World Organization forAnimal Health (OIE) guidelines By November 2007 all remaining US restrictions21
affecting bilateral beef trade were lifted22
Potatoes
In 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the Technical Arrangement ConcerningTrade in Potatoes which helps to liberalize the longstanding prohibition on the entry intoCanada of bulk shipments of fruits and vegetables in packages that exceed certain standardsizes When the arrangement is fully implemented after three years a forward contractbetween a US supplier and a Canadian importer will suffice to meet the requisite economictest showing a shortage of Canadian potatoes that permits the import of US potatoes tomeet Canadian demand In addition the United States will allow some Canadian specialtypotatoes to enter the US market under the arrangement
USTR US Trade Representative Susan C Schwab Announces Entry into Force of US-Canada23
Softwood Lumber Agreement October 12 2006 As set out in the agreement the ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo is the most recent 4ndashweek average of the24
weekly Framing Lumber Composite Price published by Random Lengths Publications Inc Oregon USAand is available 21 days before the beginning of the month to which it applies Also set out in the agreementldquoexpected US consumption is the average monthly apparent US consumption calculated over a 12ndashmonthperiod ending three months prior to the month in which ldquoexpected US consumptionrdquo applies multiplied bya seasonal adjustment factor Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import ControlsldquoMonthly Report on Softwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA)2006rdquo ldquoSoftwood Lumber Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the25
Government of Canadardquo esp Article VII and LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case No 7941 12 USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement Between26
Canada amp United Statesrdquo January 16 2008 Ibid 27
LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Caserdquo28
Case No 7941 October 19 2007 USTR ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941)rdquo29
December 10 2007 In March 2008 the LCIA issued its decision agreeing in part with the US position thatCanada had not properly adjusted the export quota volumes of Eastern Canadian provinces during the firsthalf of 2007 agreeing in part with the Canadian position that the same adjustment was not required for theWestern Canadian provinces USTR ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunals Mixed Decision onSoftwood LumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decisionin the softwood lumber arbitrationrdquo March 4 2008 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January30
2008
5-5
Softwood Lumber Agreement
The US-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) was signed on September 12 2006and entered into force on October 12 2006 The agreement ties export measures to themonthly US price of lumber as well as the US consumption of lumber When the23
ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo of US lumber is above $355 (US) per thousand board feet24
Canadarsquos exports of lumber are unrestricted under the agreement When the market priceof lumber in the United States declines below $355 Canada is to impose more stringentexport measures25
On March 30 2007 the United States requested formal consultations with Canada to resolveconcerns regarding Canadarsquos implementation of the export measure provisions under theagreement as well as several federal and provincial assistance programs targeting theCanadian softwood lumber industry Failing to resolve these issues the United States26
requested international arbitration under the terms of the agreement on August 13 2007challenging Canadarsquos application of the import surge mechanism and quota volumeprovisions of the agreement In October the parties presented their case before the London27
Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) tribunal In December the parties presented28
additional material to the tribunal29
Aviation
In March 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the bilateral US-Canada OpenSkies Air Service Agreement that removes remaining restrictions on civil aviation servicesbetween the two countries The agreement originally signed in November 2005 and30
US Department of State US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation31
Liberalization Again (Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006 Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo November 11 200532
Ibid33
The JCCT serves as a government-to-government consultative mechanism to address bilateral trade34
issues President Bush and President Hu created the US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue on September35
20 2006 to create a forum for highndashranking officials to discuss specialized bilateral trade issues and supportJCCT and other bilateral diplomatic forums For more information see White House ldquoPresidentrsquos Statementon the Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo and US Department of the Treasury ldquoFactSheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo36
5-6
subsequently reviewed by US and Canadian authorities during 2006 expanded on the31
February 1995 Air Services Agreement that liberalized air passenger and cargo servicebetween the two countries but did not address air service that continues on to thirdcountries The 2005 Agreement addressed this constraint by allowing carriers from either32
country to continue on to third countries from one anothers territory as part of a carrierrsquosservice33
China
In 2007 the US merchandise trade deficit with China amounted to $2621 billion 292percent of the US global merchandise trade deficit The widening of the bilateral deficitresulted from increases in US merchandise imports from China which in 2007 grew morein value terms than corresponding US merchandise exports to China
US merchandise exports to China amounted to $610 billion in 2007 The 182 percentgrowth of US exports to China over the year before elevated China above Japan as thethird largest destination for US exports in 2007 Leading US exports to China includedairplanes soybeans and electronic integrated circuits as well as copper and aluminumwaste and scrap US merchandise imports from China grew by 126 percent to $3231billion in 2007 Leading US imports from China in that year included computers and theirparts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games and footwear US-China merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A27 through A29
In 2007 US-China bilateral trade relations focused on intellectual property rightsenforcement product safety and market access for goods and services in China as well asthe United States and Chinarsquos global trade imbalances Many of these issues were addressedduring the December 2007 meeting of the US-China Joint Commission on Commerce andTrade (JCCT) and during the May and December 2007 semiannual US-China Strategic34
Economic Dialogues (SED)35
Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement
According to USTRrsquos Special 301 annual assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness ofIPR protection in a host of US trade partner countries Chinarsquos counterfeiting and piracyproblems have distinguished it as one of the most egregious IPR violators in 2007 As36
such China remained on USTRrsquos Priority Watch List in that year and an action was brought
Ibid37
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2008 Special 301 Report Peoplersquos Republic of China38
(PRC)rdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo39
Ibid and US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement Report to the President and40
Congress on Coordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo41
Ibid42
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US - China Strategic Economic43
Dialoguerdquo US Department for Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food44
and Feed Imported from the Peoples Republic of Chinardquo
5-7
for dispute settlement to the WTO by the United States for three IPR-related protection andenforcement issues According to US copyright industries approximately 85 to 95 percentof their membersrsquo copyrighted material sold in China in 2007 was pirated suggesting noimprovements over the year before Moreover the International Intellectual Property37
Alliance estimated 2007 losses due to copyright piracy in China at $29 billion which was224 percent higher than in 200638
Despite Chinarsquos identified IPR violations the USTR recognized improvement with regardto Chinarsquos related enforcement measures in 2007 For example China acceded to the WIPOInternet Treaties implemented requirements to preinstall computers with licenced operatingsystems and increased its antipiracy campaigns and the number of cases in Chinese courts39
In addition the US-China ldquoSummer Solsticerdquo investigations between the Federal Bureauof Investigation (FBI) and Chinarsquos Ministry of Public Security (MPS) resulted in the largestbilateral piracy investigations and prosecutions measures to date Through those joint40
enforcement investigations more than half a billion dollars worth of counterfeit softwaredisks were seized and many manufacturing plants in China were discovered and closed41
During the December 2007 JCCT meeting the United States and China agreed to exchangecustoms seizure information on counterfeit goods to help Chinese authorities identifycompanies exporting such products from China China also agreed to enforce laws42
pertaining to unlawful use of company names and to curtail the practice of registeringlegitimate US trademarks without the appropriate legal authority from the trademarkowner Finally China eliminated certain regulatory requirements such as those related tothe mandatory provision of seed samples for biotechnology products which the USTRanticipates will reduce the possibility of illegal copying of patented agricultural materials
Product Safety
During the 2007 Strategic Economic Dialogue(s) the United States and China signedseveral agreements aimed at improving safety standards for traded goods such as toysfireworks lighters electrical products motor vehicles and pesticides The signed43
agreements included the following
A memorandum of agreement between the US Department of Health andHuman Services and Chinarsquos General Administration of QualitySupervision Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) aimed at enhancing thesafety of food and feed imported from China44
Ibid and USTR and US Department of Commerce ldquoFact Sheet US-China Joint Commission45
Commerce and Trade (JCCT)rdquo US Embassy Beijing ldquoFact Sheet The Third USndashChina Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo46
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic47
Dialoguerdquo Ibid48
Congressional Research Service ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo49
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers50
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic51
Dialoguerdquo Ibid52
5-8
An agreement between the US Department of Health and Human Servicesand Chinarsquos State Food and Drug Administration aimed at enhancing theregulation and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicaldevices imported from China45
A memorandum of understanding between the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and Chinarsquos AQSIQ to enhance environmentalcompliance in traded goods and46
Memorandums of understanding between US Treasury and ChinarsquosAQSIQ to enhance bilateral communication regarding regulatory standardsfor alcohol and tobacco products47
In addition to these measures the United States and China agreed to intensify cooperationin areas of product and consumer safety by the next SED meeting in 2008 through bothnew and existing mechanisms48
Market Access
During the 2007 US-China JCCT and SED meetings emphasis was placed on expandingmarket access in China in both the goods and services sectors
Goods
Despite the lack of a resolution to open Chinarsquos market fully to US beef in 2007 the49
JCCT and SED meetings made progress with respect to expanding market access for othergoods in China For example China agreed to eliminate redundancies in testing andcertification requirements for imported medical devices and suspended the implementationof additional regulations The US medical device industry estimates that costs associated50
with such testing redundancies amounted to tens of millions of dollars For agricultural51
goods China allowed six US pork processing facilities to resume their export activities toChina and (as mentioned above in the IP discussion) agreed to remove requirements thatforced US companies to submit biotech seeds for redundant testing52
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers53
USTR 2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliance54
Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 55
Bloomberg ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo56
US Department of Commerce ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo and US Department57
of Commerce ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Re-export Controls For the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo In the past all foreign exchange trading was highly regulated and exclusively run by Chinarsquos State58
Administration for Foreign Exchange Based on USITC estimations based on foreign exchange rates provided by the IMF International59
Financial Statistics database Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 60
5-9
Services
According to the USTR several of Chinarsquos WTO membership commitments regardingservices sector market access remained incomplete by 2007 Despite some improvementsthat China made in the wholesale and retail distribution insurance architecture andengineering service sectors more prominent problems persisted in 2007 Among these53
were limitations of banking sector activities which inhibited US firms from expandingtheir domestic currency businesses and restrictions in the electronic payment sector formoney transmission services which were anticipated to have been lifted by 2007 Inaddition to not meeting the liberalization schedules put forth in Chinarsquos WTO accessionagreement the USTR also claimed that in 2007 China imposed excessive capitalrequirements for insurance banking motor vehicle financing securities and assetmanagement telecommunications and construction sector firms 54
Global Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange-Rate Regime
The US merchandise trade deficit with China of $2621 billion in 2007 grew by $266billion relative to the year before and accounted for nearly 29 percent of the 2007 USglobal trade deficit (up from nearly 26 percent the year before) The magnitude and growthof this bilateral trade deficit the increasing imbalances in the global economy and policieslimiting the Chinese currencyrsquos flexibility all remained as concerns to US policy makersin 200755
Since China officially ended its exchange rate peg to the US dollar on July 21 2005 theyuan appreciated by approximately 10 percent in nominal terms by year-end 2007 Chinarsquos56
current exchange rate policy of managing the yuan against a broader set of currencies whileallowing the yuan to fluctuate by as much as 03 percent daily against the dollar hascontinued since mid-2005 According to the US Treasury Department China has57
reformed its currency market by authorizing non-state banks to administer spot trading and58
allowing the yuan-dollar exchange rate to broach progressively higher thresholds59
In the recent JCCT and SED meetings both the United States and China agreed to work onreducing global imbalances by increasing both domestic consumption and exchange rateflexibility in China and by promoting higher savings in the United States 60
The increase of 87 percent in the value of US imports from Mexico of the leading crude oil import in61
this categorymdashHTS 27090010mdashwas attributable to a 127 percent increase in the average unit value ofimports as quantity imported actually declined by 36 percent in 2007 The final merchandise trade provisions of NAFTA were fully implemented on January 1 2008 USDA62
FAS ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheet January 2008 NAFTA is discussed inchap 4 of this report Bilateral US trade relations with Canada the third NAFTA partner are discussedabove See the section on ldquoDispute Settlementrdquo in chap 3 of this report63
The US Department of Transportation estimated that 75 percent of this trade is carried by commercial64
trucks US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection ProgrammdashReady toDeliver Long-Distance Cross-Border Truckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 2006 the number of truckcrossings into the United States from Mexico was 48 million US Department of Transportation FederalMotor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) NAFTA Safety Statistics
5-10
Mexico
Mexico was the third largest single-country US trading partner (based on two-way trade)after Canada and China in 2007 US merchandise exports to Mexico increased by 42percent to $1194 billion in 2007 while US merchandise imports from Mexico increasedby 66 percent to $2102 billion The trade deficit amounted to $908 billion in 2007increasing from $825 billion in 2006
In 2007 as in the previous year machinery and transportation equipment continued to bethe largest product group in bilateral trade of which automotive trade was an importantcomponent in both imports and exports Other leading US exports to Mexico includedpetroleum oils and computer parts US exports to Mexico were up in all major SITCproduct categories (at the 1-digit level) in 2007 Leading US imports from Mexico includedpetroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals and motor vehicles US importsfrom Mexico also increased in all SITC product categories during the year except chemicalsand related products Particularly important were the increases in machinery andtransportation equipment and mineral fuelsmdashtogether responsible for a share of more than80 percent of the 66 increase in total US imports from Mexico US-Mexico61
merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A30 through A32
US-Mexican trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which providesduty-free status for substantially all bilaterally traded goods originating in the United Statesand Mexico There were a number of trade disputes between the United States and Mexico62
that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement proceedings in 2007 The63
procedural developments in each of these cases are listed in appendix tables A19 and A20respectively Recent developments in cross-border trucking provisions between Mexico andthe United States are summarized below
Cross-Border Trucking Between the United States and Mexico
From the inception of NAFTA in 1994 two-way merchandise trade between the UnitedStates and Mexico has increased at a compound rate of 98 percent annually to $3295billion in 2007 from $977 billion in 1994 Most of this trade is carried by commercialtrucks On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the64
US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTA Cross-border Trucking65
Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 A limited demonstration program to test implementation of thetrucking provisions of the NAFTA supported by Presidents George HW Bush and Bill Clinton wasapproved by Congress in 1993 US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety InspectionProgram rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) Since 1982 trucks from Mexico have been able to drive only in the66
roughly 25-mile commercial zone along the US border and can make deliveries in US cities like SanDiego CA and El Paso and Brownsville TX US Department of Transportation ldquoCross Border TruckSafety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 1995 the NAFTA cross-border provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority to67
provide cross-border truck services to or from border states (California Arizona New Mexico and Texas)and in 2000 to enter and depart the territory of the United States through different ports of entry SeeNAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 28 2008 Developmentsin cross-border truck services between the United States and Mexico from 1981 to 2004 are summarized inUS Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheetFebruary 23 2007 and USITC The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update2007 February 2007 99 For 2004 to 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 31877 (June 8 2007) and 72 Fed Reg 4626368
(August 17 2007) Ibid69
Ibid70
Fewer Mexican carriers than anticipated are participating in the demonstration project In August 200771
FMCSA estimated that 540 vehicles would be participating in the project if 100 Mexican carriers eventuallyreceived provisional authority FMCSA anticipated granting provisional authority to 25 carriers a monthuntil 100 were participating US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTACross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 Ibid72
Ibid73
5-11
Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project The 1-year demonstration program aims65
at demonstrating the ability of Mexico-based motor carriers to operate safely in the UnitedStates beyond the commercial zones along the US-Mexico border The NAFTA66
cross-border trucking provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority toprovide cross-border truck services but implementation has been delayed because of safetyconcerns67
The demonstration program permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operatethroughout the United States for one year Up to 100 US-domiciled motor carriers will68
be granted reciprocal rights to operate in Mexico for the same period Participating Mexicancarriers and drivers are required to comply with all applicable US laws and regulationsincluding those concerned with motor carrier safety customs immigration vehicleregistration and taxation and fuel taxation The safety of the participating carriers is being69
tracked closely by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and its statepartners a joint US- Mexico monitoring group and an evaluation panel independent of theUS Department of Transportation70
As of February 25 2008 16 Mexican carriers with 70 vehicles had participated in theprogram after being granted provisional operating authority FMCSA records show 368071
crossings into the United States by project participants with 247 or 67 percent listingdestinations beyond the commercial zone About 89 percent of these appear to be to one72
statemdashCalifornia The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will provide73
US Troop Readiness Veteransrsquo Care Katrina Recovery and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act74
2007 Pub L 110-28 (2007) sec 6901 121 Stat 183-185 (May 25 2007) But see consolidatedAppropriations Act 2008 Pub L 110-161 sec 136 Title I of Div K 121 Stat 2391 (Dec 26 2007)(stating that ldquonone of the fundsrdquo may be used) Japan was one of several countries that banned imports of US beef and beef products in December 75
2003 after a cow of Canadian origin found in a US herd was determined to be infected with BSE USDAimplemented an export verification program in 2006 to identify animals that meet the Japanese agerestrictions and ensure that banned Canadian beef did not mix with US beef exported to Japan USDA FoodSafety and Inspection Service ldquoExport Requirements for Japan JA-139 (Apr 23 2008) Red Meat ExportRequirements for Japanrdquo httpwwwfsisusdagovRegulationsJapan_requirementsindexasp and USTR2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Global Trade Atlas76
5-12
a final report on the demonstration project to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation60 days after the conclusion of the demonstration project74
Japan
US merchandise exports to Japan totaled $581 billion in 2007 a 45 percent increase from$556 billion in 2006 US merchandise imports from Japan totaled $1449 billion in 2007a 21 percent decrease from $1481 in 2006 The US merchandise trade deficit with Japanwas $868 billion in 2007 which was $56 billion smaller than the year before Leading USexports to Japan during the year included airplanes and other aircraft corn parts ofairplanes or helicopters machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductordevices or electronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinery televisioncameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxes and parts for motorvehicles US-Japan merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A33 throughA35
The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth has served as the primary forum for tradeand economic dialogue between the two countries since its establishment in 2001 In 2007discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan and deregulationof Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific reforms like certificationof communications equipment and air transport restrictions
Beef
Although Japan lifted its ban on imports of certain US beef products in December 2005Japan continues to restrict US beef exports by requiring all products be from animals 20months old or younger because of concerns about BSE These restrictions on US beef75
exports to Japan have had a substantial adverse impact on US beef exports as Japan wasthe single-largest market for US beef in 2003 prior to the closure of the Japanese marketto US beef Total US exports of beef were $36 billion in 2003 of which $13 billion or371 percent went to Japan In 2007 total US exports of beef were $23 billion and only$244 million or 108 percent went to Japan76
According to US Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns that classification indicates ldquothat US77
regulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle of all ages can be safelytraded due to our interlocking safeguardsrdquo USDA Statement by Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding USClassification by OIErdquo Release No 01490 May 22 2007 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda78
USDA FAS ldquoStatement by Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding Progress in Expanding Beef79
Traderdquo USDA Release No 016507 June 13 2007 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007Annual Report USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and Global Trade Atlas80
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy81
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 and USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government ofthe United States to the Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and CompetitionPolicy Initiativerdquo October 18 2007 USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy82
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 Ibid83
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report84
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy85
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007
5-13
After the OIE determined the United States to be a ldquocontrolled riskrdquo for BSE in May 200777
the United States subsequently requested that Japan lift the 20-month old or younger agerestriction on US beef and beef products given that appropriate risk materials areremoved In June 2007 Japan ended its policy of 100-percent reinspection of US beef and78
beef products (replaced with a sampling-based protocol) This change was expected to79
result in modest increases in US beef sales to Japan by reducing bottlenecks although nosignificant increase in US beef exports occurred in the remainder of 2007 As of the end80
of 2007 Japanrsquos 20-month or younger age restriction was still in place
Deregulation
During 2007 bilateral dialogue on the deregulation of Japanrsquos economy continued under acomponent of the partnership known as the Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiative Discussions focused on Japanrsquos 2007 deregulation initiatives and USrecommendations for subsequent reform81
Japan undertook some cross-sectoral reform initiatives in 2007 in response to US concernsabout competitive conditions for US businesses operating in Japan Among these reforminitiatives were changes in laws and regulations concerning public sector contracting aimedat preventing bid rigging the creation and implementation of new procedures to promotetransparency in the regulatory environment and commercial law and legal system reformdesigned to open Japanrsquos economy to more foreign investment and cooperation Japan also82
initiated new programs in conjunction with the US Government to fight counterfeiting andpirating83
In 2007 Japan also initiated many sector-specific reforms to promote competition OnOctober 1 2007 the Japan Post officially started a 10-year privatization process Japan84
stated that Japan Post which provides banking insurance and express delivery serviceswould operate in a free-market environment with other firms and that the privatizationprocess would be transparent Other examples of sector-specific reforms include allowing85
mobile phone number portability passing legislation to prohibit recording of movies in
Ibid86
USTR ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in Telecommunications87
Equipmentrdquo Press Release February 16 2007 USTR ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air Transportation Liberalization Packagerdquo88
Press Release September 14 2007 USTR ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US Reform89
Recommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press Release October 18 2007 USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to the90
Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiativerdquo October18 2007
5-14
movie theaters and forming a task force to improve reviews of medical device technologyupgrades86
The United States and Japan entered into two bilateral regulatory agreements in 2007designed to promote trade and investment In February 2007 the United States signed aMutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) of the Results of Conformity AssessmentProcedures for telecommunications equipment The MRA was signed by the Governmentof Japan on June 2007 The MRA expanded the acceptance in both the United States andJapan of testing and certification determinations of telecommunications terminal and radioequipment by private-sector entities in both the United States and Japan The agreementwent into force on January 1 2008 87
In September 2007 the United States and Japan reached an agreement to further liberalizeair transport relations The agreement allows US cargo carriers to service the Japanesecities of Osaka and Nagoya directly from the United States The new agreement also liftsrestrictions on airline pricing expands code-sharing opportunities for passenger and cargocarriers and eliminates the annual limit on the number of overall US-Japan charterflights88
On October 18 2007 the United States submitted its annual deregulation reformrecommendations to Japan outlining steps that Japan can take to improve ldquothe overallbusiness climate and competitive position for innovators in Japanrsquos market while expandingopportunities for US exportersrdquo The recommendations focused on the89
telecommunications information technology medical devices pharmaceuticals andfinancial services sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues such as competition policycommercial law and legal system reform government transparency privatization anddistribution issues Examples of the United States recommendations to the government ofJapan include the following reforming its health-care pricing policies in the medical devicesand pharmaceuticals sectors to better reward innovation continuing deregulation of itstelecommunications market and continuing to improve the efficiency of the distributionsystem in order to allow traded goods to move more freely through Japanese customs andterritory90
Korea
Korea was the fifth largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $784 billion in 2007 US exports to Korea werevalued at $330 billion in 2007 an increase of 72 percent over 2006 US imports fromKorea totaled $454 billion an increase of 15 percent from 2006 The United States
The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report91
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo92
Ibid 85ndash9093
The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on94
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 OIE ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member95
Countriesrdquo
5-15
recorded a $124 billion trade deficit with Korea in 2007 Leading US exports to Koreaduring the year included aircraft semiconductor production machinery and computer chipsLeading US imports from Korea included automobiles cellular phones computer parts andaccessories (mainly memory modules) and computer chips US-Korea merchandise tradedata are shown in appendix tables A36 through A38
US-Korean trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations and negotiationsover the resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in late 2003
US-Korea FTA
The United States and the Republic of Korea signed a FTA on June 30 2007 afterconcluding negotiations in April The United States-Korea FTA is the ldquomost commercially91
significantrdquo agreement for the United States since NAFTA At the end of 2007 the92
agreement was pending approval by the US Congress and the Korean National AssemblyAutomobiles are a major area of contention for the United States A number of USautomobile manufacturers union groups and legislators have publically opposed the FTAbased on their concerns about US access to the Korean market Korea is a major vehicle93
producer and exporter but has low levels of import penetration 94
Beef
On January 13 2006 the United States and Korea announced an initial import protocol forthe resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in December2003 after a cow of Canadian origin in Washington State was found to have BSE OnSeptember 7 2006 three shipments of US beef to Korea following the resumption ofimports were rejected by the Korean authorities due to the presence of ldquobone chipsrdquo andfurther shipments from the United States were effectively suspended
The United States has urged Korea to recognize guidelines set by the OIE and to reopen itsmarket On May 22 2007 the OIE Scientific Commission formally classified the UnitedStates as a controlled risk country for BSE classification that recognizes that USregulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle ofall ages can be safely traded95
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo96
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 53197
USTR ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo 3698
Ibid99
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 537100
5-16
Taiwan
Taiwan was the ninth largest single-country US trading partner in 2007 based on two-waymerchandise trade that amounted to $626 billion Two-way US merchandise trade flowswith Taiwan have exhibited positive growth since 2004 with US exports to Taiwanamounting to $245 billion in 2007 and US imports from Taiwan amounting to $381billion resulting in a $135 billion US trade deficit in the same year Leading US exportsto Taiwan in 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading US importsfrom Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatuses forradiotelephony reception apparatus for televisions computer parts and navigational andremote control radar machines US-Taiwan merchandise trade data are shown in appendixtables A39 through A41
The Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was established in 1994 as theprimary forum in which US and officials from Taiwan could address bilateral trade issuesand the promotion of economic cooperation During TIFArsquos sixth session in July 200796
US-Taiwan negotiations focused on intellectual property rights enforcement andagricultural trade97
Intellectual Property Rights
Taiwanrsquos sustained IPR enforcement measures in 2007 were sufficient to keep the countryoff USTRrsquos Special 301 Priority Watch List of most egregious IPR violator countries InDecember 2004 the USTR moved Taiwan from its Special 301 Priority Watch List to itsregular IPR Watch List following Taiwanrsquos increased efforts to combat domestic IPRviolations According to the USTR these efforts were sustained in 2007 through suchmeasures as the passage of legislation that established a specialized IPR court the creationof an IP section at the Special Prosecutorrsquos Office the imposition of increased penalties forpharmaceutical counterfeiting as well as higher frequency raids and seizures of piratedoptical media counterfeit pharmaceuticals and counterfeit luxury goods The USTR has98
also noted that Taiwanrsquos sustained vigilance against intellectual property infringement in2007 has resulted in more frequent arrests
Despite Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in IPR protection and enforcement the USTR maintainedseveral of its concerns from previous years These include the magnitude of counterfeit99
pharmaceuticals in Taiwan ongoing Internet piracy unlawful peer-to-peer downloadingtextbook copying at universities and the lack of sufficient IPR protection for the packagingconfiguration and outward appearance of products (trade dress)
The US Intellectual Property Alliance estimated the 2007 losses to US industries resultingfrom intellectual property rights violations in Taiwan to have been $3278 million By the100
first half of FY2007 the value of counterfeit goods from Taiwan seized by US
Ibid101
USDA FAS FAS Online Database102
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532103
Ibid104
The ruminant and nonruminant products intended to use for animal feed and pet food include tallow105
(including protein free tallow) lard poultry and porcine meal USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532106
US Department of State ldquoTaiwan Profilerdquo107
USITC Dataweb accessed March 29 2008108
5-17
Customsmdashmany of which were transshipped clothing and luxury products from Chinamdashhasbeen estimated to have risen to $28 million compared to $18 million over the course of theentire year in 2006101
Agriculture
Taiwan remained a significant market for US agriculture in 2007 importing $29 billionof US agricultural products During that year agricultural trade negotiations focused on102
providing US beef and beef product companies with more comprehensive market accessand reforming Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
Beef
In 2007 Taiwan permitted imports of US boneless beef originating from cattle 30 monthsof age or younger following the lifting of a ban that precluded such trade the year before103
However according to the USTR Taiwan has still not fully opened its market to all USbeef and beef products For example in 2007 Taiwan still required that specified riskmaterial tissue be removed from cattle 30 months of age or younger despite the moreinternationally accepted standard of removing this from cattle over 30 months of age104
Moreover due to sustained concerns over BSE imports of ruminant and nonruminantproducts intended for use in animal feed and pet food are still mostly banned in Taiwan105
Exceptions to this include certain foreign pet food companies that have been eitherindividually reviewed by Taiwanese officials or whose plants have been inspected
According to the USTR Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in providing full market access for theentire range of US beef and beef products has not been comprehensive For example by106
mid-2007 the United States was still requesting that Taiwanrsquos import practices andclassifications of US ruminant and non-ruminant products remain consistent withguidelines set forth by the World Organization for Animal Health Also the United Statesrequested that Taiwan complete its regulatory review process of BSE-related imports of USbeef and beef products
The reopening of Taiwans market to US beef exports in January 2006 followed officialdecisions by the Japanese Hong Kong and South Korean governments to reinitiate theirrespective beef trade with the United States In 2003 before the impositions of any of the107
bans the United States exported $70 million worth of freshchilled and frozen beef By108
Ibid109
USDA ldquoGAIN Report Public Rice Tender for 2007 Import Quotasrdquo November 11 2007110
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532111
Ibid p 533112
USITC Dataweb (accessed March 20 2008) 113
5-18
2006 and 2007 US exports of freshchilled and frozen beef to Taiwan amounted to $101and $107 million respectively 109
Rice
Taiwan implemented a country-specific quota (CSQ) for public-sector rice imports in 2007after receiving certification from the WTO on modifications and rectifications to its existingTRQ import regime on June 22 of that year This measure is one of several policy changes110
that have been implemented over the past few years by Taiwan Prior to its accession to theWTO Taiwan banned rice imports altogether and in 2003 changed its minimum accessagreement to a TRQ According to the USTR Taiwan made progress towards addressing111
rice procurement concerns in 2007 but US companiesrsquo ability to win bids has remainedinhibited by price ceilings imposed in Taiwan since 2005112
US exports of rice to Taiwan amounted to $36 million in 2007 compared to $19 millionin 2006 The growth was mostly attributable to surges in US exports of medium-grainhusked brown rice113
India
In 2007 India was the 17th leading US trading partner (based on two-way trade of exportsand imports) US two-way trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 US exports toIndia grew by 807 percent to $163 billion in 2007 after increasing by 296 percent in 2006Much of this increase was accounted for by US exports of aircraft that increased from$4676 million in 2005 to $57 billion in 2007 to account for 348 percent of total USexports to India in 2007 In 2007 the Boeing Company delivered 36 commercial aircraft(mostly 737 and 777 models) valued at nearly $55 billion to Indiarsquos various airlines
In 2007 US imports from India increased by 101 percent to $239 billion after increasingby 158 percent in 2006 The United States recorded a $75 billion trade deficit with Indiain 2007 compared to $126 billion in 2006 In 2007 nonindustrial diamonds and jewelryaccounted for 247 percent of total US imports from India Leading US exports to Indiaduring the year included aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India include nonindustrial diamonds articles of jewelry andparts of precious metals (excluding silver) womenrsquos or girlsrsquo cotton blouses shirts and shirtblouses (not knitted or crocheted) oils and preparations from petroleum oils menrsquos or boysrsquocotton shirts (not knitted or crocheted) and shrimp and prawns US-India merchandisetrade data are shown in appendix tables A42 through A44
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo114
GOI Department of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath and115
Susan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo June 23 2006 USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation A New Beginningrdquo September 2006116
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo117
USTR ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo September 24 2007118
USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report 2005119
5-33 USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007120
APHIS approved the use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment for fruits and vegetables in October121
2002 APHIS published another rule in January 2006 approving a minimum generic dose (400 gray) ofirradiation for imported fruits and vegetables Until the availability of this generic dose the pests associatedwith the mangoes specifically the mango seed weevil and the mango pulp weevil could not be mitigatedwith any other APHIS-approved treatments USDA APHIS ldquoQuestions and Answers Importing IndianMangoes into the United Statesrdquo
5-19
Trade Dialogue
The US-India Trade Policy Forum (TPF) serves as the primary forum for trade andeconomic dialogue between the two countries Established in 2005 the TPF is a key114
element of the US-India Economic Dialogue and is co-chaired by the United States TradeRepresentative and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and Industry The TPF was created tohelp facilitate and promote bilateral trade and investment and discuss other bilateral tradeand multilateral issues such as the ongoing WTO DDA negotiations The TPF serves as avenue for discussions in five key areas tariff and nontariff barriers agriculture investmentservices and innovation and creativity The fourth ministerial-level meeting was held in115
April 2007 in New Delhi India where discussions covered issues such as US almondsUS pulses Indian mangoes and Indian organic products116
Also in April 2007 the two governments announced the formation of the Private SectorAdvisory Group (PSAG) a senior-level advisory group made up of private sector tradeexperts from corporations associations think tanks and other organizations PSAGrsquos117
principal function is to assist and provide the TPF with strategic direction to enhanceUS-India economic integration over the next 5 to 10 years The PSAG first met in NewYork City USA in September 2007 and then again in December 2007 when it presenteda Vision Statement to the TPF on key policy areas including a bilateral investment treatythe advancement of sectoral openings and regulatory cooperation IPR protection and thepromotion of technology transfer118
Mangoes
In 2005 the United States and India signed a bilateral agreement permitting India to exportmangoes to the United States ending an 18-year trade dispute concerning health andsanitary problems involving pests On March 12 2007 the US Department of119
Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) amended its fruitand vegetable regulations to allow the importation of fresh Indian mangoes into the UnitedStates To eliminate the risk of pests such as fruit flies and weevils Indian mangoes arerequired to undergo irradiation at an APHIS certified facility before entering the UnitedStates Indian mangoes are the first fruit irradiated in a foreign country and approved for120
importation into the United States Each shipment must also be accompanied by a121
(continued)121
httpwwwaphisusdagovpublicationsplant_healthcontentprintable_versionfaq_imp_indian_mangopdf USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007 and USTR ldquoUS-122
India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes into United Statesrdquo The ldquoadditional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties The123
ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties as well asthe additional duty India alleges that these additional duties are designed to offset certain internal Indiantaxes such as state-level value-added tax central government sales taxes and other taxes India also allegedthat these duties also apply to Indian wines and spirits sold across state lines within India WTO ldquoDisputeSettlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the UnitedStatesrdquo accessed April 15 2008 and USTR ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India ChallengingExcessive Duties on US Wine and Spiritsrdquo March 6 2007 USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on Beer124
Wine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo July 6 2007 WTO ldquoIndia - Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United Statesrdquo DS360125
Summary up to date January 22 2008
5-20
phytosanitary certificate issued by Indiarsquos national plant protection organization On May1 2007 the first consignment of 150 boxes of King Alphonso and Kessar mangoes fromIndia arrived in the United States The United States is the worldrsquos largest importer of122
mangoes and imports from Mexico and South America currently account for 99 percent ofthe 250000 metric tons of mangoes consumed in the United States each year
Alcoholic beverages
On March 6 2007 the United States requested WTO consultations with India concerningduties that India applies to imports of wines distilled spirits and other imports from theUnited States as mentioned in Chapter 3 In addition to a basic customs duty India123
imposes an ldquoadditional dutyrdquo and an ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo on imported wines and spirits
Indiarsquos additional duty on imported wine and beer ranges from 20 to 75 percent ad valoremand from 25 to 150 percent ad valorem for imported distilled spirits In addition Indiaapplies an extra-additional duty of 4 percent ad valorem on imported wine and spirits fromthe United States These additional duties have the effect of increasing the cumulative dutyrate to between 264 percent and 550 percent ad valorem India also applies these duties toother imports from the United States including milk raisins and orange juice These dutiesin some cases can exceed Indiarsquos WTO bound tariff rates The United States and India heldWTO dispute settlement consultations on April 13 2007 without resolving the dispute OnMay 25 2007 the United States requested that the WTO establish a dispute settlement panelregarding Indiarsquos ordinary customs duties on these products
In July 2007 India announced the withdrawal of the additional duty on beer wine anddistilled spirits (alcoholic beverages) A panel was composed in July 2007 and in124
December 2007 the panel chair announced that because of the complexity of the case aruling would be postponed to March 2008125
Biblio-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Institute in Taiwan ldquoOpportunities and Challenges in US-Taiwan and Cross-straitRelationsmdashRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at the FICS ConferencemdashTheWashington-Taipei-Beijing Relations Variable and Prospectsrdquo News release OT-0719E December 32007 httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007120302 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at IPR Protection Workshop lsquoMeeting theChallenges of IPR Protection in Taiwan and Beyondrsquordquo News release OT-0702E February 5 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007020502 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the 2007 Hsieh Nien Fan of the AmericanChamber of Commerce in Taipei March 20 2007rdquo News release OT-0703E March 21 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007032101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the Annual Assembly 2007 of ChineseNational Association of Industry and Commerce (CNAIC)rdquo News release OT-0709E May 21 2007httpaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007052101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo Press release PR-0742E July 12 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewspressreleasevieweraspxid=2007071203 (accessed May 12 2008)
Antigua Online Gaming Association ldquoAntiguamdashUnited States WTO Internet Gambling CaserdquohttpwwwantiguawtocomWTODispPghtml (accessed February 4 2008)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 19th APEC Ministerial Meeting ldquoAPEC Model Measures forRTAsFTAsrdquo 2007AMM020 September 5-6 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007MMAMM07_amm_020doc (accessed March 12 2007)
______ APECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Plan Singapore Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationSecretariat July 2007httpwwwapecorgapecpublicationsMedialibDownloadv1htmlurl=etcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadssecpubs2007Par0013Filev11 (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Committee on Trade and Investment ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos SummaryReports to CTIrdquo 2007SOM3CTI022 June 29-30 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Senior Officials Meeting ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo2007SOM3020 July 3 2007 httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007SOMSOM307_som3_020doc(accessed March 12 2007)
______ ldquoSydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and CleanDevelopmentrdquo News release September 9 2007httpwwwapecorgetcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadsnews_uploads2007aelmPar0001Filetmp07_aelm_ClimateChangeEnergySecpdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Basheer Shamnad ldquoTurning TRIPS on its Head Cross Retaliation at the WTOrdquo Spicy IP February 142008 httpspicyipindiablogspotcom200802turning-trips-on-its-head-crosshtml (accessed March 272008)
Biblio-2
Baucus Max et al ldquoSenators Remind Korean Ambassador of Beef Rulesrdquo Press release February 82007 httpwwwsenategov~financepressBpress2007pressprb020807apdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Blustein Paul ldquoAgainst All OddsmdashAntigua Besting US in Internet Gambling Case at WTOrdquoWashingtonPostcom August 4 2006httpwwwwashingtonpostcomwp-dyncontentarticle20060803AR2006080301390html (accessedApril 21 2008)
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Submittedpursuant to section 2B of the Federal Reserve Act Washington DC Board of Governors of the FederalReserve System February 27 2008httpwwwfederalreservegovBOARDDOCSHH2008februaryFullReportpdf (accessed April 112008)
Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15 of the North AmericanAgreement to Environmental Cooperationrdquohttpwwwcecorgpubs_docsdocumentsindexcfmID=242ampvarlan=english (accessed April 27 2008)
______ ldquoCEC Secretariat Councilrdquohttpwwwcecorgwho_we_aresecretariatindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCitizen Submission on Enforcement Matters Current Status of Filed Submissionsrdquohttpwwwcecorgcitizenstatusindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCommission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Ministerial Statementrdquo Fourteenth RegularSession of the CEC Council Morelia Michoacaacuten Mexico July 27 2007httpwwwcecorgnewsdetailsindexcfmvarlan=englishampID=2764 (accessed May 27 2008)
Commission for Labor Cooperation Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoCooperative LaborMarkets Edition3 (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW-English_Labor_Markets_3pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoHigh Performance Work Systems in NorthAmerica (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW_-_HPWS_DR6_ENpdf (accessed May 272008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discrimination and Equal PayLaws (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgindexcfmpage=165 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshop on the Role of LaborMinistries in the Effective Promotion of Mine Safety and Health in North Americardquo GuadalajaraMexico October 30-31 2007 httpwwwnaalcorgindexcfmpage=840 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluation Committees of Experts of the North American Agreement onLabor Cooperationrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishrulesshtmlApplication (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishnaoshtml (accessed May27 2008)
Biblio-3
Costigan Media LLC ldquoCosta Rica Revives WTO Internet Gambling Dispute With US Could ImpactEuropean Union Agreementrdquo Gambling911comhttpwwwgambling911comCosta-Rica-WTO-Internet-Gambling-Dispute-European-Union-013108html (accessed March 25 2008)
Economist Intelligence Unit ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and tourismforecastrdquo Viewswire February 27 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id473118632ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
______ ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The weak dollar lures visitorsrdquo ViewswireMarch 14 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id743136859ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
EurActivcom ldquoNewsmdashEU attacks US stance in Airbus-Boeing subsidy battlerdquo July 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-attacks-us-stance-airbus-boeing-subsidy-battlearticle-165858(accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU claims US aid to Boeing cost Airbus $27 billionrdquo September 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-claims-us-aid-boeing-cost-airbus-27article-167126 (accessed April11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU considers lsquopause for thoughtrsquo on GMOsrdquo October 31 2007httpwwweuractivcomenbiotecheu-considers-pause-thought-gmosarticle-168053 (accessed April 112008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashFrance suspends GM maize citing new scientific evidencerdquo January 14 2008httpwwweuractivcomenenvironmentfrance-suspends-gm-maize-citing-new-scientific-evidencearticle-169522 (accessed April 11 2008)
European Commission Directorate General for Communication Europa Web site ldquoThe WTOBoeing-Airbus disputerdquo RAPID Database MEMO07112 March 22 2007httpeuropaeurapidpressReleasesActiondoreference=MEMO07112ampformat=HTMLampaged=1amplanguage=ENampguiLanguage=en (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoi centrerdquo Web site ldquoPotsdam G4 MeetingEnds with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cuts mdash Full transcript of Mandelsons Meeting withJournalistsrdquo June 21 2007 httptradeeceuropaeudoclibcfmdoclib_resultscfmaction=results1(accessed December 3 2007)
European Union Delegation of the European Commission to the United States ldquoJoint Statement of theTransatlantic Economic Councilrdquo Press release 11207 November 9 2007httpwwweurunionorgnewspress200720070112htm (accessed January 27 2008)
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import Controls ldquoMonthly Report onSoftwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) 2006rdquohttpwwwinternationalgccaeicbreportsSWLSLA_EUSC_200610_4htm (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-4
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdashCases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Mexican Statesrdquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffmexicoaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdash Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United States of Americardquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffusaaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
Global Trade Information Services Inc World Trade AtlasmdashTrade Information System DatabaseInternet version 46b
Government of Antigua and Barbuda ldquoComments of Antigua and Barbuda to Answers of the UnitedStates to Questions from the Arbitrator and Antigua and Barbudardquo Before the World Trade Organizationin connection with ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling andBetting ServicesmdashArbitration Pursuant to Article 226 of the DSUrdquo WTDS285 November 13 2007httpwwwantiguawtocomwto82_Antigua_Comments_US_As_13nov07pdf (accessed April 212008)
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 TalksBroke Down in Potsdam No Compromise on Agri Market Access Says Kamal Nath Reiterates IndiasCommitment to Successful Conclusion of Doha Roundrdquo Press release June 22 2007httpcommercenicinpressreleasepressrelease_detailaspid=2081 (accessed December 3 2007)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath andSusan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo Press release June23 2006 httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid127 (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndian Mangoes To Enter US Market ThisSeasonmdashKamal Nath and Susan Schwab Announce Formation of US-India Private Sector AdvisoryGroup on Trade Policyrdquo Press release April 13 2007httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid=1997 (accessed May 29 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoSixth Ministerial US-India trade policy meeting heldrdquoPress release March 3 2008 httpwwwindianembassyorgnewsitepress_release2007Apr6asp(accessed May 29 2008)
Greene William ldquoGrowth in Services Outsourcing to India Propellant or Drain on the US EconomyrdquoUS International Trade Commission Office of Economics Working Paper 06-09-A January 2006httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsresearch_working_papersec200601apdf (accessed December 152008)
Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act of 2006 Pub L No 109-432120 Stat 2922 httpwwwgovtrackuscongressbillxpdbill=h109-6111 (accessed April 21 2008)
Hornbeck J F ldquoThe Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008rdquo CRSReport for Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service January 18 2008httpwwwnationalaglawcenterorgassetscrsRL32540pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-5
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down DohaRoundrsquos Fate in the Balance Once Againrdquo Bridges vol 11 no 23 June 27 2007httpwwwictsdorgweekly07-06-27story1htm (accessed December 3 2007)
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2007 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 12 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashPeoplersquos Republic of China (PRC)rdquo February 11 2008httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301PRCpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 11 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20082008SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics Database
______ World Economic Outlook April 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200701indexhtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ World Economic Outlook October 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200702pdftextpdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Kanter James and Gary Rivlin ldquoWTO Gives Antigua Right to Violate US Copyrights in GamblingDisputerdquo International Herald Tribune December 21 2007httpwwwihtcomarticles20071221businesswtophp (accessed December 15 2008)
London Court of International Arbitration ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case no 7941 undatedhttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_Enforcement2006_Softwood_Lumber_AgreementArbitration_on_Export_Measuresasset_upload_file958_14567pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashRequest For ArbitrationrdquoAugust 13 2007 httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsjan18-ArbitrationRequestpdf(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Case [OfThe United States Of America]rdquo Case no 7941 October 19 2007httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsUSStmtCasepdf (accessed May 29 2008)
Morrison Wayne M and Marc Labonte ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo CRSReport for Congress RS21625 Washington DC Congressional Research Service July 11 2007httpwwwfasorgsgpcrsrowRS21625pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Morrison Wayne M ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo CRS Report for Congress RL33536 Washington DCCongressional Research Service March 7 2008 httpfasorgsgpcrsrowRL33536pdf (accessedMarch 12 2008)
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade AgreementmdashPart Five InvestmentServices and Related MattersmdashChapter Twelve Cross-Border Trade in Servicesrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=162 (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-6
______ ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)rdquo httpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=8 (accessed May 272008)
______ ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedings Active NAFTA Panel Reviewsrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=11 (accessed May 27 2008)
National Association of Software Services Companies Foundation ldquoIndian ITITES Industry ImpactingEconomy and Society 2007ndash08rdquo NASSCOM-Deloitte Study 2008 New Delhi National Association ofSoftware Services Companies February 2008httpwwwnasscominNasscomtemplatesNormalPageaspxid=53649 (accessed March 15 2008)
North American Development Bank ldquoBECC-COCEF Joint Status Reportrdquo March 31 2008httpwwwnadbankorgpdfsstatus_engpdf (accessed April 15 2008)
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the BovineSpongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member Countriesrdquo News release May 22 2007httpwwwoieintenginfoen_statesbhtme1d6 (accessed May 27 2008)
Online Casino City ldquoCosta Rica Antigua file for WTO arbitrationrdquo February 1 2008httponlinecasinocitycomnewsnewscfmArticleId77536 (accessed April 15 2008)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Council ldquoCouncil Resolution onEnlargement and Enhanced Engagement (adopted by Council at Ministerial Level on 16 May 2007)rdquoCMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
______ Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environmentand Officially Supported Export Credits (Note by the Secretary-General)rdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146thSession of the Trade Committee 12ndash13 March 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147thSession of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade CommitteemdashConfidential Session 17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)4PROVFebruary 14 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of theTrade Committee mdash Paris 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007
______ Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit GuaranteesldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export CreditsrdquoTDECG(2006)24 December 18 2006
Biblio-7
______ ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument003343es_2649_201185_39045184_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
______ ldquoCountry comparison tablesrdquo OECD Main Economic Indicators Paris Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development April 2008httpwwwoecdorgdataoecd432035827900pdf (accessed March 7 2008)
______ ldquoOECD Recommendation to Deter Bribery in Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo December20 2006 httpwwwoecdorgdocument6203343en_2649_201185_37858750_1_1_1_100html(accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary-General during the Signing Ceremony of thelsquoAircraft Sector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo Rio de Janeiro Brazil July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument4903343es_2649_201185_39052529_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
Proclamation No 7987 71 Fed Reg 10827 (March 2 2006) ldquoProclamation 7987mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreementrdquo
Proclamation No 7996 71 Fed Reg 16971 (April 4 2006) ldquoProclamation 7996mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Hondurasand Nicaraguardquo
Proclamation No 8034 71 Fed Reg 38507 (July 6 2006) ldquoProclamation 8034mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Guatemalaand For Other Purposesrdquo
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007) ldquoProclamation 8111mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to theDominican Republic and for Other Purposesrdquo
Pruzin Daniel ldquoNewsmdashAntigua Costa Rica Request Arbitration on Compensation in US GamblingDisputerdquo Bureau of National Affairs Inc International Trade Daily no 19 January 30 2008
Secretariacutea de Economiacutea de Mexico ldquoSolucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de InversioacutenmdashTratado deLibre Comercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN)rdquo httpwwweconomiagobmxP=2259 (accessedMay 27 2008)
Soon Christina ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo BloombergcomFebruary 1 2007httpwwwbloombergcomappsnewspid=20601080ampsid=a7cpKS_nYbXAamprefer=asia (accessedMarch 12 2008)
Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo News release no H22505 November 11 2005httpwwwtcgccamediaroomreleasesnat200505-h225ehtm (accessed May 29 2008)
Biblio-8
US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement ldquoReport to the President and Congress onCoordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo January 2008httpwwwusdojgovcriminalprpress_releases200802012008-nipleccrprtpdf (accessed May 272008)
US Customs and Border Protection ldquo2007 Year-end Textile Status Report for Absolute QuotasmdashChina(Mainland) (CN)rdquohttpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rptcntxtrptcttcntxtrpthtm (accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoYear-end status report for imported merchandise subject to tariff rate quotas and tariffpreference levels mdash 2007 Year-End Commodity Status Reportrdquo December 31 2007httpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotascommodityyr_end_archived_com_statuscr123107cttcrcy2007pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ldquoUSDA to Allow MangoImports from Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service FAS Online Database
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistance forFarmers Trade Act of 2002 FAQsrdquo January 20 2006 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm(accessed January 8 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on theFull Implementation of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo Pressrelease undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovscriptswPressReleasepressrel_doutaspEntry=validampPrNum=0001-08(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoTaiwanmdashGrain and FeedmdashPublic Rice Tender for 2007 Importsmdash 2007rdquo Global Agriculture Information Network Report no TW7038 November 1 2007httpwwwfasusdagovgainfiles200711146292871pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovitpus-indiaasp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service (Author Julia Debes) ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation ANew Beginningrdquo FAS Worldwide Washington DC US Department of Agriculture September 2006httpwwwfasusdagovinfofasworldwide200609-2006IndiaKnowledgeInitiativepdf (accessed April15 2008)
______ Foreign Agriculture Service ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheetJanuary 2008 httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsNAFTA1142008pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-9
______ ldquoUS-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo Fact sheet February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA To Allow Mango Imports From Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA to Promote Food and Beverages at Trade Show in Chinardquo Press release PR 0022-07February 15 2007 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm (accessed February 18 2007)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Fact sheet June 2006httpwwwfasusdagovitpus-india_tpffactsheetasp (accessed May 29 2008)
US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis Survey of Current Business 87 no 10(October 2007) httpwwwbeagovscbtoc1007conthtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade inGoods and Servicesrdquo News release BEA08-05 December 2007httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo News release BEA 08-09 March 172008 httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltransactions2008trans407htm (accessed April 152008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoNational Economic AccountsmdashGross Domestic Product FourthQuarter 2007 (Preliminary)rdquo News release BEA 08-06 February 28 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesnationalgdp2008gdp407phtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Reexport Controlsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo 71 Fed Reg 38313(July 6 2006)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo Remarks byUnder Secretary David McCormick at the Center for Strategic and International Studies June 9 2006httpwwwbisdocgovnews2006mccormick06-9-06htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods andServices December 2007 News release BEA08-05 February 14 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashFAQsrdquohttpwwwtaacentersorgfaqshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashProgramBenefitsrdquo httpwwwtaacentersorgbenefitshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ International Trade Administration African Growth and Opportunity Act Web sitehttpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-10
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor ShippersReportmdashby CountrymdashChinardquo httpotexaitadocgovmsrctyv5700htm (accessed March 13 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade and DevelopmentAct of 2002 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) US-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act(CBTPA) Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) PreferentialTreatmentmdash1012006-9302007 (October 2006-January 2008 Imports)rdquohttpotexaitadocgovagoa-cbtpaagoa-cbtpa_2007htm (accessed February 4 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade DatamdashUS Importsand Exports of Textiles and ApparelmdashTrade Preference Programsrdquohttpotexaitadocgovmsrpointhtmtradeact (accessed various dates)
______ International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard onCotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo Press release January 18 2008httpwwwitadocgovpresspress_releases2008socks_011808asp (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Energy Energy Information Administration ldquoUS Imports by Country of OriginrdquoOfficial Energy Statistics Databasehttptontoeiadoegovdnavpetpet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_ahtm (accessed April 242008)
US Department of Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Drugs andMedical Devices Imported From the Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsdrugsmedicalhtml (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food and Feed Imported From the PeoplersquosRepublic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007 httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsfoodfeedhtml(accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade AgreementImplementation ldquoAugust 10-11 2006 II Regional Train the Trainer SeminarmdashNorthwest RegionSeattlerdquo httpwwwdolgovILABprogramsnaomainhtm (accessed April 17 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade and Labor Affairs ldquoPublic Report ofReview of NAO Submission No 2005-03mdashNorth American Agreement on Labor CooperationmdashPublicReport of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairsrdquo Submission 2005-03 August 31 2007httpwwwdolgovilabmediareportsnaopublicrep2005-3htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officeas the Office of Trade Agreement Implementation Designation of That Office as the Contact Point forLabor Provisions of Free Trade Agreements and Request for Comments on Procedural Guidelinesrdquo 69Fed Reg 77128 (December 2004)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtm(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-11
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Mexico NAO Submission no 2005-01 (H-2 VisaWorkers) httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiib8 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo US NAO Submission no 2006-01 (Coahuila)httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiia21 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North AmericanAgreement of Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Provided by Crispin Rigby International ProgramSpecialist Washington DC US Department of Labor March 27 2007 (accessed May 2 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoChart Tracking Petitions Filed and Certifications byFiscal Year 1998-2006 mdash Accessible VersionrdquohttpwwwdoletagovtradeactPetitionsFiled_Tablecfm (accessed February 6 2007)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoFiscal Year 2006mdashYear End PerformanceHighlightsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovPerformanceresultsQuarterly_reportPerformanceHighlights06pdf(accessed March 7 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) andAlternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processhttpwwwdoletagovtradeactpetitionscfm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) EstimatedNumber of Workers Covered by Certifications httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMarch 30 2006)
US Department of State Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs ldquoBackground Note Taiwanrdquo March2008 httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn35855htm (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January 2008httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn2089htm (accessed March 1 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theGovernment of Canadardquo httpwwwstategovslc3740htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited Mexican Statesrdquo httpwwwstategovslc3742htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited States of Americardquo httpwwwstategovslc3741htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Embassy Beijing ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic DialoguemdashDecember12ndash13 2007 Beijingrdquo Joint fact sheet undated httpbeijingusembassy-chinaorgcn121307sed3html(accessed March 12 2008)
______ US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation Liberalization Again(Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006
Biblio-12
______ US Embassy Tokyo ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air TransportationLiberalization Packagerdquo Press release September 14 2007httptokyousembassygoveptp-20070914-78html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works toDismantle Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersEconomic_RelationsNov0907_TEC_Readoutasp (accessed February22 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to HostUS-EU Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo In ldquoEU to Sign Open Skies Accordrdquo Media noteApril 27 2007 httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersOpen_SkiesApr2707_Open_Skies_Signingasp(accessed February 22 2008)
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of TradeRound (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoTNC MeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007 (Geneva 002406)rdquoOctober 22 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May 16 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva001650)rdquo June 25 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva001023)rdquo April 25 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round (State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha Negotiations (State087923)rdquo June 23 2007
______ ldquoExtension of the Andean Trade Preference Actrdquo Press statement February 27 2008httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2008feb101434htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo Fact sheet April 30 2007httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2007apr83982htm (accessed March 15 2008)
US Department of the Treasury ldquoFact Sheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic DialoguerdquoPress release HP-107 September 20 2006 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp107htm (accessedMay 27 2008)
______ ldquoReport to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate PoliciesmdashDecember 2006rdquohttpwwwtreasgovofficesinternational-affairseconomic-exchange-ratespdf2006_FXReportpdf(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-13
______ ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo Joint fact sheet HP-732 December12-13 2007 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp732htm (accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ldquoNumber of IncomingBorder Crossings by State Port of Entry (Incoming Trucks US-Mexico Bordermdash2006)rdquo AampI OnlineDatabase In ldquoNAFTA Safety Statisticsrdquo sectionhttpaifmcsadotgovinternationalborderaspdvar=2ampcvar=truckampsy=2006ampredirect=Crossingsasp(accessed May 15 2008)
______ Office of the Secretary of Transportation Office of Inspector General ldquoInterim Report onNAFTA Cross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationReport no MH-2008-040 March 10 2008httpwwwoigdotgovStreamFilefile=datapdfdocsInterim_NAFTA_Report_with_508pdf (accessedMay 15 2008)
______ ldquoCross Border Truck Safety Inspection Progra mdashReady to Deliver Long-Distance Cross-BorderTruckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 httpwwwdotgovaffairscbtsipfactsheethtm (accessed May27 2008)
US International Trade Commission Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the UnitedStatesmdashEighteenth Report 2005ndash2006 USITC Publication 3954 Washington DC US InternationalTrade Commission September 2007
______ Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the United StatesmdashFourteenth Report1998 USITC Publication 3234 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September1999
______ Caribbean Region Review of Economic Growth and Development USITC Publication 4000Washington DC US International Trade Commission May 2008
______ Certain Sugar Goods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goodsof Mexico USITC Publication 3928 Washington DC US International Trade Commission August2007
______ Certain Textile Articles Probable Effect of Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goodsof Canada and Mexico (Sanitary Articles and Nonwoven Wipes) and for Goods of Canada (ChenilleFabrics) USITC Publication 3926 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2007
______ Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain Denim USITCPublication 3950 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsagoapub3950pdf (accessed April 10 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 2008 (Revision 2) Twentieth edition April 12008 Washington DC Government Printing Office June 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocstatahtsbychapter0802htsapdf (accessed May 5 2008)
______ Interactive Tariff and Trade Database (Dataweb)
______ The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update 2007 USITCPublication 3906 Washington DC US International Trade Commission February 2007
Biblio-14
______ The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference ActmdashTwelfth Report 2005 USITC Publication3888 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2006
______ The Year in Trade 2006mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2007
______ The Year in Trade 2005mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2005
______ Textiles and Apparel Effects of Special Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and IndustriesUSITC Publication 4016 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2008
______ US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral EffectsUSITC Publication 3949 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007
______ US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected SectoralEffects USITC Publication 3948 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September2007
______ US-Taiwan FTA Likely Economic Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between the UnitedStates and Taiwan USITC Publication 3548 Washington DC US International Trade CommissionOctober 2002 httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubs332pub3548pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Web site ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo httpinfousitcgovoinvsunsetNSF (accessedFebruary 3 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev1) Washington DC GovernmentPrinting Office June 2007
______ ldquoITC Launches Investigations on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA CountriesrdquoNews release 07-122 December 6 2007
______ ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September 25 2007
US Trade Representative and US Department of Commerce ldquoThe US-China Joint Commission onCommerce and Trade (JCCT)mdashFact SheetmdashReleased December 11 2007rdquo Fact sheet December 112007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file239_13686pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
US Trade Representative 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade BarriersWashington DC US Trade Representative March 2007
______ 2008 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ Web site ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo In ldquoTrade Agreements Monitoring and Enforcementrdquo section
Biblio-15
httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_Settlementasset_upload_file243_5697pdfht= (accessed April 17 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Comprehensive Report on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africaand Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity ActrdquohttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_DevelopmentPreference_ProgramsAGOAasset_upload_file762_11294pdf (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliancerdquo December 11 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file625_13692pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 25 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20082008_Special_301_Reportasset_upload_file553_14869pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 30 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20072007_Special_301_Reviewasset_upload_file230_11122pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo Press releaseJune 13 2007 httphongkongusconsulategovuscn_t_ustr_2007061301html (accessed April 152008)
______ ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to theGovernment of Japan under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy InitiativerdquoOctober 18 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file751_13383pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoChina to End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo Press releaseNovember 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007NovemberChina_To_End_Subsidies_Challenged_by_the_United_States_in_WTO_Disputehtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United States (WTDS27)mdashExecutive Summaryof the Second Written Submission of the United States of Americardquo October 3 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file612_13273pdf (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet April 12007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file302_11035pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade PromotionAgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo In ldquoBrief Summary of the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo TradeFacts Fact sheet July 2 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file329_13065pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-16
______ ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941) Pressrelease December 10 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007DecemberHearing_Notice_The_United_States_of_America_v_Canada_(LCIA_Arbitration_No_7941)html (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoIndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the United States(WTDS360)mdashFirst Submission of the United States of Americardquo Press release July 24 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file127_13208pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo Press release August 14 2007httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustJoint_Statement_on_2007_NAFTA_Commission_Meetinghtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of America andthe Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo November 8 2005httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaChinaasset_upload_file91_8344pdf (accessedMay 8 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneSchwab_statement_on_amendments_to_US-Colombia_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US ReformRecommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press release October 18 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Urges_Japans_Continued_Commitment_to_Reform_-_Annual_US_Reform_Recommendations_Presented_to_Japanhtml(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Conner to Lead Congressional Delegation Visit to Colombiardquo Press release October31 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Conner_to_Lead_Congressional_Delegation_Visit_to_Colombiahtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiativerdquo June 6 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaJapanRegulatory_Reform_Initiativeasset_upload_file751_12837pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by Stephen Norton on US-Malaysian FTA Negotiationsrdquo Press release March 232007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchStatement_by_Stephen_Norton_on_US-Malaysia_FTA_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US - Peru Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Press release December 14 2007httpwwwtradeagreementsgovTradeAgreementNewsPressReleasesPROD01_004941html (accessedApril 15 2008)
Biblio-17
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on BeerWine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo Press release July 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JulyStatement_by_USTR_Susan_C_Schwab_on_Indias_Withdrawal_of_the_Additional_Duty_on_Beer_Wine_Distilled_Spiritshtml (accessedApril 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairsregarding a Section 301 Peition on Canadian Film Subsidiesrdquo Press release October 19 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberStatement_from_Gretchen_Hamel_Deputy_Assistant_USTR_for_Public_Media_Affairs_regarding_a_Section_301_Petition_on_Canadianhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns onDoha Roundrdquo Press release June 21 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneStatement_from_USTR_Ambassador_Susan_C_Schwab_USDA_Secretary_Mike_Johanns_on_Doha_Roundhtml (accessed March 21 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement BetweenCanada amp United Statesrdquo Press release January 16 2008httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryStatement_from_USTR_Spokesman_Sean_Spicer_on_Softwood_Lumber_Agreement_Between_Canada_United_Stateshtml (accessedMay 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia Trade PromotionAgreement Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Korea FTArdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet August 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file192_13310pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)(DS353)mdashExecutive Summary of the First Written Submission of the United Statesrdquo July 16 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file9_13177pdf (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and India Discuss Key Trade Issuesrdquo Press release June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006JuneUnited_States_India_Discuss_Key_Trade_Issueshtml (accessed April 25 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo Press release April 2 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUnited_States_Korea_Conclude_Historic_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-18
______ ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press release June 28 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Panama_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 30 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_the_Republic_of_Korea_Sign_Lmark_Free_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India Challenging Excessive Duties on US Wine andSpiritsrdquo Press release March 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchUnited_States_Files_WTO_Case_Against_India_Challenging_Excessive_Duties_on_US_Wine_Spiritshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos IntellectualProperty Rights Lawsrdquo Press release August 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Case_Challenging_Deficiencies_in_Chinas_Intellectual_Property_Rights_Lawshtml (accessedApril 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Challenge of Indiarsquos Duties on Wine and Spirits andOther Imports from the United Statesrdquo Press release May 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Challenge_of_Indias_Duties_on_Wine_Spirits_Other_Imports_from_the_United_Stateshtml(accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel to Review European Unionrsquos Banana Import RegimerdquoPress release June 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_to_Review_European_Unions_Banana_Import_Regimehtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in TelecommunicationsEquipmentrdquo Press release February 16 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007FebruaryUnited_States_Signs_Agreement_with_Japan_to_Facilitate_Trade_in_Telecommunications_Equipmenthtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquoPress release February 27 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file527_14507pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunalrsquos Mixed Decision on SoftwoodLumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decision in thesoftwood lumber arbitrationrdquo Press release March 4 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Marchasset_upload_file97_14550pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-19
______ ldquoUSTR Statement on Extension of Andean Trade Preferencesrdquo Press release February 292008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file495_14528pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Welcomes Full Reopening of Korean Market to US Beefrdquo Press release April 182008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Aprilasset_upload_file668_14855pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes Into United Statesrdquo Press release May 1 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUS-India_Agreement_Brings_Indian_Mangoes_into_United_Stateshtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo Press release September 242007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007SeptemberUS-India_Private_Sector_Advisory_Group_Meets_in_New_Yorkhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2006asset_upload_file321_9583pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-Mexican Officials Meet to Discuss NAFTArdquo Press release January 11 2008httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryUS_Mexican_Officials_Meet_to_Discuss_NAFTAhtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World Trade Organization Negotiationsrdquo Press releaseJune 4 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUS_Proposes_to_Address_Zeroing_in_World_Trade_Organization_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUS Trade Representative Susan Schwab and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and IndustryKamal Nath Pledge Increased US-India Trade and Investment Announced Formation of Private SectorAdvisory Grouprdquo Press release April 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUS_Trade_Representative_Susan_Schwab_Indias_Minister_of_Commerce_Industry_Kamal_Nath_Pledge_Increased_US_India_Tradhtml(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings Regarding Measures of the European CommunitiesAffecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Productsrdquo 73 Fed Reg 4288 (January 24 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Panel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo Press release September20 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006SeptemberWTO_Panel_Finds_for_United_States_in_Zeroing_Dispute_with_Japanhtml (accessed April 25 2008)
White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 Washington DC Government PrintingOffice 2008 httpwwwgpoaccessgoveop20082008_erppdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Biblio-20
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoPresidentrsquos Statement on Creation of the US-China StrategicEconomic Dialoguerdquo News release September 20 2006httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20060920060920html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth andOpportunity Act and the Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo PresidentialProclamation News release April 17 2008httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20080420080417-7html (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summit Economic Progress Reportrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-12html (accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-10html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United States ofAmerica and the European Unionrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-4html (accessed February 7 2008)
______ ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April30 2007 httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-5html (accessed February 72008)
World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnexVIImdashDeveloping Country Members Referred to in Paragraph 2(a) of Article 27rdquo Geneva World TradeOrganization 1995
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated FrameworkTask ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007
______ Appellate Body ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashReport ofthe Appellate Bodyrdquo WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR January 16 1998
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferential Rules ofOriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquo GROW111Rev1February 25 2008
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules ofOrigin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement onSubsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July17 2007
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under Article274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Biblio-21
______ Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meetingof 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoMinutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 26 July1999rdquo WTDSBM65 September 15 1999
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoTurkeymdashMeasures Affecting the Importation of Ricerdquo Onlinesummary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds334_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds335_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds322_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade NegotiationsGeneva World Trade Organization 1995
______ General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 18 December2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 4 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 21 November2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 7 February2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 May 2007rdquoWTGCM108 June 26 2007
______ General Councilrdquo Minutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 October2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 15 2007
______ Ministerial Conference ldquoReport of the Working Party on the Accession of ChinardquoWTMIN(01)3 November 10 2001
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 20 April 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 22 June 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007
Biblio-22
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashWednesday 31 January 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS285 United StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling and Betting Servicesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds285_ehtm (accessed January 22 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Importsfrom the United Statesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS350]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds350_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS357]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds357_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS358]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds358_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS360]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS362]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds362_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS363]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds363_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS365]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds365_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashComplaint by the UnitedStatesmdashReport of the Panelrdquo WTDS26RUSA August 18 1997
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Requests of the United States Canada andArgentinamdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo WTDS29124 WTDS29218 WTDS29318 March 5 2004
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashPanel ReportsmdashAction by the Dispute Settlement Bodyrdquo WTDS29133 WTDS29227WTDS29327 November 29 2006
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashRecourse to Article 222 of the DSU by the United Statesrdquo WTDS29139 January 21 2008
Biblio-23
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashUnderstanding between the European Communities and the United States RegardingProcedures under Articles 21 and 22 of the DSUrdquo WTDS29138 January 17 2008
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for Consultations by the United Statesrdquo WTDS261 GL62 GSPSW46GAGW17 January 31 1996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for the Establishment of a Panel by the United Statesrdquo WTDS266 April 251996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashRequest for the Establishment of aPanelrdquo WTDS2783 July 2 2007
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashSecond Recourse to Article 215 of the DSU by EcuadormdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RW2ECU April 7 2008
______ ldquoEuropean Communities and Certain Member StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large CivilAircraftmdashRequest for Consultations by the United StatesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3161Add1GL697Add1 GSCMD621Add1 February 7 2006
______ ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 2007Chairmans Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)191 November 30 2007
______ ldquoMinisterial DeclarationmdashDoha Work ProgrammemdashAdopted on 18 December 2005rdquoMinisterial ConferencemdashSixth SessionmdashHong Kong December 13ndash18 2005 WTMIN(05)DECDecember 22 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3201 GL713 November 10 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations In the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3206 January 14 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade In Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European CommunitiesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3171Add1 GL698Add1GSCMD631Add1 July 1 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3171 GL698 GSCMD631 October 12 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)mdashRequest for Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3531WTDS3171Add2 GL698Add2 GSCMD631Add2 December 4 2006
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing And Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the AppellateBody WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
Biblio-24
______ ldquoUnited States Continued Suspension of Obligations In the EC HormonesDisputemdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European CommunitiesmdashNote bythe Secretariat WTDS3207 June 7 2005
______ ldquoUpdate of WTO Dispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21August 2007 until 22 January 2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008
______ ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations FullyAcross the Boardrsquo Report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committeerdquo February 7 2007httpwwwwtoorgenglishnews_enews07_egc_dg_stat_7feb07_ehtm (accessed March 7 2008)
APPENDIX TABLES
TA
BL
E A
1
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
wo
rld
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7P
erc
en
t ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7E
xpo
rts
Mill
ion d
olla
rs0
Fo
od
an
d liv
e a
nim
als
46
38
07
52
17
45
65
96
61
26
41
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
4
331
14
911
55
112
64
12
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
4
01
96
84
92
43
86
13
42
32
46
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
62
40
23
47
33
24
14
56
51
94
4
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
1
765
71
984
92
887
44
55
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
19
47
64
13
50
51
31
54
18
38
14
26
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
7
73
04
29
02
60
19
82
89
48
97
Ma
ch
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
3
67
48
33
42
38
45
44
62
69
95
92
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s8
87
91
59
94
75
41
07
22
70
78
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
32
02
21
37
80
60
47
19
29
24
8T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
80
39
91
99
29
48
60
10
46
357
61
26
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
51
34
36
56
01
37
60
77
53
85
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
34
84
01
53
48
21
67
54
09
22
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
3
01
62
93
28
20
13
30
67
90
83
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
71
24
40
31
57
06
83
40
46
17
78
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
399
72
854
43
439
72
05
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
34
37
71
14
95
66
71
62
85
01
89
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
90
48
51
22
28
10
22
26
70
43
17
7M
ach
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
6
49
33
59
70
86
11
37
39
14
33
43
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
58
80
92
27
55
80
42
92
89
70
63
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
60
73
82
65
74
13
66
76
96
16
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
16
62
379
71
845
053
21
942
862
95
3S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o
tota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
A-4
TABLE A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006ndash07
Million dollars
Travel 81799 85694 97097 133
Royalties and license fees 59409 62378 71345 144
Business professional and technical services 41874 47400 56122 184
Financial services 31039 37114 45309 221
Port services 24865 29031 32368 115
Passenger fares 20970 22187 25329 142
Freight 16470 17266 19486 129
Education 14076 14570 14987 29
Insurance services 7787 9276 10490 131
Telecommunications 5231 6257 7110 136
All other 64293 73154 82591 129
Total 367813 404327 462234 143
Source USDOC BEA Private Services Transactions Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at htpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
A-5
TABLE A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006-07
Million dollars
Travel 68970 72029 76426 61
Freight 43920 45700 45632 -01
Insurance services 28540 33582 38030 132
Passenger fares 26149 27503 28574 39
Royalties and license fees 24632 26432 27924 56
Port services 18009 19582 21462 96
Business professional and technical services 14824 15845 21215 339
Financial services 6720 8497 11840 393
Telecommunications 4527 4557 4899 75
Education 3962 4403 4780 86
All other 41354 49640 54521 98
Total 281607 307770 335303 89
Source USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at httpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
TA
BL
E A
4
An
tidu
mp
ing c
ase
s a
ctive
in 2
007
b
y U
SIT
C in
vestiga
tion
num
be
rU
SIT
Cin
vestiga
tion
num
ber
Pro
duct
Cou
ntr
y of
ori
gin
Date
of
institu
tio
nU
SIT
C p
relim
ITA
pre
limIT
A f
ina
lU
SIT
C f
ina
lD
ate
of
fin
al actio
na
b
(Aff
irm
ative
= A
N
egativ
e =
N)
731
-TA
-11
03
Cert
ain
activa
ted
ca
rbon
Chin
a0
30
80
6A
AA
A0
41
60
77
31
-TA
-11
04
Po
lye
ste
r sta
ple
fib
er
Chin
a0
62
30
6A
AA
A0
52
40
77
31
-TA
-11
05
Lem
on juic
eA
rge
ntin
a0
92
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
06
Lem
on juic
eM
exi
co
092
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
07
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rC
hin
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
08
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rIn
do
ne
sia
103
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
09
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rK
ore
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
7731-T
A-1
110
Sodiu
m h
exa
meta
phosphate
Chin
a020
80
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
111
Gly
cin
eIn
dia
033
00
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
112
Gly
cin
eJa
pan
033
00
7A
AA
()
(d
d
731-T
A-1
113
Gly
cin
eK
ore
a033
00
7A
AA
()
()
dd
731-T
A-1
114
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
Chin
a052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
115
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
UA
E052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
116
Circu
lar
weld
ed c
arb
on-q
ualit
y st
eel pip
eC
hin
a060
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
117
Cert
ain
off
-the-r
oad t
ires
Chin
a061
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
118
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Chin
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
119
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Kore
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
120
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Mexi
co
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
121
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Turk
ey
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
122
Lam
inate
d w
ove
n s
acks
Chin
a062
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
123
Ste
el w
ire g
arm
ent
hangers
Chin
a073
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
124
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Austr
alia
082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
125
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Chin
a082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
d4
731-T
A-1
126
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Chin
a091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
127
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Germ
any
091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731
-TA
-11
28
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al pa
pe
rK
ore
a0
91
90
7N
()
()
()
112
70
7e
ee
731-T
A-1
129
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Chin
a092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
130
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Taiw
an
092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
131
PE
T f
ilmB
razi
l092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
132
PE
T f
ilmC
hin
a092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
133
PE
T f
ilmT
haila
nd
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
134
PE
T f
ilmU
AE
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
135
Sodiu
m m
eta
lF
rance
102
30
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
136
Sodiu
m n
itrite
Chin
a110
80
7A
((
)(
)(
)d
dd
d
731-T
A-1
137
Sodiu
m n
itrite
Germ
any
110
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
138
AT
MP
HE
DP
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
139
AT
MP
HE
DP
India
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
140
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
141
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
South
Afr
ica
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
142
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
Vie
tnam
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
So
urc
e
US
In
tern
ation
al T
rad
e C
om
mis
sio
n
Note
U
AE
sta
nd
s f
or
the
Un
ite
d A
rab
Em
ira
tes
I
nte
rnatio
na
l T
rad
e A
dm
inis
tra
tion
U
S
De
pa
rtm
ent
of
Co
mm
erc
e
a
F
or
ca
se
s in
wh
ich t
he
fin
al actio
n w
as t
ake
n b
y th
e I
TA
th
e d
ate
sh
ow
n is t
he
Fe
de
ral R
eg
iste
r n
otice
date
of
that
actio
n
For
ca
se
s in
wh
ich t
he
fin
al actio
n w
as t
ake
n b
yb
US
ITC
th
e d
ate
of
the U
SIT
C n
otifica
tio
n o
f C
om
me
rce
is s
how
n
T
he
part
ies a
nd t
he
US
D
epa
rtm
ent
of
Co
mm
erc
e s
ign
ed
an a
gre
em
ent
su
spe
nd
ing
th
e investig
atio
n
c
P
end
ing
as o
f D
ec
31
2
00
7
d
N
ot
app
lica
ble
e
A-7
TABLE A5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Barbed wire and barbless wire strand Nov 13 1985
Belarus
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Brazil
Certain orange juice Mar 9 2006
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Canada
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Iron construction castings Mar 5 1986
Chile
Preserved mushrooms Dec 2 1998
China
Certain polyester staple fiber June 1 2007
Certain activated carbon April 27 2007
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Artist canvas June 1 2006
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Magnesium April 15 2005
Tissue paper Mar 30 2005
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Crepe paper Jan 25 2005
Wooden bedroom furniture Jan 4 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Hand trucks Dec 2 2004
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Ironing tables Aug 6 2004
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Aug 6 2004
Color television receivers June 3 2004
Malleable iron pipe fittings Dec 12 2003
Refined brown aluminum oxide Nov 19 2003
Barium carbonate Oct 1 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Saccharin July 9 2003
Lawn and garden steel fence posts June 12 2003
A-8
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
ChinandashContinued
Non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings Apr 7 2003
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Folding metal tables and chairs June 27 2002
Folding gift boxes Jan 8 2002
Honey Dec 10 2001
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Pure magnesium (granular) Nov 19 2001
Foundry coke Sept 17 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Non-frozen apple juice concentrate June 5 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Carbon steel plate Oct 24 1997
Crawfish tail meat Sept 15 1997
Persulfates July 7 1997
Brake rotors Apr 17 1997
Furfuryl alcohol June 21 1995
Pure magnesium (ingot) May 12 1995
Glycine Mar 29 1995
Cased pencils Dec 28 1994
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Paper clips Nov 25 1994
Fresh garlic Nov 16 1994
Helical spring lock washers Oct 19 1993
Sulfanilic acid Aug 19 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Sparklers June 18 1991
Silicon metal June 10 1991
Axes and adzes Feb 19 1991
Bars and wedges Feb 19 1991
Hammers and sledges Feb 19 1991
Picks and mattocks Feb 19 1991
Tapered roller bearings June 15 1987
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Petroleum wax candles Aug 28 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Natural bristle paint brushes Feb 14 1986
Barium chloride Oct 17 1984
Chloropicrin Mar 22 1984
Potassium permanganate Jan 31 1984
Greige polyester cotton printcloth Sept 16 1983
Finland
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
France
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Low enriched uranium Feb 13 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-9
FrancendashContinued Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Sorbitol Apr 9 1982
Germany
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Seamless pipe Aug 3 1995
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
Stainless steel wire rod Dec 1 1993
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Welded carbon steel pipe May 12 1986
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Iran
Raw in-shell pistachios July 17 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Pasta July 24 1996
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 30 1988
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Pressure sensitive plastic tape Oct 21 1977
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-10
Japan
Superalloy degassed chromium Dec 22 2005
Ceramic station post insulators Dec 30 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol July 2 2003
Welded large diameter line pipe Dec 6 2001
Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet Aug 28 2000
Large diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Small diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products June 29 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Clad steel plate July 2 1996
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Gray portland cement and clinker May 10 1991
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 24 1988
Brass sheet and strip Aug 12 1988
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Mar 25 1988
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 10 1987
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Dec 8 1978
Polychloroprene rubber Dec 6 1973
Kazakhstan
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Korea
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film June 5 1991
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Latvia
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Malaysia
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Mexico
Lemon juice (suspended) Sept 21 2007
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-11
MexicondashContinued
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Fresh tomatoes (suspended) Nov 1 1996
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Gray portland cement and clinker Aug 30 1990
Moldova
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Netherlands
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
Philippines
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Poland
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Portugal
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
Romania
Small diameter seamless pipe Aug 10 2000
Russia
Magnesium April 15 2005
Silicon metal Mar 26 2003
Ammonium nitrate (suspended) May 19 2000
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (suspended) July 12 1999
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium July 10 1995
Uranium (suspended) Oct 16 1992
Solid urea July 14 1987
South Africa
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Spain
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Stainless steel bar Mar 2 1995
Sweden
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Taiwan
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-12
TaiwanndashContinued
Helical spring lockwashers June 28 1993
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings June 16 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Light-walled rectangular pipe Mar 27 1989
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Small diameter carbon steel pipe May 7 1984
Thailand
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Canned pineapple July 18 1995
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 11 1986
Trinidad and Tobago
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Turkey
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Apr 17 1997
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe May 15 1986
Ukraine
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Ammonium nitrate Sept 12 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Silicomanganese Oct 31 1994
Solid urea July 14 1987
United Kingdom
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Venezuela
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Vietnam
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Frozen fish fillets Aug 12 2003
Source US International Trade Commission
TA
BL
E A
6
Co
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A-14
TABLE A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Brazil
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 22 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Heavy iron construction castings May 15 1986
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Feb 4 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Iran
Roasted in-shell pistachios Oct 7 1986
Raw in-shell pistachios Mar 11 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 8 2002
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Pasta July 24 1996
Korea
DRAMs and DRAM modules Aug 11 2003
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip Aug 6 1999
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 17 1993
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
South Africa
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Thailand
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Turkey
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 7 1986
Source US International Trade Commission
A-15
TABLE A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007 by date of
completionUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
731-TA-678 Stainless steel bar Brazil 010507 Continued731-TA-679 Stainless steel bar India 010507 Continued731-TA-681 Stainless steel bar Japan 010507 Continued731-TA-682 Stainless steel bar Spain 010507 ContinuedAA1921-197 Certain carbon steel products Taiwan 012507 Revoked701-TA-319 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked701-TA-320 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked701-TA-325 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked701-TA-326 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked701-TA-327 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked701-TA-348 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked701-TA-350 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-573 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked731-TA-574 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked731-TA-576 Certain carbon steel products Finland 012507 Revoked731-TA-578 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Revoked731-TA-582 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked731-TA-583 Certain carbon steel products Poland 012507 Revoked731-TA-584 Certain carbon steel products Romania 012507 Revoked731-TA-585 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked731-TA-586 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked731-TA-587 Certain carbon steel products United Kingdom 012507 Revoked731-TA-612 Certain carbon steel products Australia 012507 Revoked731-TA-614 Certain carbon steel products Canada 012507 Revoked731-TA-615 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked731-TA-616 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Continued731-TA-617 Certain carbon steel products Japan 012507 Revoked731-TA-618 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-739 Clad steel plate Japan 030107 Continued731-TA-895 Pure magnesium China 030107 Continued731-TA-706 Canned pineapple fruit Thailand 032907 Continued731-TA-921 Folding gift boxes China 043007 Continued731-TA-707 Seamless pipe Argentina 050207 Revoked731-TA-708 Seamless pipe Brazil 050207 Revoked731-TA-709 Seamless pipe Germany 050207 Continued731-TA-711 Oil country tubular goods Argentina 061807 Revoked731-TA-713 Oil country tubular goods Italy 061807 Revoked731-TA-714 Oil country tubular goods Japan 061807 Revoked731-TA-715 Oil country tubular goods Korea 061807 Revoked731-TA-716 Oil country tubular goods Mexico 061807 Revoked731-TA-894 Ammonium nitrate Ukraine 061907 Continued701-TA-402 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-892 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-893 Honey China 062907 Continued731-TA-873 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Belarus 072607 Continued731-TA-874 Steel concrete reinforcing bar China 072607 Continued731-TA-875 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Indonesia 072607 Continued731-TA-877 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Korea 072607 Revoked731-TA-878 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Latvia 072607 Continued731-TA-879 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Moldova 072607 Continued731-TA-880 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Poland 072607 Continued731-TA-882 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Ukraine 072607 Continued701-TA-365 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued701-TA-366 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-734 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued731-TA-735 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-932 Folding metal tables and chairs China 092807 Continued731-TA-919 Welded large diameter line pipe Japan 101607 Continued731-TA-920 Welded large diameter line pipe Mexico 101607 Revoked
A-16
Table A8ndashContinuedUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
701-TA-404 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked701-TA-405 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued701-TA-406 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued701-TA-407 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked701-TA-408 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-898 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked731-TA-899 Hot-rolled steel products China 102507 Continued731-TA-900 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued731-TA-901 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued731-TA-902 Hot-rolled steel products Kazakhstan 102507 Revoked731-TA-904 Hot-rolled steel products Romania 102507 Revoked731-TA-905 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked731-TA-906 Hot-rolled steel products Taiwan 102507 Continued731-TA-907 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-908 Hot-rolled steel products Ukraine 102507 Continued731-TA-929 Silicomanganese India 112807 Continued731-TA-930 Silicomanganese Kazakhstan 112807 Continued731-TA-931 Silicomanganese Venezuela 112807 Continued731-TA-909 Low-enriched uranium France 121307 ContinuedSource US International Trade Commission
The completion date shown is the date of the USITC notification of Commercea
TA
BL
E A
9
Se
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37
in
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
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La
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ca
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33
7-T
A-5
53
Cert
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Pro
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33
7-T
A-5
56
Cert
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Pro
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Issu
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33
7-T
A-5
57
Cert
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Au
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Pa
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Ta
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su
ed a
ge
ne
ral exc
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n o
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r
33
7-T
A-5
59
Cert
ain
Dig
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33
7-T
A-5
60
Cert
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NO
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33
7-T
A-5
61
Cert
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Co
mb
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Tra
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33
7-T
A-5
64
Cert
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Vo
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C
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Th
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Issu
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33
7-T
A-5
65
Cert
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In
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Th
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of
Hon
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33
7-T
A-5
72
Cert
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In
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33
7-T
A-5
75
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
77
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
79
Cert
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Nic
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33
7-T
A-5
80
Cert
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Pe
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Com
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Th
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33
7-T
A-5
81
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33
7-T
A-5
83
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
84
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
85
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
90
Cert
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Co
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De
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Su
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33
7-T
A-5
91
Cert
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Wir
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s C
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33
7-T
A-5
92
Cert
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me
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33
7-T
A-5
94
Cert
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Lig
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C
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tsT
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me
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Te
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ased
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se
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me
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33
7-T
A-5
99
Cert
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Lig
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33
7-T
A-6
00
Cert
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Re
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33
7-T
A-6
14
Cert
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Wir
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sa
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33
7-T
A-4
87
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
01
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
43
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
58
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
67
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33
7-T
A-5
69
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
71
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33
7-T
A-5
74
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33
7-T
A-5
78
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33
7-T
A-5
82
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33
7-T
A-5
86
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33
7-T
A-5
87
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33
7-T
A-5
88
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33
7-T
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89
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
93
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33
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A-5
95
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33
7-T
A-5
96
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33
7-T
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97
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33
7-T
A-5
98
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33
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33
7-T
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02
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33
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03
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A-26
TABLE A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Nonpatent
337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan Japan Canada Nonpatent
337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and Rubber Soles
Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan Hong KongKorea
Nonpatent
337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan South Africa Nonpatent
337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips and Components Thereof
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls Popularly Known as Cabbage Patch Kids RelatedLiterature and Packaging Therefore
No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore TaiwanKorea Thailand HongKong
Nonpatent
337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and Components Thereof and Methods ofUsing and Products Incorporating theSame
France Nonpatent
337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
A-27
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator Caps and Related Packaging andPromotional Materials
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their Containers Colombia Nonpatent
337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan Oct 12 2008c
337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Turbines and Components Thereof
Germany Feb 1 2011c
337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Kamaboko Fish Cakes Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-380 Certain Agricultural Tractors Under 50 Power Take-Off Horsepower
Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-383 Certain Hardware Logic Emulation Systems andComponents Thereof
France Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Apr 28 2009Apr 28 2009
337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages China Hong Kong Korea Apr 5 2008Nov 5 2008Mar 7 2009Aug 10 2010Aug 13 2010Nov 1 2011Jan 10 2012Apr 18 2012July 25 2012
337-TA-413 Certain Rare-Earth Magnets and Magnetic Material and Articles Containing Same
China Taiwan June 7 2015
337-TA-416 Certain Compact Multipurpose Tools China Taiwan July 1 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011
337-TA-422 Certain Two-Handle Centerset Faucets and Escutcheons and Components Thereof
Taiwan China May 31 2008
337-TA-424 Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Thereof No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-440 Certain 4-Androstenediol China July 13 2018
337-TA-446 Certain Ink Jet Cartridges and ComponentsThereof
Taiwan Nov 3 2007Dec 22 2008Apr 25 2012
337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers Sprinkler Components and Nozzles
Taiwan Israel Germany July 8 2014July 8 2014
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-28
337-TA-473 Certain Video Game Systems Accessories andComponents Thereof
No foreign respondents Dec 18 2015Dec 25 2015
337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs and Rewritable Compact Discs
No foreign respondents June 11 2008Nov 1 2008May 23 2012
337-TA-481491 Certain Display Controllers with Upscaling Functionality and Products ContainingSame and Certain Display Controllersand Products Containing Same
Taiwan Feb 24 2017
337-TA-482 Certain Compact Disc and DVD Holders Denmark Hong KongTaiwan
May 1 2015
337-TA-486 Certain Agricultural Tractors Lawn Tractors Riding Lawnmowers and ComponentsThereof
China Nonpatent
337-TA-489 Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereof Such asSildenafil Citrate and Products ContainingSame
Belize Israel NicaraguaSyria United KingdomIndia China
40711
337-TA-492 Certain Plastic Grocery and Retail Bags Thailand ChinaSingapore Hong Kong
Dec 6 2010
337-TA-494 Certain Automotive Measuring Devices Products Containing Same and Bezels forSuch Devices
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-498 Certain Insect Traps No foreign respondents Jan 30 2018
337-TA-500 Certain Purple Protective Gloves Malaysia Nonpatent
337-TA-505 Certain Gun Barrels Used in Firearms Switzerland Netherlands Sept 25 2015Aug 25 2017
337-TA-511 Certain Pet Food Treats China Sept 23 2011
337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes And ProductsContaining Same
Malaysia July 27 2018July 27 2018July 27 2018Jan 18 2015
337-TA-514 Certain Plastic Food Containers China Oct 19 2013Dec 23 2017Dec 23 2017
337-TA-518 Certain Ear Protection Devices China Taiwan June 2 2015
337-TA-522 Certain Ink Markers and Packaging Thereof China India Korea Nonpatent
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-29
337-TA-528 Certain Foam Masking Tape Spain NetherlandsPortugal CanadaFrance Germany
May 10 2011
337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants Components Thereof and Products Containing Same
China Korea June 21 2011June 21 2011
337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated Circuits and Products Containing Same
China Nov 20 2020Nov 20 2020
337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or Solvate Thereof and Products Containing Same
India Panama HaitiNicaragua MexicoAustralia
June 12 2016
337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Sept 24 2019Sept 24 2019
337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips andChipsets Transmitter and Receiver(Radio) Chips Power Control Chips andProducts Containing Same IncludingCellular Telephone Handsets
No foreign respondents June 8 2010
337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Canada China MalaysiaKorea
June 10 2017
337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink Printers Korea Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022
337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and Scan Engines Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
China Oct 30 2009Nov 16 2010
337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting Diodes and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Jan 18 2009
337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Feb 4 2017June 22 2018July 27 2018Sept 28 2018Oct 5 2018Oct 26 2018Mar 1 2019Mar 22 2019
337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and Packaging Thereof
China Feb 4 2017
337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators ComponentsThereof and Products Containing Same
No foreign respondents Mar 23 2013
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-30
337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and Components Thereof Hong Kong ChinaGermany Korea
Apr 1 2014Oct 1 2013Jan 30 2103May 18 2019May 18 2019Apr 3 2022Aug 26 2023Aug 17 2023
337-TA-575 Certain Lighters China Nonpatent
337-TA-590 Certain Coupler Devices for Power SupplyFacilities Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
Taiwan Germany China Aug 5 2024
Source US International Trade Commission
This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigationa
Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigationb
Patent term extended pursuant to 35 USC 154(c)c
A-31
TABLE A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007
(Million dollars)
HTS No Description Total importsGSP
eligibleGSP duty
free
27090020 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals crude testing 25 degrees API or more 1073856 127108 79043
71131950 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of precious metal except silver except necklacesand clasps 62652 31555 19365
Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals 27090010
crude testing under 25 degrees API 688250 26257 9045
71131929 Gold necklaces and neck chains other than rope or mixed link 11449 7034 5932
76061230 Aluminum alloy plates sheets and strip of a thickness exceeding 02 mm rectangular(including square) not clad 23657 5859 4169
71131150 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of silver nesoi valued over $18 per dozen pieces orparts 11918 4740 4138
85443000 Ignition wiring sets other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles aircraft or ships 65577 7387 3963
72024100 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of carbon 3981 3937 3897
29051120 Methanol (methyl alcohol) nesoi 17002 15454 3457
40111010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on motor cars 43956 6465 3071
72023000 Ferrosilicon manganese 4892 2970 2925
39076000 Polyethylene terephthalate in primary forms 11210 2765 2650
40112010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on buses or trucks 29517 2784 2065
Zinc unwrought not alloyed other than casting-79911250
grade containing by weight less than 9999percent zinc 5545 2019 2007
Fatty substances of animal or vegetable origin 38249040
and mixtures thereof 4469 2001 1848
87089981 Parts and accessories of motor vehiclesnesoi 65706 2130 1742
17011110 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring 5340 3007 1674
Plywood each ply not over 6 millimeters thick 44123140
with at least one outer ply of specified tropicalwoods not surface-covered beyond clear 4160 1800 1674
Ferroniobium by weight more than 002 percent72029380
of phosphorus or sulfur or more than 04 percentsilicon 1646 1512 1504
27101905 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminousminerals testing under 25 degrees API 307044 4417 1483
Top 20 items 2441834 261198 1 55649
All other 16877577 248883 1 52840
Total 19319412 510081 3 08490
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Figures do not include US Virgin Island imports The abbreviation ldquonesoi stands for not elsewherespecified or included
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o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
A-33
TABLE A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
PercentChange 2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Nigeria 22460052 25823091 30137133 167
2 Angola 4216469 4532941 4767934 52
3 Gabon 2487326 1290031 1673605 297
4 Republic of the Congo 571419 774536 1604868 1072
5 Chad 1028954 1531433 1487552 -29
6 Republic of South Africa 455316 717439 1076985 501
7 Lesotho 388344 384452 379592 -13
8 Madagascar 273193 229541 281443 226
9 Kenya 272131 265051 250352 -55
10 Cameroon 100910 152394 169173 110
11 Swaziland 160462 135425 135838 03
12 Mauritius 146807 145843 112347 -230
13 Ghana 49927 34874 56151 610
14 Democratic Rep of the Congo 0 0 39478 NA
15 Botswana 30044 28225 31331 110
16 Namibia 53058 33019 28579 -134
17 Malawi 32375 29901 27568 -78
18 Ethiopia 3646 5000 4741 -52
19 Tanzania 2812 3022 2815 -69
20 Uganda 4854 1490 1189 -201
21 Mozambique 2828 940 825 -122
22 Zambia 0 8 73 7968
23 Guinea 0 0 27 NA
24 Niger 24 1 27 38400
25 Senegal 9 14239 14 -999
26 Mali 0 3 9 1992
27 The Gambia 0 0 ( ) NAa
28 Cape Verde 2115 85 0 -1000
29 Burkina Faso 0 6 0 -1000
30 Rwanda 1 0 0 NA
31 Benin 0 0 0 NA
32 Burundi ( ) 0 0 NAb
33 Djibouti 0 0 0 NA
34 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 NA
35 Liberia ( ) ( ) 0 NAb b
36 Mauritania 0 ( ) 0 NAb
37 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe 0 0 0 NA
38 Seychelles 0 0 0 NA
39 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 NA
Total 32743077 36132990 42269649 170
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
US value is less than $500a
Not AGOA-eligibleb
TA
BL
E A
14
U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsum
ption
of le
ad
ing
imp
ort
s u
nd
er
AG
OA
2
005
ndash0
7
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
10
00 d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
28
01
39
30
31
161
47
33
71
16
78
81
91
27
09
00
10
Petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
26
99
22
17
22
91
71
77
19
46
28
27
10
19
05
Dis
tilla
te a
nd
re
sid
ua
l fu
el oil
(in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
trole
um
or
oils
fro
m
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
10
57
36
870
67
66
65
35
2-2
36
27
10
11
25
Na
ph
tha
s
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s
min
era
ls
min
imu
m 7
0 p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
38
04
40
318
06
44
92
84
35
50
87
03
23
00
Passen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
spa
rk-i
gn
itio
n in
tern
al com
bustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
15
00
-30
00
cc
1
21
08
23
28
80
74
38
48
93
34
62
04
62
40
Wo
me
ns
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s
an
d s
ho
rts
no
t knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
28
46
33
267
69
92
54
49
04
96
11
02
02
0S
we
ate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tco
ats
a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
ne
so
i
2
85
66
42
27
53
72
25
37
3-1
06
20
34
24
0M
ens
or
boys t
rou
se
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t co
nta
inin
g
15
pe
rce
nt
or
mo
re d
ow
n
2
53
97
22
25
84
92
01
09
2-1
10
720
21
15
0F
err
om
ang
an
ese
con
tain
ing b
y w
eig
ht
mo
re t
han
4 p
erc
en
t ca
rbon
62
78
597
83
31
49
73
65
31
620
52
02
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t ce
rtifie
d h
an
d-l
oom
ed a
nd f
olk
lore
p
rod
uct
7
65
63
64
87
18
00
63
23
42
71
01
11
5L
igh
t m
oto
r fu
el 7
0 p
erc
en
t o
r m
ore
by
we
igh
t fr
om
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
o
the
r th
an
cru
de
2
00
28
17
65
47
81
26
34
25
610
46
22
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
5
85
05
57
45
67
10
18
23
66
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
98
86
49
01
76
58
35
34
361103
03
0S
weate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tcoats
and s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cr
ochete
d
of
man-
ma
de
fib
ers
ne
so
i
87
62
066
50
86
57
4-1
16
10
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
52
98
451
36
65
04
47
-18
382
37
06
0In
du
str
ial fa
tty a
lcoh
ols
oth
er
than
deri
ved
fro
m f
att
y s
ub
sta
nce
s o
f a
nim
al o
r ve
ge
tab
le
ori
gin
3
26
93
46
09
14
81
18
44
08
05
10
00
Ora
ng
es
fre
sh
or
dri
ed
31
42
046
17
13
77
94
-18
16
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
02
82
23
37
72
91
90
24
92
20
42
15
0N
on
-sp
ark
ling w
ine o
f fr
esh
gra
pe
s
oth
er
than
To
ka
y n
ot
ove
r 14
perc
en
t a
lcoh
ol in
co
nta
iners
not
ove
r 2 lite
rs
2
73
56
27
46
72
84
07
34
22
07
10
60
Un
de
na
ture
d e
thyl
alc
oh
ol fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
94
09
29
22
82
59
52
-11
26
20
46
33
5W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
of
syn
the
tic
fib
ers
ne
so
i
1
93
08
15
90
32
37
81
49
56
10
46
32
0W
om
ens
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
32
98
030
40
72
34
45
-22
92
71
01
90
5D
istilla
ter
esid
ua
l fu
el o
il (i
nclu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
r oils
or
oils
of
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g
25
de
gre
es A
PI
or
mo
re
17
48
94
93
22
40
14
44
46
61
03
43
15
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
29
98
420
41
02
10
46
31
27
10
11
45
Mix
ture
s o
f h
ydro
carb
ons n
es
oi
no
ne
com
pri
sing
ove
r ha
lf o
f p
rod
uct
70
or
mo
re b
y w
eig
ht
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
1
02
09
44
78
03
201
05
-57
92
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
3
24
36
76
43
58
15
07
74
20
07
60
21
73
All
oth
er
3
06
31
33
17
91
32
62
04
7-1
76
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
32
74
30
77
36
132
99
04
22
69
64
91
70
Sou
rce
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
A-35
TABLE A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percent change
2006ndash07Million dollars
1 Ecuador 43707 53252 46138 -134
2 Colombia 46532 47912 45277 -553 Peru 22827 32019 30172 -584 Bolivia 1574 1662 1481 -109
Total 114639 134844 123068 -87Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to the totals shown
TA
BL
E A
16
US
im
po
rts fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
AT
PA
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Perc
en
t C
ha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
01
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
18
21
58
73
05
84
03
-06
27
09
00
20
Pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
17
70
32
16
59
16
44
9-2
41
74
03
11
00
Re
fin
ed
cop
pe
r cath
od
es a
nd
sectio
ns o
f cath
od
es
5
56
49
93
09
89
1-0
42
71
01
90
5D
istilla
te a
nd r
esid
ual fu
el o
il (in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
deri
ved
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
or
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
te
sting
u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
41
54
58
84
08
7-1
09
06
03
11
00
Ro
se
s
fre
sh
a
26
31
28
84
32
72
NA
61
10
20
20
Sw
ea
ters
p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts
an
d s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
2
95
23
18
22
97
4-6
62
71
01
12
5N
ap
hth
as
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
06
26
13
02
94
1-5
20
060
31
90
0A
nth
uri
um
s
als
troe
me
ria
gypso
phili
a
lilie
s
sn
ap
dra
gon
s a
nd o
ther
flo
we
rs
ne
so
i
fre
sh
b1
59
41
72
01
87
8N
A6
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
1
93
81
90
71
65
4-1
33
07
09
20
90
Asp
ara
gu
s
fre
sh
or
ch
ille
d
ne
so
i
87
11
26
61
59
32
59
610
91
00
0T
-shirts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
16
42
16
88
15
55
-79
62034
24
0M
ens
or
boys
tro
users
bre
eches
and s
hort
s
not
knitt
ed o
r cr
ochete
d
of
cott
on
not
conta
inin
g 1
5 p
erc
ent
or
mo
re d
ow
n
15
64
14
08
98
6-2
99
16
04
14
30
Tun
as a
nd
skip
jack
no
t in
oil
in a
irtig
ht
con
tain
ers
n
es
oi
47
86
49
67
94
60
60
31
40
0C
hry
sa
nth
em
um
s
fre
sh
c
63
56
34
65
5N
A7
11
31
95
0A
rtic
les o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l e
xcep
t silv
er
exc
ep
t n
eckla
ces a
nd
cla
sps
8
01
85
65
77
-32
66
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
6
42
66
65
24
-21
43
90
41
00
0P
oly
vinyl
chlo
ride
n
ot
mix
ed
with
an
y oth
er
sub
sta
nces
in p
rim
ary
fo
rms
45
03
38
42
82
65
06
03
12
10
Ca
rna
tio
ns
oth
er
tha
n m
inia
ture
fr
esh
d3
32
37
44
22
NA
200
59
98
0A
rtic
ho
ke
s
pre
pa
red o
r p
rese
rved
oth
erw
ise
th
an
by
vin
eg
ar
or
ace
tic a
cid
n
ot
fro
zen
e1
66
35
93
91
NA
261
39
00
0M
oly
bde
nu
m o
res a
nd c
once
ntr
ate
s
not
roaste
d
1
49
41
13
88
-57
071
08
09
7V
eg
eta
ble
s n
es
oi
unco
oked
or
co
oke
d b
y ste
am
ing o
r b
oili
ng
in
wa
ter
fro
zen
re
duce
d in
siz
e
1
91
27
53
48
26
72
61
10
06
0T
un
gste
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
s
0
61
75
33
29
05
080
45
04
0G
uavas
ma
ng
oe
s
an
d m
an
goste
ens
fre
sh
if e
nte
red
duri
ng t
he
peri
od S
epte
mb
er
1 t
hro
ugh
Ma
y 31
of
the
follo
win
g y
ea
r in
clu
siv
e
27
33
15
30
0-4
60
60
31
23
0M
inia
ture
(spra
y) c
arn
atio
ns
fre
sh
29
33
16
27
7N
Af
76
10
10
00
Do
ors
w
ind
ow
s
an
d t
he
ir f
ram
es a
nd
th
resh
old
s f
or
do
ors
of
alu
min
um
1
77
45
52
71
-40
5T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
02
35
01
20
91
41
11
27
6-2
9A
ll oth
er
1
22
89
13
93
01
17
92
-41
7T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
11
46
39
13
48
44
12
30
68
-87
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
60
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
10
70
40
A
nd
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
80
b
T
rad
e in
20
05
an
d 2
00
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
sta
tistical lin
e 0
60
31
07
01
0 a
nd
06
03
10
70
20
c
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
70
30
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 2
005
90
80
e
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
30
e
A-37
TABLE A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Trinidad and Tobago 2734524 3677726 2832296 -230
2 Costa Rica 1157763 1382065 1417864 26
3 Haiti 303390 379321 430389 135
4 Dominican Republic 2483579 2481035 310104 -875
5 Jamaica 152163 245755 235947 -40
6 Bahamas 111345 125056 137351 98
7 Belize 54749 72221 54460 -246
8 Panama 40751 33828 31191 -78
9 St Kitts and Nevis 25211 24750 16189 -346
10 Guyana 6721 5098 10099 981
11 St Lucia 6353 7076 8594 214
12 Barbados 3859 4765 7100 490
13 Netherlands Antilles 6763 2157 3598 669
14 Aruba 30 171 295 721
15 St Vincent and the Grenadines 521 210 216 29
16 Antigua 34 23 132 4663
17 British Virgin Islands 198 223 65 -710
18 Dominica 79 66 45 -319
19 Grenada 9 56 25 -563
20 El Salvador 1226033 154121 0 -1000
21 Guatemala 1246183 652845 0 -1000
22 Honduras 2372315 555925 0 -1000
23 Montserrat 0 0 0 NA
24 Nicaragua 403798 110981 0 -1000
Total 12336372 9915473 5495960 -446
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown Data for 2006 include US imports from ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible forCBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force
TA
BL
E A
18 U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
CB
ER
A
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
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7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
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e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
10
76
01
69
38
13
09
5-2
27
29
05
11
20
Me
tha
no
l (m
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l)
ne
so
i
7
00
61
02
97
10
04
2-2
50
80
43
04
0P
ine
ap
ple
s
fre
sh o
r dri
ed
n
ot
red
uced
in
siz
e
in c
rate
s o
r oth
er
pa
ckag
es
22
28
24
56
37
79
53
92
20
71
06
0U
nd
en
atu
red
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
83
62
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22
63
4-5
02
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01
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5N
ap
hth
as
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tor
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ous m
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ls
min
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m 7
0 p
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en
tb
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
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cts
1
93
57
15
22
72
21
76
610
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
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tank t
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and
sim
ilar
garm
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knitte
d o
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Sw
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r art
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n
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1
03
32
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62034
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and s
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4
56
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271
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s n
es
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70 p
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ore
by w
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bitu
min
ou
s m
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1
82
22
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38
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24
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ew
pn
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tic
rad
ial tire
s
of
rub
be
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f a
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cars
in
clu
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s a
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ars
5
87
63
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96
25
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istilla
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s m
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de
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PI
4
74
65
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77
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-85
26
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59
0S
tockin
gs
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es
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ar
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()
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thyl
alc
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02
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T-s
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er
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440169
35
0N
onauto
motiv
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w
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and s
eals
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aniz
ed r
ubber
50
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9-3
20
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01
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Oth
er
su
ga
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be
use
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the
pro
du
ctio
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istilla
tio
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of
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lyh
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7
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lori
ng
1
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-77
98
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0E
lectr
ica
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ara
tus f
or
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tectin
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ica
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for
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i
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ms s
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All
oth
er
3
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17
To
tal of
all
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mm
od
itie
s
1
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55
54
96
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46
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sh
ow
n
Th
e a
bbre
via
tion
n
es
oi
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lsew
here
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
ded
D
ata
fo
r 20
06
in
clu
de U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
El S
alv
ado
r G
ua
tem
ala
H
ond
ura
s
and
Nic
ara
gua
only
for
the p
erio
d d
urin
g w
hic
h t
ho
se
co
untr
ies w
ere
elig
ible
fo
r C
BE
RA
be
ne
fits
befo
re C
AF
TA
-DR
en
tere
d in
to f
orc
e
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 6
115
92
90
a
A-39
TABLE A19 W TO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS27 European Communities ndashRegime for the ImportationSale and Distribution ofBananas
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras MexicoUnited States
Ecuador requests consultations under Article 215(111606)Ecuador submits revised request for consultations(112806)Colombia (11292006) Belize Cocircte dIvoireDominica the Dominican Republic Saint Lucia StVincent and the Grenadines and Suriname(113006) Cameroon (120406) Jamaica(120606) and Panama and the United States(121106) request to join the consultations TheEuropean Communities accept their requestsEcuador requests establishment of an Article 215panel (022307)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (032007)Panel composed (061507)The United States request establishment of a 215panel (062907)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (071207)Panel composed (081307)
DS267 United States ndash Subsidies onUpland Cotton
Brazil DSB adopts Appellate Body report and panel report(as modified by Appellate Body report) (032105)After the reasonable period of time forimplementation expires (092105) Brazil seeksauthorization to suspend concessions and the UnitedStates seeks arbitration The parties subsequentlyseek suspension of arbitration proceedings(112105)Brazil requests the establishment of a panel(081806)DSB defers the establishment of a panel (090106)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (092806)Panel is established (102506)Compliance panel report circulated (121807)
DS268 United States ndash SunsetReviews of Anti-DumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods fromArgentina
Argentina The United States informs DSB it has implementedearlier DSB recommendations and rulings in thecase Argentina expresses doubts (122005)Argentina requests consultations (012606)Argentina requests the establishment of a panel (030606)DSB refers the matter raised by Argentina to theoriginal panel (031706)Compliance panel composed (032006)Panel report circulated (113006)Appellate Body report circulated (041207)DSB adopts Appellate Body report (051107)
DS281 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Cement fromMexico
Mexico Mexico asks the panel to suspend its proceedings inthe context of negotiations to find a mutually agreedsolution and the panel agrees (011606)
A-40
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS282 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods from Mexico
Mexico Appellate Body report circulated (110205)The United States issues statement of intent toimplement the recommendations and rulings of theDSB (122005)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (021506)Statement by Mexico of non-conformity regardingagreed timelimits (053006)Mexico requests consultations under DSU Article215 (082106)Mutually agreed solution is reached (051607)
DS285 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling andBetting Services
Antigua andBarbuda
Parties agree to procedures under DSU Articles 21and 22 (052406)Antigua and Barbuda request consultations(060806)Antigua and Barbuda request establishment of apanel (070606)DSB refers matter to original panel if possible(071906)Panel composed (081606)Panel report circulated (033007)DSB adopts panel report (052207)Antigua and Barbuda seeks authorization to suspendconcessions (062107)The United States objects and seeks arbitration(072307)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (072408)Arbitratorrsquos decision circulated (122107)
DS291 European Communities ndashMeasures Affecting theApproval and Marketing ofBiotech Products
United States Panel reports circulated (092906)DSB adopts the panel reports (112106)The European Communities announce its intention toimplement recommendations and rulings andannounce intent to discuss appropriate timeframepursuant to DSU Article 213(b) with ArgentinaCanada and the United States (121906)The United States and European Communities agreeon a reasonable period of time for implementation(062107)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-41
DS294 United States ndash LawsRegulations andMethodology for CalculatingDumping Margins (Zeroing)
EuropeanCommunities
Panel report circulated (103105)The European Communities notify its decision toappeal (011706)The United States notifies its decision to appeal(013006)Appellate Body report circulated (041806)DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the panelreport as modified by the Appellate Body report(5906)The United States announces that it intends toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings(053006)The United States and the European Communitiesagree pursuant to DSU Article 213(b) to thereasonable period of time for implementation(072806)The United States and the European Communitiesreach an Understanding on Article 21 and 22procedures (050407)The European Communities request Article 215consultations (070907)Brazil and Korea request to join the consultations(072007)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (091307)
DS295 Mexico ndash DefinitiveAntidumping Measures onBeef and Rice
United States DSU adopts Appellate Body report and panel reportas modified by the Appellate Body report (122005)Mexico states that it will implement therecommendations and rulings of the DSB but needsagreement on the reasonable period of time forimplementation Mexico agrees to consult with theUnited States (012006)Mexico and the United States inform DSB that theyhave reached agreement on the reasonable period oftime for implementation Mexico will comply in August2006 (in part) and in December 2006 (in part)(051806)Parties reach an Understanding on procedure forArticles 21 and 22 (011607)
DS322 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Zeroing andSunset Reviews
Japan Panel report circulated (092006)Japan notifies decision to appeal certain issues of law(101106)The United States notifies its decision to appealcertain issues of law (102306)Appellate Body report circulated (01907)DSB adopts appellate body report (012307)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (050407)Japan seeks authorization to suspend concessions(011008)The United States seeks arbitration (011808)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (012108)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-42
DS334 Turkey ndash Measures Affectingthe Importation of Rice
United States Th United States requests establishment of a panel(020606)Panel established (031706)Panel composed (073106)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (013107)Panel report circulated (092107)DSB adopts panel report (102207)
DS335 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasure on Shrimp fromEcuador
Ecuador Ecuador requests establishment of a panel(060806)Panel established (071906)Panel composed (092606)Panel report circulated (013007)DSB adopts panel report (022007)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (032607)
DS340 China ndash Measures AffectingImports of Automobile Parts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(033006)The United States requests establishment of a panel(091506)DSB establishes a single panel pursuant to DSUArticle 91 to consider similar complaints againstChina made by the European Communities (DS339)the United States (DS340) and Canada (DS342)(102606)Panel composed (012907)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (071607)
DS343 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Shrimp fromThailand
Thailand Thailand requests consultations (042406)Thailand requests establishment of a panel(091506)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072107)Panel report circulated (022908)
DS344 United States ndash FinalAntidumping Measures onStainless Steel from Mexico
Mexico Mexico requests consultations (052606)Japan requests to join the consultations (060906)Mexico requests establishment of a panel (101206)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (122006)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (052107)Panel report circulated (122007)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-43
DS345 United States ndash CustomsBond Directive forMerchandise Subject toAnti-DumpingCountervailingDuties
India India requests consultations (060606)Brazil China and Thailand request to join theconsultations (062106)India requests establishment of a panel (101306)Panel established (112106)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072707)
DS347 European Communities andCertain Member States ndashMeasures Affecting Trade inLarge Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)
United States The United States requests consultations withFrance Germany Spain the United Kingdom andthe European Communities (013106)The United States requests establishment of a panel(041006)Panel established (050906)Panel composed (071706)The United States requests the panel to suspend itswork in accordance with DSU Article 1212(100606)Panel agrees to suspend work (100906)Authority of the panel lapsed (100707)
DS350 United States ndash ContinuedExistence and Application ofZeroing Methodology
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultations(100206)The European Communities expand their request forconsultations (100906)Japan (101006)Thailand (101206) Brazil andIndia (101306) request to join the consultations TheUnited States accepts their requestsThe European Communities request establishment ofa panel (051007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (052207)Panel established (060407)Panel composed (070607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (100107)A panelist resigns (110807)New panelist appointed (112707)
DS353 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Trade in Large CivilAircraft (Second Complaint)
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultationswith the United States (062705)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (012006)Panel established (021706)Panel composed (112206)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (051807)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-44
DS357 United States ndash Subsidiesand Other Domestic Supportfor Corn and OtherAgricultural Products
Canada Canada requests consultations with the United States(010807)Australia (011807) Argentina Brazil the EuropeanCommunities Guatemala Nicaragua Thailand(011907) and Uruguay (012207) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts theirrequests Canada requests establishment of a panel(060707)DSB defers establishment of the panel (062007)Canada withdraws its request for establishment of apanel (111507)
DS358 China ndash Certain MeasuresGranting RefundsReductions or Exemptionsfrom Taxes and OtherPayments
United States The United States requests consultations with China(020207)The United States requests establishment of a panel(071207)DSB defers establishment of a panel (072407)Panel established (083107)China and the United States inform the DSB theyhave reached an agreement (121907)
DS360 India ndash Additional andExtra-Additional Duties onImports from the UnitedStates
United States The United States requests consultations with India(030607)The European Communities (031607) and Australia(032107) request to accepts their requestsThe United States request establishment of a panel(052407)DSB defers the establishment of a pane (060407)Panel established (062007)Panel composed (070307)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (121707)
DS362 China ndash Measures Affectingthe Protection andEnforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007) Japan (042007) the EuropeanCommunities Canada (042507) and Mexico(042607) request to join consultations Chinaaccepts their requestsThe United States requests establishment of panel(081307)DSB defers establishment of panel (083107)Panel established (092507)Panel composed (121307)
DS363 China ndash Measures AffectingTrading Rights andDistribution Services forCertain Publications andAudiovisual EntertainmentProducts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007)The European Communities request to join theconsultation (042507) China accepts the requestThe United States requests establishment of a panel(101007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (102207)Panel established (112707)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-45
DS365 United States ndash DomesticSupport and Export CreditGuarantees for AgriculturalProducts
Brazil Brazil requests consultations with the United States(071107)Canada (072007) Guatemala (072307) CostaRica Mexico (072407) the European Communities(072507) Argentina Australia India Nicaragua(072607) and Thailand (072707) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts therequestsCanada and Brazil request establishment of a panel(110807)DSB defers establishment of the panel (112707)Panel established (121707)
DS368 United States ndash PreliminaryAnti-Dumping andCountervailing DutyDeterminations on CoatedFree Sheet Paper fromChina
China China requests consultations with the United States(091407)
Source WTO Chronological List of Disputes Caseshttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
A-46
TABLE A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007File No Dispute Action (MonthDayYear)
Chapter 19 Binational Panel DecisionsUSA-MEX-2001-1904-03 Oil Country Tubular Goods from
Mexico (Commerce Full SunsetReview of the Antidumping DutyOrder)
Commerce issues third redetermination on remand(081706)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (011707)Commerce issues fourth redetermination on remand(2607)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (060107)Commerce issues fifth redetermination on remand(061107)Panel affirms Commercersquos fifth redetermination(071907)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (Commerce Final Resultsof the 4th Antidumping DutyAdministrative Review)
Panel remands to Commerce (081106)Commerce issues second redetermination onremand (100506)Panel affirms second redetermination on remand(011607)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (USITC Five-Year Reviewof the Antidumping Duty)
Oral argument held (082206)Panel affirms Commission determination (032207)
USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 Certain Softwood LumberProducts from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel grants motion to dismiss on grounds thatrevocation of antidumping duty order rendersproceeding moot (010507)
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 Carbon and Certain Alloy SteelWire Rod from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel constituted (011707)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (112807)
Source NAFTA Secretariat Status Report NAFTA amp FTA Dispute Settlement Proceedingshtpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=9
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
TA
BL
E A
21
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
th
e E
uro
pe
an
Un
ion
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7a
SIT
C C
od
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
5
126
25
132
06
152
91
99
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
12
71
51
544
11
570
61
72
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
71
73
88
421
61
08
13
02
84
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
ma
teri
als
29
81
85
636
15
950
05
64
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
13
71
24
94
26
54
64
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
36
21
02
41
42
87
47
83
18
15
56
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
06
04
91
33
37
41
51
05
21
33
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
74
24
54
85
16
14
97
46
21
14
48
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
38
83
12
68
40
42
91
88
18
79
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
66
55
49
529
51
19
12
42
50
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
16
82
89
41
97
28
06
22
62
51
51
47
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
4
558
74
681
45
140
69
81
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
79
76
59
160
51
00
86
81
01
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
06
13
456
93
031
4-1
23
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
ma
teri
als
21
15
04
23
95
78
24
65
54
29
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
88
21
98
09
89
73
-85
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
66
19
22
72
55
37
78
06
48
76
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
3
36
03
63
67
30
23
82
71
14
27
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
11
96
13
61
24
86
69
13
24
75
16
18
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
3
65
05
53
86
74
14
20
20
18
79
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
14
93
93
15
83
57
17
54
62
10
8T
ota
l all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
30
86
28
03
30
89
81
35
21
88
76
4S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
Inclu
de
s 2
7 E
U c
ou
ntr
ies
a
TA
BL
E A
22 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
th
e E
uro
pe
an
Unio
n b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7a
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e
200
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs
880
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
57
00
05
91
62
87
80
84
84
30
04
90
Ce
rtain
me
dic
am
ents
pu
t u
p in
me
asure
do
ses o
r in
fo
rms o
r pa
ckin
gs f
or
reta
il sale
n
es
oi
5
49
31
71
93
67
89
33
97
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f airp
lan
es o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
5
61
14
62
98
86
57
33
44
870
32
3P
asse
nge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ign
itio
n inte
rnal-
co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
roca
ting
pis
ton
eng
ine
cylin
de
r ca
pa
city
over
15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
24
86
46
45
28
59
57
4-7
7
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
41
14
34
65
67
56
44
92
12
30
02
10
Antisera
an
d o
the
r blo
od
fra
ctio
ns
an
d m
od
ifie
d im
mu
no
log
ica
l p
rod
ucts
30
60
53
16
96
49
37
15
58
71081
2N
onm
oneta
ry g
old
(in
clu
din
g g
old
pla
ted w
ith p
latinum
) u
nw
rought
exc
ludin
g p
ow
der
9
58
22
82
27
42
34
65
00
880
23
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd a
ircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
ove
r 20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot
over
150
00
kg
11
79
92
44
41
31
51
72
90
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ica
l d
en
tal o
r ve
teri
na
ry s
cie
nces in
str
um
ents
ap
plia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
22
57
92
58
32
28
88
21
18
27
10
19
Oils
and
pre
pa
ration
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s
min
era
ls
min
imum
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
10
20
43
10
98
28
09
1-9
7
851
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
rece
ptio
n
co
nvers
ion
tr
an
sm
issio
n o
r re
gen
era
tio
n o
f vo
ice
ima
ges o
r oth
er
data
in
clu
din
g
sw
itch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
25
96
6N
Ab
b
84
11
12
Tu
rbo
jets
of
a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
26
20
72
41
82
24
77
52
5
870
33
3P
asse
nge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
co
mp
ressio
n-i
gnitio
n in
tern
al co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ngin
e (
die
se
l)
cyl
ind
er
ca
pacity o
ver
25
00
cc
17
12
25
43
23
70
18
32
1
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
34
86
43
32
03
21
37
4-3
56
38
22
00
Co
mp
osite d
iag
no
stic o
r la
bo
rato
ry r
ea
ge
nts
exc
ept
ph
arm
aceu
ticals
2
00
13
19
40
62
12
42
95
270
11
2B
itu
min
ous c
oal w
heth
er
or
no
t p
ulv
erize
d
bu
t n
ot
ag
glo
me
rate
d
1
27
44
15
82
61
89
68
19
9
970
11
0P
ain
tin
gs
dra
win
gs a
nd
paste
ls
exe
cu
ted
entire
ly b
y h
an
d
fra
me
d o
r n
ot
fra
me
d
78
10
11
96
11
81
78
52
0
84
11
99
Ga
s t
urb
ine
s p
art
s
ne
so
i
15
93
91
68
68
16
23
7-3
7
87
08
99
Part
s a
nd
accessori
es f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
ne
so
i
16
05
71
79
12
14
41
1-1
95
29
33
39
He
tero
cyc
lic c
om
pou
nd
s c
on
tain
ing
an
un
fused
pyr
idin
e r
ing
w
he
the
r or
no
t h
ydro
ge
na
ted
in
th
e s
tru
ctu
re
ne
so
i
11
16
01
19
83
14
32
91
96
71
12
99
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p o
f p
recio
us m
eta
ls
oth
er
tha
n o
f g
old
or
pla
tin
um
ne
so
i
28
85
59
36
13
63
91
29
8
90
18
39
Me
dic
al e
tc
ne
ed
les n
es
oi
cath
ete
rs
can
nu
lae
an
d t
he
lik
e
pa
rts a
nd
accessori
es t
he
reo
f
15
14
81
58
85
13
61
8-1
43
902
19
0A
pp
liance
s n
es
oi
wo
rn
ca
rrie
d
or
imp
lan
ted
in
th
e b
ody
to c
om
pen
sa
te f
or
a d
efe
ct
or
dis
ab
ility
pa
rts a
nd
a
cce
sso
rie
s t
he
reo
f
14
35
71
26
67
13
39
95
8
90
18
19
Ele
ctr
o-d
iag
no
stic a
pp
ara
tus n
es
oi
an
d p
art
s
99
37
11
84
21
25
79
62
38
24
90
Oth
er
che
mic
al p
rod
ucts
an
d p
rep
ara
tio
ns o
f th
e c
he
mic
al a
nd
alli
ed
in
du
str
ies
ne
so
i
3
89
756
84
11
70
81
06
0
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
51
15
47
65
23
72
79
28
26
21
5
All
oth
er
11
71
34
71
32
04
34
14
69
69
01
13
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
68
28
94
19
72
80
62
26
25
16
14
7
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
I
nclu
de
s 2
7 E
U c
ou
ntr
ies
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
517
30
and
851
75
0
b
TA
BL
E A
23
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m t
he
Eu
rop
ea
n U
nio
n b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7a
HT
S s
ub
-h
ea
din
gD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs3
00
49
0C
ert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
1
70
21
11
92
29
52
06
00
27
18
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
17
71
16
17
87
85
18
32
02
25
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
11
39
32
15
87
63
16
21
46
21
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
1
51
75
21
41
15
21
44
36
52
32
93
49
9N
ucle
ic a
cid
s a
nd
th
eir
salts
wh
eth
er
or
no
t ch
em
ica
lly d
efin
ed
o
the
r h
ete
rocyc
lic c
om
po
un
ds
ne
so
i
55
53
16
535
27
912
12
11
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
weig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
5
296
75
067
75
687
91
22
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
44
53
64
925
85
642
91
46
29
33
99
Hete
rocyc
lic c
om
po
un
ds w
ith
nitro
ge
n h
ete
ro-a
tom
(s)
on
ly
ne
so
i
53
01
76
487
95
102
0-2
14
97
01
10
Pa
inting
s
dra
win
gs a
nd
pa
ste
ls
exe
cu
ted
entire
ly b
y h
and
fr
am
ed
or
no
t fr
am
ed
27
92
03
657
94
882
93
35
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
072
42
937
83
596
92
24
71
02
39
No
nin
du
str
ial dia
mo
nd
s
ne
so
i
29
01
22
907
53
132
57
72
84
42
0U
ran
ium
an
d its
co
mp
ou
nd
s e
nri
ch
ed
in u
235
p
luto
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s
1
236
91
895
53
128
66
51
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
2
047
62
468
03
100
62
56
22
04
21
Win
e n
es
oi
of
fresh
gra
pe
s o
r fo
rtifie
d w
ine
in
co
nta
ine
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11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
181
94
219
24
830
81
45
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
1
743
32
584
83
650
84
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
377
03
087
63
346
38
48
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
079
54
833
33
197
4-3
38
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
30
59
02
434
02
904
81
93
76
01
10
Un
wro
ug
ht
au
min
um
allo
ys
20
73
82
884
12
717
0-5
82
71
60
0E
lectr
ica
l en
erg
y
24
79
32
518
42
713
37
77
60
11
0A
lum
inu
m
no
t allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
1
709
92
428
52
685
91
06
48
02
61
Unco
ate
d p
ap
er
pa
pe
rbo
ard
fo
r w
ritin
gp
rintin
go
the
r g
rap
hic
pu
rpo
se
s n
es
oi
ove
r 1
0 p
erc
en
t fib
er
by
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in r
olls
22
81
22
215
32
392
88
04
80
10
0N
ew
sp
rin
t in
ro
lls o
r sh
ee
ts
29
79
22
987
02
344
6-2
15
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
2
472
81
828
32
334
4-2
77
71
08
12
Non
mo
ne
tary
go
ld (
inclu
din
g g
old
pla
ted
with
pla
tin
um
) u
nw
roug
ht e
xclu
din
g p
ow
de
r
1
418
91
803
22
073
91
50
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
2
097
41
597
21
992
72
48
75
02
10
Nic
ke
l n
ot
allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
7
73
21
105
11
959
87
73
47
03
21
Che
mic
al w
oo
dp
ulp
so
da
or
su
lfate
o
the
r th
an
dis
so
lvin
g g
rad
es se
mib
lea
ch
ed
or
ble
ache
d
co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d
1
680
41
655
71
924
91
63
27
11
12
Pro
pa
ne
liq
ue
fie
d
16
51
51
790
61
915
97
07
40
31
1R
efin
ed
co
pp
er
cath
ode
s a
nd
se
ctio
ns o
f ca
thod
es
8
78
41
315
21
681
02
78
31
04
20
Me
dic
am
en
ts
for
the
rap
eu
tic o
r p
rop
hyl
actic u
se
s in
me
asu
red
do
se
s co
nta
inin
g a
ntib
iotic
s o
the
r th
an
pe
nic
illin
s
12
36
61
191
11
541
92
94
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
47
17
94
15
39
75
51
61
80
93
51
All
oth
er
1
40
35
41
14
90
58
51
50
69
53
11
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
28
75
33
53
03
03
40
31
25
04
53
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
27
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ch
ina
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7
SIT
CC
od
e N
oD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
1
108
31
412
11
934
43
70
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
15
28
11
91
11
23
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
96
93
71
36
30
01
64
18
72
05
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
12
00
20
01
29
13
45
64
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
21
77
21
16
85
13
36
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
53
18
96
153
08
303
03
49
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
3
004
13
606
13
959
19
87
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
16
34
79
22
50
83
25
57
39
13
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
834
43
475
53
718
47
09
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
39
26
48
59
55
48
14
2T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
38
85
67
51
62
41
61
01
32
18
2Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
2
756
63
568
94
195
81
76
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
28
62
97
42
84
43
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
37
81
487
91
578
06
13
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
94
90
10
88
76
40
9-4
11
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
15
82
26
34
25
15
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
51
35
06
191
47
244
61
70
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
80
77
13
62
58
24
01
95
91
09
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
89
47
01
31
22
14
14
80
85
41
29
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
9
24
90
61
03
70
53
11
71
02
11
29
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
29
00
33
478
43
965
81
40
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
24
26
38
02
87
05
24
32
30
85
51
26
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
28
L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ch
ina
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
b-
he
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
715
15
221
56
192
11
86
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
2
253
12
529
84
117
36
28
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
22
94
3N
Aa
a
74
04
00
Co
pp
er
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
67
63
14
39
21
786
12
41
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
70
25
14
84
31
590
57
25
20
10
0C
ott
on
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
13
97
12
059
51
454
3-2
94
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
86
1N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
97
60
NA
aa
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
()
()
88
03
NA
bb
72
04
29
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
no
n-s
tain
less a
lloy
ste
el
28
74
64
81
78
47
21
18
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
51
04
71
57
77
92
89
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
73
38
82
16
98
9-2
08
41
01
50
Wh
ole
ra
w b
ovi
ne
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
16 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh
pic
kle
d o
r p
rese
rve
d b
ut
no
t ta
nn
ed
or
furt
he
r pre
pa
red
4
85
06
35
06
32
2-0
44
70
79
0R
eco
vere
d w
aste
an
d s
cra
p p
ap
er
or
pa
pe
rboa
rd
ne
so
i
in
clu
din
g u
nso
rte
d s
uch
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
1
66
94
33
46
00
23
85
02
07
14
Chic
ke
n c
uts
an
d e
dib
le o
ffa
l in
clu
din
g liv
ers
fr
oze
n
12
23
29
41
54
90
86
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
24
73
37
39
48
98
31
07
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
59
50
49
54
46
94
-52
26
03
00
Co
pp
er
ore
s a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
11
19
21
49
42
42
97
47
20
42
1W
aste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
23
34
23
37
42
13
80
24
70
71
0W
aste
an
d s
cra
p o
f u
nble
ach
ed
kra
ft p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd o
r o
f co
rru
ga
ted p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd
3
11
73
77
54
10
38
74
70
73
0R
eco
vere
d (
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p)
pa
pe
r o
r p
ape
rbo
ard
m
ain
ly o
f m
ech
an
ica
l pu
lp (
for
exa
mp
le
n
ew
sp
ap
ers
jo
urn
als
an
d s
imila
r p
rin
ted
ma
tte
r)
1
83
32
22
83
74
56
81
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
36
63
NA
cc
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
1
09
92
53
03
52
63
94
28
04
61
Sili
co
n co
nta
inin
g b
y w
eig
ht n
ot le
ss th
an 9
99
9 p
erc
en
t o
f sili
co
n
7
25
17
87
34
49
93
03
90
21
0P
oly
pro
pyl
en
e
in p
rim
ary
fo
rms
19
33
24
23
33
92
40
0T
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
13
04
75
18
93
49
28
41
38
50
1A
ll oth
er
25
80
91
32
68
92
32
59
94
-03
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
38
85
67
51
62
41
61
01
32
18
2S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
54
22
1
85
42
29
a
nd
85
42
60
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B c
ha
pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
73
0
an
d 8
51
75
0
c
TA
BL
E A
29
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m C
hin
a
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
47
13
0P
ort
ab
le d
igital a
uto
ma
ted
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ines n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
10 k
g
with
at
lea
st
a C
PU
ke
ybo
ard
an
d d
isp
lay
10
67
03
12
82
77
17
00
18
32
58
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
()
()
14
02
91
NA
aa
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
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703
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Ac
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17
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Ma
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43
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85
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263
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975
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38
97
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84
71
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Au
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23
56
32
925
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84
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Dig
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84
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9
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76
11
965
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02
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Fo
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671
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860
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972
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Mo
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29
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828
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26
96
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Sta
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93
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42
663
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Ga
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31
Ma
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Tru
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32
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Oth
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To
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So
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US
m
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11
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19
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Cru
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3
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74
568
34
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43
Min
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53
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701
06
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40
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59
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59
75
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1
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86
Ma
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61
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27
51
87
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37
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16
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Com
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40
93
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625
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26
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10
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69
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Be
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20
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Cru
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63
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24
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4A
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26
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5C
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Ma
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88
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67
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32
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Pa
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9
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243
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54
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87
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Pa
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92
114
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75
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20
Com
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15
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56
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03
24
Pa
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17
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604
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63
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69
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Pa
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11
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65
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506
53
96
85
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Pa
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527
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20
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84
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Pa
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75
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Art
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8
90
41
064
91
043
1-2
08
53
69
0E
lectr
ica
l ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ica
l cir
cu
its n
es
oi
10
28
31
094
09
87
9-9
78
54
44
9In
su
late
d e
lectr
ic c
on
du
cto
rs
for
a v
oltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 8
0 v
olts n
ot fitt
ed
with
co
nn
ecto
rs
ne
so
i
54
50
67
82
95
67
41
17
40
81
1W
ire
of
refin
ed
co
pp
er
with
a m
axi
mu
m c
ross s
ectio
na
l dim
en
sio
n o
ver
6 m
illim
ete
rs
49
33
92
63
87
43
-56
39
02
10
Po
lyp
rop
yle
ne
in
pri
ma
ry f
orm
s
6
10
17
45
78
53
11
44
39
23
10
Bo
xes
ca
se
s cra
tes a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
of
pla
stics
71
41
77
48
80
95
45
29
02
43
Pa
ra-x
yle
ne
4
41
76
47
47
26
21
22
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
54
32
53
16
72
46
36
39
50
41
0V
ide
o g
am
es u
se
d w
ith
te
levi
sio
n r
ece
ive
r and
pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s
2
50
15
63
69
51
34
47
02
01
30
Me
at o
f b
ovi
ne
an
ima
ls
bo
ne
less
fre
sh o
r ch
ille
d
52
20
75
46
68
31
-95
76
06
12
Re
cta
ng
ula
r pla
tes she
ets
an
d s
trip
ove
r 0
2 m
m th
ick o
f a
lum
inu
m a
lloy
3
91
65
68
26
32
41
13
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
4
45
84
18
26
31
15
09
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
25
97
29
29
85
39
32
73
36
96
All
oth
er
7
56
93
88
47
08
48
66
47
52
3T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
10
16
66
71
14
56
23
11
93
81
14
2S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
32
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Me
xic
o
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
ine
rals
cru
de
22
36
40
29
19
55
29
84
76
22
85
28
72
Re
ce
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus f
or
tele
visio
ns
inco
rpo
ratin
g a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y de
vice
co
lor
(
)(
)1
41
48
7N
Aa
a
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
7
179
41
06
39
01
01
09
7-5
08
70
43
1M
oto
r ve
hic
les f
or
tra
nsp
ort
ing g
ood
s
with
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
g
ross v
eh
icle
we
igh
t no
t exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
3
044
04
694
45
058
57
88
54
43
0In
su
late
d ig
nitio
n w
irin
g s
ets
an
d o
the
r w
irin
g s
ets
of
a k
ind
use
d in
ve
hic
les
air
cra
ft o
r sh
ips
4
339
14
285
04
475
04
48
47
15
0D
igita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
71
41
an
d 8
47
14
9
3
654
73
644
43
881
36
585
28
71
Re
cep
tion
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r te
levi
sio
ns n
ot
de
sig
ned
to
incorp
ora
te a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
()
()
35
73
8N
Aa
a
94
01
90
Pa
rts o
f sea
ts (
exc
ep
t m
ed
ica
l b
arb
ers
d
entist
etc
)
2
998
33
111
13
340
77
48
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
32
84
63
039
83
282
58
08
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
(
)(
)2
610
6N
Ab
b
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
573
2N
Ac
c
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
17
53
011
92
462
3-1
82
85
17
70
Pa
rts o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
120
7N
Ad
d
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
2
309
52
583
22
120
1-1
79
87
04
22
Mo
tor
veh
icle
s f
or
go
od
s t
ran
sp
ort
ne
so
i
with
co
mp
ressio
n-ig
niti
on
in
tern
al co
mbu
stion
p
isto
n e
ng
ine
w
eig
hin
g 5
to
20
me
tric
to
ns
73
06
80
19
20
91
11
60
88
70
42
1T
rucks n
es
oi d
iese
l en
gin
e
go
rss v
eh
icle
we
igh
t n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
5 m
t
30
75
02
808
52
043
9-2
69
85
37
10
Bo
ard
s p
ane
ls co
nso
les
oth
er
co
mp
on
en
ts in
corp
ora
ting
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r co
ntr
ol o
r d
istr
ibu
tio
n
of
ele
ctr
icity
fo
r vo
ltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
0 v
olts
1
425
41
662
61
976
31
89
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
9
91
01
701
51
904
31
19
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
13
10
61
555
41
833
81
79
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
11
493
01
720
41
52
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
13
55
61
364
51
700
22
46
22
03
00
Be
er
ma
de
fro
m m
alt
13
40
51
600
41
593
1-0
52
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
10
46
21
199
41
444
92
05
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
1
821
71
453
51
291
0-1
12
62
03
42
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
se
rs
bib
an
d b
race o
vera
lls b
ree
ch
es a
nd
sh
ort
s n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
14
30
91
327
51
213
1-8
6
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
67
61
36
81
17
26
10
84
26
83
36
TA
BL
E A
32
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7
Mill
ion d
olla
rsA
ll oth
er
1
01
60
25
11
58
83
01
01
73
19
-122
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
69
21
61
19
70
55
62
10
15
88
66
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
28
13
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
TA
BL
E A
33
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ja
pa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
7
431
07
805
39
063
11
61
1B
eve
rag
es
an
d t
ob
acco
12
10
81
244
31
045
4-1
60
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
29
39
33
566
24
234
11
87
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
68
07
60
08
53
36
-112
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
64
66
51
78
32
02
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
79
07
18
459
59
217
29
06
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
815
73
293
43
682
31
18
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
18
79
35
20
63
15
20
60
91
-01
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
7
934
68
571
58
337
6-2
79
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
17
21
41
357
91
295
0-4
6T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
51
49
87
55
59
55
58
09
58
45
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
42
43
44
67
48
32
82
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
16
47
35
31
12
22
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
32
44
27
59
53
34
53
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
19
79
55
91
176
42
31
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
60
26
22
69
26
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
82
93
17
826
28
368
46
96
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
79
88
38
796
88
384
7-4
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
04
23
63
11
34
07
91
10
26
48
-28
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
11
81
25
11
40
08
11
22
68
-15
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
156
34
720
44
348
4-7
9T
ota
l all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
1
37
83
13
14
80
70
71
44
92
79
-21
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
34
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
Ja
pa
n
by S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash
07
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
6
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
07
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
099
43
440
24
096
91
91
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
15
92
01
981
42
619
73
22
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
1
611
21
904
02
055
88
08
48
62
0M
ach
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d
cir
cu
its
(
)(
)1
240
4N
Aa
a
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
78
78
63
81
100
22
74
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
76
21
97
92
10
85
71
09
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
5
52
47
63
68
38
99
92
80
46
1S
ilico
n co
nta
inin
g b
y w
eig
ht n
ot le
ss th
an 9
99
9 p
erc
en
t o
f sili
co
n
4
50
95
94
08
05
13
56
28
44
20
Ura
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s e
nri
ch
ed
in u
235
p
luto
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s
4
57
15
51
17
98
94
50
24
02
20
Cig
are
tte
s c
on
tain
ing
to
ba
cco
87
79
93
15
75
87
-185
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
5
06
25
69
17
01
7-2
33
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
5
09
95
69
96
81
51
96
02
03
19
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i f
resh
or
ch
ille
d
4
93
74
90
75
18
05
63
82
20
0C
om
po
site
dia
gn
ostic
or
labo
rato
ry r
ea
ge
nts
exc
ep
t p
ha
rma
ce
utica
ls
45
42
44
66
49
70
11
38
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
43
64
49
59
44
98
-93
90
18
39
Me
dic
al e
tc
ne
ed
les n
es
oi c
ath
ete
rs ca
nnu
lae
an
d t
he
like
p
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
4
88
94
08
84
42
38
28
52
99
0P
art
s
exc
ep
t an
ten
na
s
for
tra
nsm
issio
n
rad
ar
ra
dio
te
levi
sio
n
etc
n
es
oi
32
78
67
46
43
67
-353
02
03
29
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i
fro
zen
3
94
93
36
24
04
52
03
44
03
20
Co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d in t
he
ro
ug
h
no
t tr
ea
ted
45
84
44
91
40
06
-108
71
13
19
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
3
24
65
04
03
84
9-2
36
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
50
96
34
83
73
7-4
11
12
14
90
Ruta
bag
as (
sw
ed
es)
man
go
lds
fod
de
r ro
ots
h
ay
clo
ver
ka
le
vetc
hes
an
d o
the
r fo
rage
pro
du
cts
n
es
oi w
he
the
r or
no
t in
pe
llet
form
34
74
35
35
37
22
53
90
31
41
Op
tical in
str
um
en
ts fo
r in
spe
cting
se
mic
on
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r d
evi
ce
s o
r p
ho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g t
he
se
ite
ms
36
52
31
71
35
77
12
88
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
or
voic
e
ima
ge
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)3
44
8N
Ab
b
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
32
41
NA
cc
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
15
94
87
18
25
90
22
08
99
21
0A
ll oth
er
3
55
49
93
73
36
53
60
05
8-3
6T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
5
14
98
75
55
95
55
80
95
84
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B c
ha
pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
73
0
an
d 8
51
75
0
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
54
22
1
85
42
29
a
nd
85
42
60
c
TA
BL
E A
35
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m J
ap
an
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
1
86
62
12
04
83
52
10
30
22
78
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
1
29
32
01
74
59
31
72
62
1-1
18
70
32
2P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
ove
r 10
00
bu
t ove
r 15
00
cc
34
90
95
691
76
024
25
88
44
39
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f pri
nte
rs co
pyi
ng
an
d f
acsim
ile m
achin
es
ne
so
i
(
)(
)a
a4
202
0N
A8
52
58
0T
ele
visio
n c
am
era
s
dig
ital cam
era
s
an
d v
ide
o c
am
era
re
co
rde
rs
b
36
55
73
430
83
450
1N
A
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
2
924
42
585
52
837
29
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
173
53
135
32
034
5-3
51
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
1
038
01
427
71
835
92
86
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)c
c1
450
3N
A8
42
95
2S
elf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
17
87
12
004
21
261
4-3
71
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
41
202
71
171
0-2
63
00
49
0C
ert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
12
75
61
034
01
118
58
23
81
80
0C
he
mic
al e
lem
ents
do
pe
d fo
r u
se
in e
lectr
on
ics
in th
e fo
rm o
f d
iscs w
afe
rs
sim
ilar
form
s ch
em
ica
l co
mp
ou
nd
s d
op
ed
fo
r use
in
ele
ctr
on
ics
79
21
88
65
10
63
31
99
84
71
30
Po
rta
ble
dig
ital a
uto
ma
ted
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ines n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
10 k
g
with
at
lea
st
a C
PU
ke
ybo
ard
an
d d
isp
lay
8
41
01
022
49
74
3-4
78
71
15
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
an
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
a r
ecip
roca
tin
g in
tern
al co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 80
0 c
c
89
84
11
92
19
09
4-2
37
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
57
05
71
42
89
30
25
08
70
19
0T
racto
rs
ne
so
i
10
74
41
069
48
90
4-1
67
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ration
s fro
m p
etr
ole
ium
oils
an
d o
ils fro
m b
itu
min
ous m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
20
38
64
35
84
97
32
08
71
14
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
re
cip
rocatin
g in
tern
al com
bu
stio
n p
isto
n e
ngin
ec
ylin
der
ca
pa
city
500
to
80
0 c
c
9
42
69
65
08
43
3-1
26
85
23
29
Ma
gn
etic
me
dia
o
ther
tha
n c
ard
s in
corp
ora
ting
a m
agn
etic s
trip
e
(
)(
)d
d8
35
8N
A8
54
23
2E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
dd
82
47
NA
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g c
ars
8
39
78
29
07
53
3-9
18
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic m
on
olit
hic
dig
ita
l in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
()
()
ee
74
24
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
91
80
82
05
68
63
-164
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
36
85
73
733
76
64
2-8
22
To
tal of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
6
10
00
87
03
31
07
46
07
41
15
TA
BL
E A
35
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
All
oth
er
76
83
04
77
73
97
70
32
06
-134
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
13
78
31
31
48
07
07
14
49
27
9-2
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
47
2
84
73
8
51
7 8
529
a
nd
90
09
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
53
0 a
nd
85
25
40
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
ch
ap
ters
84
8
5 a
nd
90
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
e
TA
BL
E A
36
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ko
rea
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
17
45
52
478
42
986
82
05
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
25
65
17
61
17
02
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
20
28
02
082
13
002
14
42
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
58
30
87
21
77
87
-107
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
32
46
09
10
09
65
75
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
4
302
64
331
45
251
82
12
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
10
95
61
288
61
479
81
48
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
31
19
51
58
94
71
46
91
9-7
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
35
33
281
34
111
62
53
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
41
59
43
92
53
18
21
1T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
23
80
24
58
26
06
60
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
96
67
46
93
28
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
34
67
31
71
31
38
-10
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
11
09
11
857
92
332
22
55
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
09
11
12
88
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
704
01
856
81
918
63
36
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
48
78
95
827
75
507
6-5
57
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
3
10
44
03
09
58
33
15
34
21
98
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
76
82
697
42
519
8-6
69
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
89
65
88
45
91
11
30
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
43
15
45
44
71
39
45
36
83
15
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
37 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ko
rea
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
21
22
23
50
82
28
64
-27
84
86
20
Ma
chin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)9
83
8N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)8
82
9N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
23
74
72
30
82
90
14
78
47
98
9M
achin
es a
nd
me
cha
nic
al a
pp
lian
ces h
avi
ng
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
8
50
21
38
12
76
91
-44
39
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
18
15
10
62
72
17
57
97
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
68
33
NA
cc
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
48
96
84
62
66
30
-21
78
54
12
9T
ran
sis
tors
o
the
r th
an
ph
oto
sen
sitiv
e
with
a d
issip
atio
n r
ate
gre
ate
r th
an
or
eq
ua
l to
1 w
att
24
81
63
62
29
37
25
92
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
3
20
13
16
34
99
85
80
85
41
50
Oth
er
se
mic
on
du
cto
r de
vice
s
ne
so
i
35
31
15
94
84
33
18
17
60
20
0A
lum
inu
m w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
1
60
52
58
43
83
44
84
29
02
50
Sty
ren
e (
vin
ylb
en
zen
e
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
18
92
13
08
36
80
18
13
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
2
15
72
60
93
34
32
81
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
81
11
88
33
24
97
26
848
69
0P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
ach
ines a
nd
app
ara
tus u
se
d in
th
e m
an
ufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
ond
ucto
rs
flat
pa
ne
ls
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
18
8N
Aa
a
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
95
13
83
12
93
0-2
35
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
19
28
74
52
92
42
92
58
54
29
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits a
nd
mic
roa
ssem
blie
s
11
52
12
84
27
35
11
29
271
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ration
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
perc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
p
rod
ucts
no
t lig
ht
1
81
12
97
52
31
7-2
21
27
07
30
Xyl
en
es
10
54
27
95
22
91
-18
07
40
70
0C
op
pe
r w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
9
05
18
18
22
83
25
59
30
59
1P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
mili
tary
we
ap
on
s
exc
ludin
g r
evo
lve
rs a
nd
pis
tols
an
d s
wo
rds
ba
yone
ts
lance
s
an
d
sim
ilar
arm
s
1
38
24
42
24
08
19
42
60
80
0Z
inc o
res a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
9
79
14
23
21
79
53
18
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
accessori
es f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
ne
so
i
2
09
21
61
02
14
73
34
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
39
84
83
66
81
33
60
25
97
All
oth
er
2
08
12
02
24
27
11
96
51
4-1
24
To
tal
of
all
co
m
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
The
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
c
TA
BL
E A
38
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ko
rea
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
5 2
006
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
6
138
16
121
46
362
73
98
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s(
)(
)a
a6
178
9N
A8
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
2
746
72
974
0
24
23
9-1
85
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
17
65
52
073
62
073
6-0
12
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt b
yw
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
88
29
14
37
71
821
12
67
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
bb
10
93
5N
A8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
bb
75
27
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
82
07
22
66
02
1-1
67
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
r ru
bb
er
or
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g
ca
rs
4
18
95
01
65
33
46
38
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
(
)(
)b
b5
16
5N
A2
90
22
0B
en
zen
e
25
34
43
83
45
69
43
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
3
14
04
00
14
44
41
11
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
11
58
03
83
24
26
81
14
84
50
20
Hou
se
ho
ld-
or
lau
ndry
-typ
e w
ash
ing m
ach
ine
s w
ith
a d
ry lin
en
cap
acity
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
10
09
13
99
40
60
19
03
84
29
52
Se
lf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
33
52
43
64
30
86
-293
84
51
29
Dry
ing
ma
chin
es fo
r te
xtile
ya
rns
fab
rics o
r m
ad
e u
p t
ext
ile a
rtic
les w
ith a
dry
line
n c
ap
acity
c
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
97
61
71
22
97
17
36
87
08
30
Bra
ke
s a
nd
serv
o-b
rakes f
or
moto
r ve
hic
les
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f
1
02
91
78
22
51
4N
A8
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
18
15
20
95
24
65
17
78
51
77
0P
art
s o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
dd
24
55
NA
84
71
80
Au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ines s
tora
ge
units
28
70
15
47
24
18
56
34
81
01
9W
ritin
gg
rap
hic
pa
pe
r a
nd p
ape
rbo
ard
co
ate
d w
ith
ka
olin
no
t o
ver
10
f
iber
ob
tain
ed
by
a
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in s
he
ets
ne
so
i
19
72
21
84
24
02
10
04
01
12
0N
ew
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n b
use
s o
r tr
ucks
2
29
92
48
02
37
9-4
18
52
56
0T
ransm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n in
corp
ora
ting
re
cep
tion
app
ara
tus
(
)(
)e
e2
34
9N
A8
50
42
3L
iqu
id d
iele
ctr
ic t
ran
sfo
rme
rs h
avi
ng
a p
ow
er
ha
nd
ling
ca
pa
city
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
00
kva
4
85
96
32
26
61
35
38
52
85
1M
on
ito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
()
()
ff
21
98
NA
TA
BL
E A
38
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsT
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
14
79
97
16
90
71
26
84
28
60
5A
ll oth
er
28
35
48
27
80
68
18
52
55
-338
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
4
31
54
54
47
13
94
53
68
31
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
70
83
1 a
nd
87
08
39
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
52
52
00
5 t
hro
ug
h 8
52
52
03
0 inclu
siv
e
an
d p
art
of
85
25
20
90
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
71
60
f
TA
BL
E A
39
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ta
iwa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
1
505
41
564
51
950
72
47
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
70
46
15
49
4-1
97
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
17
01
683
02
448
64
55
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
21
76
29
61
26
14
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
70
47
18
12
88
05
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
28
99
63
208
73
684
81
48
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
98
35
11
23
31
209
97
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
81
08
10
64
12
12
05
60
13
38
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
467
92
581
52
548
5-1
39
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
13
44
31
94
79
11
09
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
2
55
22
42
02
58
97
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
98
95
97
13
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
18
25
23
31
29
65
27
23
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
3
32
54
10
36
41
85
64
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
57
60
73
21
65
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
10
14
11
090
21
071
7-1
76
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
54
69
56
454
66
197
6-4
07
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
20
07
76
22
34
31
22
20
03
-06
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
6
114
15
973
45
906
1-1
19
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
1
113
41
323
51
462
61
05
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
38
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
40 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ta
iwa
n b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n
200
5
20
06
2
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
48
62
0M
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)2
49
07
NA
aa
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
15
20
8N
Ab
b
880
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
76
92
98
19
12
87
53
11
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
23
6N
Ab
b
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)9
60
3N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
55
38
56
57
75
46
33
41
20
10
0S
oyb
ea
ns
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
4
30
04
73
57
14
15
08
903
14
1O
ptica
l in
str
um
en
ts f
or
inspe
cting
se
mic
ond
ucto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
or
pho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g
the
se ite
ms
3
45
83
40
64
97
74
61
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
55
21
54
68
38
41
-29
884869
0P
art
s and a
ccessories o
f m
achin
es
and a
ppara
tus u
sed in t
he m
anufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
onducto
rs
flat
panels
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
57
8N
Ac
c
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
41
01
13
73
23
31
84
470031
9C
ast
gla
ss a
nd r
olle
d g
lass
in n
onw
ired s
heets
not
body
tinte
d
opacifi
ed
flash
ed
nor
havi
ng a
n a
bso
rbent
or
refle
ctin
g la
yer
19
20
25
25
29
92
18
59
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
29
96
34
80
28
94
16
82
90
25
0S
tyre
ne
(vi
nyl
be
nze
ne
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
12
73
85
32
85
72
35
0
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
72
41
60
22
82
47
62
72
04
21
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
1
04
11
04
02
81
61
70
72
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
1
85
32
14
32
43
11
34
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
44
12
30
02
16
1-6
0
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
66
61
01
72
11
21
07
78
54
39
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
ica
l m
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s
ha
ving
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
12
00
19
70
17
87
-93
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
03
11
96
81
50
4-2
36
52
01
00
Co
tto
n
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
1
54
91
96
81
39
9-8
2
853
69
0E
lectr
ica
l a
pp
ara
tus f
or
sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ical circu
its
ne
so
i
11
05
55
13
44
14
23
410
15
0W
ho
le r
aw
bo
vine
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xcee
din
g 1
5 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh p
ickle
d o
r pre
serv
ed
bu
t n
ot
tan
nie
d o
r fu
rth
er
pre
pa
red
1
07
31
29
81
30
70
78
41
11
2T
urb
oje
ts o
f a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
8
00
57
21
30
31
28
0T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
75
88
53
70
13
28
75
15
04
All
oth
er
1
47
67
31
60
69
41
12
53
5-3
00
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8S
ou
rce
C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
c
TA
BL
E A
41
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ta
iwa
n
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
20
22
3N
Aa
a
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
520
72
521
51
865
2-2
60
85
26
91
Ra
dio
na
vig
atio
na
l aid
ap
pa
ratu
s
4
70
88
28
31
661
31
00
68
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
()
()
13
23
0N
Ab
b
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
11
19
2N
Aa
c
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
88
84
NA
ac
85
28
72
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n in
corp
ora
ting
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
co
lor
()
()
77
48
NA
cc
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
()
()
70
40
NA
dd
85
28
71
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n n
ot d
esig
ne
d to
in
co
rpo
rate
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
(
)(
)6
89
4N
Ac
c
73
18
15
Th
rea
de
d s
cre
ws a
nd b
olts o
f ir
on o
r ste
el n
es
oi
wh
eth
er
or
no
t w
ith
th
eir
nu
ts o
r w
ash
ers
45
93
46
73
49
02
49
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
weig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
1
03
09
44
46
53
39
29
85
23
51
So
lid s
tate
no
nvo
latile
se
mic
on
du
cto
r sto
rage
devi
ce
s
(
)(
)3
99
3N
Ad
d
73
18
14
Se
lf-t
ap
pin
g s
cre
ws o
f iro
n o
r ste
el
41
23
44
71
39
84
-109
85
34
00
Pri
nte
d c
ircuits
36
01
37
81
38
38
15
85
12
20
Ele
ctr
ica
l lig
htin
g o
r vi
su
al s
ign
alin
g e
qu
ipm
en
t f
or
use
on c
ycle
s o
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
exc
ep
t fo
r u
se
on
b
icyc
les
2
91
23
23
53
64
4
12
68
48
18
0T
ap
s co
cks
valv
es a
nd
sim
ilar
ap
plia
nce
s
ne
so
i
26
71
33
78
34
18
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
13
93
26
63
36
43
08
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
32
76
NA
ee
85
04
40
Sta
tic c
on
vert
ers
29
44
30
84
29
27
-51
84
71
80
Oth
er
un
its o
f au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
74
58
52
37
28
76
-451
73
18
16
Nu
ts
thre
ad
ed
or
iro
n o
r ste
el
26
06
26
00
27
12
43
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
54
27
58
26
84
-27
85
25
50
Tra
nsm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n
g9
58
17
25
25
84
NA
85
28
59
Mo
nito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
n
ot d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
(
)(
)2
57
8N
Ag
g
95
06
91
Gym
na
siu
m p
layg
rou
nd
or
oth
er
exe
rcis
e a
rtic
les a
nd e
quip
me
nt p
art
s a
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of
2
86
62
75
82
56
1-7
2T
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l of
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ms
sh
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n
71
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37
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61
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23
2
TA
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Pe
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20
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27
42
70
30
54
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21
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54
29
7T
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l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
39
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
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en
t o
f C
om
me
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Note
B
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se
of
rou
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ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
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ere
sp
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d
Tra
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art
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TS
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bh
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s 8
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22
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85
42
60
a
Tra
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200
6 r
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art
s o
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bh
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84
25
20
b
Tra
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200
6 r
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art
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on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
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s 8
52
81
2 a
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85
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13
c
Tra
de
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and
200
6 r
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ort
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art
s o
f ite
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on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
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85
24
d
Tra
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200
6 r
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art
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in H
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s 8
51
73
0 8
51
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nd
85
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10
e
Tra
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52
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52
51
07
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82
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528
22
g
TA
BL
E A
42
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
In
dia
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
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ge
20
06
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7M
illio
n d
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0F
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e a
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20
49
26
41
33
27
26
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
2
82
64
36
12
2C
rud
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ate
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ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
54
88
59
05
90
86
53
93
Min
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l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
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ted
mate
ria
ls
36
06
38
98
39
68
18
4A
nim
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ts a
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18
01
89
15
3-1
96
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
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ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
418
31
772
92
232
52
59
6M
an
ufa
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go
od
s c
lassifie
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fly
by
ma
teri
al
50
20
73
85
13
14
87
80
7M
ach
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ry a
nd
tra
nsp
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me
nt
2
852
34
070
99
230
71
26
78
Mis
ce
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us m
an
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art
icle
s
84
23
97
02
12
19
72
57
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
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not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
21
52
20
62
65
34
21
70
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
69
65
29
024
81
63
08
68
07
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
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liv
e a
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als
91
06
89
41
90
45
12
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
81
17
52
11
20
82
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
02
37
33
35
79
-41
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
59
04
28
40
76
90
17
08
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
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fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
45
24
59
57
92
62
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
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ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
520
11
996
72
754
93
80
6M
an
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go
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s c
lassifie
d c
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fly
by
ma
teri
al
71
74
98
126
28
829
68
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
960
52
731
73
049
11
16
8M
isce
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an
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s
59
47
46
876
56
776
0-1
59
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
22
27
32
78
33
70
28
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
18
71
00
21
67
36
23
85
69
10
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
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re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
43
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
In
dia
b
y S
ch
ed
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B s
ub
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2
00
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Sch
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Bsu
bh
ead
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Descri
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00
42
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52
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6
Pe
rce
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ch
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ge
20
06
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7M
illio
n d
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rs
88
02
40
Airp
lan
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the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
4
67
51
313
35
682
03
32
63
10
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0F
ert
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rs
41
32
58
67
77
83
32
77
10
23
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on
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mo
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s
ne
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i
55
32
32
25
02
51
16
37
10
81
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on
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inclu
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tin
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g p
ow
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3
44
()
37
32
76
13
328
2a
84
31
43
Pa
rts fo
r b
ori
ng
an
d s
inkin
g m
ach
ine
ry
ne
so
i
86
31
06
91
93
18
07
27
07
99
Oils
an
d p
rodu
cts
of
the
dis
tilla
tio
n o
f h
igh
te
mp
era
ture
co
al ta
r n
es
oi
sim
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pro
du
cts
with
p
red
om
ina
te a
rom
atic c
on
stitu
en
t
9
89
21
56
19
14
-120
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
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co
nve
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n
tran
sm
issio
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r re
ge
ne
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of vo
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im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
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witch
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ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
19
08
NA
bb
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
(
)(
)1
63
4N
Ac
c
71
06
91
Silv
er
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er
tha
n p
ow
de
r
()
()
15
73
62
60
35
4a
a
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
74
09
68
14
61
50
97
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
12
58
77
71
45
48
72
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
5
69
92
21
44
15
63
84
71
50
Dig
ita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
74
1 a
nd
84
71
49
4
43
54
41
28
71
36
27
20
42
1W
aste
an
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p
of
sta
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ss s
tee
l
4
53
43
81
26
31
88
50
80
21
1A
lmo
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s
fre
sh
or
dri
ed
in
sh
ell
9
44
11
43
12
55
98
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
5
25
66
91
01
35
14
84
11
12
Tu
rbo
jets
of
a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
18
47
67
94
72
35
27
01
12
Bitu
min
ous c
oa
l w
he
the
r o
r n
ot p
ulv
eri
zed
b
ut n
ot a
gg
olo
me
rate
d
1
50
21
01
29
06
-105
47
07
10
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p a
nd u
nble
ach
ed
kra
ft p
ape
r o
r p
ap
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rd o
r o
f co
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ted p
ape
r o
r p
ap
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35
04
15
89
71
16
33
81
51
9S
up
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so
i
71
53
08
55
61
18
51
75
1P
art
s o
f te
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un
ica
tion
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pp
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(
)(
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NA
dd
52
01
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Co
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r co
mb
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41
55
25
78
54
97
29
26
10
Acry
lonitri
le
60
87
06
77
09
09
01
89
0M
ed
ica
l s
urg
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en
tal or
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scie
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s instr
um
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art
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3
16
47
16
98
48
37
11
31
9A
rtic
les o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
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us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
1
01
01
00
66
15
-389
To
tal of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
20
94
53
546
09
881
41
78
7A
ll oth
er
4
870
75
478
86
427
31
73
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
6
965
29
024
81
63
08
68
07
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
US
va
lue
is less t
ha
n $
50
00
0
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
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0 a
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ch
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52
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art
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5 a
nd 9
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TA
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E A
44
L
ea
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S
imp
ort
s f
rom
In
dia
b
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bh
ea
din
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20
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HT
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bh
ead
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Descri
ptio
n2
00
42
00
52
00
6
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
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7M
illio
n d
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rs7
10
23
9N
on
ind
ustr
ial dia
mo
nd
s
ne
so
i
30
79
63
256
13
686
41
32
71
13
19
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
16
76
33
308
52
200
6-4
72
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt b
yw
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
30
32
18
83
70
25
27
30
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackag
es fo
r re
tail
sa
ie
ne
so
i
12
05
22
41
44
98
21
06
46
30
26
0T
oile
t a
nd k
itch
en
lin
en
of
terr
y to
we
ling o
r sim
ilar
terr
y fa
bri
cs o
f co
tto
n
2
47
43
15
33
89
12
34
73
05
19
Lin
e p
ipe
use
d in
oil
or
ga
s p
ipe
line
s
ext
ern
al d
iam
ete
r o
ver
40
64
mill
ime
ters
o
r ir
on o
r ste
el
rive
ted
or
sim
ilarl
y clo
se
d
ne
so
i
1
12
03
73
50
99
496
96
11
02
0S
we
ate
rs p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
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oa
ts (
vests
) a
nd s
imila
r art
icle
s kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d o
f co
tto
n
27
08
29
91
34
64
15
86
20
63
0W
om
en
rsquos o
r g
irlrsquos
blo
use
s
sh
irts
an
d s
hir
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lou
se
s o
f co
tto
n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
3
36
13
73
13
00
2-1
96
63
02
31
Be
d lin
en
o
ther
tha
n p
rinte
d o
f co
tto
n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
che
ted
22
08
26
42
29
82
12
96
10
51
0M
en
rsquos o
r b
oys
rsquo sh
irts
o
f co
tto
n kn
itte
d o
r cro
che
ted
2
14
92
93
72
96
71
08
50
23
1E
lectr
ic g
en
era
tin
g s
ets
w
ind
-po
we
red
12
52
16
62
53
51
70
29
33
99
Hete
rocyc
lic c
om
po
un
ds w
ith
nitro
ge
n h
ete
ro-a
tom
(s)
on
ly
ne
so
i
4
48
80
52
28
61
84
26
20
46
2W
om
en
rsquos o
r g
irls
rsquo tr
ouse
r e
tc
of
co
tto
n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
1
32
51
81
12
27
52
56
62
03
42
Me
nrsquos
or
bo
ysrsquo tr
ouse
rs b
ib a
nd b
race
ove
ralls
b
ree
ch
es a
nd
sh
ort
s n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d o
f co
tto
n
13
14
18
34
22
61
23
36
20
52
0M
en
rsquos o
r b
oys
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irts
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ot kn
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2
94
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1
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89
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ilar
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S
De
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om
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Note
B
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ure
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ay
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ecifie
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drdquo
Address all communications toSecretary to the Commission
United States International Trade CommissionWashington DC 20436
US International Trade Commission
Director of Economics
Robert B Koopman
Director of Operations
Robert A Rogowsky
COMMISSIONERS
Shara L Aranoff ChairmanDaniel R Pearson Vice Chairman
Deanna Tanner OkunCharlotte R Lane
Irving A WilliamsonDean A Pinkert
US International Trade CommissionWashington DC 20436
wwwusitcgov
July 2008Publication 4026
The Year in Trade 2007Operation of the Trade Agreements Program
59th Report
This report was principally prepared by
The Office of Economics
Arona Butcher Project LeaderJustino De La Cruz Deputy Project Leader
Nannette Christ Kelly Clark Nick Grossman William Greene Joanne GuthAlexander Hammer Walker Pollard James Stamps and
Edward C Wilson
Office of the General CounselWilliam W Gearhart and Robin Turner
Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade AgreementsNaomi Freeman and Dan Shepherdson
Office of InvestigationsMary Messer and Andy Rylyk
Office of Unfair Import InvestigationsAnne Goalwin
Office of IndustriesKim Freund Dawn Heuschel Laura Rodriguez Donald Sussman
Audrey Tafoya and Isaac Wohl
Office of Information Technology SystemsBarbara V Bobbitt
Supporting assistance was provided byPatricia M Thomas
InternLauren Deason
Office of Publishing
iii
PREFACEThis report is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress undersection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislationSection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 states that ldquothe International Trade Commissionshall submit to the Congress at least once a year a factual report on the operation of thetrade agreements programrdquo
This report is one of the principal means by which the US International Trade Commissionprovides Congress with factual information on trade policy and its administration forcalendar year 2007 The trade agreements program includes ldquoall activities consisting of orrelated to the administration of international agreements which primarily concern trade andwhich are concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the Constitutionrdquoand congressional legislation
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface iii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xi
Executive Summary xv
Chapter 1 Overview of US Trade 1-1Scope and approach of the report 1-1Overview of the US economy in 2007 1-1
Exchange-rate trends 1-2Balance of payments 1-3Trade in goods and services 1-4
US trade in goods in 2007 1-5US merchandise trade by product category 1-5
Exports 1-5Imports 1-5
US merchandise trade with leading partners 1-6US trade in services in 2007 1-9
US services trade by product category 1-9Exports 1-9Imports 1-10
US services trade with leading partners 1-11
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations 2-1Import relief laws 2-1
Safeguard actions 2-1Adjustment assistance 2-1
Trade adjustment assistance for workers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for farmers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for firms and industries 2-3
Laws against unfair trade practices 2-4Section 301 investigations 2-4
Active section 301 cases in 2007 2-4New section 301 petitions in 2007 2-4Special 301 2-5
Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews 2-7Antidumping investigations 2-7Countervailing duty investigations 2-8Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orderssuspension
agreements 2-9Section 337 investigations 2-9
Other import administration laws and programs 2-11Tariff preference programs 2-11
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and RegulationsndashContinuedGeneralized System of Preferences 2-11African Growth and Opportunity Act 2-12Andean Trade Preference Act 2-16Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act 2-18
Textile and apparel developments in 2007 2-20US textile and apparel imports in 2007 2-20US-China textile and apparel trade 2-22Textile and apparel imports under AGOA ATPA and CBERA 2-22Textile and apparel imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through
Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act 2-23US textile and apparel imports under CAFTA-DR 2-24
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APEC 3-1World Trade Organization 3-1
Doha trade negotiations 3-2Negotiations resumed in February 2007 3-2G-4 meetings at Potsdam 3-3Negotiations suspended in June 2007 3-4October 2007 General Council and TNC meetings 3-5November 2007 TNC meeting 3-5
General Council 3-6Work programs decisions and reviews 3-7
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements 3-7TRIPS Council matters 3-7Small economies 3-7Special and differential treatment 3-8Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin 3-9Aid for trade 3-10Cotton initiative 3-11Annual review of Chinarsquos protocol of accession to the WTO 3-12Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation 3-12Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and
Countervailing Measures 3-12Accessions 3-13Waivers 3-13Seventh WTO ministerial conference 3-13
Dispute settlement 3-15Consultations and new panels established 3-15
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States 3-15Measures by China granting refunds reductions or exemptions from taxes
and other payments (DS358) 3-16
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APECndashContinuedMeasures by India imposing ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo or ldquoextra additional dutiesrdquo
including wines and distilled products (DS360) 3-17Measures by China affecting the protection of and enforcement of
intellectual property rights (DS362) 3-17Measures by China affecting trading rights and distribution services for
certain publications and audiovisual entertainment products (DS363) 3-18Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent 3-18
Continued existence and application of ldquozeroingrdquo methodology in USantidumping duty reviews (DS350) 3-18
US subsidies and other domestic support for corn and other agriculturalproducts (DS357) 3-19
US domestic support and export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts (DS365) 3-19
Appellate Body and panel reports adopted during 2007 that involved the UnitedStates 3-19
Reports in which the United States was the complainant 3-20Measures by Turkey affecting the importation of rice (DS334) 3-20
Reports in which the United States was the respondent 3-21US antidumping ldquozeroingrdquo methodology (DS322) 3-21US antidumping measure on shrimp from Ecuador (DS335) 3-22
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 3-22Global policy forums 3-22Nonmember focus 3-23Trade Committee priority topics 3-24
Export credits 3-25Aircraft sector understanding 3-25Export credit understandings for other sectors 3-26
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3-26Action Agenda 3-27Committee on Trade and Investment 3-27
Chapter 4 US Free Trade Agreements 4-1FTAs in force during 2007 4-1Other FTA developments during 2007 4-3
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement 4-5US-Korea Free Trade Agreement 4-6
North American Free Trade Agreement 4-7Free Trade Commission 4-8Commission for Labor Cooperation 4-9Commission for Environmental Cooperation 4-10Dispute settlement 4-12
Chapter 11 dispute settlement developments 4-13Chapter 19 dispute panel reviews 4-13
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners 5-1European Union 5-1
US-EU summit 5-2Canada 5-3
Agriculture 5-4Livestock 5-4Potatoes 5-4Softwood lumber agreement 5-5Aviation 5-5
China 5-6Intellectual property rights enforcement 5-6Product safety 5-7Market access 5-8
Goods 5-8Services 5-9
Global trade imbalances and Chinarsquos exchange-rate regime 5-9Mexico 5-10
Cross-border trucking between the United States and Mexico 5-10Japan 5-12
Beef 5-12Deregulation 5-13
Korea 5-14US-Korea FTA 5-15Beef 5-15
Taiwan 5-16Intellectual property rights 5-16Agriculture 5-17
Beef 5-17Rice 5-18
India 5-18Trade dialogue 5-19Mangoes 5-19Alcoholic beverages 5-20
Bibliography Bibl -1
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageFiguresES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007 xv11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar
daily 2007 1-312 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-613 Leading US export markets by share 2007 1-714 Leading US import sources by share 2007 1-815 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-1016 Leading US private services exports 2007 1-1217 Leading US private services imports 2007 1-12
TablesES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities xxv11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-712 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-1121 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-322 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-323 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007 2-824 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007 2-1325 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07 2-1526 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07 2-1727 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07 2-1928 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major USsuppliers selected regional groups and the world 2-21
31 WTO membership in 2007 3-1432 WTO observers in 2007 3-1533 WTO dispute settlement panels established in 2007 3-1641 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07 4-242 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07 4-343 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 4-544 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07 4-845 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation 4-1146 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement
on Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007 4-1247 NAFTA chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007 4-14
Appendix tablesA1 US merchandise trade with world by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-3A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07 A-4A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07 A-5A4 Antidumping cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-6
x
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageAppendix tablesndashContinuedA5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-7A6 Countervailing duty cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-13A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-14A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007
by date of completion A-15A9 Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the US International
Trade Commission during 2007 and those pending on December 31 2007 A-17A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007 A-26A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007 A-31A12 US imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment by import
categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule 2007 A-32A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-33A14 US imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA 2005ndash07 A-34A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-35A16 US imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA 2005ndash07 A-36A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-37A18 US imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA 2005ndash07 A-38A19 WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-39A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-46A21 US merchandise trade with the European Union by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-47A22 Leading US exports to the European Union by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-48A23 Leading US imports from the European Union by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-49A24 US merchandise trade with Canada by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-50A25 Leading US exports to Canada by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-51A26 Leading US imports from Canada by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-52A27 US merchandise trade with China by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-53A28 Leading US exports to China by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-54A29 Leading US imports from China by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-55A30 US merchandise trade with Mexico by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-57A31 Leading US exports to Mexico by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-58A32 Leading US imports from Mexico by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-59A33 US merchandise trade with Japan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-61A34 Leading US exports to Japan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-62A35 Leading US imports from Japan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-63A36 US merchandise trade with Korea by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-65A37 Leading US exports to Korea by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-66A38 Leading US imports from Korea by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-67A39 US merchandise trade with Taiwan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-69A40 Leading US exports to Taiwan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-70A41 Leading US imports from Taiwan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-71A42 US merchandise trade with India by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-73A43 Leading US exports to India by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-74A44 Leading US imports from India by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-75
xi
List of Frequently Used Abbreviations andAcronyms
ACP Former European Colonies in Africa Caribbean and the PacificAD AntidumpingAFT Aid for TradeAGOA African Growth and Opportunity ActAIT American Institute in TaiwanAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationAPHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)AQSIQ General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine
(China)ASU Aircraft Sector UnderstandingATPA Andean Trade Preference ActATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission (NAFTA)BSE Bovine Spongiform EncephalopathyCAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActCBI Caribbean Basin InitiativeCBTPA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActCD Compact DiscCEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA) CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade AgreementCITA Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (USDOC)CLC Commission for Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)CNL Competitive Need LimitationCSQ Country Specific QuotaCTD Committee on Trade and Development (WTO)CTDSS Committee on Trade and Development in Special SessionCTI Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC)CVD Countervailing DutyDDA Doha Development AgendaDSB WTO Dispute Settlement BodyDSU WTO Dispute Settlement UnderstandingDVD Digital Video DiscECA Export Credit Arrangement (OECD)EDA Economic Development Administration (USDOC)EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework (WT)EPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyEU European UnionFAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA)FBI Federal Bureau of InvestigationFMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (USDOT)FTA Free Trade AgreementFTAA Free Trade Area of the AmericasFTC Free Trade Commission (NAFTA)FY Fiscal Year
xii
G-4 G-4 Bloc (Brazil China India South Africa)G-20 G-20 Bloc of Developing CountriesGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGOI Government of IndiaGSP Generalized System of PreferencesHHOPE Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement ActHS Harmonized SystemHTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule ( United States)IF Integrated FrameworkIMF International Monetary FundIPR Intellectual Property RightsITA International Trade Administration (USDOC)JCCT US-China Joint Commission on Commerce and TradeLCIA London Court of International ArbitrationLDB Least-Developed BeneficiaryLDBDC Least-Developed Beneficiary Developing CountryLTFV Less Than Fair ValueMEA Multilateral Environmental AgreementMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPS Ministry of Public Security (China)MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement NAAEC North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA)NAALC North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)NADB North American Development BankNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNAMA Nonagricultural Market AccessNAO National Administrative Office (NAFTA)NTR Normal Trade RelationsOAS Organization of American StatesOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOIE World Organization for Animal HealthOIG Office of the Inspector General (USDOT)OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation (USDOT)OTAI Office of Trade Agreement Implementation (NAFTA)PRC Peoples Republic of ChinaPSAG Private Sector Advisory GroupSampD Special and DifferentialSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSCM Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresSED US-China Strategic Economic DialogueSITC Standard Industrial Trade ClassificationSLA Softwood Lumber AgreementSMEs Square Meter EquivalentsSPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary StandardsSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSVE Small and Vulnerable EconomyTAA Trade Adjustment AssistanceTAAC Trade Adjustment Assistance Center
xiii
TACA Trade Advisory Committee on AfricaTEC Transatlantic Economic CouncilTIFA Trade and Investment Framework AgreementTNC Trade Negotiations CommitteeTPA Trade Promotion AgreementTPF Trade Policy ForumTPL Tariff Preference LevelTRIMS Trade-Related Investment MeasuresTRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRQ Tariff-Rate QuotaUN United NationsUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUSDOC United States Department of CommerceUSDOL United States Department of LaborUSDOS United States Department of StateUSITC United States International Trade CommissionUSTR United States Trade RepresentativeWTO World Trade Organization
xv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The US economy continued to expand for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 although ata slower pace than in previous years US exports of goods and services ($1046 billion)increased more rapidly than US imports ($1943 billion) for the second year in a row (13percent for exports versus 5 percent for imports) leading to a decrease in the trade deficitin goods and services in 2007 (figure ES1) Increases in US exports of machinery andtransport equipment chemicals and related products food and live animals and crudematerials (except fuels) represented almost three-quarters of the total increase in exports in2007 while increases in US imports of machinery and transport equipment and mineralfuels lubricants and related materials represented over one-half of the increase in importsfor the same year The US surplus in services trade increased by 341 percent to $1069billion in 2007 More than one-half of the increase in exports was accounted for by private
Figure ES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007
services that included business professional and technical services insurance services andfinancial services The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearlyaverage basis against a basket of currencies including the Canadian dollar the euro theChinese yuan and the Japanese yen The largest depreciation was against the United Statesrsquolargest trading partner Canada Despite the fluctuations during the year the US dollarended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexican peso and theBritish pound
A summary of key US trade agreement activities in 2007 is presented below followed bya summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis for the year Tradeagreement activities during 2007 included the administration of US trade laws and
xvi
regulations US participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation (APEC) forum US negotiation of and participation in free trade agreements(FTAs) and bilateral developments with major trading partners
Key Trade Developments in 2007
Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations
bull Section 301 One active case under section 301 concerned the European Union(EU) meat hormone directive which the WTO had found violates the Agreementon the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
bull Special 301 The USTRrsquos 2007 special 301 report highlighted weak intellectualproperty rights (IPR) protection and enforcement in China and Russia both ofwhich were placed on the priority watch list Belize and Brazil were moved fromthe priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPR enforcement TheBahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to their improved IPRenforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due totheir passage of IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removedfrom the watch list principally because it adopted new regulations concerninggeographical indications following an adverse WTO ruling
bull Section 337 investigations During 2007 there were 77 active section 337investigations and ancillary proceedings at the US International TradeCommission (Commission) 39 of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 therewere 35 new section 337 investigations and four new ancillary proceedingsrelating to previously concluded investigations All of the new section 337institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement At the close of2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pending
bull Antidumping investigations The Commission instituted 33 new antidumpinginvestigations and completed 8 during 2007 Antidumping duty orders were issuedby the US Department of Commerce (Commerce) in 2007 on certain activatedcarbon from China and polyester staple fiber from China
bull Countervailing duty investigations The Commission instituted 7 newcountervailing duty investigations and completed three investigations during 2007However because the Commission made negative determinations in each of thethree investigations (on coated free sheet paper from China Indonesia and Korea)no new countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
bull Sunset reviews During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunsetreviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders and theCommission completed 74 reviews resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailingduty orders being continued for five additional years
xvii
bull Trade adjustment assistance In 2007 the US Department of Labor certifiedpetitions covering approximately 146592 workers A total of 1427 petitions werecertified as eligible for benefits and services and 625 petitions were denied
Preferential Trade Programs
bull Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Duty-free imports entering under theUS GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 Angola was the leading GSPbeneficiary in 2007 followed by India Thailand Brazil and Indonesia During2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a least-developed GSPbeneficiary Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP status as a result oftheir accession to the EU and the Dominican Republic was removed from the GSPprogram as a result of its accession to the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) Authorization for the GSPprogram is currently set to expire on December 31 2008
bull African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) A total of 39 sub-Saharan African(SSA) countries were designated for benefits under AGOA as of January 1 2007and 26 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefitsDuty-free US imports under AGOA including GSP were valued at $511 billionin 2007 US imports under AGOA exclusive of GSP were valued at $423 billionin 2007 a 170 percent increase from 2006 The increase in AGOA imports wasdriven mainly by increases in US imports of petroleum-related products whichmade up more than 95 percent of imports by value under AGOA This increasewas almost exclusively due to increases in prices rather than volume
bull Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) ATPA as amended by the Andean TradePromotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) provides duty-free treatment forcertain products of Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru US imports underATPA were valued at $123 billion in 2007 a decrease of 87 percent from $135billion in 2006 Imports under ATPA from each of the four beneficiary countriesdecreased in 2007 Imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in valueduring 2007 mainly because of lower petroleum production Petroleum-relatedproducts accounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 Otherleading imports under ATPA in 2007 included apparel copper cathodes fresh cutflowers and asparagus
bull Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) CBERA as expanded by theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) provides duty-free and reduced-duty treatment for certain products of designated Caribbean Basin countries In2007 articles from 19 countries and territories were eligible for CBERApreferences US imports under CBERA were valued at $55 billion in 2007 a446 percent decline from $99 billion in 2006 The decline in US imports underCBERA was due to the fact that imports from El Salvador Guatemala Hondurasand Nicaragua entered under CAFTA-DR during 2007 rather than under CBERAThe Dominican Republic was a CBERA beneficiary for only part of 2007 beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force for that country Trinidad and Tobago was theleading supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products ranked as the leading US imports under CBERA in 2007
xviii
Textiles and Apparel
bull Trade US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 totaled 531 billion squaremeter equivalents (SMEs) ($964 billion) an increase of 18 percent by volume and34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previous years 2007 was characterizedby a shift in US textile and apparel imports from Central American and SouthAmerican countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarily China butalso Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia
bull China US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billionto $323 billion This increase is mainly attributable to a $42 billion increase inUS imports of apparel articles Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were apparel and $96 billion were textiles LeadingUS apparel imports from China in 2007 included knit sweaters pullovers andvests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousers andshorts Leading imports of textiles from China included certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and certain curtains Chinarsquos share of the US importmarket expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357 percentin 2006 In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21quotas under the 2005 memorandum of understanding between the United Statesand China which established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparelproducts from China from January 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During2007 quotas filled at an average rate of 619 percent
bull AGOA ATPA and CBERA In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible forduty-free entry into the United States totaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs)under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs) under ATPAATPDEA and $927million (481 million SMEs) under CBERACBTPA For the first time since 2004the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly (28 percent) Thevolume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 under bothATPDEA (by 140 percent) and the CBTPA (by 658 percent)
bull Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Trade Partnership Encouragement(HHOPE) Act Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under theHHOPE Act in the second half of 2007 US imports of textiles and appareleligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPE Act in 2007 totaled $136 million(40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparel imports fromHaiti (the remaining imports entering under CBTPA) The CBTPA program underwhich US imports from Haiti have grown steadily in recent years has contributedto a viable apparel manufacturing sector in Haiti and created a base from which theindustry can benefit from enhanced preferences afforded by the HHOPE Act
WTO OECD and APEC
bull WTO developments The Doha Development Agenda multilateral tradenegotiations resumed on February 7 2007 only to be suspended four months laterin June The G-4 countriesmdashBrazil the EU India and the United Statesmdashmetduring June 19ndash21 2007 in an effort to reach some convergence in negotiatingpositions regarding market access for agricultural products domestic support for
xix
agricultural producers and market access for nonagricultural products Issuesraised at the WTO General Council included preferential trade arrangements smalland vulnerable economies the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of originand the Aid for Trade initiative The General Council also held its annual reviewof Chinarsquos Protocol of Accession to the WTO and its biennial review of the USJones Act legislation
bull WTO dispute settlement During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests forWTO dispute settlement consultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005and 19 in 2004 Thirteen new dispute settlement panels were established in 2007One of these panels (DS358mdashreductions or exemptions from taxes) was laterterminated when the United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlementin December 2007 and another (DS359mdash reductions or exemptions from taxes)was terminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement inFebruary 2008 Four cases involved the United States as complainant (DS358DS360Indiamdashadditional and extra duties on imports DS362ChinamdashIPRenforcement and DS363Chinamdash trading rights and distribution services foraudiovisual entertainment products) Other complainants that brought one or moredispute settlement cases in 2007 included Argentina (3) Brazil (1) the EU (3)Mexico (1) and Panama (1) Two dispute settlement panels involved the UnitedStates as respondent (DS350EUmdashldquozeroingrdquo methodology andDS365Brazilmdashdomestic support and export credit for agricultural products)Other respondents cited in one or more dispute settlement cases in 2007 includedBrazil (1) Chile (2) China (4) Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The tradeissues implicated in these cases included measures affecting antidumpingcountervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectual property rights taxmatters and measures affecting border and internal trade issues
bull OECD developments The OECD Trade Committee held several global policyforums during 2007 addressing subjects such as trade and labor market adjustmentand the international sourcing of information technology services The committeecompleted its comprehensive reviews of the economies of China and India andcontinued discussions on trade issues regarding other major nonmembereconomies
bull APEC developments During the September 2007 annual meeting APEC ministersagreed upon an Action Plan to stimulate energy efficiency and environmentalprotection in their region Also in 2007 APECrsquos Committee on Trade andInvestment agreed on measures with respect to regional and free trade agreementselectronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitary andphytosanitary measures formulated a plan aimed at reducing intra-regionaltransaction costs associated with trade developed guidelines to enhance IPRcapacity building in the region and agreed on common procedures for acquiringnew patents in member countries
FTAs in Force During 2007
bull US FTAs in force in 2007 The United States was a party to nine FTAs as ofDecember 31 2007 CAFTA-DR (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the
xx
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA(2004) the US-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) and the US-Israel FTA(1985)
bull FTA legislative developments The US Congress and the Administration agreedon a bipartisan trade deal on May 10 2007 calling for the inclusion of core laborand environmental standards among other things in the text of pending and futuretrade agreements The Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend lapsed on July 1 2007without being renewed
bull Other FTA developments The United States concluded FTA negotiations withPanama on December 19 2006 and the two parties signed the US-Panama TradePromotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 2007 The United States concluded FTAnegotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the two parties signed a bilateralFTA agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral agreementswith Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 The United States and Peru concludednegotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007 that was ratified byCongress in December 2007 and President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 The United States and Colombia concludednegotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 Howevernone of those bilateral agreements entered into force during 2007
bull US merchandise trade flows with FTA partners Total US exports of goods toFTA partners in 2007 were valued at $406 billion and accounted for 388 percentof total US exports while total US imports of goods from FTA partners werevalued at approximately $593 billion and accounted for 322 percent of total USimports The United States had an overall merchandise trade deficit with FTApartners in 2007 of $188 billion including a record high $190 billion deficit withNAFTA partners Australia Singapore and Morocco were the only FTA partnerswith whom the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
bull NAFTA developments Although NAFTA was launched on January 1 1994 thelast of its trade provisions were only fully implemented on January 1 2008 In2007 US two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) with NAFTApartners totaled $855 billion a 52 percent increase over 2006
bull NAFTA dispute settlement Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designedto protect cross-border investors and facilitate the settlement of investmentdisputes In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases against the United Statesby Canadian investors There were also six active chapter 11 cases by USinvestors against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases by US investors againstMexico Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review bya binational panel of final determinations made by national investigatingauthorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases At the end of 2007 theNAFTA Secretariat listed 12 active binational panels under chapter 19 The twobinational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged US agenciesrsquodeterminations on products from Mexico
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus the Czech Republic1
Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia LithuaniaLuxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania the Slovak Republic Slovenia SpainSweden and the United Kingdom
xxi
Trade Activities with Major Trading Partners
European Union
bull The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner1
behind the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandise trade with the EU totaled $5785 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU were valued at$2263 billion in 2007 and US imports of goods from the EU were valued at$3522 billion resulting in a US merchandise trade deficit with the EU of $1259billion in 2007 Leading US exports to the EU during the year included aircraftand aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions and gold LeadingUS imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger cars petroleumderivatives and nucleic acids and their salts
bull There were several active WTO dispute settlement proceedings during 2007 inwhich both the United States and the EU were parties either as the complainantor the respondent Four of these cases involved alleged subsidies to their respectivecivil aircraft industries The United States and EU also created the TransatlanticEconomic Council to guide efforts to lower US and EU barriers to trade andinvestment
Canada
bull Canada was the second-largest export market for US goods in 2007 following theEU and the largest single-country trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $5256 billion US merchandise exports toCanada were valued at $2131 billion in 2007 and US merchandise imports fromCanada were valued at $3125 billion resulting in a $994 billion US merchandisetrade deficit with Canada in 2007 Leading US exports to Canada during the yearincluded passenger and transport motor vehicles parts and accessories for motorvehicles and energy products such as natural gas and crude oils Leading USimports from Canada in 2007 included natural gas and crude oils and passengermotor vehicles
bull The United States and Canada conducted bilateral discussions on a number ofagricultural issues during 2007 notably the resumption of livestock tradefollowing concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and theliberalization of Canadian restrictions on imports of bulk shipments of potatoesThe United States also requested consultations with Canada under the US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement signed in September 2006 to resolve concernsregarding Canadarsquos implementation of several provisions The two countries alsoimplemented a bilateral air service agreement that removes remaining restrictionson civil aviation services between the two countries
xxii
China
bull China was the second-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3838 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to China were valued at $610 billion and US merchandiseimports from China were valued at $3231 billion resulting in a $2621 billionUS merchandise trade deficit with China in 2007 accounting for 292 percent ofthe US global merchandise trade deficit in that year Leading US exports toChina included airplanes soybeans electronic integrated circuits and copper andaluminum waste and scrap Leading US imports from China included computersand their parts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games andfootwear
bull US-China bilateral trade relations in 2007 focused on IPR enforcement productsafety and market access for goods and services in China as well as the twocountriesrsquo global trade imbalances
Mexico
bull Mexico was the third-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3296 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Mexico were valued at $1194 billion and USmerchandise imports from Mexico were valued at $2102 billion resulting in a$908 billion US merchandise trade deficit with Mexico Leading US exports toMexico included machinery and transportation equipment Leading US importsfrom Mexico included crude oils and motor vehicles
bull On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project which permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operate throughout the United States for one year
Japan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Japan totaled $2030 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Japan were valued at $581 billion and US merchandiseimports from Japan totaled $1449 billion resulting in an $868 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Japan in 2007 Leading US exports to Japanincluded airplanes and other aircraft corn parts of airplanes or helicoptersmachines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices orelectronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinerytelevision cameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxesand parts for motor vehicles
bull The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth continues to serve as theprimary forum for trade and economic dialogue between the two countries In2007 discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan andderegulation of Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific
xxiii
reforms such as certification of communications equipment and air transportrestrictions
Korea
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Korea totaled $784 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Korea were valued at $330 billion and US merchandiseimports from Korea totaled $454 billion resulting in a $123 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Korea Leading US exports to Korea includedcomputer chips aircraft and machines and mechanical appliances havingindividual functions (mostly semiconductor production machinery) Leading USimports from Korea included automobiles cellular telephones computer chips andcomputer parts and accessories (mainly memory modules)
bull US-Korea trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations andnegotiations over US beef exports to Korea which had been suspended becauseof Korean concerns with BSE
Taiwan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Taiwan totaled $625 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Taiwan were valued at $245 billion and US merchandiseimports from Taiwan totaled $381 billion resulting in a $145 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Taiwan in 2007 Leading US exports to Taiwanin 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading USimports from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatusfor radiotelephony reception apparatus for television computer parts andnavigational and remote control radar machines
bull During the sixth session of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement inJuly 2007 US-Taiwan negotiations focused on IPR enforcement in Taiwan USaccess to Taiwanrsquos beef market and Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
India
bull US two-way merchandise trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to India were valued at $163 billion and US merchandiseimports from India totaled $239 billion resulting in a $76 billion merchandisetrade deficit with India in 2007 Leading US exports to India during the yearincluded aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India included nonindustrial diamonds articles ofjewelry and parts of precious metals (excluding silver) and womenrsquos or girlsrsquocotton blouses shirts and blouses (not knitted or crocheted)
xxiv
bull During 2007 India resumed shipments of mangoes to the US market ending an18-year bilateral trade dispute under the condition that the mangoes undergoirradiation in India to eliminate pests
Table ES1 provides a summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis forthe year 2007
xxv
TABLE ES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities
January
1-Bulgaria and Romania become EU membersand are no longer designated as beneficiarydeveloping countries under theUS GSPprogram
8-Canada requests WTO consultations with theUnited States regarding US domestic supportmeasures for corn and other agriculturalproducts
8-Chiles status is elevated to ldquopriority watch listrdquofrom ldquowatch listrdquo as the result of an out-of-cycleSpecial 301 review of intellectual propertyprotections
10-The State Department certifies Madagascarand recertifies Nigeria as eligible to export wildshrimp to the United States
16-The EU lifts its restrictions requiring importedUS corn gluten feed and brewers grain to becertified as free of the genetically modifiedorganism Bt10
16-The United States appeals a WTO disputepanel ruling that found that the United Statesfailed to comply with an earlier panel rulingfaulting US sunset review procedures inantidumping cases
25-The United States and Uruguay sign a Tradeand Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
26-The United States and Mexico sign a customscooperation agreement to implement the apparelcumulation provisions of CAFTA-DR
30-A WTO panel upholds Ecuadors claim thatthe US Department of Commerce violated WTOantidumping rules by using ldquozeroingrdquo in itsoriginal investigation on imports of shrimp fromEcuador
February
2-The United States requests dispute settlementconsultations with China over prohibitedsubsidies
2-Canada announces that it will no longer requiretesting for bluetongue in cattle sheep and goatsimported from the United States
16-The United States and Liberia sign a TIFA
FebruarymdashContinued
16-The United States signs an agreement withJapan to facilitate trade in telecommunicationsequipment
16-Japan suspends imports of beef from aLexington Nebraska plant for potential violationof joint import rules
23-A US district court rules that an Illinois lawprohibiting certain investments in companiesdoing business in or with Sudan isunconstitutional
March
1-CAFTA-DR enters into force for the DominicanRepublic
2-Japan suspends imports of sausages from aCalifornia meat packer based on the suspicionthat the products contained banned USprocessed beef
6-The United States requests WTO disputesettlement consultations with India over customsduties India imposes on imports of wine anddistilled spirits
19-The United States and Vietnam beginnegotiations on a TIFA
20-President Bush signs a proclamationimplementing legislation that provides tradebenefits for Haiti under the HHOPE Act
30-The US Department of Commerceannounces its preliminary decision to apply UScountervailing duty law to imports from ChinaThis is the first time countervailing duties will beimposed on imports from a nonmarket economy
30-The United States requests formalconsultations with Canada under a disputeresolution mechanism in the 2006 US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement to discussCanadian compliance with several provisions ofthe pact
April
1-The United States and Korea completenegotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA)
xxvi
AprilndashContinued
10-The United States requests disputesettlement consultations with China regardingdeficiencies in Chinarsquos intellectual property rights(IPR) laws and market access barriers tocopyright-based industries
12-The WTO Appellate Body circulates its reportupholding a US statute concerning the USantidumping ldquosunsetrdquo review of oil country tubulargoods from Argentina
17-The EU announces an expansion of thenumber of products from the United States thatwill be subject to retaliatory import duties as aresult of increased payments to US firms underthe Byrd amendment which has been ruledinconsistent with WTO rules
30-Thailand and Chile are added to the USTRrsquosSpecial 301 priority watch list of countries that donot adequately protect IPR Brazil is removed
30-The United States and the EU agree on aframework to promote greater regulatorycooperation to facilitate transatlantic trade
May
1-First shipment of mangoes from India in 18years enters the United States under a 2006US-India agreement to irradiate mangoes priorto entry into the US market
10-The USTR and Congress announce abipartisan agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards among other things topending US FTAs
10-The EU requests the establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to challenge 40 USantidumping measures that the EU says arebased on the zeroing methodology used inUS antidumping investigations
23-Customs officials from the United States andChina sign an agreement strengthening theenforcement of intellectual property laws
25-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel challengingIndiarsquos duties on wine and spirits and otherimports from the United States
June
4-The United States submits a paper to the WTONegotiating Group on Rules proposing thatcertain trade-distorting subsidies be prohibited
JunendashContinued
8-Canada requests the establishment of a WTOdispute settlement panel to rule whether theUnited States violated WTO rules by providingexcessive subsidies to its farmers as well asillegal agricultural export subsidies
14-The United States and Rwanda launch formalnegotiations on a Bilateral Investment Treaty
20-Antigua and Barbuda announces that it willseek authorization from the WTO to imposemore than $34 billion in annual trade sanctionsagainst the United States for its failure to complywith a WTO ruling against US restrictions onInternet gambling
20-The United States and Georgia sign a TIFA
21-The United States and Vietnam sign a TIFA
25-The United States and Peru agree onamendments to the US-Peru Trade PromotionAgreement (TPA) pursuant to the May 10 2007US agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards
27-Peru ratifies the amended US-Peru TPA
28-The United States and Colombia agree onamendments to the US-Colombia TPA pursuantto the May 10 2007 US agreement to add corelabor and environmental standards
28-The United States and Panama sign abilateral FTA
28-The United States terminates GSP duty-freebenefits for certain products from Brazil CocirctedIvoire India the Philippines Thailand andVenezuela
30-The United States and Korea sign a bilateralFTA
30-President Bush signs legislation to extendATPA duty-free benefits for Bolivia ColombiaEcuador and Peru
July
1-The Presidents Trade Promotion Authorityexpires
3-The Indian government announces that it willlift a tariff on imports of wines beer and spiritsthat is the subject of a WTO dispute settlementcomplaint
xxvii
JulyndashContinued
11-Brazil files a request for WTO disputesettlement consultations relating to US supportand export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts paid to US farmers
11-Panama ratifies the US-Panama TPA
24-The United States and Mexico request aWTO dispute settlement panel challenging Chinese subsidies
August
13-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel to resolveclaims that the Chinese IPR legal regime fails toadequately protect and enforce US copyrightsand trademarks
14-NAFTA trade ministers meet and agree onrules-of-origin changes to be implemented in2008
September
6-US-Mexican Cross-Border Trucking Programbegins satisfying provisions under NAFTA
14-China requests WTO dispute settlementconsultations relating to preliminary USantidumping and countervailing duties imposedon imports of Chinese coated free sheet paper(glossy paper)
21-A WTO dispute settlement panel report iscirculated that agrees with US claims thatTurkeyrsquos measures on imported rice areinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos WTO obligations
28-US duties for certain goods imported fromMexico are eliminated under NAFTA
28-President Bush signs legislation extending thetrade adjustment assistance program for threemonths
October
2-The United States establishes the ValidatedEnd-User program for India to increase securehigh-tech trade with India
8-Costa Rica approves CAFTA-DR in a nationalreferendum
16-President Bush signs a bill boosting penaltiesfor violations of export control regulations
OctoberndashContinued
30-Colombia ratifies the amended US-ColombiaTPA
November
1-The United States and Canada implement anarrangement concerning trade in potatoes
8-Brazil and Canada request establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to considerwhether the United States violated WTO rules byproviding excessive subsidies to US farmers
14-The United States and Libya agree toestablish a formal body that will meet annually todiscuss ways to broaden bilateral commercialties
19-China agrees to terminate subsidies that theUnited States alleged were inconsistent underWTO rules
21-The United States and Japan finalize anagreement to facilitate trade intelecommunications equipment and harmonizecertification requirements
28-A NAFTA panel rejects the US Departmentof Commerces use of ldquozeroingrdquo in calculatingdumping margins
30-The United States and the EU propose toincrease global trade in technologies that inhibitclimate change by eliminating tariffs and otherbarriers
December
4-Congress completes ratification of the US-Peru TPA
5-The United States and Paraguay agree toexpand coverage of GSP duty-free benefits toinclude certified handicrafts
11-The US Department of Commerce andChinarsquos Ministry of Commerce sign the ldquoGuidelines for US-China High Technology andStrategic Trade Developmentrdquo
11-The United States and China sign twoagreements on food and feed import safety anddrug and medical device import safety
12- The United States and China conclude amemorandum of understanding on illegal loggingand associated trade
xxviii
DecemberndashContinued
14-President Bush signs the US-Peru TPAImplementation Act
17-The United States reaches agreement withthe EU at the WTO on compensation for Internetgambling
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theCAFTA-DR textile rules of origin
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theUS-Chile FTA and the US-Singapore FTArules of origin
31-President Bush signs into law the SudanAccountability and Divestment Act of 2007
Sources Compiled from multiple USgovernment sources including US Departmentof Agriculture US Department of CommerceUS Department of Labor US InternationalTrade Commission US Department of Stateand the White House Other sources includeBureau of National Affairs International TradeDaily and US Chamber of Commerce
This is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress under section 163(c) of the1
Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation According to the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) GDP growth in 2007 was the weakest since2
2002 The change is associated with a reorientation of the US economy away from housing investment andtoward exports and investment in business structures White House Economic Report of the PresidentFebruary 2008 25 USDOC Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) ldquoNational Economic Accountsrdquo3
A slowdown in real imports was also a factor in the positive contribution of net exports to the growth of4
GDP during the year Net exports added almost a percentage point to US GDP growth in the second half of2007 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 17
1-1
CHAPTER 1Overview of US Trade
Scope and Approach of the Report
This report provides factual information on the operation of the US trade agreementsprogram and its administration for calendar year 2007 The trade agreement activities1
during 2007 include the administration of US trade laws and regulations US participationin the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum USnegotiation of and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and bilateral developmentswith major trading partners
The report is based on primary source materials on US trade programs and administrativeactions thereunder including US government Federal Register notices publications andpress releases by the US International Trade Commission (USITC or the Commission) andother US government agencies Other primary sources of information include publicationsof international institutions including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the OECDthe WTO and official publications of foreign governments Professional journals tradepublications and news reports are used to provide supplemental factual information whenprimary source information is unavailable
The data provided throughout the report are on merchandise trade except for chapter 1which also includes data on services trade as compiled by the Commission primarily fromthe US Census Bureau of the US Department of Commerce as well as the United Nations(UN) and the IMF
Overview of the US Economy in 2007
The expansion of the US economy continued for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 butgrowth was slower than in previous years Real US gross domestic product (GDP)2
increased by 22 percent in 2007 compared with 29 percent growth in 2006 Personal3
consumption expenditures exports nonresidential structures and state and local4
government spending were leading components of the growth in 2007 The decline in realGDP growth between 2006 and 2007 primarily reflected a large decrease in residential fixed
IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 105
Economic growth slowed as a result of a weak housing sector credit tightening and high energy prices6
White House Economic Report of the President 18 The euro area includes Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg7
the Netherlands Portugal Slovenia and Spain OECD ldquoMain Economic Indicators Country Comparison Tablesrdquo April 20088
GDP growth data for the world and China are from the IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 20089
table 11 8 The OECD includes Australia Austria Belgium Canada the Czech Republic Denmark Finland10
France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico theNetherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal the Slovak Republic Spain Sweden SwitzerlandTurkey the United Kingdom and the United States USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter11
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo These data cover exchange rates for the 2007 calendar year Data analyzedby the Federal Reserve covered January 2007 through February 21 2008 Those data show that the nominaltrade-weighted exchange value of the dollar against major currencies depreciated by more than 10 percentduring that period Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to theCongress 33 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 3312
1-2
investment a downturn in private inventory investment and a decline in equipment andsoftware expenditures that were partly offset by a decline in imports The decline in the UShousing market which began in 2006 continued to be a drag on economic activity in 20075
The quarterly pattern of real GDP growth in 2007 was uneven with relatively strongergrowth in the second and third quarters and relatively weaker growth in the first and fourthquarters GDP growth slowed sharply in the fourth quarter of 2007 increasing only at anannual rate of 06 percent after posting a 49 percent annual rate in the third quarter6
Despite slower growth in 2007 the US economy recorded growth that either equaled orexceeded that of some other major industrialized countries and areas including the euro area(22 percent) and Japan (18 percent) However US economic growth was below the7 8
world average GDP growth rate of 52 percent as well as that of Canada (29 percent)9
Mexico (38 percent) China (115 percent) and the OECD (29 percent)10
Exchange-Rate Trends
The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearly average basisagainst a group of major currencies (figure 11) It generally depreciated during the year11
against the Canadian dollar the euro the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen with thelargest depreciation occurring against the Canadian dollar Short-term fluctuations in thedollar-yuan exchange rate continued to be small with the dollarrsquos rate of depreciationaccelerating against the yuan in late 2007 Despite the fluctuations during the year the12
US dollar ended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexicanpeso and the British pound
USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter13
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo The balance on income is income receipts (including income receipts on US-owned assets abroad and14
compensation of US employees abroad) less income payments (including income payments onforeign-owned assets in the United States and compensation of foreign employees in the United States)
1-3
Figure 11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar daily
2007a
Source US Federal Reserve Board
Units of the foreign currency per unit of the US dollar A decrease in the index represents a depreciation in thea
US dollar relative to the foreign currency and an increase in the index represents an appreciation of the US dollarrelative to the foreign currency
Balance of Payments
The US current account deficitmdashthe combined balances on trade in goods and servicesincome and net current unilateral transfersmdashdecreased from $8115 billion in 2006 to$7386 billion in 2007 As a share of US GDP the current account deficit was 53 percent13
in 2007 down from 62 percent in 2006 The decrease was accounted for by increases in thesurpluses on income and services as well as a decrease in the deficit on goods The deficiton trade in goods decreased from $8383 billion in 2006 to $8154 billion in 2007 Thebalance on income increased from a surplus of $366 billion in 2006 to a surplus of $74314
billion in 2007
Services trade data are reported here on a balance of payments (BOP) basis for purposes of comparison15
with merchandise trade figures BOP data include trade in private services as well as transfers under USmilitary agency sales contracts and US government purchases of miscellaneous services USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsndashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo table 1 US trade in services is described in greater detail below16
The main components of the financial account are capital transfers foreign direct investment portfolio17
investment banking and other flows statistical discrepancies and official reserve assets USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods and Servicesrdquo18
The Census basis data for goods (used elsewhere in this report) are compiled from the documents19
collected by the US Customs Service and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the50 states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the US Virgin Islands and US foreign trade zones Dataon goods compiled on a Census basis are adjusted by the USDOC BEA to a BOP basis to bring the data inline with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national accounts Theseadjustments are made to supplement coverage of the Census basis data to eliminate duplication oftransactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts and to value transactions according to astandard definition For a more detailed discussion of the differences between BOP basis and Census basisdata see USDOC BEA ldquoInformation on Goods and Servicesrdquo in USDOC BEA ldquoInternational EconomicAccountsrdquo December 2007 BOP trade data in this section of the report may not match data in other sectionsor in the report appendix because of adjustments made to the data by the sources cited White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 3520
USDOC US Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods21
and Services December 2007rdquo February 14 2008
1-4
The trade surplus on services increased from $797 billion in 2006 to $1069 billion in2007 Exports of services increased to $4792 billion in 2007 from $4226 billion in 200615
and more than half of the increase was accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo privateservices which includes business professional and technical services insurance servicesand financial services There were also increased exports of travel royalties and licensefees and ldquootherrdquo transportation which includes freight and port services Imports ofservices increased from $3428 billion in 2006 to $3723 billion in 2007 with more than halfof the increase accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo private services Net financial16
account payments (outflows) were $12 trillion in 2007 up from $11 trillion in 200617
Trade in Goods and Services
The US foreign trade deficit for goods and services in 2007 was $7086 billion (51 percentof GDP) down from a deficit in 2006 of $7585 billion (57 percent of GDP) US exports18
of goods and services on a seasonally adjusted US balance-of-payments (BOP) basis19
were valued at $16284 billion in 2007 with imports of goods and services valued at$23369 billion Exports of services increased in 2007 but at a slower pace than in theprevious year The pace of the increase in the exports of goods and services reflected theeconomic growth of US trading partners expanded domestic production capacity andexchange-rate trends20
Largely as a result of higher petroleum prices US spending on petroleum imports increasedduring 2007 resulting in an increase in the petroleum products deficit from $2709 billionin 2006 to $2935 billion in 2007 Imports of petroleum accounted for 142 percent of total21
imports by value in 2007 and the petroleum products deficit represented 412 percent ofthe total US deficit on trade in goods and services in 2007 US trade in goods and servicesis discussed in more detail below
Merchandise trade data in this section do not match the seasonally adjusted BOP basis data presented22
above because of adjustments made to the data as described in footnote 19 US exports have been helped by rising foreign incomes the expansion of production in the United23
States and changes in exchange rates White House Economic Report of the President 20 US trade in services is described in greater detail below24
1-5
US Trade in Goods in 2007
US merchandise exports increased to $10464 billion (76 percent of GDP) in 2007 from$9295 billion (70 percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) US merchandise imports22
increased to $19429 billion (140 percent of GDP) in 2007 from $18451 billion (140percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) Exports increased more rapidly than imports for thesecond year in a row with exports increasing by 156 percent over the 2005ndash06 period and126 percent over the 2006ndash07 period and imports increasing 110 percent and 53 percentduring the same two periods23
US Merchandise Trade by Product Category24
Exports
Machinery and transport equipment ranked as the largest US export by StandardInternational Trade Classification (SITC) group in 2007 (appendix table A1) US exportsof machinery and transport equipment were valued at $4627 billion in 2007 accounting for442 percent of total US exports during the year and grew by 92 percent from $4238billion in 2006 Almost three quarters of the total increase in exports in 2007 wereaccounted for by increased US exports of machinery and transport equipment chemicalsand related products food and live animals and crude materials (except fuels) None of theSITC groups registered a decline in exports from 2006 to 2007
Imports
All SITC groups of US imports increased from 2006 to 2007 (appendix table A1) As inrecent years machinery and transport equipment was the largest US import group by SITCcode in 2007 US imports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $7391billion in 2007 an increase of 43 percent over imports of $7086 billion in 2006 andaccounted for 380 percent of total US imports in 2007 Increased US imports ofmachinery and transport equipment and mineral fuels lubricants and related materialsrepresented over half of the total increase in imports in 2007
US imports under the four preferential trade programs with developing countries totaled$909 billion in 2007 and accounted for 47 percent of total US imports during the yearDuty-free imports totaled $308 billion (appendix table A12) under the Generalized Systemof Preferences (GSP) program $423 billion (excluding GSP imports) under the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) (appendix tables A13 and A14) and $123 billion
See chap 2 of this report for additional information25
Leading US exports to and imports from these partners are presented in appendix tables A22 through26
A44 Data in table 12 may not match with those in appendix tables A22 through A44 because ofadjustments made to the data Global expansion was strong in the first half of 2007 with turbulence in financial markets setting in27
during the last half of the year IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 xiv USDOC USCB ldquoInternational Economic Accountsrdquo February 14 200828
1-6
Figure 12 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce
under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) (appendix tables A15 and A16) Inaddition imports that entered duty free or at reduced rates under the Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act (CBERA) totaled $55 billion (appendix tables A17 and A18)During 2007 as in the past increased US imports under AGOA reflected the increasedvalue of petroleum imports primarily from the three leading exporters of oil underAGOAmdashNigeria Angola and Gabon25
US Merchandise Trade with Leading Partners
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners Canada and Mexico togetherremain the largest US global market for exports and imports followed by the EuropeanUnion (EU) (table 11) Figures 13 and 14 show leading US export and import markets26
by share in 2007
Foreign economic growth continued to be generally strong in 2007 aiding US export growthduring the year As shown above US exports increased by 126 percent while US27
imports increased by 53 percent over the 2006ndash07 period US exports to major trading28
partners Canada Japan and Korea continued to grow faster than imports from thosecountries during the year
1-7
Total $10464 billion
TABLE 11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balanceTwo-way
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
EU-27 2263 3522 -1259 5784
Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
China 610 3231 -2621 3841
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3296
Japan 581 1449 -868 2030
Korea 330 454 -124 784
Taiwan 245 381 -135 626
Brazil 217 250 -33 467
India 163 239 -76 402
Russia 67 191 -125 258
South Africa 52 91 -39 143
World 10464 19429 -8965 29893
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Figure 13 Leading US export markets by share 2007
Source US Department of Commerce
US bilateral trade relations with China are discussed in chap 5 of this report29
1-8
Figure 14 Leading US import sources by share 2007
Total $19429 billion
Source US Department of Commerce
Canada remains the largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United Statesfollowed by China and Mexico China alone accounted for 292 percent of the total USmerchandise trade deficit of $8965 billion in 2007 and Canada and Mexico togetheraccounted for 211 percent of the deficit The US trade deficit with China rose from $2354billion in 2006 to $2621 billion in 2007 despite the fact that US exports to China grewfaster (an increase of 182 percent over 2006) than US imports from China (an increase of126 percent over 2006) 29
This section focuses primarily on cross-border services transactions in private services which exclude30
government sales and purchases of services The section presents changes from 2006 to 2007 and data on2005 are given where appropriate This section draws its services trade data from the BEA In these nationalaccounts data ldquocross-border transactionsrdquo occur when US firms and consumers sell to or purchase servicesfrom firms and consumers in another country with people information or money crossing US boundariesin the process Cross-border transactions appear explicitly as imports and exports in the balance of paymentsUS firms also provide services to foreign consumers through affiliates established in host countries with theincome generated by ldquoaffiliate transactionsrdquo appearing as investment income in the balance of payments Thechannel of delivery used by service providers depends primarily on the nature of the service For examplemany financial services such as retail banking services are supplied most effectively by affiliates locatedclose to the consumer Conversely trade in education services predominantly takes the form of cross-bordertransactions involving students studying abroad USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo US International Transactions Accounts Data Table31
3 accessed June 3 2008 The category ldquobusiness professional and technical servicesrdquo includes advertising computer and32
information services research development and testing services management consulting and publicrelations services legal services construction architectural and engineering services industrial engineeringinstallation maintenance and repair of equipment operational leasing and other miscellaneous services The category ldquofinancial servicesrdquo include non-insurance non-deposit financial services provided by33
banks and securities firms USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Yearrdquo 5 A country is said to have exported travel and tourism services when foreign nationals make purchases in34
that country during a visit of less than one year The value of tourism exports is measured by the totalexpenditures of foreign visitors irrespective of the purpose of the visit be it leisure recreation business orother activities Expenditures on transportation services between countries such as airfare and directspending on education or health care services are excluded from the measure of tourism exports InternationalMonetary Fund Balance of Payments Manual
1-9
US Trade in Services in 200730
Figure 15 shows US private cross-border services trade with the world from 2005 through2007 US private services exports increased from $4043 billion in 2006 to $4622 billion31
in 2007 an increase of 143 percent and US private services imports increased from$3078 billion in 2006 to $3353 billion in the same period an increase of 89 percent
US Services Trade by Product Category
The US surplus in cross-border private services trade increased by 315 percent to $1269billion in 2007 marking the fourth consecutive yearly increase and the largest annualincrease ever reported Numerous services accounted for the surge in the services tradesurplus most notably in the business professional and technical services and financial32
services categories33
Exports
Travel ranked as the largest US cross-border private services export increasing by 13334
percent to $971 billion in 2007 and accounting for 21 percent of total US exports(appendix table A2) This increase was consistent with the recovery of the US tourismindustry since 2004 following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 112001 Increased travel exports reflect strong economic growth in leading overseas
Typically these 5 markets include Mexico Canada the United Kingdom Japan and Germany EIU35
ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and Tourism Forecastrdquo Ibid36
EIU ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The Weak Dollar Lures Visitorsrdquo37
1-10
Figure 15 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website ldquoPrivate ServiceTransactionsrdquo
markets for tourism services and a decline in the value of the US dollar Other large35 36
US services export categories in 2007 were royalties and license fees and businessprofessional and technical services which increased by 144 and 184 percent over 2006 to$713 billion and $561 billion respectively Exports of financial services experienced themost rapid growth among all categories of US private services growing by 221 percentto $453 billion in 2007
Imports
Travel also ranked as the largest category of US private cross-border imports increasingby 61 percent from $720 billion in 2006 to $764 billion in 2007 representing 227 percentof total services imports (appendix table A3) The measured pace of this increase relativeto exports may be attributable to a decline in the value of the US dollar and increased oilprices Other significant categories for US imports of services in 2007 were freight37
transportation which totaled $456 billion and insurance services which totaled $380
1-11
billion While travel freight transportation and insurance were the largest US privateservices import categories in terms of value imports in two categoriesmdashbusinessprofessional and technical services and financial servicesmdashexperienced the most significantgrowth in 2007 increasing by 339 and 393 percent to $212 billion and $118 billionrespectively
US Services Trade With Leading Partners
Table 12 shows US services trade with major trading partners for 2007 The EU was boththe United Statesrsquo largest export market and largest import supplier accounting for 355percent of total US services exports and 393 percent of total US services imports (figures16 and 17) Canada and Japan followed the EU as the second and third most significantmarkets for US services trade in 2007 In addition to a large regional trade surplus withthe EU ($325 billion) the United States maintained large bilateral services trade surpluseswith Canada ($209 billion) Japan ($184 billion) Mexico ($82 billion) and Korea ($57billion) In marked contrast to the large US deficit in goods trade with China as shownabove the United States recorded a services trade surplus of $50 billion with China in 2007
TABLE 12 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 (million dollars)
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balance
EU-27 a 164311 131771 32540
Canada 46566 25687 20879
Japan 43462 25016 18446
Mexico 24221 16070 8151
China 13083 8090 4993
Korea 12385 6685 5700
Australia 9755 6239 3516
Brazil 8711 3126 5585
India 8211 7331 880
Taiwan 8031 7172 859
Other 123498 98116 25382
World 462234 335303 126931
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis website ldquoUS Economic Accountsrdquo
Note Data are preliminary estimates
EU-27 also includes data from the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Investment Bank Ina
addition data for 2007 include Bulgaria and Romania
1-12
2-1
CHAPTER 2Administration of US Trade Laws andRegulations
This chapter surveys activities related to the administration of US trade laws during 2007It covers import relief laws unfair trade laws programs affecting textile and apparelimports and certain other trade provisions including the US Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP) the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) the Andean TradePreference Act (ATPA) the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) and theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)
Import Relief Laws
Safeguard Actions
This section covers only safeguard actions under provisions administered by the USITCincluding global safeguards provided for in sections 201ndash204 of the Trade Act of 1974China safeguards provided for in section 421 of the Trade Act of 1974 and safeguardsprovided for in various bilateral free trade agreements involving the United StatesSafeguard actions under provisions administered by other US government agencies suchas the China textile safeguard actions by the US Department of Commerce (Commerce)are described later in this chapter
The USITC did not conduct any safeguard investigations during 2007 no safeguardmeasures under provisions administered by the USITC were in place during calendar year2007 and no safeguard petitions filed under these provisions were pending before theUSITC at the end of 2007
Adjustment Assistance
The United States maintains a trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program for the purposeof assisting workers firms and farmers dislocated as a result of federal policies that reducedbarriers to foreign trade The program for workers is administered by the US Secretary ofLabor the program for firms by the US Secretary of Commerce and the program forfarmers by the US Secretary of Agriculture The eligibility requirements benefits andprocedures for the program are set forth in Parts 2 3 and 6 respectively of Title II of theTrade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2271-2401) Program benefits available forqualifying petitioning workers consist principally of trade readjustment allowancesemployment services training and job search and relocation allowances Program benefitsfor qualifying petitioning firms consist of technical assistance Program benefits forpetitioning farmers or agricultural commodity producers (including livestock producers) are
Petitions may be filed by a group of three or more workers by a company official by ldquoOne-Stoprdquo1
operators or partners (including state employment security agencies and dislocated worker units) or by aunion or other duly authorized representative of such workers The workers on whose behalf a petition isfiled must be or have been employed at the firm or subdivision identified in the petition A completedpetition describes a group of workers working at a specific location for a specific company producing aspecific product or group of products If the group of workers described in the petition is certified thecertification will cover all workers in the group whether or not their names are on the petition USDepartment of Labor ETA Web site section ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and AlternativeAdjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processrdquo The number of petitions certified for benefits and services and petitions denied will not add up to the2
total number of petitions received because the numbers do not reflect petitions that were terminated prior to adetermination and petitions in which a determination was made in the following fiscal year For workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA the Secretary of Labor must determine that3
workers in a firm have become or are threatened to become totally or partially separated that the firmrsquossales or production has decreased absolutely and that increases in like or directly competitive importedproducts contributed importantly to the total or partial separation and to the decline in the firmrsquos sales orproduction Workers certified for TAA are provided with a certification of eligibility and may apply for TAAbenefits at the nearest office of the State Employment Security Agency For further information see USDOLETA ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) ApplicationProcessrdquo USDA FAS ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistancerdquo4
httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataaasp (accessed May 20 2008)
2-2
generally in the form of cash payments based on a formula related to commodity prices andlimited to a maximum of $10000 per producer in any 12-month period
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
The US Department of Labor (USDOL) received 2218 TAA petitions during fiscal year1
(FY) 2007 (October 1 2006 through September 30 2007) (table 21) The FY 2007 figurerepresents a decrease from the 2495 TAA petitions received in FY 2006 Table 21 showsthe results of TAA petitions determinations during FY 2006 and FY 2007 In FY 2007 atotal of 1443 petitions were certified as eligible for benefits and services and 614 petitionswere denied a decrease from 1447 petitions certified and from 830 petitions denied in FY2006 A total of 146480 workers were certified for TAA benefits and services in FY 20072 3
This was an increase from the 119605 workers certified in FY 2006 Table 22 presents dataon benefits and services provided under the TAA program There were 47048 new TAArecipients in FY 2007 compared to 53491 new recipients in FY 2006 The USDOLappropriated $855 million in TAA funding to assist workers certified as eligible to receivebenefits and services under the TAA program in FY 2007 a decrease from $966 million inFY 2006
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers
The statutory authority for the TAA for Farmers program expired on December 31 20074
Of the eight petitions filed under the TAA for Farmers program in FY 2007 none werecertified and no cash benefits were paid
Data provided to the Commission by USDOC EDA May 30 20085
2-3
TABLE 21 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007
Item
Number of TAA petitions Estimated number of workers covereda
FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2006 FY 2007
Petitions certified for benefits and services(full and partial certifications) 1447 1443 119605 146680
Petitions denied 830 614 49292 43741
Terminations-withdrawals 218 161 120 0
Total petitions received 2495 2218 169017 190421
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)Estimated Number of Workers Covered by Certificationsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMay 21 2008) and correspondence with Commission staff May 30 2008
The estimated number of workers covered by a certification is not an exact figure It is an estimate developed ata
the time the certification is issued A certification covers all members of the affected worker group laid off during theapproximately 3-year period covered by the certification Over the course of time additional workers may be laid offworkers who were laid off may be recalled or planned layoffs may not occur
TABLE 22 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007
Estimated number of participants
Item FY 2006 FY 2007
--------Trade Adjustment allowance benefits-----
Number of new recipients 53491 47048
Total federal allocations (million dollars) 966 855
Total state allocations (million dollars) 827 849
--Training job search and relocation services--
Number entering training 37426 49322
Number receiving a job search allowance 454 399
Number receiving a relocation allowance 531 750
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration correspondence May 30 2008
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms and Industries
In FY 2007 the Economic Development Administration (EDA) of Commerce awarded atotal of $128 million in TAA program funds to its national network of 11 Trade AdjustmentAssistance Centers (TAACs) TAACs typically sponsored by universities or nonprofitorganizations are the primary point of contact for firms during the certification andadjustment proposal processes under the TAA program EDA certified 135 petitions aseligible for the TAA for firms program and approved 126 adjustment projects during FY20075
Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(a))6
Section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(b))7
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 69 86 and 2068
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the9
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007
2-4
Laws Against Unfair Trade Practices
Section 301 Investigations
Sections 301ndash310 (generally referred to here as section 301) of the Trade Act of 1974 is theprincipal US statute for addressing foreign unfair practices affecting US exports of goodsor services Section 301 may be used to enforce US rights under bilateral and multilateraltrade agreements and also may be used to respond to unreasonable unjustifiable ordiscriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict US commerceInterested persons may petition the United States Trade Representative (USTR) toinvestigate foreign government policies or practices or the USTR may initiate aninvestigation
If the investigation involves a trade agreement and consultations do not result in asettlement section 303 of the Trade Act of 1974 requires the USTR to use the disputesettlement procedures that are available under the subject agreement If the matter is notresolved by the conclusion of the investigation section 304 of the Trade Act of 1974requires the USTR to determine whether the practices in question deny US rights under atrade agreement whether they are unjustifiable unreasonable or discriminatory andwhether they burden or restrict US commerce If the practices are determined to violate atrade agreement or to be unjustifiable the USTR must take action If the practices are6
determined to be unreasonable or discriminatory and to burden or restrict US commercethe USTR must determine whether action is appropriate and if so what action to take The7
time period for making these determinations varies according to the type of practicesalleged
Active Section 301 Cases in 2007
The section 301 case concerning the EUrsquos meat hormone directive was ongoing during2007 A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel which was established to considerwhether the EU has fully implemented the recommendations and rulings of the DisputeSettlement Body (DSB) regarding the meat hormone directive continued its work during2007 and the bilateral trade dispute remains unresolved8
New Section 301 Petitions in 2007
During 2007 the USTR also received two new section 301 petitions neither of which wassubsequently accepted for review One petition was filed by the Bipartisan China CurrencyAction Coalition a coalition of 42 members of the US House of Representatives9
According to the USTR the petition was similar to petitions that had been filed in 2004 and
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200710
For additional information see the section ldquoGlobal Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange Rate11
Regimerdquo in chap 5 of this report Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the12
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007 Ibid13
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200714
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the Film15
and Television Action Committee et al dated September 4 2007 Statement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairs regarding a16
Section 301 Petition on Canadian Film Subsidies October 19 2007 Persons who rely on IPR protection means persons involved in ldquo(A) the creation production or17
licensing of works of authorship that are copyrighted or (B) the manufacture of products that are patentedor for which there are process patentsrdquo Section 182(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(1)) A ldquomask workrdquo is a ldquoseries of related images however fixed of encodedndash (A) having or representing the18
predetermined three-dimensional pattern of metallic insulating or semiconductor material present orremoved from the layers of a semiconductor chip product and (B) in which series the relation of the imagesto one another is that each image has the pattern of the surface of one form of the semiconductor chipproductrdquoSection 901(a)(2) of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (14 USC 901(a)(2)) and Section182(d)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(2)) Section 182(d)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(4))19
2-5
2005 regarding Chinarsquos currency regime The petition alleged that the acts policies and10
practices of the government of China have resulted in a significant undervaluing of Chinarsquoscurrency The petition alleged that the exchange-rate regime that maintained the11
undervaluation of the currency violates the WTO Agreement on Subsidies andCountervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Moreover it alleged that the12
exchange-rate regime violates the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement13
After reviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review14
Another section 301 petition was filed by a coalition of workers unions trade associationscompanies and municipalities The petition alleged that numerous federal and provincial15
tax credits that are granted to firms producing film and television programs in Canadaconstitute a prohibited export subsidy that violates the WTO SCM Agreement Afterreviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review16
Special 301
The Special 301 law requires the USTR each year to identify foreign countries that denyadequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) or deny fair andequitable market access to US persons who rely on IPR protection Under the statute17
countries are considered to deny adequate and effective IPR protection if they do not allowforeign persons ldquoto secure exercise and enforce rights relating to patents process patentsregistered trademarks copyrights and mask worksrdquo Countries also are considered to deny18
fair and equitable market access if they deny access to a market for a product that isprotected by a copyright or related right patent trademark mask work trade secret or plantbreederrsquos right through the use of laws and practices that violate international agreementsor that constitute discriminatory nontariff trade barriers A country can be found to denyadequate and effective IPR protection even if it is in compliance with its obligations underthe WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPSAgreement)19
Section 182(a)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(a)(2))20
USTR 2007 Special 301 Report21
Ibid22
Ibid23
2-6
In addition the Special 301 law directs the USTR to identify so-called priority foreigncountries Priority foreign countries are countries that have the most onerous or egregious20
acts policies or practices that have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on therelevant US products Such countries must be designated as priority foreign countriesunless they are entering into good faith negotiations or making significant progress inbilateral or international negotiations to provide adequate and effective IPR protection Theidentification of a country as a priority foreign country triggers a section 301 investigationunless the USTR determines that the investigation would be detrimental to US economicinterests
In addition to identifying priority foreign countries as required by statute the USTR hasadopted a practice of naming countries to either the so-called watch list or the priority watchlist if the countriesrsquo IPR laws and practices do not provide adequate and effective IPRprotection but the deficiencies do not warrant identification of the countries as priorityforeign countries The priority watch list is for countries with significant IPR problems thatwarrant close monitoring and bilateral consultation A country that is identified on thepriority watch list may make progress and be downgraded to the watch list or removed fromany listing Alternatively a country that fails to make progress may be elevated from thewatch list to the priority watch list or from the priority watch list to the list of priorityforeign countries
In the 2007 Special 301 review the USTR examined the adequacy and effectiveness of IPRprotection in 79 countries In conducting the review the USTR focused on a wide range21
of issues and policy objectives including Internet piracy counterfeit pharmaceuticalstransshipment of pirated and counterfeit goods implementation of the TRIPS Agreementand ensuring that foreign government ministries only use legally authorized and properlylicensed business software The USTR devoted special attention to the need for significantlyimproved enforcement against counterfeiting and piracy22
In the 2007 review no countries were identified as priority foreign countries The 2007Special 301 report highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russiaboth of which were placed on the priority watch list Twelve countries altogether wereplaced on the priority watch list and 30 countries were placed on the watch list Belize andBrazil were moved from the priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPRenforcement The Bahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to improvedIPR enforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due to passageof IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removed from the watch listprincipally because the EU adopted new regulations concerning geographical indicationsfollowing an adverse WTO ruling23
19 USC 1673 et seq24
19 USC 1677b 19 CFR part 353 subpart D25
Upon the filing of a petition the Commission has 45 days to determine whether there is a reasonable26
indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury or thatthe establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reason of imports of themerchandise subject to the investigation This is known as the preliminary phase of the investigation If theCommission makes an affirmative determination the USDOC continues its investigation and makespreliminary and final determinations concerning whether the imported merchandise is being or is likely tobe sold at LTFV If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping determination the Commission has 45days to make its final injury determination If the Commissionrsquos reasonable indication or preliminary phasedetermination is negative both the Commission and Commerce terminate further investigation Data reported here and in the following two sections (ldquoCountervailing Duty Investigationsrdquo and27
ldquoReviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty OrdersSuspension Agreementsrdquo) reflect thetotal number of investigations In other Commission reports these data are grouped by product because thesame investigative team and all of the parties participate in a single grouped proceeding and the Commissiongenerally produces one report and issues one opinion containing its separate determinations for eachinvestigation
2-7
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Reviews
Antidumping Investigations
The US antidumping law is contained in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended24
The antidumping law provides relief in the form of special additional duties that areintended to offset margins of dumping Antidumping duties are imposed when (1)Commerce the administering authority has determined that imports are being or are likelyto be sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United States and (2) the Commission hasdetermined that a US industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury orthat the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reasonof such imports Most investigations are conducted on the basis of a petition filed withCommerce and the Commission by or on behalf of a US industry
In general imports are considered to be sold at LTFV when the US price (ie the purchaseprice or the exporterrsquos sales price as adjusted) is less than the foreign market value whichis usually the home-market price or in certain cases the price in a third country or aconstructed value calculated as set out by statute The antidumping duty is calculated to25
equal the difference between the US price and the foreign-market value The duty specifiedin an antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found by Commerce during its periodof investigation This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports from the specifiedproducersexporters in the subject country and may be subsequently adjusted following anappropriate review
Commerce and the Commission each conduct preliminary and final antidumpinginvestigations in making their separate determinations The Commission instituted 33 new26
antidumping investigations and completed 8 investigations during 2007 In 200727
antidumping duties were imposed in two of those investigations as a result of affirmativeCommission determinationsrsquo on certain activated carbon from China and polyester staplefiber from China (table 23)
An antidumping investigation may be suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the28
imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports ofthe merchandise to the United States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation maybe suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to eliminate completely the injurious effect of exports of thesubject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted if LTFV sales recur See19 USC 1673c A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed directly or indirectly by any country dependency29
colony province or other political subdivision on the manufacture production or export of products See 19USC 1677(5) and 1677-1(a) A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended if the government of the subsidizing country or30
exporters accounting for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under investigation agree toeliminate the subsidy to completely offset the net subsidy or to cease exports of the merchandise to theUnited States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation may be suspended if thegovernment of the subsidizing country or exporters agree to eliminate completely the injurious effect ofexports of the subject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted ifsubsidization recurs See 19 USC 1671c
2-8
TABLE 23 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007Country Product Range of duty
PercentChina Certain activated carbon 6195 to 22811China Certain polyester staple fiber de minimis to 4430Source Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices
Details on all antidumping investigations active at the Commission during 2007 arepresented in appendix table A4 A list of all antidumping duty orders including suspensionagreements in effect as of the end of the year is presented in appendix table A528
Countervailing Duty Investigations
The US countervailing duty law is also set forth in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 asamended It provides for the levying of special additional duties to offset foreign subsidieson products imported into the United States In general procedures for such investigations29
are similar to those under the antidumping law Petitions are filed with Commerce (theadministering authority) and with the Commission Before a countervailing duty order canbe issued Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy and the Commission must makean affirmative determination of material injury threat of material injury or materialretardation by reason of the subsidized imports
The Commission instituted seven new countervailing duty investigations and completedthree investigations during 2007 However because the Commission made negativedeterminations in each of the three investigations (on coated free sheet paper from ChinaIndonesia and Korea) no countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
A list of the countervailing duty investigations active at the Commission during 2007 ispresented in appendix table A6 and a list of all countervailing duty orders includingsuspension agreements in effect at the end of the year is presented in appendix table A730
19 USC 1675c31
Two of these reviews were subsequently terminated and the outstanding orders revoked because a32
domestic industry did not request that they be continued The two revoked antidumping duty ordersconcerned automotive replacement glass windshields from China and individually quick frozen redraspberries from Chile In addition the review of the countervailing duty order on low enriched uraniumfrom France was terminated and the outstanding order revoked because of an amended final negativedetermination by the US Department of Commerce For detailed information on reviews instituted as well as Commission action in all reviews see USITC33
web site section ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo 19 USC 133734
Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the35
importation of articles into the United States or in the sale of imported articles the threat or effect of whichis to destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry to prevent the establishment of an industry or to
(continued)
2-9
Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing DutyOrdersSuspension Agreements
Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires Commerce if requested to conduct annualreviews of outstanding countervailing duty and antidumping duty orders to determine theamount of any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine compliance with suspensionagreements Section 751 also authorizes Commerce and the Commission as appropriate toreview certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving information or apetition that shows changed circumstances Under this procedure the party seekingrevocation or modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty order or suspensionagreement has the burden of persuading Commerce and the Commission that circumstanceshave changed sufficiently to warrant review and revocation On the basis of either of thesereviews Commerce may revoke an antidumping or countervailing duty order in whole orin part or terminate or resume a suspended investigation No changed circumstancesinvestigations were active at the Commission during 2007
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 torequire both Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset reviews of outstandingorders and suspension agreements five years after their publication to determine whetherrevocation of an order or termination of a suspension agreement would be likely to lead tocontinuation or recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy and material injury31
During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunset reviews of existingantidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 74 reviews32
resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailing duty orders being continued for fiveadditional years Appendix table A8 lists the reviews of antidumping and countervailingduty orders completed in 200733
Section 337 Investigations
Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended authorizes the Commission on the34
basis of a complaint or on its own initiative to conduct investigations with respect to certainpractices in import trade Section 337 declares unlawful the importation into the UnitedStates the sale for importation or the sale within the United States after importation ofarticles that infringe a valid and enforceable US patent registered trademark registeredcopyright or registered mask work for which a domestic industry exists or is in the processof being established35
(continued)35
restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States Examples of these other unfair acts aremisappropriation of trade secrets common law trademark infringement trade dress infringement falseadvertising and false designation of origin Unfair practices that involve the importation of dumped orsubsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions not undersection 337 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are conducted before an administrative law judge in36
accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act 5 USC 551 et seq The administrative law judgeconducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial determination which is transmitted to the CommissionThe Commission may adopt the determination by deciding not to review it or it may choose to review it Ifthe Commission finds a violation it must determine the appropriate remedy the amount of any bond to becollected while its determination is under review by the President and whether public interest considerationspreclude the issuance of a remedy
2-10
If the Commission determines that a violation exists it can issue an order to exclude thesubject imports from entry into the United States or order the violating parties to cease anddesist from engaging in the unlawful practices The orders enter into force unless36
disapproved for ldquopolicy reasonsrdquo by the USTR within 60 days of issuance
During 2007 there were 77 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings 39of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 there were 35 new section 337 investigationsand 4 new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations All of thenew section 337 institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement TheCommission completed a total of 34 investigations and ancillary proceedings under section337 in 2007 including one enforcement proceeding one advisory opinion proceeding onesanctions proceeding and two remand proceedings Eight exclusion orders and 26cease-and-desist orders were issued during 2007 A number of investigations were alsoterminated by the Commission without determining whether section 337 had been violatedNine of these investigations were terminated on the basis of settlement agreements orconsent orders
As in recent years the section 337 caseload was highlighted by investigations involvingcomplex technologies particularly in the computer and telecommunications fieldsSignificant among these were investigations involving baseband processor chips wirelesscommunication equipment and devices semiconductor devices and personal computersSeveral other investigations involved small electronic devices including laser bar codescanners global positioning satellite chips digital video disc (DVD) players and digitalmultimeters Other section 337 investigations active during the year focused on a variety ofconsumer items including foam footwear nitrile rubber gloves ground fault circuitinterrupters and bassinets
At the close of 2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pendingat the Commission Commission activities involving section 337 actions in 2007 arepresented in appendix table A9 As of December 31 2007 a total of 67 outstandingexclusion orders based on violations of section 337 were in effect Appendix table A10 liststhe investigations in which these exclusion orders were issued
19 USC 2461 et seq37
19 USC 2462(b)38
19 USC 246339
2-11
Other Import Administration Laws and Programs
Tariff Preference Programs
Generalized System of Preferences
The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program authorizes the President togrant duty-free access to the US market for certain products that are imported fromdesignated developing countries and territories The GSP program has lapsed and beenrenewed several times Authorization for the GSP program is currently set to expire onDecember 31 2008
The program is authorized by Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended It has been37
enhanced to allow duty-free treatment for certain products when imported only fromcountries designated as ldquoleast developed beneficiary developing countriesrdquo Further PublicLaw 106-200mdashenacted May 18 2000mdashin Title I (African Growth and Opportunity Act)amended Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the President to provide duty-freetreatment for certain articles when imported from countries designated as beneficiarysub-Saharan African countries through September 30 2008 (the legislation was amendedin 2006 and the authority extended to 2015) By offering unilateral tariff preferences theGSP program reflects the US commitment to three broad goals (1) to promote economicdevelopment in developing and transitioning economies through increased trade rather thanforeign aid (2) to reinforce US trade policy objectives by encouraging beneficiaries toopen their markets to comply more fully with international trading rules and to assumegreater responsibility for the international trading system and (3) to help maintain USinternational competitiveness by lowering costs of imports for US business and loweringprices for American consumers
Countries are designated as ldquobeneficiary developing countriesrdquo under the GSP program bythe President The President cannot designate certain developed countries named in thestatute and also may not designate countries that inter alia afford preferential treatment tothe products of a developed country other than the United States that has or is likely tohave a significant adverse effect on US commerce The President cannot designatecountries that do not afford adequate IPR protection or that do not afford internationallyrecognized worker rights to their workers The President also designates the articles that38
are eligible for duty-free treatment but may not designate articles that he determines to beldquoimport-sensitiverdquo in the context of the GSP Certain articles (for example footweartextiles and apparel) are designated by statute as import sensitive and thus not eligible forduty-free treatment under the GSP program The statute also provides for graduation of39
countries from the program when they become ldquohigh-incomerdquo countries and for removal ofeligibility of articles or articles from certain countries under certain conditions
The following developments with respect to the US GSP program occurred during 2007
Presidential Proclamations 8097 and 8098 of December 29 200640
72 Fed Reg 45941
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007)42
Proclamation No 8157 72 Fed Reg 36528 (June 29 2007)43
2-12
bull On January 4 2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a leastdeveloped GSP beneficiary the members of the South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation (SAARC) (Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistanand Sri Lanka ) were allowed to cumulate the value of their exports for purposesof qualifying exports for the GSP (with Afghanistan noted as eligible uponSAARC accession) and Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP statusfollowing their entry into the EU In addition the Harmonized Tariff Schedule40
(HTS) was modified effective February 3 2007 reflecting changes in theinternational harmonized nomenclature which necessitated changes to the USHTS41
bull Effective March 1 2007 the Dominican Republic acceded to the DominicanRepublic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)and was removed as a beneficiary under the GSP and CBERA programs42
bull On June 29 2007 changes based on the 2006 annual GSP review wereannounced For the first time competitive need limitation (CNL) waivers wererevoked based on the changes made in Public Law 109-432 of December 92006 which had extended the GSP program through December 31 2008 CNLwaivers were revoked for eight products (from six countries) for which 2006imports either exceeded 75 percent of total US imports or exceeded 150percent of the CNL dollar value for 2006 imports Other products were removedfrom GSP eligibility for exceeding the CNL quantity and certain products wereredesignated for GSP eligibility after imports dropped below the CNL level43
Duty-free imports entered under the GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 accountingfor 102 percent of total US imports from GSP beneficiary countries and 16 percent oftotal US imports (table 24) Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary in 2007 followed byIndia Thailand Brazil and Indonesia More than one quarter of all duty-free entries underGSP were petroleum products Appendix table A11 shows the top 20 GSP products orproduct categories in 2007 and appendix table A12 shows the overall sectoral distributionof GSP benefits
African Growth and Opportunity Act
In 2007 articles entering the United States free of duty under the African Growth andOpportunity Act (AGOA) were valued at $423 billion petroleum products accounted formore than 95 percent of such imports AGOA was enacted in 2000 to provide unilateralpreferential trade benefits to eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries pursuing political
2-13
TABLE 24 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007
(Million dollars)
ItemAll GSP
beneficiaries World
Total US imports a 303126 1931941
Non-GSP eligible imports 252118 1054299
GSP eligible products 51008 877642
GSP non-LDBDC eligible b 35155 387551
GSP LDBDC eligible c 15853 490091
Total GSP duty free imports 30849 30849
Non-LDBDC GSP duty free 21835 21835
GSP LDBDC duty free 9014 9014
Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from GSP duty-free treatment 20159 846793
GSP program exclusions 8277 8371
All other 11882 838422
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Customs-value basis excludes imports from the US Virgin Islands
Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles undera
GSP Non-LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate columnb
of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbols ldquoArdquo or ldquoArdquo in parenthesis(the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that all beneficiary countries are eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to allarticles provided for in the designated provisions and the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that the certain beneficiarycountries specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS are not eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to anyarticle provided for in the designated provision) LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate column of thec
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbol ldquoA+rdquo in parenthesis (the symbolldquoA+rdquo indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC) (and only LDBDCs) are eligiblefor duty-free treatment with respect to all articles provided for in the designated provisions) For a variety ofreasons all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP treatmentdo not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP Such eligible imports may not receive duty-free treatment under GSP for at least five types of reasons (1) the importers fail to claim GSP benefitsaffirmatively (2) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary that lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding theso-called competitive need limits (3) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary country that lost GSP benefits on thatproduct because of a petition to remove that country from GSP for that product or because of some other actionby the President or USTR (4) the GSP beneficiary country may claim duty-free treatment under some otherprogram or provision of the HTS and (5) the good fails to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirement ofthe GSP statute
In addition to providing preferential access to the US market for eligible SSA products AGOA also44
includes a number of trade-facilitating provisions For further information see USTR 2007 ComprehensiveReport on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act 7ndash11 The US GSP program is described above45
AGOA was originally scheduled to be in effect until September 30 2008 Section 3108 of the Trade Act46
of 2002 enhanced the original 2000 AGOA provisions and expanded preferential access for apparel importsfrom SSA beneficiaries (these modifications collectively are referred to as AGOA II) The AGOAAcceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA III) enhanced many of the original AGOA trade benefits and generallyextended AGOA provisions until 2015 The Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (AGOA IV) extendedthe textile and apparel provisions from September 2008 to September 2015 extended the provision allowingfor the use of third-party fabric in qualifying duty-free apparel imports from September 2007 to September2012 and expanded duty-free treatment for textiles and textile products originating entirely in one or morelesser developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs) AGOA IV also increased the cap for apparel made fromthird-party fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-monthperiod beginning October 1 2006 In this report the term AGOA refers to the original AGOA AGOA IIAGOA III and AGOA IV as a group For additional information see USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 47
The increase in imports of petroleum and related products reflects increasing prices rather than48
increasing quantities Import quantities from the five leading AGOA suppliers (Nigeria Angola GabonRepublic of the Congo and Chad) increased from 6736 million barrels in 2006 to 6737 million barrels in2007 (approximately 001 percent) US Department of Energy EIA Official Energy Statistics DatabaseldquoUS Imports by Country of Originrdquo
2-14
and economic reform AGOA provides duty-free market access to all GSP eligible44 45
products and more than 1800 additional qualifying tariff line-item products from eligibleSSA countries and exempts beneficiaries from GSP CNLs AGOA also provides duty-freetreatment for certain apparel articles made in qualifying SSA countries AGOA is scheduledto be in effect until 201546
Total US imports from AGOA countries were valued at $645 billion in 2007 an increaseof 152 percent over 2006 (table 25) Duty-free US imports under AGOA including underthe GSP program were valued at $511 billion in 2007 and accounted for 791 percent ofall US imports from AGOA countries US imports under AGOA exclusive of the GSPprogram were valued at $423 billion in 2007 a 170 percent increase over 2006 andaccounted for 655 percent of all imports from AGOA countries Textile and apparel importsunder AGOA are discussed in more detail below47
The leading suppliers of duty-free US imports under AGOA in 2007 were Nigeria (713percent of total AGOA imports) Angola (113 percent) Gabon (40 percent) Republic ofthe Congo (38 percent) Chad (35 percent) and South Africa (26 percent) These sixcountries accounted for 964 percent of total imports by value under AGOA (appendix tableA13) Imports of petroleum-related products increased to $402 billion in 2007 up 177percent by value from 2006 and accounted for more than 950 percent of the total value ofAGOA imports in 2007 approximately the same as in 2006 (appendix table A14) Imports48
of apparel products in 2007 were virtually unchanged from 2006 at $11 billion andaccounted for 26 percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2007 down from 31 percentof total AGOA imports in 2006
19 USC 3706 lists a total of 48 countries or their successor political entities as potential49
beneficiaries 19 USC 3703(a) See also USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 1450
The following countries are listed in General Note 16 of the HTS as designated AGOA beneficiaries51
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Democratic Republic ofthe Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho LiberiaMadagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of theCongo Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa SwazilandTanzania Uganda and Zambia See USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1) June 2007 166 The following 26 countries are listed in US Note 7 of the HTS as eligible to receive AGOA apparel52
benefits during 2006 Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia GhanaKenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1)June 2007 sect xxii 98-II-3 USITC HTS 2008 (Rev 2) June 2007 16653
For more information see USDOC ITA African Growth and Opportunity Act web site54
httpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 555
The LDB SSA countries for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia56
Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal SierraLeone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Botswana and Namibia are also eligible for the specialrule despite the fact that they are not LDBCs Although Liberia and Mauritania are also LDBCs they werenot eligible for the apparel provisions In April 2008 the President designated Togo as AGOA-eligible and asan LDBC White House ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and the
(continued)
2-15
TABLE 25 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from AGOA countries (million dollars) 47003 56010 64532
Total duty free under AGOA including GSP (million dollars) 38146 44239 51051
Duty-free under AGOA excluding GSP (million dollars) 32743 36133 42270
AGOA duty-free as a percentage of total 697 645 655
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Each year the President must consider whether SSA countries are or remain eligible for49
AGOA benefits based on specific criteria As of January 1 2007 a total of 39 SSA50
countries were designated as eligible for AGOA benefits and 26 SSA countries were51
eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits In 2007 Liberia and Mauritania became52
eligible for AGOA benefits Section 105 of AGOA requires the President to establish the53
US-SSA Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum AGOA also requires the USTR and theSecretaries of State Commerce and the Treasury to host meetings with senior-level officialsfrom governments of countries that are eligible for AGOA benefits to discuss their tradeinvestment and development relationships The sixth AGOA forum was held in July 2007in Accra Ghana The theme of the forum was ldquoAs Trade Grows Africa ProspersOptimizing the Benefits Under AGOArdquo In addition in March 2006 the USTR54
ldquore-chartered the Trade Advisory Committee on Africa (TACA) in order to facilitate thegoals and objectives of AGOA The TACA is intended to advise the USTR on trade andeconomic policy matters with respect to the countries of sub-Saharan Africa Theinaugural meeting of the TACA chaired by Ambassador Susan Schwab was convened inMarch 2007rdquo55
Section 112(c)(1) of AGOA allows apparel articles produced in lesser developed beneficiary(LDB) SSA countries from third-country fabric to enter the United States duty free subject56
(continued)56
Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo News release April 17 2008
19 USC 3721(c)(1)57
USITC ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September58
25 2007 USITC Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain
Denim September 2007
USITC ldquoITC Launches Investigation on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA59
Countriesrdquo News release 07-122 December 6 2007 For a more detailed description of ATPA including country and product eligibility see USITC Impact60
of the Andean Trade Preference Act September 2006
2-16
to a cap In late 2006 Congress amended section 112(c) of AGOA to encourage use of57
available regional SSA fabrics in place of third-country fabrics It provided for Commissiondeterminations with respect to the availability and use of regional SSA fabric and for thePresident to remove apparel articles made from third-country fabric from eligibility whenthe Commission determines that regional fabric or yarn is available in commercialquantities but is not being used in the production of such apparel articles More specificallysection 112(c)(2)(A)-(B) requires the Commission potentially to make three types ofdeterminations (1) upon receipt of a petition whether qualifying regional fabric or yarn isavailable in commercial quantities and the quantity that will be available in the followingfiscal year (October 1-September 30) (2) if that determination is affirmative in eachsubsequent year whether such fabric will be so available and the quantity that will beavailable in the next fiscal year and (3) after the end of each fiscal year for which adetermination was made the quantity of regional fabric that was used in LDB SSA countriesin the production of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA In additionsection 112(c)(2)(C) of AGOA deemed denim fabric to be so available during fiscal year2007 in the amount of 30 million square meter equivalents (SMEs) as if a petition had beenfiled and the Commission had made an affirmative determination and a determination thatdenim fabric would be available in that amount
On September 25 2007 the Commission transmitted its report to the President in its firstinvestigation under section 112(c)(2) of AGOA stating that it had determined that suchdenim fabric will be available in the amount of 21303613 SMEs during fiscal year 200858
In December 2007 the Commission announced that it had initiated two additionalinvestigations under section 112(c)(2) for the purpose of (1) determining the quantity ofsuch denim fabric that was used during fiscal year 2007 in LDB SSA countries in theproduction of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA and (2)determining the quantity of such denim fabric that will be so available during fiscal year2009 the Commission indicated it would make its determinations in July and August 2008respectively The Commission did not receive any petitions under section 112(c)(2)(A)59
during 2007
Andean Trade Preference Act
In 2007 articles from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru entering the United States freeof duty under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) were valued at $123 billion (table26) ATPA was enacted in 1991 to promote broad-based economic development and viableeconomic alternatives to coca cultivation and cocaine production by offering Andeanproducts broader access to the US market ATPA expired on December 4 2001 but was60
renewed retroactively on August 6 2002 under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug
Public Law 107-210 Title XXXI The four ATPA beneficiaries are not automatically eligible for61
ATPDEA preferences ATPDEA authorizes the President to designate any ATPA beneficiary as eligible forATPDEA benefits provided the President determines the country has satisfied certain requirements includingprotection of IPR and internationally recognized workers rights The President designated all four ATPAbeneficiaries as ATPDEA beneficiaries on October 31 2002 President Proclamation ldquoTo Implement theAndean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act Proclamation 7616rdquo 67 Fed Reg 67283ndash67291(October 31 2002) Public Law 109-432 section 7001 et seq62
Public Law 110ndash42 The conditional extensions were also repealed63
Public Law 110ndash191 For additional information see the discussion of US free trade agreements in64
chap 4 of this report
2-17
TABLE 26 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from ATPA countries (million dollars) 20060 22511 20923
Total under ATPA (million dollars) 11464 13484 12307
Imports under ATPDEA (million dollars) 9303 10559 9497
Total under ATPA excluding ATPDEA (million dollars) 2161 2925 2810
Total under ATPA as a percent of total 571 599 588
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Eradication Act (ATPDEA) part of the Trade Act of 2002 ATPA as amended by61
ATPDEA expired on December 31 2006 but was extended for six months for all ATPAbeneficiary countries and for one year for beneficiary countries that meet certain milestonesfor completing a trade promotion agreement with the United States by June 30 200762
ATPA was extended until February 29 2008 for all beneficiary countries on June 302007 and was extended again until December 31 2008 on February 29 200863 64
A wide range of products is eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA ATPDEA amendedATPA to provide duty-free treatment for certain products previously excluded from ATPAincluding certain textiles and apparel (discussed in more detail below) footwear petroleumand petroleum derivatives watches and watch parts assembled from parts originating incountries not eligible for normal trade relations (NTR) rates of duty and certain tunapackaged in foil or other flexible airtight packages (not cans) In addition certain productspreviously eligible for reduced-duty treatment are now eligible for duty-free entry underATPA including certain handbags luggage flat goods (such as wallets change purses andeyeglass cases) work gloves and leather wearing apparel Products that continue to beexcluded from ATPA preferential treatment include textile and apparel articles nototherwise eligible for preferential treatment under ATPDEA and certain agriculturalproducts With the exception of tuna in foil or flexible airtight packages ATPDEA did notgrant new benefits to agricultural products Thus canned tuna rum and tafia and above-quota imports of certain agricultural products subject to tariff rate quotas (primarily sugarbeef and dairy products) continue to be excluded from the program
Total (dutiable and duty-free) US imports from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru werevalued at $209 billion in 2007 a decrease of 71 percent from $225 billion in 2006 (table26) US imports entered under ATPA preferences in 2007 were valued at $123 billion andaccounted for 588 percent of all imports from ATPA countries US imports underATPDEA were valued at $95 billion and accounted for 772 percent of imports underATPA in 2007 US imports under the original ATPA (ATPA excluding ATPDEA)accounted for the remaining 228 percent valued at $28 billion
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 65
CBERA was enacted August 5 1983 as Public Law 98-67 title II 97 Stat 384 19 USC 2701 et seq66
and became effective January 1 1984 (Presidential Proclamation 5133 48 Fed Reg 54453) Minoramendments to CBERA were made by Public Laws 98-573 99-514 99-570 and 100-418 Majoramendments were made to CBERA by Public Law 106-200 the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActFurther modifications were made by Public Law 107-210 the Trade Act of 2002 Public Law 109-53 theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act and PublicLaw 109-432 sec 5001 et seq the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership EncouragementAct of 2006 (HHOPE Act) On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) Public Law No 110-234 which extended CBTPA by67
two years until September 30 2010 For CBTPA provisions related to textiles and apparel see ldquoTextile and Apparel-Related Legislationrdquo in68
this report Only watches assembled from parts originating in countries that are not eligible for normal trade69
relations tariff treatment were ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBERA see USITC Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act September 2007 1-10 Table 210 and appendix tables A17 and A18 include data of four CAFTA-DR countries that were70
eligible for CBERA benefits during a portion of 2006 and data for the Dominican Republic that was aCBERA beneficiary during part of 2007 When the CAFTA-DR enters into force for a country such acountry is removed from the enumeration of designated beneficiary countries under CBERA CBTPA andthe GSP CAFTA-DR entered into force in 2006 for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua US
(continued)
2-18
In 2007 US imports under ATPA decreased from each of the four beneficiary countries(appendix table A15) Ecuador became the largest source of US imports under ATPA in2006 imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in value during 2007 mainly becauseof lower petroleum production in that country Colombia fell to the second-leading supplierof ATPA imports in 2006 and continued in that position in 2007 Petroleum productsaccounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 and represented 4 of the top25 US imports under the program Apparel was the next-largest category of imports underATPA accounting for 9 percent of such imports and 5 of the 25 leading imports underATPA Other leading imports under ATPA in 2007 included copper cathodes fresh cutflowers asparagus and gold jewelry (appendix table A16) Textile and apparel importsunder ATPA (including ATPDEA) are discussed in more detail below65
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act
The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) was enacted in 1984 as part of theCaribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) to encourage economic growth and development in theCaribbean Basin countries by promoting increased production and exports of nontraditionalproducts through duty preferences The Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)66
amended CBERA in 2000 and extended the authority through September 30 2008 The67
list of newly qualifying articles under the CBTPA included certain apparel (described inmore detail below) the assembly of which is an important Caribbean Basin industry The68
CBTPA also extends NAFTA-equivalent treatment (that is rates of duty equivalent to thoseaccorded to goods under the same rules of origin applicable under NAFTA) to a number ofother products previously excluded from CBERA including certain tuna petroleumproducts certain footwear and some watches and watch parts In the discussions that69
follow references to CBERA include CBERA as enhanced by the CBTPA
In 2007 articles from 19 countries and territories in the Caribbean Basin and CentralAmerica entering the United States free of duty or at reduced duties under CBERA werevalued at $55 billion Table 27 shows US imports under CBERA from 2005 to 2007 70
(continued)70
FTAs are discussed in more detail in chap 4 of this report For a description of the current level of economic development and some of the possible future trade71
and development strategies including the 18 remaining CBERA beneficiary countries see USITC CaribbeanRegion Review of Economic Growth and Development May 2008 See previous note72
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 73
2-19
TABLE 27 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007a
Total imports from CBERA countries (million dollars) 31814 25755 19058
Total under CBERA including CBTPA (million dollars) 12336 9915 5496
Total under CBTPA (million dollars) 8773 5961 2662
Total under CBERA excluding CBTPA (million dollars) 3563 3955 2834
Percent of total under CBERA includes CBTPA 388 385 288
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Data for 2006 and 2007 include US imports from El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua and thea
Dominican Republic only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force
US imports entering under CBERA provisions decreased by 446 percent in 2007 Themarked decline in US imports under CBERA provisions in 2007 reflects the fact that ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua are no longer CBERA beneficiaries and theDominican Republic was a beneficiary only during a portion of the year and their importsnow enter under CAFTA-DR US imports under CBERA (including the CBTPA)71
provisions amounted to $123 billion in 2005 $99 billion in 2006 and $55 billion in 2007During this three year period duty-free or reduced-duty imports under CBERA (includingthe CBTPA) accounted for a declining share of all US imports from CBERAcountriesmdash388 percent in 2005 385 percent in 2006 and 288 percent in 2007
Appendix table A17 shows US imports entered under CBERA provisions from each of theCBERA countries from 2005 to 2007 Trinidad and Tobago continued as the leading72
supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Appendix table A18 shows the leading 25US imports entered under CBERA provisions from 2005 to 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products dominated the list of duty-free imports in 2007 Four of the leadingproducts were mineral fuels 8 were knitted and nonknitted apparel and the remaining 13were products that had already qualified for benefits under the original CBERA before theimplementation of the CBTPAmdashmethyl alcohol pineapples undenatured ethyl alcoholpolystyrene frozen concentrated orange juice new pneumatic radial tires articles ofjewelry ethyl alcohol cantaloupes nonautomotive gaskets washers and seals other sugarraw sugar and automatic circuit breakers Textile and apparel imports under CBERA(including the CBTPA) are discussed in more detail below73
The data in this section were compiled by USITC from official statistics of the US Department of74
Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel (OTEXA) Most of the data included in this section are availableon the OTEXA Website httpotexaitadocgov The percentage figures included in this section are based onunrounded SMEs
2-20
Textile and Apparel Developments in 2007
US Textile and Apparel Imports in 200774
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel totaled 531 billion SMEs ($964 billion) anincrease of 18 percent by volume and 34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previousyears 2007 was characterized by a shift in US textile and apparel imports from CentralAmerican and South American countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarilyChina but also Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia (table 28) Chinarsquos shareof the US import market expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357percent in 2006
US imports of textiles and apparel from Southeast Asian countries increased byapproximately 26 percent in volume during 2007 to 59 billion SMEs (table 28) Thelargest part of the increase in these imports was from lower-priced suppliers in the regionnamely Vietnam Cambodia and Indonesia The volume of US imports of textiles andapparel from these three countries during 2007 increased respectively by 312 percent (to15 billion SMEs) 20 percent (to 887 million SMEs) and 16 percent (to 16 billion SMEs)However while US imports of textiles and apparel from Vietnam Cambodia andIndonesia increased by a sizable amount over the past several years each countryrsquos shareof the US market remained relatively small US import volumes from India andBangladesh continued to expand during 2007 while imports from Pakistan declined by morethan 11 percent during the year Nevertheless these three countries combined accounted for148 percent of the US import market by volume in 2007
US imports of textiles and apparel from FTA and trade preference partners in the WesternHemisphere declined in 2007 from 2006 levels In 2007 US textiles and apparel importsfrom NAFTA ATPA CBERA and CAFTA-DR countries fell by 155 percent 88 percent25 percent and 23 percent by volume respectively
US imports of textiles and apparel from SSA countries increased by nearly 2 percentduring 2007 to 346 million SMEs ($13 billion) a slight turnaround compared to the 13percent decrease during 2006 This overall increase can be attributed to increased importsfrom Madagascar and Kenyamdashtwo of the three largest SSA exporters of textiles and apparelto the United States Textiles and apparel imports from Lesotho the regionrsquos largest USsupplier remained essentially unchanged in 2007 In 2007 94 percent (327 million SMEs)of US textile and apparel imports from SSA countries entered duty free under AGOA
2-21
TABLE 28 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major US suppliers selected
regional groups and the world
Country or region US imports 2007Change in imports
2006ndash07
Share of total US textile andapparel imports
2006 2007
Million SMEs ------------------------------Percent------------------------------a
World 53112 18 1000 1000
China 21371 148 357 402
Pakistan 3173 -111 68 60
Mexico 3041 -112 66 57
India 2723 26 51 51
Korea 1953 -87 41 37
Canada 1913 -213 47 36
Indonesia 1625 16 31 31
Bangladesh 1555 40 29 29
Vietnam 1506 312 22 28
Honduras 1235 80 22 23
Taiwan 1134 -32 23 21
Thailand 965 -51 20 18
Cambodia 887 20 17 17
Southeast Asian countries b 5906 26 101 111
Central AmericanCaribbean countries c 3701 -25 82 70
Sub-Saharan African countries d 346 18 08 07
Andean countries e 240 -87 05 05
Source US Department of Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor Shippers Reportrdquo
Square meter equivalentsa
Southeast Asian countries include ASEAN members Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmarb
Philippines Thailand Singapore and Vietnam Central AmericanCaribbean countries include Antigua and Barbuda Aruba The Bahamas Barbados Belizec
British Virgin Islands Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana HaitiHonduras Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincentand the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago Sub-Saharan African countries include AGOA participants Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundid
Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon TheGambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali MauritiusMozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone SouthAfrica Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Andean countries are Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Perue
USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report Chinardquo China is the largest supplier of textiles and apparel75
to the US market and in 2007 accounted for 412 percent of the total US trade deficit in textiles andapparel For the purposes of the MOU several categories of textile and apparel products (using the US Textile76
and Apparel Category System) were grouped together and subject to the same quota For example for theperiod January 1 2008 through December 31 2008 products in categories 340 (mens and boys cottonwoven shirts) and 640 (menrsquos and boysrsquo man-made fiber woven shirts) are subject to the same restraint levelof 8724590 dozen ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States ofAmerica and the Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo Nov 82005 Likewise in June 2005 China and the EU signed an MOU establishing quotas on 10 product77
categories of Chinese textile and apparel products effective through December 31 2007 The productcategories included pullovers menrsquos trousers blouses t-shirts dresses bras flax yarn cotton fabrics bedlinens and table and kitchen linens The quotas limited the export growth rates of these products to 8ndash125percent annually Upon the expiration of quotas in 2007 the EU and China established a program to jointlymonitor Chinese exports of textiles and apparel to the EU through 2008 with a goal of avoiding marketdisruptions US Customs and Border Protection78
httpwwwcbpgovxpcgovimporttextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rpt 19 USC 3721(b)(1)-(3)79
Amending 19 USC 3202(e)(1)(B)(i)80
Amending 19 USC 2703(b)(2)(A)81
US HTS heading 9819110982
2-22
US-China Textile and Apparel Trade
During 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billion to$323 billion This increase is mainly attributed to a $42 billion increase in US imports75
of apparel from China Major US imports of apparel from China included knit sweaterspullovers and vests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousersand shorts Major US imports of textiles from China include certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and curtains Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were imports of apparel and $96 billion were imports oftextiles
In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21 quotas under the2005 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and China which76
established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparel products from China fromJanuary 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During 2007 quotas filled at an average rate77
of 619 percent This represents a slight increase over 2006 when the average fill rate stoodat 597 percent In 2007 quota fill rates ranged from 932 percent for certain articles ofhosiery to 33 percent for certain man-made fiber furnishings78
Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERA
The United States grants unlimited duty-free treatment to imports of textiles and apparelmade from US yarns and fabrics in eligible beneficiary countries under AGOA ATPA79
(as amended by ATPDEA) and CBERA (as amended by the CBTPA) These programs80 81
also extend duty-free entry to apparel made in the beneficiary countries from ldquoregionalfabricsrdquo subject to a ceiling or cap on the quantity of such apparel that can enter free of82
LDBCs with apparel benefits for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad83
Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia See the discussion of AGOA aboveBotswana and Namibia are also eligible for the special rule despite the fact that they are not least developedcountries The special rule for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012 AGOA IV (see AGOA section above for additional information) increased the cap for apparel made84
from third-country fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-month period beginning October 1 2006 USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo This figure includes US85
imports that were eligible for benefits under HHOPE starting in March 2007 The Commission recently completed its study of the effects of the HHOPE Act on textile and apparel86
markets in Haiti the United States and countries with which the United States has a free trade agreement orpreferential trade relationship in June 2008 The report concluded that the HHOPE Act likely benefited Haitiin terms of increased employment and increased exports over what might have occurred in the absence of theAct but that the benefits were small and that little additional investment in Haiti had taken place TheHHOPE Act only had negligible effects on the United States and its beneficiary countries although theremay be a very small positive effect on the Dominican Republic See USITC Textiles and Apparel Effects ofSpecial Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and Industries 72 Fed Reg 13655 (March 22 2007) 87
CBERA is discussed earlier in this chapter88
On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) the Food Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (Public89
Law No 110-234) which amends the special rules for apparel and other textiles from Haiti in section213A(b) of CBERA including rules enacted in 2006 by the HHOPE Act The legislation generally modifiedthe rules and extended them through September 30 2018
2-23
duty under each program In addition AGOA permits apparel made in LDBCs from third-83
country fabrics (made in countries other than the United States or SSA) to enter free of dutyunder the AGOA regional fabric cap84
In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry into the United Statestotaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs) under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs)under ATPAATPDEA and $927 million (481 million SMEs) under the CBERACBTPA85
For the first time since 2004 the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly(28 percent) The volume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 underboth ATPAATPDEA (140 percent) and CBERACBTPA (658 percent)
Textile and Apparel Imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunitythrough Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act86
The HHOPE Act of 2006 authorizes duty-free treatment to apparel made with inputs fromany country subject to certain requirements and an annual cap On March 20 2007President Bush in accordance with section 5002 of the HHOPE Act issued a presidentialproclamation indicating that Haiti had met these requirements after which the special rulesfor Haiti went into effect Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under the87
HHOPE Act beginning in the second half of 2007
Section 5002 of the HHOPE Act amended section 213A(b) of CBERA (19USC 2703a(b))to provide special rules for apparel imported directly from Haiti a CBERA beneficiary88
for a 5-year period from the date of enactment (ie from December 20 2006 to December19 2011) These special rules for Haiti grant duty-free treatment to US imports of apparel89
assembled or knit-to-shape in Haiti regardless of the source of the fabric or other inputsused in production provided that a specified percentage of the value of such apparel comesfrom processing in andor inputs from Haiti the United States or any country with which
Beginning from the date of enactment through the third 1-year period of the Act the value-added90
requirement is 50 percent In the fourth and fifth 1-year periods the value-added requirement increases to 55and 60 percent respectively The cap is successively raised each year by the addition of 025 percent for a final overall quantitative91
limit in the fifth and final 1-year period of 2 percent of total US imports of apparel USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo US imports were92
eligible for benefits under the HHOPE Act beginning in March 2007 Upon entry into force of CAFTA-DR the Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and93
Nicaragua were no longer eligible for CBERA benefits Although Costa Rica has not yet ratified the CAFTA-DR for the purposes of this section US apparel trade with Costa Rica is included in the CAFTA-DRgrouping rather than the CBERA grouping CAFTA-DR is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report US import data from CAFTA-DR countries entered under that agreement are not yet publicly available94
by quantity from the US Department of Commerce
2-24
the United States has an FTA or a preferential trading program The HHOPE Act also90
includes a single transformation rule for brassieres (HTS subheading 621210) in place forthe duration of the Act which allows for the components of these garments to be sourcedfrom anywhere in the world as long as the garments are both cut and sewn or otherwiseassembled in Haiti the United States or both countries
The HHOPE Act establishes an overall limit or cap on the total quantity of apparelimported under the above provisions in the first 1-year period to no more than 1 percent ofthe SMEs of all apparel articles imported into the United States in the most recent 12-monthperiod for which data are available In addition the HHOPE Act extends duty-free91
treatment for three years to a specified quantity of woven apparel from Haiti (chapter 62 ofthe HTS) that does not meet the aforementioned value-added requirements Such wovenapparel must be wholly assembled in Haiti but can be made from inputs from any countryThe quantity allowed under this provision of the HHOPE Act is in addition to the overallquantitative limit noted above for brassieres and woven and knit garments meeting thevalue-added rule
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPEAct totaled $136 million (40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparelimports from Haiti Overall US imports of textiles and apparel from Haiti in 200792
decreased by 2 percent in terms of quantity over the previous year from 252 million SMEsto 247 million SMEs but rose in value over the previous year by less than 1 percent to $452million the smallest increase since 2000 Haiti is a small supplier to the United Statesaccounting for less than 05 percent of total US apparel imports in 2007 Haiti became theleading supplier of apparel to the United States in the CBERA region after CAFTA-DR wentinto effect in 200693
US Textile and Apparel Imports under CAFTA-DR
In 2007 total US imports of textiles and apparel from CAFTA-DR countries declined 6percent by value to $79 billion and by just under 1 percent by quantity to 2227 millionSMEs US imports of textiles and apparel entering under the CAFTA-DR accounted for71 percent of total imports by value ($56 billion) from the CAFTA-DR countries in 200794
up from 39 percent of total imports in 2006 Honduras the largest CAFTA-DR supplier oftextiles and apparel accounted for more than one-third of total US imports of textiles andapparel from the CAFTA-DR countries ($22 billion) entering under the FTA in 2007 ElSalvador was the second largest CAFTA-DR exporter supplying $12 billion of textiles and
Proclamation 8213 72 Fed Reg 73555 (December 27 2007)95
72 Fed Reg 46611(August 21 2007)96
USDOC International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard on97
Cotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo News release January 18 2008
2-25
apparel to the United States Products leading US imports of textiles and apparel underCAFTA-DR included cotton knit shirts and blouses cotton underwear and cotton trousersand slacks
During 2007 the United States reached agreement with the five signatory countries onmodification of certain rules of origin pertaining to CAFTA-DR but the modifications havenot been implemented The modification required that pocketing fabrics be made in theCAFTA-DR region established single transformation rules for additional apparel items suchas womenrsquos wool anoraks womenrsquos and girlsrsquo ensembles and certain menrsquos suit-typejackets reduced tariffs on certain non-originating items changed the Costa Rica wool tariffpreference level (TPL) created a separate TPL for certain womenrsquos swimwear from CostaRica and changed the rules on cumulation for wool apparel After meeting certain statutorylayover and review requirements including receipt of USITC advice the President issueda proclamation on December 27 2007 to revise CAFTA-DR rules of origin95
On August 21 2007 the Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA)initiated a textile safeguard proceeding to determine whether imports of Honduran cottonwool or man-made fiber socks are causing serious damage or actual threat thereof to theUS industry producing socks On January 18 2008 as provided for under Article 32396
of CAFTA-DR CITA formally advised Honduras of its intent to apply a textile safeguardmeasure on imports of Honduras-origin cotton socks because of the substantial growth (99percent) in imports of these products from Honduras in the first eleven months of 2007 overthe previous year97
The TNC met informally January 31 April 20 June 22 and November 30 20071
The General Council met February 7 May 9 July 27 October 9 and December 18 with the Aid for2
Trade debate occurring November 21 2007
3-1
CHAPTER 3Selected Trade Developments in the WTOOECD and APEC
During 2007 multilateral trade negotiations underway in the Doha Development Agendaresumed in February but stalled again in June over the issue of establishing full negotiatingmodalities for liberalizing agricultural market access agricultural support payments andnonagricultural market access In regular WTO General Council proceedings keydevelopments included the councilrsquos regular reviews concerning Aid for Trade measuresChinarsquos commitments made in its WTO Protocol of Accession under the TransitionalReview Mechanism and US maritime legislation widely known as the Jones Actlegislation
In a major development in the OECD new rules under the Aircraft Sector Understandingcame into effect in July 2007 regarding aircraft financing provisions annexed to the 1978OECD Export Credit Arrangement In APEC developments ministers formulated a new Action Agenda following their annualministerial meeting in September aimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmentalprotection among member states and also pushed forward the grouprsquos Bogor Goals of freeand open trade in the region through several initiatives agreed upon in APECs Committeeon Trade and Investment
World Trade Organization
The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) chaired by the WTO Director-General PascalLamy held one formal meeting during the year on June 22 2007 as well as a number ofinformal meetings Despite the resumption of negotiations in February 2007 Lamy in June1
2007 called together participants in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) of multilateraltrade negotiations to announce that the trade talks had reached an impasse over how toapproach the negotiating structure or ldquomodalitiesrdquo that aim at liberalizing agricultural marketaccess agricultural support payments and nonagricultural market access essentially thesame issues that led to suspension of the talks in 2006
During 2007 the WTO General Council met five times plus a meeting in Novemberdedicated to its annual debate on Aid for Trade In addition to its debate of Aid for Trade2
measures for developing and least developed countries council activity also addressed smalland vulnerable economies special and differential treatment for developing countries andseveral regular reports including the biennial report by the United States regarding its so-
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 20073
WTO ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations Fully4
Across the Boardrsquordquo February 7 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of DelegationmdashWednesday 31 January5
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007 USDOS US Mission Geneva ldquoTNCMeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007 par 1 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms6
Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
The G-4 group comprises Brazil the EU India and the United States The G-6 group comprises7
Australia Brazil EU India Japan and the United States
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 20 April8
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007 US Department of State US Mission GenevaldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 1ndash2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 20079
(Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 2
3-2
called Jones Act legislation and the annual report by China under the Transitional ReviewMechanism regarding commitments made by China under its WTO accession protocol
Doha Trade Negotiations
Negotiations Resumed in February 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy reported to the WTO General Council on February 7 2007that the DDA negotiations had resumed (the negotiations had been suspended in July 2006)3
The suspension resulted from the inability of participants to agree on setting full negotiatingmodalities for several key areas notably agriculture and nonagricultural market access As4
he first related to participants at an informal meeting of the TNC on January 31 2007 Lamyreported that recent high-level contactsmdashsuch as at the World Economic Forum held inDavos Switzerland January 24ndash28 2007mdashpointed to signs of renewed commitment toresuming the Doha Round negotiations and that participants indicated flexibility in theirnegotiating positions He said that bilateral contacts among WTO members had been5
intensifying but that these were not a substitute for multilateral negotiations6
On April 20 2007 the Director-General in his capacity as TNC chairman reported to theTNC that he welcomed the meetings among members of such groups as the G-4 and G-67
held in New Delhi India April 11ndash12 2007 but reiterated that the broader multilateralnegotiations in Geneva Switzerland should not be made to wait on decisions taken bysmaller groupings of participants He reported that the chairmen of the negotiating groups8
in Geneva were working toward revised texts in their individual subjects and asked thatparticipants show flexibility in their positions as this process moved forward particularlyconcerning setting modalities for negotiations in agriculture and nonagricultural marketaccess9
At the General Council meeting held May 9 2007 Lamy reported that the chairman of theCommittee on Agriculture Special Session had issued a paper outlining possible areas ofcommonality regarding the ldquothree pillarsrdquo under discussion that address import market
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 US10
Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May16 2007 par 2ndash4
Ibid11
Ibid par 4ndash512
USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns on13
Doha Roundrdquo June 21 2007 US Department of State Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round(State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007 par 2-6 For details concerning tariff formula modalities under negotiation atPotsdam see ICTSD ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down Doha Rounds Fate in the Balance Once AgainrdquoJune 27 2007
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha14
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
European Commission Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoPotsdam G4 Meeting15
Ends with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cutsrdquo June 21 2007
Ibid16
3-3
access export competition and domestic support The Director-General reported as wellthat intensive consultations were to begin immediately to assist the chairman of theNegotiating Group on Market Access in drafting a revised negotiating text for his group10
G-4 Meetings at Potsdam
Trade and agriculture ministers from the G-4 members met in Potsdam Germany June19-21 2007 in an effort to reach convergence in negotiating positions regarding agriculturenonagricultural market access and services During discussions on June 20 2007concerning the formula to be used by the more advanced developing countries to reducetariffs the US State Department reported that Brazilmdashendorsed by Indiamdashreiterated itsldquouncompromising positionrdquo that very few of the current tariffs on manufactured goodsimports would be reduced Negotiations continued only partly into June 21 2007 before11
being adjourned
According to the US State Department the position taken by the United States was to seekmeaningful creation of new trade flows a situation not possible if currently applied tariffson trade in industrial products were not reduced The United States issued a statement on12
June 21 2007 expressing its disappointment at the outcome of the negotiations at Potsdamsaying that the talks did not generate the political consensus necessary to meaningfully openmarkets to new trade particularly for manufactured goods13
The EU stated that a strong outcome in negotiations on nonagricultural market access(NAMA)mdashsuch as reductions in tariffs on industrial goods in large emerging markets likeBrazil and Indiamdashwas a necessary condition for further EU flexibility in opening up itsagricultural market The EU negotiator Peter Mandelson said that Europe was ldquoprepared14
to pay a lotrdquo but not ldquofor next to nothing in returnrdquo He went on to say ldquoIt emerged from15
the [G-4] discussion on NAMA that we would not be able to point to any substantive orcommercially meaningful changes in the tariffs of the emerging economies as a reasonablereturn on what we are paying into the roundrdquo16
Indian officials attributed the breakdown in the G-4 Potsdam talks to ldquothe failure of thedeveloped countries to accept effective reductions in their agricultural subsidies and at the
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 Talks17
Broke Down in Potsdamrdquo June 22 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 22 June18
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 252007 par 1ndash4
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha19
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
Ibid20
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June21
22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 25 2007 par 5ndash11
Ibid par 622
Ibid par 1023
Ibid par 1124
3-4
same time seeking additional market access in the developing countries for their [thedeveloped countriesrsquo] agricultural products including for their highly subsidized onesrdquo17
Negotiations Suspended in June 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy convened an informal TNC meeting in Geneva on June 222007 to discuss the impasse reached at the Potsdam talks and what should be the next keysteps in the Doha Round multilateral trade negotiations The EU representative reported18
to the TNC that the EU considered that the Potsdam talks made real progress concerningagricultural market access export competition and subsidized domestic support paymentsas well as substantive progress about services and concerning multilateral trade rules (suchas under discussion in the Negotiating Group on Rules) However he noted that the EU19
was at the limit of what it can offer on agricultural market access without further openingfrom the more advanced developing countries on nonagricultural market access20
Brazil said that the Potsdam negotiations failed because the developed countries were tryingto change the development mandate of the DDA toward trade negotiations focused onmarket access where developing countries would make tariff cuts that would result ingreater market access in their markets than would result in developed countriesrsquo markets21
India said that the differences at Potsdam were too wide to bridge largely reflectingdifferences between developed and developing countries over the meaning of thedevelopment agenda and how to give effect to the economic development factors that arethe focus of the DDA South Africa another major G-20 member although not present at22
the Potsdam negotiations said that under the current NAMA positions in the round theUnited States and EU were asking developing countries to make tariff cuts that ldquowould havedevastating effects on their industrial production and employmentrdquo A number of countries23
called for more transparency and inclusion in the negotiations process reflecting the factthat only four participants were in negotiations at Potsdam24
The United States also addressed the meeting stating that the developed countries have thelargest responsibility to open their markets to the goods and services of the developingcountries but that the fastest growing markets over the coming 5 to 10 years would be in the
Ibid par 22-2325
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1526
2007 US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007(Geneva 002406)rdquo October 22 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting (Geneva 002406)rdquo27
par 2
WTO ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 200728
Chairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo Job(07)191 November 30 2007
3-5
more advanced developing countries and that therefore these advanced developing countriesshould make more significant contributions than in the past25
October 2007 General Council and TNC Meetings
On October 9 2007 the Director General reported to the WTO General Council that thechairmen of the Committee on Agriculture Special Session and the Negotiating Group onMarket Access were working toward sufficient convergence in each group to be able to draftrevised negotiating texts He reported that the chairmen for the groups negotiating services26
and rules would be issuing revised texts at approximately the same time On October 3027
2007 the chairmen of the various Doha Round negotiating groups presented their progressreports to the TNC chairman
November 2007 TNC Meeting
On November 30 2007 Lamy held an informal TNC meeting in Geneva to review the statusof the various areas in the negotiations On agriculture he noted that progress had been28
made in the final months of 2007 concerning export competition but that more work wasstill needed concerning agricultural market access and domestic support in order to reacha convergence that would allow the group to establish negotiating modalities in this areaOn nonagricultural market access he said that progress toward clarifying certain areas wasreported by the grouprsquos chair but that further technical work appeared necessary for certainother issues
On services Lamy said that the group chairman had held a number of consultations onelements pertinent to producing a revised draft of a negotiating text for services althoughthe chairman reported that some delegates have questioned the need for such a revised textWhile he reported that some progress had been made toward drafting a services textconcerning disciplines on domestic services regulation little progress was reportedregarding other rulemaking issues in the services negotiations such as on emergencysafeguards subsidies and government procurement
In the rules negotiating group the chairman released a revised draft text on November 302007 addressing antidumping subsidy and countervailing measures including fisherysubsidies
In the negotiating group on intellectual property rights the chairman reported some newideas had been put forward and discussed recently and that consultations and discussionscontinue in an effort to close gaps in negotiating positions among delegations especially on
WTO ldquoMinisterial Declarationrdquo WTMIN(05)DEC December 22 2005 par 3129
3-6
issues regarding the legal effects of and participation in any register created to covergeographical indications
On trade and environment it was reported that members had recently begun work onelements of the relationship between WTO rules and specific trade obligations ofmultilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) A draft text regarding cooperation29
between the WTO Secretariat and MEA secretariats was reported to be well advancedHowever discussions on identification of products that could qualify as environmentalgoods under paragraph 31 were held up over how to approach this part of the grouprsquosmandate reportedly stymied in part by several participants until modalities are first agreedupon in the agriculture and nonagricultural market access groups
On trade and development the group chairman reported that discussions were continuingon draft texts for 7 of the 16 remaining agreement-specific proposals He said thatparticipants were addressing specifically the possible elements of a monitoring mechanismfor special and differential treatment
On trade facilitation progress was reported in the areas of special and differential treatmentas well as technical assistance and capacity building with efforts forthcoming to address thearea of needs assessment The chairman reported that efforts to produce a draft text hadrecently intensified
On dispute settlement although a subject not technically bound to the ldquosingle undertakingrdquoof the DDA the group chairman said that further consultations were underway on thevarious legal texts submitted to date in an effort to reach convergence within the group
In conclusion Lamy reported on the topics of extending negotiations on geographicalindications beyond wine and spirits and the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement to theUnited Nationsrsquo Convention on Biological Diversity Proposals by some participants tocommit to negotiations in these two areas have to date met with opposition from othermembers and as a consequence he said that consultations continue in an effort to findcommon ground
General Council
During 2007 the General Council heard periodic reports on the Doha Round tradenegotiations as well as about ongoing work programs considered waivers and exemptionsinvolving various members changes to their tariff schedules arising from changes inHarmonized System (HS) nomenclature as well as involving trade preferences approved forvarious groups of developing and least developed countries and concluded the biennialreview of the US exemption concerning certain foreign maritime vessels (commonlyknown as ldquothe Jones Actrdquo exemption) Several Latin American members continued to voicetheir concerns to the council regarding preferential treatment granted by the EU to certaindeveloping countries under the EU banana regime
With the adoption of the decision in December 2006 the council tasked the committee to consider30
without prejudice concerning the adopted decision the issue of transparency for preferential tradearrangements under the ldquoEnabling Clauserdquo the 1979 WTO Decision on Differential and More FavorableTreatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries The CTD was asked to report backto the council in six months WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007 par 96
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200731
par 97 100
WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules of32
Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200833
The SVE members include Barbados Fiji Nicaragua St Vincent and the Grenadines and the34
Solomon Islands
In early 2002 the General Council approved as a standing item on the councilrsquos agenda a work35
program that was to address the special needs of SVEs The council designated the CTD to meet in dedicatedsession on the subject and report regularly to the council on progress made At the WTO Sixth MinisterialConference in Hong Kong in December 2005 ministers instructed the CTD to continue this work programmonitoring the progress of the SVEs proposals in the Doha Round and elsewhere In December 2006 thechairman of the CTD in Dedicated Session reported to the council on future directions involving the workprogram WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November
(continued)
3-7
Work Programs Decisions and Reviews
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements
In July 2007 the chairman of the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) reported oninformal consultations held concerning the WTO Decision with Regard to Transparency forPreferential Trade Arrangements adopted by the General Council in December 2006 The30
CTD noted in July 2007 that Brazil and India had indicated that they were near completionof a working paper containing suggested elements for members notifications of preferentialtrade arrangements and requested additional time to consider the matter The council agreedto extend the deadline to the end of 2007 when the CTD was to report back on possibleaction In December 2007 the committee requested additional time to consider its task and31
the council extended the deadline for recommendations until July 200832
TRIPS Council matters
In December 2007 the General Council agreed to extend the acceptance period untilDecember 31 2009 for the 2003 protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement concerningpublic health matters The extension allows additional time for members to implement theWTO Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPSAgreement and Public Health that was adopted by the General Council in August 2003 andwhich is to enter into force upon acceptance by two-thirds of the WTO members33
Small economies
The CTD met formally in July 2007 as well as informally in February and May to discussissues concerning small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) while individual SVE members34
met more frequently in bilateral and multilateral consultations to coordinate positions onissues of interest in various Doha Round negotiating groups35
(continued)35
15 par 32
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1536
2007 par 57
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par37
29
Ibid38
These revisions covered one proposal addressing Article XVIII of the GATT two proposals relating to39
Article 103 of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS Agreement) and threeproposals concerning Article 35 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures Consultations continuedon a seventh related to Article 102 of the SPS Agreement WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutesof Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007 par 51
As a consequence the CTDSS chairman said it foresaw no further action likely on these proposals for40
the time being WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 262007 par 29
Ibid Annex III41
However the chairman remarked that it was his sense that there had been no significant development42
on these proposals WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquoTNCM27 October 30 2007 par 53
3-8
The SVEs focused on negotiations on agriculture nonagricultural market access tradefacilitation and trade in services particularly concerning domestic services regulation Thegroup focused in particular on several subsidies issues one concerning fisheries subsidiesin the DDA Negotiating Group on Rules and another in the WTO Committee on Subsidiesand Countervailing Measures (SCM) regarding the July 2007 council decision to extend thetransition period for eliminating export subsidies under SCM Article 274 (see below forfurther detail)36
Special and differential treatment
Ministers at the December 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong instructed theCommittee on Trade and Development in Special Session (CTDSS) to (1) review all theoutstanding proposals specific to particular WTO agreements and report to the council withrecommendations for a decision on these proposals (2) consider the so-called Category IIproposals (those not agreement-specific) that had been referred to other WTO bodies (3)coordinate the CTDSS efforts with these other bodies and (4) resume work on all otheroutstanding issues including crosscutting issues a monitoring mechanism for special anddifferential (SampD) treatment provisions as well as ways to incorporate these provisionsmore effectively into WTO rules37
In 2007 the chairman of the CTDSS reported to the General Council on the status ofprogress made highlighting five key points These concerned (1) progress made in revising38
6 and possibly 7 of the 16 agreement-specific proposals (2) an impasse reached39
concerning the remaining nine proposals (3) some progress identifying elements for a40
monitoring mechanism to be focused on more effective implementation of SampD provisionsunder WTO rules (4) continued coordination with other WTO bodies regarding Category41
II proposals and (5) continued discussion of a decision on duty-free quota-free market42
access for least developed country members including a new submission on rules of originand another on market access recently submitted by these least-developed countries
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par43
29 Annex I
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200744
par 78 Under a mandate from the Uruguay Round Agreements the Committee on Rules of Origin haspursued a work program directed at the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin In July 2002 thecommittee reported 94 core policy issues to the General Council for discussion and decision with the councilinstructing the committee to continue work toward an agreement In February 2008 the committee issued arevision of its draft consolidated text of non-preferential rules of origin that had been reached to datereflecting committee discussions through October 2007 In March 2008 the WTO Secretariat issued a textcontaining the technical issues to be resolved in an effort to focus attention on how to move forward with theharmonization program WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferentialRules of OriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquoGROW111Rev1 February 25 2008 WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to BeResolved in the Committee On Rules of Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatrdquoGROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200745
par 79ndash80
3-9
The CTDSS chairman stated that elements of a package on SampD treatment were likely toinclude (1) the agreement-specific proposals on which the group had reached agreement inspecial session (2) the 28 agreement-specific proposals that had been agreed to in principlebefore the September 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico and (3) a43
possible framework for a monitoring mechanism
Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin
The Committee on Rules of Origin continued its work on the harmonization ofnonpreferential rules of origin seeking to complete negotiations on an overall agreementcore policy issues and technical matters by the end of 200744
In July 2007 the committee chairman reported an impasse regarding the application ofvalue-added rules of origin to the machinery sector which some members supported whileothers opposed As a consequence the chairman proposed the adoption of a two-rule systemfor 607 tariff lines for machinery (HS Chapters 84 to 90) with each member notifying itschoice to the WTO Although some members supported the two-rule proposal as pragmaticothers expressed concern that the complex and costly mechanisms that would be needed totrack the origin of imports under the proposed rule would be an unjustifiable cost incomparison to the benefits gained
Opponents also pointed out that the two-rule system could prove problematic in traderemedy situations unless and until the Negotiating Group on Rules concluded negotiationswith respect to a decision on anticircumvention of trade remedy import duties Proponentsexpressed the view that the 12 years of negotiations in the Committee on Rules of Originhad accomplished a great deal toward developing harmonized rules of origin fornonpreferential trade completing the main technical work on all products from HS Chapters1 to 96 and covering more than 6000 tariff lines although all agreed that further technicalwork was needed45
Given the impasse reached over the two-rule approach for machinery as well as its possibleimplications in trade remedy situations the committee chairman proposed to the GeneralCouncil that the committee (1) continue consultations with the council (2) suspend work
Ibid par 8046
Ibid par 8147
WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated Framework48
Task ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006 In May 2006 the AFT Task Force reported to the General Council itsldquoDraft Recommendations Of The Task Force On An Enhanced Integrated Frameworkrdquo and in July 2006issued its ldquoRecommendations Of The Task Force On Aid For Traderdquo
The IF was established in October 1997 as a technical assistance fund to help the least developed49
countries in matters concerning trade-related development The IF is managed by six major multilateraleconomic institutionsmdashthe IMF United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) UnitedNations Development Programme World Bank WTO and the UNCTADWTO joint technical cooperationagency the International Trade Centre
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 In July 2006 the Task50
Force also proposed recommendations to strengthen country and regional needs assessments donor responsethe nexus between coordinating trade assistance needs raised by countries and regions and the response bydonors to those needs as well as a proposal to establish a monitoring and evaluation body for these AFTprojects WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007 par 11 The council adopted therecommendations in October 2006 and in December 2006 the Director-General suggested that theCommittee on Trade and Development undertake periodic reviews of progress as a means to monitor AFTprojects in order to keep WTO Members informed WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirstSession on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007par 3
3-10
on the two points at issue about the two-rule approach and its trade remedy implicationsuntil the council can provide further guidance and (3) continue work on technical questionstoward a possible agreement as part of regular committee work46
The chairman also remarked that during a meeting of the World Semiconductor Councilcommittee members found consultations with industry useful regarding development ofrules of origin for semiconductors and as a result the chairman indicated an intent to opensimilar private sector consultations regarding the three machinery product categories ofconsumer electronics household appliances and heavy machinery47
Aid for Trade
In 2007 the General Council moved forward with its Aid for Trade (AFT) initiativelaunched in 2006 Following direction from trade ministers at the December 2005 WTOMinisterial Conference in Hong Kong the WTO Director-General established the Aid forTrade Task Force in February 2006 The task force was to examine ways to assistdeveloping and in particular the least developed countries in building their supply-sidetrade capacity and trade-related infrastructure to help them better implement the WTOAgreements and thereby expand their exports of goods and services48
In 2006 the AFT Task Force issued its recommendations for an Enhanced IntegratedFramework (EIF) Discussions among agencies and countries participating in the IntegratedFramework (IF) led to the formal launch of the EIF in May 2007 Also in 2006 the task49 50
force proposed recommendations regarding strengthening the linkages for trade assistancebetween donors and recipients including a monitoring and evaluation system
WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting51
of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007 par 4ndash5 The CTD focused on a monitoringcapability in conjunction with the OECD trade facilitation and standards and testing with contributions fromthe World Bank World Customs Organization OECD Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations World Organization for Animal Health (ldquoOIErdquo) and the WTO trends in trade-related infrastructurein conjunction with the World Bank Japan the EU and the OECD building productive capacity andassistance for adjustment trade diversification and competitiveness in conjunction with the United StatesAgency for International Development United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNCTADWTO ITC and the IMF as well as reports and recommendations arising out of three regionalreviews held in September and October 2007 for the Latin American and Caribbean region one for theAsia-Pacific region and one for the Africa region in conjunction with the Inter-American DevelopmentBank Asian Development Bank African Development Bank and the United Nations Economic Commissionfor Africa WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On AidFor Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007 Annex 1
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For52
Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
Ibid par 653
Ibid par 854
3-11
In April 2007 the CTD chairman in conjunction with the WTO Secretariat proposed atentative monitoring and evaluation regime at three levels (1) a global picture of financialflows assembled each year in cooperation with the OECD (2) a donor self-evaluation thatdetails AFT activities carried out by its development agencies and (3) a country assessmentto provide country-specific views on trade and financial needs51
In November 2007 the General Council held its first annual Global Aid for Trade sessionto review this monitoring and evaluation project as well as to chart a future course for theAFT work program The review concluded that progress was made on a monitoring system52
during 2007 the programrsquos initial year Following three regional AFT seminars held in2007 members noted that a greater emphasis on country and regional monitoring might beuseful as well as an evaluation of the actual impact of AFT projects rather than focus solelyon AFT financial flows Other conclusions from the regional seminars led to proposals to53
encourage countries and regions to map out their key priorities and constraints and todevelop country and regional action plans that devise AFT networks that could help setpriorities and develop plans develop guidance to assess results and implement follow-upplans54
Cotton initiative
In December 2007 the WTO Director-General updated the General Council on his workconcerning development assistance aspects regarding cotton Following the December 2003WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico consultations between theDirector-General and members led to a cotton initiative aimed at addressing issues raisedabout domestic agricultural support payments to cotton producers in the developed countriesthat affect unsubsidized cotton production in and exports from least developing countriesin particular from the four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Benin Burkina Faso Chad andMali The General Council subsequently tasked the Director-General in 2004 to pursue theseconsultations In 2007 the Director-General reported that the WTO Secretariat would beginmonitoring development assistance aspects of domestic cotton sector reforms but that
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200855
Ibid56
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 1957
2007 WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 18 December 2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 42008
The designated developing country members were Bolivia Cameroon Congo Cocircte drsquoIvoire58
Dominican Republic Egypt Ghana Guatemala Guyana India Indonesia Kenya Morocco NicaraguaNigeria Pakistan Philippines Senegal Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe countries whose GNP per capita had notreached $1000 per annum in 1995 when the WTO was established
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnex VIIrdquo 199559
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under60
Article 274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Ibid par 1(e)-(f)61
3-12
agreement on an adjustment mechanism regarding income declines in the cotton sector hasto date remained elusive55
Annual Review of Chinas Protocol of Accession to the WTO
In December 2007 the General Council held its annual review of Chinarsquos implementationof the WTO Agreement under the provisions of Chinarsquos WTO Protocol of Accession Thecouncil conducted the review under the Transitional Review Mechanism based oninformation provided by China as well as on reports submitted by a number of subsidiaryWTO bodies56
Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation
GATT 1994 paragraph 3(a) provides the United States with an exemption from certainGATT obligations for measures taken under legislation existing prior to the GATT 1947 thatprohibit the use sale or lease of foreign-built or foreign-reconstructed vessels incommercial applications between points in national waters or waters of an exclusiveeconomic zone (so-called cabotage) The biennial review of the operation of this legislationcommonly known in the United States as the ldquoJones Actrdquo was held in February 2007 withfurther clarification provided in December 2007 based on the annual report provided by theUnited States57
Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and CountervailingMeasures
Article 274 of the WTO SCM Agreement states that certain developing country membersdesignated in the agreement are to phase out their export subsidies within eight years of58
the establishment of the WTO that is by year-end 2003 Countries seeking to apply such59
subsidies beyond 2003 were required to request an extension from the SCM Committee In2001 the committee agreed on procedures for these requests that would extend thephase-out period through 2007 with the possibility at that time of seeking to continue the60
extension61
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement on62
Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July 172007 esp par 1(d)
WTO Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations Art63
IV1 1995
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200864
3-13
In July 2007 the committee drafted a decision that agreed on procedures for thecontinuation of this extension of the phase-out period which would require these countriesto end their notified export subsidy programs not later than December 31 201562
Accessions
The Kingdom of Tonga became the 151st WTO member on July 27 2007 (table 31) InDecember 2007 the General Council also approved final membership arrangements for theWTO accession of Cape Verde In 2007 the council established two accession workingparties as requested one for the Comoros and a second for Liberia Another 30 countriesare observers or in various stages of accession to the WTO (table 32)
Waivers
During 2007 the General Council agreed to grant or extend waivers from WTO obligationsparticularly regarding membersrsquo schedules of concessions resulting from the adoption ofnewer HS tariff schedule nomenclature (notably HS 1996 HS 2002 and HS 2007) as wellas waivers from most-favored-nation obligations when granting nonreciprocal tradepreferences approved by members The council also granted several waivers to membersregarding particular individual obligations resulting from past concessions
Seventh WTO ministerial conference
In October 2007 the chairman of the General Council reported on broad consultations withmembers which concluded that it would not be possible to convene a WTO conference atthe ministerial level before the end of 2007 (a conference is required at that level at leastevery other year) The council and members agreed that the failure to hold the Seventh63
Session of the Ministerial Conference in 2007 should not establish a precedent for thefuture and agreed to return to the issue as soon as the situation could be clarified inparticular regarding a ministerial-level conference in conjunction with a conclusion to theDoha Round of trade negotiations64
3-14
TABLE 31 W TO membership in 2007
AlbaniaAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgiumBelizeBeninBoliviaBotswanaBrazilBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurmaBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCentral African RepChadChileChinaChinese Taipei a
ColombiaCongo Democratic Rep ofCongo Rep ofCosta RicaCocircte dIvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEuropean CommunitiesFijiFinlandFranceGabon
GambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong Kong ChinaHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKenyaKorea Rep ofKuwaitKyrgyz RepLatviaLesothoLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMoldovaMongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNepalNetherlands and Dutch AntillesNew Zealand
NicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaudi ArabiaSenegalSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovak RepSloveniaSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited States of AmericaUruguayVenezuelaVietnamZambiaZimbabwe
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
In the WTO the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu is informally referred to asa
Chinese Taipei although elsewhere it is commonly referred to as Taiwan
3-15
TABLE 32 W TO observers in 2007
AfghanistanAlgeriaAndorraAzerbaijanBahamasBelarusBhutanBosnia and HerzegovinaCape VerdeComorosEthiopia
Guinea EquatorialIranIraqKazakhstanLaosLebanonLibyaMontenegroRussiaSamoaSatildeo Tomeacute and Principe
SerbiaSeychellesSudanTajikistanUkraineUzbekistanVanuatuVatican (Holy See)Yemen
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
Dispute Settlement
Consultations and New Panels Established
During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests for WTO dispute settlementconsultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005 and 19 in 2004 There were 13new dispute settlement panels established in 2007 compared to 14 in 2006 7 in 2005 and8 in 2004 One of these panels (DS358) was later terminated when the United States andChina reached a mutually agreed settlement in December 2007 and another (DS359) wasterminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in February 2008Table 33 shows the 13 cases in which panels were established during 2007
Four of the panels established during 2007 were at the request of the United States (DS358DS360 DS362 DS363) Other panels were established in 2007 at the request of Argentina(3) Brazil (1) the EU (3) Mexico (1) and Panama (1) The United States was named as therespondent in two of the cases (DS350 DS365) Other countries named as respondents incases before newly established panels in 2007 were Brazil (1) Chile (2) China (4)Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The trade issues involved in these cases includedmeasures affecting antidumping countervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectualproperty rights tax matters as well as measures affecting border and internal trade issuesAppendix table A19 shows developments during 2007 in the WTO dispute settlement casesto which the United States was a party
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States
During 2007 the DSB established panels in four cases at the request of the United StatesThe issues raised and procedural history of each of the four are summarized below
3-16
TABLE 33 W TO dispute settlement panels established in 2007
Case No Complainant Respondent Case NamePanel
Established
DS341 EU Mexico Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the EU
Jan 23 2007
DS350 EU United States Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology
June 4 2007
DS351 Argentina Chile Provisional Safeguard Measure on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS352 EU India Measures Affecting the Importation and Sale of Wines and Spirits from the EU
Apr 24 2007
DS355 Argentina Brazil Antidumping Measures on Imports of CertainResins from Argentina
July 24 2007
DS356 Argentina Chile Definitive Safeguard Measures on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS358 United States China Certain Measures Granting RefundsReductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
Aug 31 2007
DS359 Mexico China Certain Measures Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
July 12 2007
DS360 United States India Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States
June 20 2007
DS362 United States China Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual PropertyRights
Sept 25 2007
DS363 United States China Measures Affecting Trading Rights andDistribution Services for CertainPublications and AudiovisualEntertainment Products
Nov 27 2007
DS365 Brazil United States Domestic Support and Export CreditGuarantees for Agricultural Products
Dec 17 2007
DS366 Panama Colombia Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports ofEntry
Oct 22 2007
Source Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The Disputes Chronological List of Disputes Casesrdquohttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm (accessed Feb 27 2008)
Note The United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS358 in December 2007Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS359 in February 2008
Measures by China Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxes andOther Payments (DS358)
The United States claimed that certain refunds reductions or exemptions to firms in Chinawere inconsistent with Article 3 of the SCM Agreement in that they were conditioned on thepurchase of domestic over imported goods or that they required the firm to meet certainexport performance criteria The United States also claimed that the measures were
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo65
DS358 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoChina To End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo November 2966
2007
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo67
DS360 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos Intellectual68
Property Rights Lawsrdquo August 13 2007
3-17
inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 and Article 2 of the Trade-RelatedInvestment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement to the extent that they accord imported productsless favorable treatment than like domestic products The United States claimed in additionthat the measures did not comply with certain provisions in Chinarsquos Accession Protocol andthe Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China The United States filed itsrequest for consultations on February 2 2007 After consultations failed to resolve thedispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon August 31 2007 On December 19 2007 China and the United States informed the DSBthat they had reached an agreement in relation to the dispute in the form of a MOU Under65
the MOU China committed to complete a series of steps by January 1 2008 to ensure thatthe WTO-prohibited subsidies cited in the US complaint have been permanentlyeliminated and that they will not be reintroduced in the future66
Measures by India Imposing ldquoAdditional Dutiesrdquo or ldquoExtra Additional DutiesrdquoIncluding Wines and Distilled Products (DS360)
In its complaint the United States claimed that certain ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo and ldquoextraadditional dutiesrdquo imposed by India on certain goods including wines and distilled productsare inconsistent with Articles II1(a) and (b) and III2 and III4 of the GATT 1994 TheUnited States filed its request for consultations on March 6 2007 After consultations failedto resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel wasestablished on June 20 2007 and composed on July 3 2007 On December 17 2007 thepanel chairman announced that the panel expects to issue its final report in March 200867
Measures by China Affecting the Protection of and Enforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights (DS362)
The United States claimed that various measures taken by China were inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under the TRIPS Agreement These measures include (a) quantitative68
thresholds in Chinarsquos criminal law that must be met in order to start criminal prosecutionsor obtain criminal convictions for copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting (b) rulesallowing infringing goods seized by Chinese customs authorities to be released intocommerce after removal of fake labels or other infringing features and (c) apparent denialof copyright protection for works poised to enter the market but awaiting Chinese censorshipapproval The United States filed its request for consultations on April 10 2007 Afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo69
DS362 April 11 2008
Ibid70
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show71
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 199472
commonly referred to as the Antidumping Agreement
Ibid73
3-18
panel a panel was established on September 25 2007 and composed on December 13200769
Measures by China Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for CertainPublications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (DS363)
The United States alleged that various Chinese measures reserve trading rights for certainpublications and audiovisual entertainment products to certain Chinese state-designated andwholly or partially state-owned enterprises and that various Chinese measures imposemarket access restrictions or discriminatory limitations on foreign service providers seekingto engage in the distribution of publications (eg books magazines newspapers andelectronic publications) and certain audiovisual home entertainment products (eg videocassettes and DVDs) The United States claimed that such measures are inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under its Protocol of Accession the GATT 1994 and the GeneralAgreement on Trade in Services (GATS) The United States filed its request forconsultations on April 10 2007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the UnitedStates requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on November 272007 The panel was composed on March 27 200870
Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent
Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology in USAntidumping Duty Reviews (DS350)
In its complaint the European Communities asserted that United States Department ofCommerce (USDOC) implementing regulations ldquozeroingrdquo methodology practice71
administrative procedures and measures for determining the dumping margin inadministrative reviews are inconsistent with various provisions of the AntidumpingAgreement and Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 1994 The EC filed its request for72
consultations on October 2 2006 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute theEuropean Community (EC) requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon June 4 2007 and composed on July 6 2007 On October 1 2007 the chairman of thepanel informed the DSB that the panel expects to complete its work in June 200873
Ibid74
Ibid75
3-19
US Subsidies and Other Domestic Support for Corn and Other AgriculturalProducts (DS357)
In its complaint Canada claimed (1) that the United States provides subsidies to the UScorn industry that are specific to US producers of primary agricultural products andor theUS corn industry (2) that the United States through export credit guarantee programs andother measures makes available to its exporters premium rates and other terms morefavorable than those which the market would otherwise provide and (3) that the UnitedStates through the improper exclusion of domestic support provides support in favor ofdomestic producers in excess of its agreed to commitment levels Canada claimed that theUS measures are contrary to US obligations in Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCMAgreement Articles 32 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreement on Agriculture and Section1 of Part IV of the US Schedule Canada filed its request for consultations on January 82007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canada on June 7 2007 requestedestablishment of a panel the decision to establish a panel was deferred On November 82007 Canada and Brazil following consultations relating to similar issues in DS365 (seebelow) requested establishment of a panel in that dispute and a single panel wasestablished on December 17 2007 in that dispute On November 15 2007 Canadawithdrew its June 7 2007 request to establish a panel in DS357 No panel has been74
composed as of mid-2008
US Domestic Support and Export Credit Guarantees for Agricultural Products(DS365)
In its complaint Brazil claimed possible inconsistencies in the case of two categories of USagricultural measures (1) domestic support for agricultural products and (2) export creditguarantees for agricultural products Brazil claimed that the US domestic support measuresexceeded US commitment levels in 1999-2001 2002 and 2004-2005 resulting in possibleinconsistencies with Article 32 of the Agreement on Agriculture Brazil also claimed thatvarious US programs for agricultural products made export credit guarantees available onmore favorable terms than those otherwise available in the market resulting in possibleinconsistencies with US obligations under Articles 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreementon Agriculture and Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCM Agreement Brazil filed its request forconsultations on July 11 2007 and Canada and several other members subsequentlyrequested to join the consultations After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canadaand Brazil each requested establishment of a panel and a single panel was established onDecember 17 2007 No panel has been composed as of mid-200875
Appellate Body and Panel Reports Adopted during 2007 that Involved theUnited States
During 2007 the WTO DSB adopted Appellate Body andor Panel reports in three disputesettlement cases in which the United States was either the complaining party (one report)
This list does not include panel and Appellate Body compliance reports adopted by the DSB during76
2007 relating to challenges of implementation actions taken by responding parties in response to earlierreports adopted by the DSB
3-20
or the responding party (two reports) The status of each of these cases is summarized76
below (including a summary of adopted reports) In addition there is a discussion of a fourthcase in which an appeal of a panel report was pending at the end of 2007 and the AppellateBody report was adopted in early 2008 the United States was the complaining party in thatcase
There were additional cases in which the United States was the complainant or therespondent that remained pending throughout 2007 with rulings made or expected during2008 These included a case brought by the United States against China (DS340 MeasuresAffecting Imports of Automobile Parts) and cases brought against the United States by theEuropean Communities (DS350 Continued Existence and Application of ZeroingMethodology with a panel report expected in June 2008 and DS353 Large Civil Aircraft2nd Complaint with a panel report expected in July 2008) India (DS346 Customs BondDirective for Merchandise Subject to AntidumpingCountervailing Duties panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008) Mexico (DS344 Final Antidumping Measures on Stainless Steelfrom Mexico panel report circulated December 20 2007 and appealed to the AppellateBody) and Thailand (DS343 Measure Relating to Shrimp from Thailand panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008)
Reports in which the United States was the complainant
Measures by Turkey Affecting the Importation of Rice (DS334)
This dispute involved a complaint filed by the United States challenging Turkeyrsquos importrestrictions on rice The United States alleged that Turkey (1) requires an import license toimport rice but fails to grant such licences to import rice at Turkeyrsquos bound rate of duty and(2) that Turkey also operates a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for rice imports that requiresimporters in order to import specified quantities of rice at reduced tariff levels to purchasespecified quantities of domestic rice The United States alleged that such measures wereinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos obligations under Article 21 and Annex 1 of the TRIMsAgreement Articles III (para 4 5 and 7) and XI1 of the GATT 1994 and certain articlesof the Import Licensing Agreement The United States filed a request for consultations onNovember 2 2005 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the United Statesrequested establishment of a panel and the DSB established a panel on March 17 2006 Thepanel was composed on July 31 2006 The panel circulated its report on September 212007 The panel found that Turkeyrsquos decision to deny or fail to grant Certificates of Controlto import rice outside of the TRQs constituted a quantitative import restriction as well as apractice of discretionary import licensing within the meaning of footnote 1 to Article 42 ofthe Agreement on Agriculture The panel also found that Turkeyrsquos requirement thatimporters must purchase domestic rice in order to import rice at reduced-tariff levels underthe tariff quotas accorded less favorable treatment to imported rice than to domestic rice ina manner inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 The DSB adopted the panelreport on October 22 2007
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show77
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88 Specifically the USDOC calculation of a weighted averagedumping margin for a company generally involves numerous comparisons between sales in the United Statesand sales in the home market or third country market (or costs in the home market) While some comparisonsreveal dumping (eg the price in the United States is lower than the home market price) other comparisonsmay reveal no dumping (eg the price in the United States is higher than the home market price) Where acomparison reveals no dumping the USDOC assigns a zero to that comparison rather than a negativenumber equal to the amount by which the US price exceeds the home market price This practice isgenerally referred to as ldquozeroingrdquo The WTO Antidumping Agreement contemplates three methodologies forcalculating a dumping margin in investigations average-to-average transaction-to-transaction andaverage-to-transaction These issues in these disputes involve the use of zeroing for each of thesemethodologies as well as whether the zeroing methodology can be used in different types of antidumpingproceedings including original investigations administrative reviews and 5-year reviews USTR ldquoWTOPanel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo September 20 2006
WTO ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the Appellate78
Bodyrdquo WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2379
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoApril 11 2008 In80
June 2007 the United States submitted a proposal to the WTO Negotiating Group on Rules to ldquocorrectrdquo theAppellate Bodyrsquos rulings on zeroing USTR ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World TradeOrganization Negotiationsrdquo June 4 2007
3-21
Reports in which the United States was the respondent
US Antidumping ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology (DS322)
This dispute involved a complaint brought by Japan in 2004 against the United Statesregarding a methodology used by the United States in calculating dumping margins knownas ldquozeroingrdquo Japan contested US laws regulations and methodologies involving zeroing77
as such and as applied and in particular when zeroing is used in transaction-to-transactioncomparisons to calculate dumping margins and when margins calculated using zeroing arerelied on in 5-year reviews Japan alleged that US measures are inconsistent with certainprovisions of the Antidumping Agreement and Articles VI1 VI2 and XVI4 of the GATT1994 Japan filed its request for consultations on November 24 2004 and afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute requested establishment of a panel the DSBestablished a panel on February 28 2005 The panel was composed on April 15 2005 Thepanel found in favor of the United States on most issues and circulated its report onSeptember 20 2006 Both Japan and the United States appealed the panel report and theAppellate Body in a report adopted on January 23 2007 reversed the panelrsquos findings andconcluded that US use of a zeroing methodology when calculating dumping margins on thebasis of transaction-to-transaction comparisons and its reliance on dumping marginsinvolving zeroing in 5-year reviews among other practices were not consistent with USWTO obligations The United States subsequently reached agreement with Japan to78
implement the DSB recommendations and rulings by December 24 2007 As a result of aseparate proceeding the USDOC announced that it would no longer engage in zeroing inaverage-to-average comparisons in investigations On January 10 2008 Japan requested79
DSB authorization to suspend concessions on the ground that the United States had failedto implement the DSB recommendations and rulings On January 18 2008 the United Statesobjected to the level of suspension and requested that the matter be referred to arbitrationOn January 21 2008 the DSB agreed that the matter had been referred to arbitration80
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoApril 11 200881
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2382
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th83
Session of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008 par3 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 187
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th84
Session rdquo May 30 2007 and OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraftSummary Record of the 148th Session rdquo February 11 2008
3-22
US Antidumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador (DS335)
This dispute involved a complaint by Ecuador concerning a final affirmative antidumpingduty determination and antidumping duty order by the USDOC regarding certain frozenwarm-water shrimp from Ecuador Ecuador raised concerns particularly about the USDOCrsquospractice of ldquozeroingrdquo negative antidumping margins and alleged that the USDOCdeterminations and order are inconsistent with various provisions of Article VI of the GATT1994 and Article 181 of the Antidumping Agreement Ecuador filed a request forconsultations on November 17 2005 Following consultations that failed to resolve thedispute Ecuador requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on July 192006 The panel was composed on September 26 2006 The panel report was circulated onJanuary 20 2007 and adopted by the DSB on February 20 2007 The panel found that theUSDOC acted inconsistently with Article 242 of the Antidumping Agreement in itsdeterminations and order and requested that the United States bring its measures intoconformity with its obligations Neither party appealed The United States agreed toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings by August 20 2007 The USDOC81
recalculated the margins which were de minimis and revoked the order82
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
In 2007 the OECD Trade Committee held several global policy forums addressing subjectssuch as trade and labor market adjustment and the international sourcing of informationtechnology services The committee completed in 2007 its comprehensive reviews of theeconomies of China and India and continued discussions on trade issues regarding other83
major nonmember economies For the medium-term future the committee decided to focuson the issues of international disciplines on export credits trade in services the costs andbenefits of continued trade liberalization and the interaction of domestic and trade policiesThe Trade Committee also continued to monitor developments in the WTO Doha Roundtrade negotiations during the year and continued its ongoing work program
Global Policy Forums
During 2007 the Trade Committee members held two global policy forums one concerningtrade and labor market adjustments and a second concerning the role of internationalsourcing of business processing and information technology services in trade innovationand growth84
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th85
Session rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007 par 12
Ibid86
Ibid par 1387
Ibid88
Ibid par 1689
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th90
Session rdquo February 11 2008
Ibid par 291
Ibid92
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 18893
OECD Council ldquoCouncil Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagementrdquo94
CMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
3-23
Regarding labor adjustments to trade the Secretariat noted at a policy forum in March 2007that its studies indicate that despite increases over the past decade in total employment andlabor productivity labor demand in manufacturing sectors has nonetheless become moreelastic over the years According to the Secretariat this situation has rendered workers in85
member countries more vulnerable than before to economic shocks such as increased importcompetition Concerning developing countries members examined the issue raised by86
other studies that suggest that increased trade was in part responsible for increasinginequality in both China and Latin America The committee reported that the economic87
literature generally finds no automatic linkage between economic growth and povertyreduction or between increased trade and economic development Committee members88
offered the idea that education and job training may provide a remedy to capture thepotential gains from trade liberalization that might help offset such imbalances89
At a second policy forum on the role of international sourcing of business processing andinformation technology services in trade innovation and growth in October 2007committee members discussed trends in outsourcing services jobs in the business processingand information technology areas Members concluded that outsourcing can yield90
significant economic benefits but that governments need to have proper domestic policiesin place at home to address related worker concerns that may arise as a result ofoutsourcing Some members suggested that binding current outsourcing policies under91
WTO disciplines might be desirable considering that few trade barriers exist currently in thisarea The forum also touched on issues of technology transfer through trade competitionrsquos92
effect on innovation global value chains trade in services and how innovation affectsinformation and communication technologies93
Nonmember Focus
Following the May 2007 OECD ministerial decision on OECD enlargement and ldquoenhancedengagementrdquo with nonmember economies the OECD strengthened its involvement with94
leading developing economy nonmember countries Chile Estonia Israel Russia andSlovenia were invited to begin the OECD accession process In addition the OECD offeredan ldquoEnhanced Engagementrdquo partnership arrangement to Brazil China India Indonesia andSouth Africa whereby these countries could participate in OECD activities of interest
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th95
Session rdquo February 14 2008 par 1ndash3
Ibid par 396
Ibid97
Ibid98
Ibid99
Ibid par 1100
Ibid par 3101
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th102
Session rdquo May 30 2007 par 4ndash5
Ibid OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the103
148th Session of the Trade Committee 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 112008 par 4ndash5
3-24
including committees economic surveys sector-specific peer reviews OECD instrumentsintegration into OECD information and statistical reporting systems and similar work95
The Trade Committee also examined in 2007 progress in and the impact of the integrationof China and India into the world trading system The committee remarked that Chinarsquos96
trade reforms in particular regarding manufacturing have been key to Chinarsquos improvedeconomic performance The committee noted that India retains moderate protection on its97
external trade despite some tariff reductions on nonagricultural products Committee98
members noted that India shows a comparative advantage in certain services sectors but thatIndiarsquos trade policy concerning services in general is still very restrictive compared toChina The committee also reviewed its outreach discussions with government officials99
in China and India during 2007 addressing regulatory reform and market openness in Chinaand global and country-specific trade policy issues in India100
In addition the committee renewed observer status in the OECD Trade Committee forArgentina Brazil Chile and Hong Kong (China) for the 2008ndash09 period101
Trade Committee Priority Topics
During 2007 the Trade Committee considered its medium-term work priorities as part ofa ldquoreflection processrdquo initiated in October 2006 Delegations agreed that the committee102
should move from its previous broad consideration of trade issues to an approach thataddressed in a more focused manner the specific key policy priorities raised by delegationsDelegates expressed strong support for more focused work on the policy priorities of (1)international disciplines on export credits (2) trade in services (3) committee support forbetter understanding of the costs and benefits to be gained from further trade liberalizationand (4) committee interest in examining in more detail the interaction of domestic policiesand international trade although delegations raised the need to be mindful of carefuldefinition in such studies103
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th104
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 12ndash13
OECD Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees105
ldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo TDECG(2006)24December 18 2006
OECD Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environment106
and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of107
the Trade CommitteemdashParis 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30 2007OECD ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary General during the Signing Ceremony of the AircraftSector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo July 30 2007
OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30108
2007
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192109
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th110
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 6ndash13USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192
3-25
Export Credits
The Trade Committee finalized a number of sectoral revisions to the 1978 OECDArrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (Export Credit Arrangement or ECA)The Trade Committee considered strengthening its work on international export creditdisciplines as part of its medium-term priorities in particular through dialogue withnonmembers The committee highlighted two OECD recommendations recently adopted104
by the OECD Council one on antibribery measures concerning export credits and a105
second on export credits and their environmental impact106
Aircraft sector understanding
In July 2007 the OECD concluded its review of the 1986 provisions governing aircraftfinancing that are annexed to the 1978 ECA The new rules under the Aircraft SectorUnderstanding (ASU) went into effect on July 1 2007 with the final text signed on July 302007 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil The ASU limits official subsidies for export credits among107
its signatories allowing aircraft sales to focus purchasing decisions on price and quality108
rather than on financing terms where export subsidies have in the past influenced purchasingdecisions The committee recognized in particular the significance of Brazil as a109
negotiating party and first-time signatory of the ASU because Brazil is both a non-OECDmember in addition to being a major regional aircraft producer The committee consideredthe ASU a model for cooperation and strengthened dialogue between OECD members andnonmember countries The committee viewed the understanding as an important approachin addressing the use of export credits in likely future competitive emerging nonmembereconomies such as Brazil China India Israel Romania South Africa and Slovenia110
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of111
the Trade Committeemdash Paris 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4
Ibid112
APEC was established in 1989 Its 21 members are Australia Brunei Darussalam Canada Chile113
China Hong Kong China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New GuineaPeru the Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) Thailand the United States andVietnam For more information see APEC ldquoAPEC at a Glancerdquohttpwwwapecorgapecabout_apechtml
APEC ldquoOutcomes amp Outlook 2005ndash06rdquo 114 wwwapecorgcontentapecabout_apechtml (accessed
February 1 2007)
3-26
Export credit understandings for other sectors
In April 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA extended the trial period for the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits Renewable Energies and Water Projectsmdashinitially agreedin 2005mdashthrough June 30 2009 In 2009 participants are expected to consider whether111
to modify the understanding and whether to incorporate it into the ECA
In October 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA concluded their update of the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits for Ships which was first agreed in 2003 In the update112
ECA participants in conjunction with the OECD Council Working Party No 6 agreed tofuture work plans that are to include examination of rules on minimum premium rates andinterest rates
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APEC is an international organization comprised of Pacific Rim countries seeking tofacilitate intraregional economic growth trade investment and cooperation The113
organization operates as a cooperative multilateral economic and trade group whosedecisions are made by consensus and whose commitments are undertaken voluntarilyAPEC leaders meet annually to provide direction to the organization in the form of action-oriented work programs and to define priorities for its committees working groups seniorofficialsrsquo meetings and special task groups To reach its objective member countriescommitted to the ldquoBogor Goalsrdquo in 1994 which set forth a timetable for creating a free andopen trade and investment area in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for industrializedcountries and by 2020 for developing countries Various annual APEC initiatives have beenundertaken to provide member countries with direction on how to successfully meet thelong-term objectives agreed upon in Bogor Indonesia in 1995114
Two major developments resulted from the September 2007 annual ministerial meeting inSydney Australia and its related workshops Ministers formulated a new ldquoAction Agendardquoaimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmental protection among member nationsand advanced the Bogor Goals of a free and open trade region through several initiativesagreed upon in APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment
APEC Sydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and Clean115
Development September 9 2007
APEC ldquoAPEC Model Measures for RTAsFTAsrdquo September 5ndash6 2007 116
APEC ldquoAPECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Planrdquo July 2007117
APEC ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos Summary Reports to CTIrdquo June 29-30 2007118
httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf
APEC ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo July 3 2007 119
3-27
Action Agenda
APEC ministers agreed upon an action plan that is designed to stimulate energy efficiencyand environmental protection in the Asia-Pacific region They set objectives of reducingenergy consumption throughout the region by 25 percent by 2030 increasing forest coverin the region by at least 20 million hectares by 2020 and establishing an Asia-PacificNetwork for Energy Technology to promote collaboration on energy research115
Committee on Trade and Investment
APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI) accomplished four main tasks in 2007First members agreed upon model measures with respect to regional agreements and freetrade agreements electronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitaryand phytosanitary measures Second members formulated APECrsquos Second Trade116
Facilitation Action Plan which aims to reduce intraregional transaction costs associatedwith trade by 5 percent by 2010 Third its members developed guidelines to enhance IPR117
capacity building in the region by promoting regional IPR protection and enforcement118
Finally CTI members agreed upon common procedures for acquiring new patents inmember countries119
The agreement with respect to the Dominican Republic entered into force on March 1 2007 The1
agreement entered into force with respect to the other listed parties during 2006 The status of Costa Ricarsquosadherence to CAFTA-DR is discussed below in the section ldquoOther FTA Developments during 2007rdquo
4-1
CHAPTER 4 US Free Trade Agreements
This chapter reviews developments related to US Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) during2007 It describes trends in US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2006ndash07reviews the status of US FTA negotiations during the year and reviews major NAFTAactivities including NAFTA dispute settlement developments during the year
FTAs in Force During 2007
The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of December 31 2007 These included amultiparty agreement with the countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic(CAFTA-DR) implemented with respect to the Dominican Republic El SalvadorGuatemala Honduras and Nicaragua (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the1
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA (2004) theUS-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) NAFTA (1994) and theUS-Israel FTA (1985)
Table 41 shows US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2005ndash07 In 2007 totalUS exports of goods to FTA partners were valued at $4055 billion US exports to FTApartners accounted for 388 percent of total US exports Total US imports of goods fromFTA partners were valued at approximately $5934 billion and accounted for 322 percentof US imports from the world The overall US merchandise trade balance with FTApartners was a deficit of $1878 billion In 2007 the US trade deficit with its NAFTApartners ranked a record high $1902 billion and decreased with Israel Jordan Chile andBahrain Australia Singapore Morocco and the CAFTA-DR countries were the only FTApartners with which the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
The value of US imports entered under FTA provisions has risen steadily from $2637billion in 2005 to $3139 billion in 2007 (table 42) US FTA imports increased by 190percent during 2005ndash07 outpacing the increase in overall US imports of 169 percentduring the same period NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico accounted for more than 930percent of the value of US FTA imports in 2007 The large increase in imports underCAFTA-DR during 2006ndash07 was the result of the staged implementation of that FTA duringthe period Imports from all FTA partners accounted for 162 percent of total US importsin 2007
4-2
TABLE 41 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Million dollars
Exports
Israel 6497 8094 9940
NAFTA 284902 312789 332500
Jordan 607 623 832
Singapore 18680 21911 23577
Chile 4668 6221 7610
Australia 14638 16836 17917
Morocco ndash 869 1334
Bahrain a ndash 471 565
CAFTA-DR b ndash 9657 11257
FTA partner total 329992 377471 405532
World 803992 929486 1046358
FTA partner share of world (percent) 410 406 388
Imports
Israel 18680 19157 20817
NAFTA 456750 500090 522663
Jordan 1267 1421 1333
Singapore 15084 17750 19080
Chile 6745 9551 8969
Australia 7360 8244 8633
Morocco ndash 546 626
Bahrain a ndash 632 626
CAFTA-DR b ndash 10206 10627
FTA partner total 505886 567598 593374
World 1662380 1845053 1942863
FTA partner share of world (percent) 304 308 322
Balance
Israel -10373 -11063 -10877
NAFTA -171848 -187302 -190163
Jordan -660 -798 -501
Singapore 3596 4161 4497
Chile -2077 -3330 -1359
Australia 7278 8592 9284
Morocco ndash 323 708
Bahrain a ndash -161 -61
CAFTA-DR b ndash -549 630
FTA partner total -174084 -190127 -187842
World -858388 -915567 -798695
FTA partner share of world (percent) 203 208 235
Source US Department of Commerce
Note Data represent US bilateral trade flows (ie trade under FTA provisions as well as non-FTA trade) with FTA partners Thesymbol ldquondashrdquo indicates not applicable because an FTA was not in force
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominican Republicb
beginning in 2007
4-3
TABLE 42 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2005ndash07
Million dollars
Israel 2824 2771 2755 -24
NAFTA 253458 286959 293057 156
Jordan 246 309 313 272
Singapore 800 868 935 169
Chile 3679 5508 5001 359
Australia 2670 3248 3155 182
Morocco ndash 116 176 ndash
Bahrain a ndash 47 199 ndash
CAFTA-DR ndash 3976 8289 ndash
El Salvador ndash 993 1490 ndash
Guatemala ndash 561 1286 ndash
Honduras ndash 2003 2855 ndash
Nicaragua ndash 418 706 ndash
Dominican Republic ndash ndash 1952 ndash
FTA partner total 263677 303802 313880 190
World 1662380 1845053 1942863 169
Share of total partner imports
Israel 167 145 132
NAFTA 555 574 561
Jordan 195 217 235
Singapore 53 49 49
Chile 545 577 558
Australia 363 394 365
Morocco ndash 212 281
Bahrain a ndash 74 318
CAFTA-DR b ndash 390 780
FTA partner total share of world 159 165 162
Source US Department of Commerce
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominicanb
Republic beginning in 2007
Other FTA Developments During 2007
Costa Rica is also a party to the CAFTA-DR but the United States and Costa Rica have notyet implemented the agreement In a national referendum held on October 7 2007 thecitizens of Costa Rica voted to join CAFTA-DR However the Costa Rican government didnot complete the necessary implementing legislation during the year CAFTA-DRestablishes a 2-year period for signatory countries to join the agreement after it first takeseffect CAFTA-DR first took effect on March 1 2006 and therefore the 2-year period forall parties to join the agreement was to end on March 1 2008 On February 27 2008
USTR ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquo2
News release February 27 2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo June 28 2008 The US-Panama3
TPA is described in more detail below USTR ldquoUnited States and Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release4
June 30 2007 The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail below FTA negotiations with those countries were concluded during 2006 For information on FTA5
developments during 2006 see USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade AgreementProgrammdash58th Report 2007 4-3 USTR ldquoBipartisan Trade Dealrdquo May 20076
httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsTPA05-11-07FinalBipartisanTradeDealpdf USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US-Peru Trade Promotion7
Agreementrdquo December 14 2007 and USTR ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru TradePromotion Agreementrdquo June 25 2007 OAS ldquoColombiamdashUnited Statesrdquo httpwwwsiceoasorgTPDAND_USACOL_USA_eASP8
The Trade Act of 2002 (title XXII of the Trade Act of 2002) was enacted on August 2 20029
4-4
however the USTR announced that Costa Rica would be granted an extension until October1 2008 to complete its implementing process2
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Panama on December 19 2006 and thetwo parties signed the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 20073
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the twoparties signed the agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral4
agreements with Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 However none of those bilateral5
FTAs entered into force during 2007
On May 10 2007 Congress and the Administration agreed on a Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy to provide a path for Congressional approval for the FTAs with PeruColombia Panama and Korea The Agreement calls for the inclusion into the text ofpending and future trade agreements provisions on basic labor standards environmentalstandards patents and IPR government procurement port security investment and strategicworker assistance and training6
As a result of that bipartisan arrangement the United States negotiated amendments withColombia and Peru to the bilateral TPAs signed with those countries in 2006 The UnitedStates and Peru concluded negotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007(the amendments reflected the provisions of the May 10 2007 Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy described above) which was ratified by Peru on June 27 2007 The USHouse of Representatives and Senate approved the US-Peru TPA Implementation Act onNovember 2 and December 4 2007 respectively President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 and the agreement is expected to enter into force oncePeru takes the necessary steps to implement it The United States and Colombia concluded7
negotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 which was ratified byColombia on October 30 2007 and approved by the President of Colombia on November22 20078
Trade Promotion Authority the Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat the Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend expired on July 1 2007without being renewed There was no significant change in status of the FTA negotiations9
launched in prior years with Ecuador Malaysia the South African Customs UnionThailand and the United Arab Emirates or countries involved with the Free Trade Area ofthe Americas The status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 is shown in table 43
USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo News release June 28 200710
USTR ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo Fact Sheet September 12 200711
4-5
TABLE 43 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007
FTA partner(s)Negotiationslaunched
Negotiationsconcluded
Agreementsigned by parties
Date of entryinto force
Central America and the Dominican RepublicEl SalvadorHonduras and NicaraguaGuatemalaDominican RepublicCosta Rica
Jan 8 2003 Jan 8 2003Jan 8 2003Jan 14 2003Jan 8 2004
Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Mar 15 2004Jan 25 2004
May 28 2004May 28 2004May 28 2004Aug 5 2004May 28 2004
Mar 1 2006Apr 1 2006July 1 2006Mar 1 2007
ndash
Korea Feb 2 2006 Apr 1 2007 June 30 2007 ndash
Oman Mar 12 2005 Oct 3 2005 Jan 19 2006 ndash
Andean TPA
Peru May 18 2004 Dec 7 2005June 25 2007a
Apr 12 2006 ( )b
Colombia May 18 2004 Feb 27 2006 Nov 22 2006 ndash
June 28 2007 ndash c
Ecuador May 18 2004 ndash ndash ndash
Panama TPA Apr 26 2004 Dec 19 2006 Jun 28 2007 ndash
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Apr 18 1998 ndash ndash ndash d
Malaysia Mar 8 2006 ndash ndash ndash
South African Customs Union (BotswanaLesotho Namibia South Africa and Swaziland) June 2 2003 ndash ndash ndash
Thailand June 28 2004 ndash ndash ndash
United Arab Emirates Mar 12 2005 ndash ndash ndash
Source USTR various press releases httpwwwustrgov
Amendments to the US-Peru TPA signed April 12 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007 ldquoBipartisana
Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Implementing legislation signed by President Bush on Dec 14 2007b
Amendments to the US-Colombia TPA signed Nov 22 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007c
ldquoBipartisan Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Other negotiating parties to the FTAA are Antigua and Barbuda Argentina The Bahamas Barbados Belized
Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El SalvadorGrenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St LuciaSt Kitts and Nevis St Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay and Venezuela
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement
The United States and Panama signed the United States-Panama TPA on June 28 2007after 10 months of negotiations The agreement was approved by Panamarsquos legislature on10
July 11 2007 Panama is predominantly a service-based economy with services accountingfor about 80 percent of economic activities The Panama Canal is the focal point ofPanamarsquos economy with much of the countryrsquos economic activity tied to the canalrsquosinfrastructure and to the logistics and financing of international shipping According to theUSTR the trade agreement will provide US exporters significant opportunities toparticipate in the $525 billion expansion plan for the Panama Canal that is due to begin in200811
USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion12
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Panama TPA on the US economy as a whole and on13
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion14
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 Hornbeck The Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008 January 1815
2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press Release June 28 200716
USTR ldquoPanamamdashTrade SummarymdashTrade Promotion Agreementrdquo National Trade Estimates Report17
(NTE) 2008 GSP and CBERA are discussed in more detail in chap 2 of this report18
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release19
June 30 2007
4-6
Under the agreement more than 88 percent of US exports of consumer and industrialgoods to Panama would become duty free immediately with remaining tariffs phased outover the next 10 years The agreement includes ldquozero-for-zerordquo immediate duty-free access12
for key US sectors including agricultural and construction equipment informationtechnology products and medical and scientific equipment Nearly 50 percent of USagricultural exports become duty free immediately and the agreement provides thatremaining tariffs and TRQs on agricultural products would be phased out over the next 17years Other key export sectors such as motor vehicles and parts paper and wood productsand chemicals would also obtain significant access to Panamarsquos market13
The agreement includes an enforceable reciprocal obligation for the countries to adopt andmaintain in their laws and practice the principles concerning the fundamental labor rightsas stated in the 1998 International Labor Organizationrsquos Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work including the prohibition on the worst forms of child labor14
The agreement also commits both countries to effectively enforce their own domesticenvironmental laws and adopt maintain and implement laws regulations and all othermeasures to fulfill obligations under covered multilateral environmental agreements Inaddition the agreement includes a separate sanitary and phytosanitary agreement in whichPanama recognizes US food and safety inspection standards as equivalent to Panamanianstandards which would expedite the entry of US meat and poultry exports According15
to the USTR the agreement establishes a stable legal framework for US investors operatingin Panama and all forms of investment are protected under the agreement16
Apparel products made in Panama will be duty free under the agreement if they use US orPanamanian fabric or yarn thereby supporting US fabric and yarn exports and jobs17
Panama already enjoys broad duty-free access to the US market through various tradepreference programs designed to promote economic development including the GSP andCBERA programs18
US-Korea Free Trade Agreement
The United States-Korea FTA negotiations were concluded on April 1 2007 and anagreement was signed on June 30 2007 after eight formal rounds of negotiations over a 10-month period According to the USTR approximately 95 percent of bilateral trade in19
consumer and industrial products will become duty free within three years of entry intoforce of the agreement and tariffs on almost all goods would be eliminated within 10
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo April 2 200720
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release21
June 30 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on22
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFact Sheet on Auto-related Provisions in the US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 3 200723
USDA FAS ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008 and USTR ldquoFree Trade24
with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo June 2007 On January 1 2008 the last remaining restrictions on US-Mexico trade were removed These include25
restrictions on a few agricultural commodities such as US exports to Mexico of corn dry edible beansnonfat dry milk and high fructose corn syrup as well as US imports from Mexico of sugar and certainhorticultural products US-Canada agricultural restrictions were removed before January 1 1998 under theprovisions of the US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) which was incorporated into NAFTA in 1994USDA ERSldquoFact Sheet North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo January 2008 USDAldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on the Full Implementation of the North AmericaFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo and USTR ldquoUSndashMexican Officials Meet to DiscussNAFTArdquo News Release January 11 2008 US bilateral trade relations with Canada and Mexico are described in chap 5 of this report26
4-7
years The USTR reports that roughly 64 percent of US agricultural exports would20
become duty free immediately The agreement eliminates tariffs and nontariff barriers on21
US auto exports most notably the immediate elimination of Korean tariffs on most USpassenger vehicles and trucks The USTR also said that Korea agreed to overhaul its22
system for taxing cars based on engine displacement 23
The USTR also reported that the agreement grants Korean apparel products preferentialaccess to the US market (provided they are made from US or Korean fabric and yarn)ensures that US investors in Korea will have the same rights and enjoy equal footing withKorean investors expands market access and investment opportunities in a number ofKorean services sectors (including financial telecommunications broadcasting expressdelivery and legal) provides for high standards for protection and enforcement ofintellectual property rights (including trademarks copyrights and patents) establishes acommittee to enhance cooperation and consultation on sanitary and phytosanitary mattersand requires both countries to enforce their own labor and environmental laws24
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA entered into force on January 1 1994 All of its trade provisions became fullyeffective on January 1 2008 In 2007 total two-way (exports plus imports) US25
merchandise trade with NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico increased by 52 percent over2006 with US-Canada merchandise trade amounting to $5256 billion and US-Mexicomerchandise trade totaling $3295 billion (table 44) In 2007 the US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased for a seventh consecutive year but at a rate (15percent) that was substantially lower than in 2006 (90 percent) The US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased to $1902 billion in 2007 from $1873 billion in200626
The following sections describe the major activities of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission(FTC) the Commission for Labor Cooperation (CLC) the Commission for Environmental
The representatives are the US Trade Representative the Canadian Minister for International Trade27
and the Mexican Secretary of Economy USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission MeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade28
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 Ibid29
The first set of changes to the rules of origin affecting approximately $20 billion in annual trilateral30
trade was implemented in 2005 while the second set of changes affecting an estimated $15 billion wasimplemented in 2006 See USITC The Year in Trade 2006 58 Report 4-7 USTR 2008 Trade Policyth
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 and USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA CommissionMeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 The Commission has recently completed two studies on NAFTA Certain SugarGoods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goods of Mexico and CertainTextile Articles Probable Effect of the Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goods of Canada and
(continued)
4-8
TABLE 44 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07
Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balanceTwo-way trade
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
2007 Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3295
Canada and Mexico 3325 5227 -1902 8552
2006 Canada 1982 3030 -1048 5013
Mexico 1146 1971 -825 3116
Canada and Mexico 3128 5001 -1873 8129
2005 Canada 1832 2875 -1043 4708
Mexico 1017 1692 -675 2709
Canada and Mexico 2849 4567 -1718 7417
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Cooperation (CEC) and dispute settlement activities under NAFTA chapters 11 and 19during 2007
Free Trade Commission
NAFTArsquos central oversight body is the FTC which is chaired jointly by representativesfrom the three member countries The FTC is responsible for overseeing the27
implementation and elaboration of NAFTA as well as for its dispute settlement provisions
At its most recent annual meeting in August 2007 in Vancouver Canada the FTC agreedto develop a work plan to enhance North American competitiveness The plan is to addresskey issues that impact NAFTArsquos trade and identify the most effective means to facilitate itThe plan will be presented for review at the next FTC meeting hosted by the United Statesin 2008 The FTC also agreed to work to facilitate trade in four specific sectorsmdashswine28
steel consumer electronics and chemicalsmdashand to identify a second set of sectors forreview at the 2009 FTC meeting Next the FTC agreed to analyze the FTAs that each29
country has negotiated subsequent to NAFTA beginning with those in the WesternHemisphere The analysis will focus on identifying specific differences among theagreements especially those related to trade facilitation and regulatory transparencyFinally the FTC agreed to a third set of changes to the rules of origin affecting an30
(continued)30
Mexico USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo August 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade31
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 CLC ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo32
The responsible office in the United States was the National Administrative Office (NAO) until33
December 17 2004 when it became OTAI US Department of Labor (USDOL) Bureau of InternationalLabor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officerdquo OTAI is now located in theUSDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs USDOL ldquoThe Office of Trade Agreement Implementationrdquo CLC ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluationrdquo 34
Information on the submissions and the status of the submissions under NAALC is available in35
USDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissionsrdquo USDOL ldquoPublic Report of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairs Submission No 2005-0336
(HIDALGO)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoUS NAO Submission No 2006-01 (Coahuila)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and37
2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoMexico NAO Submission No 2005-1 (H-2B Visa Workers)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy38
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL Office of Trade and International Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North American39
Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 AnnualReport 119
4-9
estimated $100 billion in trilateral trade The NAFTA countries agreed to work toimplement these new rules in 200831
Commission for Labor Cooperation
The CLC comprised of a ministerial council and an administrative secretariat wasestablished under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) asupplemental agreement to NAFTA that aims to promote effective enforcement of domesticlabor laws and foster transparency in their administration The CLC is responsible for theimplementation of the NAALC Each NAFTA partner has established a NationalAdministrative Office (NAO) within its labor ministry to serve as the contact point with theother parties and the secretariat to provide publicly available information to the secretariatand the other parties and to provide for the submission and review of publiccommunications on labor law matters In the United States that office is the Office of32
Trade Agreement Implementation (OTAI) If the OTAI determines that a violation of the33
agreement has occurred in a partner country the matter is referred to the CLC Council tohold ministerial consultations with the respective party to resolve the issue34
The NAALC provides for the review of public submissions related to the labor laws of theNAFTA partners In 2007 no new submissions were filed under the NAALC but the US35
and Mexican NAOs addressed various submissions filed in years prior to 2007 On August2007 the US NAO released its public review of US Submission 2005-03 (Hidalgo)requesting consultations with the Mexican NAO regarding several issues on labor lawenforcement In August 2007 the US NAO declined for review US Submission 2006-0136
(Coahuila) concerning freedom of association and occupational safety and health for mineworkers in Mexico In October 2007 the Mexican NAO requested responses from the US37
NAO to questions related to two submissions filed in Mexicondash-the first concerning H2-BVisa workers (Mexican NAO submission 2005-1) and the second concerning the38
collective bargaining rights of public-sector workers in North Carolina (Mexican NAOSubmission 2006-01)39
CLC ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discriminationrdquo40
Ibid41
CLC ldquoHigh Performance Work Systemsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual42
Report 119 CLC ldquoLabor Marketsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11943
CLC ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshoprdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 200744
Annual Report 119 The CEC Council consists of the Canadian Environment Minister the Mexican Secretary for45
Environment and Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator CEC ldquoCEC Secretariatrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report11946
CEC ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15rdquo47
CEC ldquoCEC Ministerial Statementrdquo June 27 200748
4-10
In 2007 as part of its research program the NAALC Secretariat released a report onworkplace antidiscrimination and equal-pay laws This volume is a comparative guide to40
labor law in Canada the United States and Mexico The NAALC Secretariat also released41
a report on high-performance work systems in North America and the third edition of a42
report that describes the economic conditions and characteristics of the labor market in thethree countries Additionally in October 2007 the Secretariat hosted a trinational43
workshop in Guadalajara Mexico on mine safety and health issues44
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
The CEC was established under the North American Agreement on EnvironmentalCooperation (NAAEC) a supplemental agreement to NAFTA designed to ensure that tradeliberalization and efforts to protect the environment are mutually supportive The CECoversees the mandate of the NAAEC and is composed of (1) the Councilmdashthe governingbody of the CECmdashmade up of the environmental ministers from the United States Canadaand Mexico (2) the Joint Public Advisory Committee made up of five private citizens45
from each of the NAFTA parties and (3) the Secretariat made up of professional stafflocated in Montreal Canada46
Articles 14 and 15 of the NAAEC provide citizens and nongovernmental organizations witha mechanism to aid in enforcing environmental laws in the NAFTA countries Article 14governs alleged violations submitted for review by the CEC It sets forth specific guidelinesregarding criteria for submissions and parties that can file complaints Article 15 outlinesthe Secretariatrsquos obligations in considering the submissions and publishing findings in thefactual record Eleven files remained active under article 14 at the end of 2007 two of47
which had been submitted in 2007 (table 45) There were 14 active files during 2007 basedon citizen submissions under article 15 five involved Canada eight involved Mexico andone involved the United States (table 46) Also in 2007 the CEC publicly released two finalfactual records for submissions that had first been filed in 2002 with respect to Canada
At the 2007 annual ministerial session in Morelia Mexico the CEC Council reaffirmed itsinterest in addressing trade and the environment in an integrated manner At the meeting48
the Council instructed the Secretariat to prepare a succinct report on key issues related tothe state of North Americarsquos environment in addition to directing the Secretariat to review
4-11
TABLE 45 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation
Name Case First Filed Country Status
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico The Council voted to instruct the Secretariat to develop a factual record on May 30 2008
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008a
Montreal Technoparc
SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008
Coal-fired PowerPlants
SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 UnitedStates
The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warranteddevelopment of a factual record on December 52005
Quebec Automobiles
SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant to the factual record on its Web site on September 12006
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II
SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on April 4 2007
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II
SEM-06-003 July 17 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III
SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on September 10 2007
Minera San Xavier
SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico The Secretariat requested additional information from theconcerned government party under article 21(1)b onMarch 7 2008
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten
SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico The Secretariat received the requested information from the concerned government party on May 16 2008
Source CEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoActive Filesrdquo
The final factual record was publicly released on June 2 2008a
Ibid49
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11950
North American Development Bank BECC-COCF Joint Status Report 251
Ibid52
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo53
4-12
TABLE 46 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007
Name Case First Filed Country Statusa b
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico Open
Minera San Xavier SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico Open
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II SEM-06-003 July 172006 Mexico Open
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico Open
Quebec Automobiles SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada Open
Coal-fired Power Plants SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 United States Open
Montreal Technoparc SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada Open
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico Open
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico Open
Pulp and Paper SEM-02-003 May 8 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Ontario Logging SEM-02-001 Feb 6 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Tarahumara SEM-00-006 June 9 2000 Mexico January 9 2006
Source Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoCurrent Statusrdquo
Refers to the country against which an allegation was fileda
Status as of Dec 31 2007 Date indicates when the final factual record was publicly releasedb
and synthesize current assessments of the major environmental trends affecting NorthAmerica49
In November 1993 Mexico and the United States agreed on arrangements to help bordercommunities with environmental infrastructure projects to further the goals of NAFTA andthe NAAEC The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North50
American Development Bank (NADB) reported working with more than 140 communitiesthroughout the Mexico-US border region to address their environmental infrastructureneeds As of March 31 2008 the BECC had certified 137 environmental infrastructure51
projects which will cost an estimated $29 billion to build To date the NADB hascontracted a total of $808 million in loans and grants to support 108 certified infrastructureprojects with approximately 44 percent going to projects in the United States and theremaining 56 percent to projects in Mexico52
Dispute Settlement
The dispute settlement provisions of NAFTA chapters 11 and 19 cover a variety of areas53
Developments during 2007 are described below with respect to NAFTA chapter 11 investor-state disputes and chapter 19 binational reviews of final determinations of antidumping andcountervailing cases Appendix table A20 presents an overview of developments in NAFTAdispute settlement cases to which the United States was a party in 2007
Internationally recognized channels include the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment54
Disputes (ICSID) at the World Bank or Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law(UNCITRAL Rules) NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo55
US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United Statesrdquo56
and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTA-Chapter 11 Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Statesrdquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the Government of57
Canadardquo and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases Filed Againstthe Government of Canadardquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United58
Mexican Statesrdquo International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases FiledAgainst the Government of the United Mexican Statesrdquo and Secretariacutea de Economiacutea Tratado de LibreComercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN) Solucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de Inversioacuten NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo59
4-13
Chapter 11 Dispute Settlement Developments
Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designed to protect cross-border investors andfacilitate the settlement of investment disputes An investor who alleges that a NAFTAcountry has breached its investment obligations under chapter 11 may pursue arbitrationthrough internationally recognized channels or remedies available in the host countryrsquos54
domestic courts A key feature of the chapter 11 arbitral provisions is the enforceability indomestic courts of final awards made by arbitration tribunals55
In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases filed against the United States by Canadianinvestors In the same year there were six active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors56
against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors against Mexico57 58
Chapter 19 Dispute Panel Reviews
Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review by a binational panelas an alternative to judicial review by domestic courts of final determinations made bynational investigating authorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases A panel maybe established at the request of any involved NAFTA country59
At the end of 2007 the NAFTA Secretariat listed 12 binational panels active under chapter19 (table 47) The two binational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged USagenciesrsquo determinations on products from Mexico
4-14
TABLE 47 NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007
Country Case National agencies final determination Product descriptiona
Mexico
MEX-USA-2005-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of carbon steel tubingwith straight longitudinalseam from the UnitedStates
MEX-USA-2006-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of pork originating in the United States
MEX-USA-2006-1904-02 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of fresh red deliciousand golden deliciousapples originating in theUnited States
United States
USA-CDA-2004-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews
Pure magnesium and alloymagnesium from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review and Rescission of Certain Company-Specific Reviews
Certain softwood lumber products from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-03 USITC Implementation of the New Determination under Section 129(a)(4) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review
Carbon and certain alloy steelwire rod from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-05 USDOC Final Scope Ruling Regarding Entries Made Under HTSUS 44091005
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Gray Portland cement andcement clinker fromMexico
USA-MEX-2005-1904-06 USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-01 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-03 USITC Final Determination of Antidumping Duty Review
Certain welded large diameter line pipe from Mexico
Source NAFTA Secretariat ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedingsrdquo
In Canada final dumping and subsidy determinations are made by Canada Border Services Agency and injurya
determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal In Mexico all determinations are made bythe Secretariacutea de Economiacutea In the United States dumping and subsidy determinations are made by the USDepartment of Commerce (USDOC) and injury determinations are made by USITC NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverviewof the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria (effective January 1 2007) Cyprus1
Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy LatviaLithuania Luxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania (effective January 1 2007)Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden and the United Kingdom Primarily certain aromatic or modified aromatic drugs of other heterocyclic compounds2
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of Biotech3
ProductsmdashModification of the Agreement under Article 213(b) of the DSUrdquo WTDS29136 November 232007
5-1
CHAPTER 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners
This chapter reviews US bilateral trade relations with eight selected trading partners during2007 the European Union Canada China Mexico Japan Korea Taiwan and IndiaAppendix tables A21 through A44 provide detailed information on US trade with theseselected partners
European Union
The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner behind1
the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandisetrade with the EU increased 95 percent over 2006 to $5784 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU increased by 147 percentto $2263 billion in 2007 US imports of goods from the EU increased by 64 percent to$3522 billion in 2007 resulting in a 56 percent decline in the US-EU merchandise tradedeficit to $1259 billion Leading US exports to the EU during the year included certainaircraft and aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions (eg antiserum)and gold Leading US imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger carspetroleum derivatives and nucleic acids and their salts US-EU merchandise trade data2
are shown in appendix tables A21 through A23
During 2007 there were developments of varying scope in several World TradeOrganization dispute settlement cases involving the United States and EU (see appendixtable A19) Two cases brought by the EU related to US zeroing methodology DS294 andDS350 are summarized in chapter 3 of the report In two compliance actions the UnitedStates challenged EU actions (or failure to take action) following earlier rulings adopted bythe DSB in the biotechnology case (DS291) and the bananas case (DS27) In thebiotechnology case the United States twice agreed to an extension of the EUrsquos deadline forimplementation of the DSBrsquos recommendations and rulings during 2007 with EUimplementation now set for January 11 2008 In the bananas case the United States3
requested establishment of an Article 215 panel to determine whether the EUrsquos 2005replacement import regime for bananas complied with the EUrsquos WTO obligations In May2008 the panel found the replacement regime to be inconsistent with the EUrsquos GATT 1994
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of4
BananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RWUSA May 19 2008 DS347 (second complaint) DS316 the first complaint brought by the United States remained pending5
in 2007 DS353 (second complaint) DS317 the first complaint brought by the EU also remained pending in6
2007 Germany held the EU Council presidency from January through June 20077
White House ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo April 30 20078
Ibid and White House ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo9
April 30 2007 White House ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United10
States of America and the European Unionrdquo April 30 2007 US Mission to the European Union ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works to Dismantle11
Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007 and EU Delegation of the European Commission to the UnitedStates ldquoJoint Statement of the Transatlantic Economic Councilrdquo November 9 2007 US Department of State ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo April 30 200712
5-2
obligations Two additional cases involving alleged subsidies for large civil aircraft one4
brought by the United States against the EU and one brought by the EU against the United5
States were active during 2007 6
US-EU Summit
Leaders from the United States Germany and the European Commission met April 307
2007 in Washington DC to hold their annual US-EU summit At the summit meeting8
the leaders reached an agreement on a Framework for Advancing Transatlantic EconomicIntegration The agreement contained three segments (1) a regulatory focus on ways toconverge the different regulatory structures and regulatory approaches and ways tostreamline regulations where possible (2) accelerated work on priority issues fortransatlantic economic integration identified at the April summit (so-called lighthouseprojects) including intellectual property rights (IPR) secure trade investment promotionfinancial markets and innovation and (3) the creation of a new cabinet-level organizationthe Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC) staffed by key ministerial-level members fromboth sides The TEC is to oversee and guide efforts to lower barriers to trade and9
investment between the United States and the EU The TEC held its first meeting on10
November 9 2007 in Washington DC and discussed issues such as investmentaccounting standards security ldquoorphanrdquo drug designations poultry pathogen reductiontreatment product standards biofuels and patents11
On April 30 2007 the United States and the EU also signed a first-stage Air TransportAgreement that replaced existing bilateral agreements and established an ldquoOpen-Skies Plusrdquoframework between the EU and the United States The agreement allows every US and12
EU airline to fly between every city in the EU and in the United States and allows airlinesto operate without restrictions on the number of flights aircraft and routes airlines mayalso set fares according to market demand and airlines may enter into cooperativearrangements including code sharing franchising and leasing The agreement also permitsUS investors to invest in EU airlines as long as the majority ownership is controlled by anEU member state allows EU investors to hold up to 499 percent equity in a US airlineand opens the possibility for EU investors to own airlines in Switzerland Liechtenstein theEuropean Common Aviation Area Kenya and Americarsquos Open Skies partners in Africa It
Ibid and US Mission to the European Union ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Host US-EU13
Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo April 27 2007 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January14
2008 USTR 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers March 2007 p 6115
Ibid16
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January17
2008
5-3
also grants new traffic rights to EU carriers and permits cross-border mergers andacquisitions within the EU The agreement is to apply provisionally starting March 30 2008and calls for negotiations toward a second stage of liberalization to begin within two monthsof that date13
Canada
Canada was the largest single-country market and the second-largest export market after theEU for US goods in 2007 with two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) reaching$5256 billion an increase of 49 percent over 2006 US exports to Canada were valued at$2131 billion in 2007 and US imports from Canada were valued at $3125 billionincreases of 75 and 31 percent respectively from 2006 The US merchandise trade deficitwith Canada was $994 billion in 2007 down from $1048 billion recorded in 2006 and$1043 billion in 2005
Manufactured products figured prominently in US-Canada merchandise trade with leadingUS exports to Canada during the year including passenger and transport motor vehiclesparts and accessories for motor vehicles such as cabs engines and gear boxes and energyproducts such as natural gas and crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals andtheir preparations The US exports in 2007 showing the greatest percentage increase overlast year were airplanes and aircraft followed by motor vehicle and related products suchas drive axles and energy products such as natural gas and heavy petroleum oils and theirpreparations
Leading US imports from Canada in 2007 included similar products such as natural gasand crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals and passenger motor vehicles In2007 imports of metals such as raw nickel and refined copper as well as imports ofpharmaceuticals and medicaments showed the greatest percentage increase over 2006 US-Canadian merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A24 through A26
US-Canadian trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which entered intoforce January 1 1994 replacing the 1989 bilateral US-Canada FTA NAFTA14
progressively eliminated tariff and nontariff barriers for bilateral trade in most agriculturaland all industrial products that originate in the United States and Canada In addition15
NAFTA improved access for trade in services established rules on investment strengthenedIPR protection and created a NAFTA dispute settlement mechanism Since the16
implementation of NAFTA total two-way trade in merchandise goods between the UnitedStates and Canada has grown by 250 percent 17
Certain trade-related disputes between the United States and Canada are governed byNAFTA as well as by WTO dispute settlement rules Major procedural developments in
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January18
2008 Ibid19
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 p 12520
Ibid and US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note21
Canadardquo January 2008 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 200822
5-4
these bilateral dispute cases are listed in table 47 or appendix table A20 Established inMarch 2005 the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America provides anotherforum in which to address additional border issues that affect the three NAFTA countriesincluding nontrade as well as trade matters18
Agriculture
Canada was the leading US agricultural market taking 58 percent of US agriculturalexports at the end of 2006 In 2007 the US-Canada Consultative Committee on19
Agriculture as well as the ProvinceState Advisory Group both established as a result ofthe 1998 US-Canada Record of Understanding in Agricultural Matters met several timesto discuss agricultural issues including issues concerning livestock fruits and vegetablesseed and processed food and plant trade as well as pesticide and animal drug regulationsand biotechnology matters20
Livestock
US imports of Canadian livestock products fell steeply in early 2003 following thediscovery of a single case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE commonly knownas ldquomad cow diseaserdquo) Shipments of most Canadian beef to the United States resumed inlate 2003 and bilateral trade in live cattle under 30 months of age resumed in July 2005 InJuly 2007 the government of Canada agreed to allow full market access for imports of allUS beef and beef products regardless of age consistent with the World Organization forAnimal Health (OIE) guidelines By November 2007 all remaining US restrictions21
affecting bilateral beef trade were lifted22
Potatoes
In 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the Technical Arrangement ConcerningTrade in Potatoes which helps to liberalize the longstanding prohibition on the entry intoCanada of bulk shipments of fruits and vegetables in packages that exceed certain standardsizes When the arrangement is fully implemented after three years a forward contractbetween a US supplier and a Canadian importer will suffice to meet the requisite economictest showing a shortage of Canadian potatoes that permits the import of US potatoes tomeet Canadian demand In addition the United States will allow some Canadian specialtypotatoes to enter the US market under the arrangement
USTR US Trade Representative Susan C Schwab Announces Entry into Force of US-Canada23
Softwood Lumber Agreement October 12 2006 As set out in the agreement the ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo is the most recent 4ndashweek average of the24
weekly Framing Lumber Composite Price published by Random Lengths Publications Inc Oregon USAand is available 21 days before the beginning of the month to which it applies Also set out in the agreementldquoexpected US consumption is the average monthly apparent US consumption calculated over a 12ndashmonthperiod ending three months prior to the month in which ldquoexpected US consumptionrdquo applies multiplied bya seasonal adjustment factor Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import ControlsldquoMonthly Report on Softwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA)2006rdquo ldquoSoftwood Lumber Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the25
Government of Canadardquo esp Article VII and LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case No 7941 12 USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement Between26
Canada amp United Statesrdquo January 16 2008 Ibid 27
LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Caserdquo28
Case No 7941 October 19 2007 USTR ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941)rdquo29
December 10 2007 In March 2008 the LCIA issued its decision agreeing in part with the US position thatCanada had not properly adjusted the export quota volumes of Eastern Canadian provinces during the firsthalf of 2007 agreeing in part with the Canadian position that the same adjustment was not required for theWestern Canadian provinces USTR ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunals Mixed Decision onSoftwood LumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decisionin the softwood lumber arbitrationrdquo March 4 2008 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January30
2008
5-5
Softwood Lumber Agreement
The US-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) was signed on September 12 2006and entered into force on October 12 2006 The agreement ties export measures to themonthly US price of lumber as well as the US consumption of lumber When the23
ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo of US lumber is above $355 (US) per thousand board feet24
Canadarsquos exports of lumber are unrestricted under the agreement When the market priceof lumber in the United States declines below $355 Canada is to impose more stringentexport measures25
On March 30 2007 the United States requested formal consultations with Canada to resolveconcerns regarding Canadarsquos implementation of the export measure provisions under theagreement as well as several federal and provincial assistance programs targeting theCanadian softwood lumber industry Failing to resolve these issues the United States26
requested international arbitration under the terms of the agreement on August 13 2007challenging Canadarsquos application of the import surge mechanism and quota volumeprovisions of the agreement In October the parties presented their case before the London27
Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) tribunal In December the parties presented28
additional material to the tribunal29
Aviation
In March 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the bilateral US-Canada OpenSkies Air Service Agreement that removes remaining restrictions on civil aviation servicesbetween the two countries The agreement originally signed in November 2005 and30
US Department of State US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation31
Liberalization Again (Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006 Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo November 11 200532
Ibid33
The JCCT serves as a government-to-government consultative mechanism to address bilateral trade34
issues President Bush and President Hu created the US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue on September35
20 2006 to create a forum for highndashranking officials to discuss specialized bilateral trade issues and supportJCCT and other bilateral diplomatic forums For more information see White House ldquoPresidentrsquos Statementon the Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo and US Department of the Treasury ldquoFactSheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo36
5-6
subsequently reviewed by US and Canadian authorities during 2006 expanded on the31
February 1995 Air Services Agreement that liberalized air passenger and cargo servicebetween the two countries but did not address air service that continues on to thirdcountries The 2005 Agreement addressed this constraint by allowing carriers from either32
country to continue on to third countries from one anothers territory as part of a carrierrsquosservice33
China
In 2007 the US merchandise trade deficit with China amounted to $2621 billion 292percent of the US global merchandise trade deficit The widening of the bilateral deficitresulted from increases in US merchandise imports from China which in 2007 grew morein value terms than corresponding US merchandise exports to China
US merchandise exports to China amounted to $610 billion in 2007 The 182 percentgrowth of US exports to China over the year before elevated China above Japan as thethird largest destination for US exports in 2007 Leading US exports to China includedairplanes soybeans and electronic integrated circuits as well as copper and aluminumwaste and scrap US merchandise imports from China grew by 126 percent to $3231billion in 2007 Leading US imports from China in that year included computers and theirparts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games and footwear US-China merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A27 through A29
In 2007 US-China bilateral trade relations focused on intellectual property rightsenforcement product safety and market access for goods and services in China as well asthe United States and Chinarsquos global trade imbalances Many of these issues were addressedduring the December 2007 meeting of the US-China Joint Commission on Commerce andTrade (JCCT) and during the May and December 2007 semiannual US-China Strategic34
Economic Dialogues (SED)35
Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement
According to USTRrsquos Special 301 annual assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness ofIPR protection in a host of US trade partner countries Chinarsquos counterfeiting and piracyproblems have distinguished it as one of the most egregious IPR violators in 2007 As36
such China remained on USTRrsquos Priority Watch List in that year and an action was brought
Ibid37
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2008 Special 301 Report Peoplersquos Republic of China38
(PRC)rdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo39
Ibid and US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement Report to the President and40
Congress on Coordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo41
Ibid42
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US - China Strategic Economic43
Dialoguerdquo US Department for Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food44
and Feed Imported from the Peoples Republic of Chinardquo
5-7
for dispute settlement to the WTO by the United States for three IPR-related protection andenforcement issues According to US copyright industries approximately 85 to 95 percentof their membersrsquo copyrighted material sold in China in 2007 was pirated suggesting noimprovements over the year before Moreover the International Intellectual Property37
Alliance estimated 2007 losses due to copyright piracy in China at $29 billion which was224 percent higher than in 200638
Despite Chinarsquos identified IPR violations the USTR recognized improvement with regardto Chinarsquos related enforcement measures in 2007 For example China acceded to the WIPOInternet Treaties implemented requirements to preinstall computers with licenced operatingsystems and increased its antipiracy campaigns and the number of cases in Chinese courts39
In addition the US-China ldquoSummer Solsticerdquo investigations between the Federal Bureauof Investigation (FBI) and Chinarsquos Ministry of Public Security (MPS) resulted in the largestbilateral piracy investigations and prosecutions measures to date Through those joint40
enforcement investigations more than half a billion dollars worth of counterfeit softwaredisks were seized and many manufacturing plants in China were discovered and closed41
During the December 2007 JCCT meeting the United States and China agreed to exchangecustoms seizure information on counterfeit goods to help Chinese authorities identifycompanies exporting such products from China China also agreed to enforce laws42
pertaining to unlawful use of company names and to curtail the practice of registeringlegitimate US trademarks without the appropriate legal authority from the trademarkowner Finally China eliminated certain regulatory requirements such as those related tothe mandatory provision of seed samples for biotechnology products which the USTRanticipates will reduce the possibility of illegal copying of patented agricultural materials
Product Safety
During the 2007 Strategic Economic Dialogue(s) the United States and China signedseveral agreements aimed at improving safety standards for traded goods such as toysfireworks lighters electrical products motor vehicles and pesticides The signed43
agreements included the following
A memorandum of agreement between the US Department of Health andHuman Services and Chinarsquos General Administration of QualitySupervision Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) aimed at enhancing thesafety of food and feed imported from China44
Ibid and USTR and US Department of Commerce ldquoFact Sheet US-China Joint Commission45
Commerce and Trade (JCCT)rdquo US Embassy Beijing ldquoFact Sheet The Third USndashChina Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo46
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic47
Dialoguerdquo Ibid48
Congressional Research Service ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo49
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers50
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic51
Dialoguerdquo Ibid52
5-8
An agreement between the US Department of Health and Human Servicesand Chinarsquos State Food and Drug Administration aimed at enhancing theregulation and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicaldevices imported from China45
A memorandum of understanding between the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and Chinarsquos AQSIQ to enhance environmentalcompliance in traded goods and46
Memorandums of understanding between US Treasury and ChinarsquosAQSIQ to enhance bilateral communication regarding regulatory standardsfor alcohol and tobacco products47
In addition to these measures the United States and China agreed to intensify cooperationin areas of product and consumer safety by the next SED meeting in 2008 through bothnew and existing mechanisms48
Market Access
During the 2007 US-China JCCT and SED meetings emphasis was placed on expandingmarket access in China in both the goods and services sectors
Goods
Despite the lack of a resolution to open Chinarsquos market fully to US beef in 2007 the49
JCCT and SED meetings made progress with respect to expanding market access for othergoods in China For example China agreed to eliminate redundancies in testing andcertification requirements for imported medical devices and suspended the implementationof additional regulations The US medical device industry estimates that costs associated50
with such testing redundancies amounted to tens of millions of dollars For agricultural51
goods China allowed six US pork processing facilities to resume their export activities toChina and (as mentioned above in the IP discussion) agreed to remove requirements thatforced US companies to submit biotech seeds for redundant testing52
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers53
USTR 2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliance54
Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 55
Bloomberg ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo56
US Department of Commerce ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo and US Department57
of Commerce ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Re-export Controls For the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo In the past all foreign exchange trading was highly regulated and exclusively run by Chinarsquos State58
Administration for Foreign Exchange Based on USITC estimations based on foreign exchange rates provided by the IMF International59
Financial Statistics database Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 60
5-9
Services
According to the USTR several of Chinarsquos WTO membership commitments regardingservices sector market access remained incomplete by 2007 Despite some improvementsthat China made in the wholesale and retail distribution insurance architecture andengineering service sectors more prominent problems persisted in 2007 Among these53
were limitations of banking sector activities which inhibited US firms from expandingtheir domestic currency businesses and restrictions in the electronic payment sector formoney transmission services which were anticipated to have been lifted by 2007 Inaddition to not meeting the liberalization schedules put forth in Chinarsquos WTO accessionagreement the USTR also claimed that in 2007 China imposed excessive capitalrequirements for insurance banking motor vehicle financing securities and assetmanagement telecommunications and construction sector firms 54
Global Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange-Rate Regime
The US merchandise trade deficit with China of $2621 billion in 2007 grew by $266billion relative to the year before and accounted for nearly 29 percent of the 2007 USglobal trade deficit (up from nearly 26 percent the year before) The magnitude and growthof this bilateral trade deficit the increasing imbalances in the global economy and policieslimiting the Chinese currencyrsquos flexibility all remained as concerns to US policy makersin 200755
Since China officially ended its exchange rate peg to the US dollar on July 21 2005 theyuan appreciated by approximately 10 percent in nominal terms by year-end 2007 Chinarsquos56
current exchange rate policy of managing the yuan against a broader set of currencies whileallowing the yuan to fluctuate by as much as 03 percent daily against the dollar hascontinued since mid-2005 According to the US Treasury Department China has57
reformed its currency market by authorizing non-state banks to administer spot trading and58
allowing the yuan-dollar exchange rate to broach progressively higher thresholds59
In the recent JCCT and SED meetings both the United States and China agreed to work onreducing global imbalances by increasing both domestic consumption and exchange rateflexibility in China and by promoting higher savings in the United States 60
The increase of 87 percent in the value of US imports from Mexico of the leading crude oil import in61
this categorymdashHTS 27090010mdashwas attributable to a 127 percent increase in the average unit value ofimports as quantity imported actually declined by 36 percent in 2007 The final merchandise trade provisions of NAFTA were fully implemented on January 1 2008 USDA62
FAS ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheet January 2008 NAFTA is discussed inchap 4 of this report Bilateral US trade relations with Canada the third NAFTA partner are discussedabove See the section on ldquoDispute Settlementrdquo in chap 3 of this report63
The US Department of Transportation estimated that 75 percent of this trade is carried by commercial64
trucks US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection ProgrammdashReady toDeliver Long-Distance Cross-Border Truckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 2006 the number of truckcrossings into the United States from Mexico was 48 million US Department of Transportation FederalMotor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) NAFTA Safety Statistics
5-10
Mexico
Mexico was the third largest single-country US trading partner (based on two-way trade)after Canada and China in 2007 US merchandise exports to Mexico increased by 42percent to $1194 billion in 2007 while US merchandise imports from Mexico increasedby 66 percent to $2102 billion The trade deficit amounted to $908 billion in 2007increasing from $825 billion in 2006
In 2007 as in the previous year machinery and transportation equipment continued to bethe largest product group in bilateral trade of which automotive trade was an importantcomponent in both imports and exports Other leading US exports to Mexico includedpetroleum oils and computer parts US exports to Mexico were up in all major SITCproduct categories (at the 1-digit level) in 2007 Leading US imports from Mexico includedpetroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals and motor vehicles US importsfrom Mexico also increased in all SITC product categories during the year except chemicalsand related products Particularly important were the increases in machinery andtransportation equipment and mineral fuelsmdashtogether responsible for a share of more than80 percent of the 66 increase in total US imports from Mexico US-Mexico61
merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A30 through A32
US-Mexican trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which providesduty-free status for substantially all bilaterally traded goods originating in the United Statesand Mexico There were a number of trade disputes between the United States and Mexico62
that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement proceedings in 2007 The63
procedural developments in each of these cases are listed in appendix tables A19 and A20respectively Recent developments in cross-border trucking provisions between Mexico andthe United States are summarized below
Cross-Border Trucking Between the United States and Mexico
From the inception of NAFTA in 1994 two-way merchandise trade between the UnitedStates and Mexico has increased at a compound rate of 98 percent annually to $3295billion in 2007 from $977 billion in 1994 Most of this trade is carried by commercialtrucks On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the64
US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTA Cross-border Trucking65
Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 A limited demonstration program to test implementation of thetrucking provisions of the NAFTA supported by Presidents George HW Bush and Bill Clinton wasapproved by Congress in 1993 US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety InspectionProgram rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) Since 1982 trucks from Mexico have been able to drive only in the66
roughly 25-mile commercial zone along the US border and can make deliveries in US cities like SanDiego CA and El Paso and Brownsville TX US Department of Transportation ldquoCross Border TruckSafety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 1995 the NAFTA cross-border provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority to67
provide cross-border truck services to or from border states (California Arizona New Mexico and Texas)and in 2000 to enter and depart the territory of the United States through different ports of entry SeeNAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 28 2008 Developmentsin cross-border truck services between the United States and Mexico from 1981 to 2004 are summarized inUS Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheetFebruary 23 2007 and USITC The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update2007 February 2007 99 For 2004 to 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 31877 (June 8 2007) and 72 Fed Reg 4626368
(August 17 2007) Ibid69
Ibid70
Fewer Mexican carriers than anticipated are participating in the demonstration project In August 200771
FMCSA estimated that 540 vehicles would be participating in the project if 100 Mexican carriers eventuallyreceived provisional authority FMCSA anticipated granting provisional authority to 25 carriers a monthuntil 100 were participating US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTACross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 Ibid72
Ibid73
5-11
Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project The 1-year demonstration program aims65
at demonstrating the ability of Mexico-based motor carriers to operate safely in the UnitedStates beyond the commercial zones along the US-Mexico border The NAFTA66
cross-border trucking provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority toprovide cross-border truck services but implementation has been delayed because of safetyconcerns67
The demonstration program permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operatethroughout the United States for one year Up to 100 US-domiciled motor carriers will68
be granted reciprocal rights to operate in Mexico for the same period Participating Mexicancarriers and drivers are required to comply with all applicable US laws and regulationsincluding those concerned with motor carrier safety customs immigration vehicleregistration and taxation and fuel taxation The safety of the participating carriers is being69
tracked closely by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and its statepartners a joint US- Mexico monitoring group and an evaluation panel independent of theUS Department of Transportation70
As of February 25 2008 16 Mexican carriers with 70 vehicles had participated in theprogram after being granted provisional operating authority FMCSA records show 368071
crossings into the United States by project participants with 247 or 67 percent listingdestinations beyond the commercial zone About 89 percent of these appear to be to one72
statemdashCalifornia The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will provide73
US Troop Readiness Veteransrsquo Care Katrina Recovery and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act74
2007 Pub L 110-28 (2007) sec 6901 121 Stat 183-185 (May 25 2007) But see consolidatedAppropriations Act 2008 Pub L 110-161 sec 136 Title I of Div K 121 Stat 2391 (Dec 26 2007)(stating that ldquonone of the fundsrdquo may be used) Japan was one of several countries that banned imports of US beef and beef products in December 75
2003 after a cow of Canadian origin found in a US herd was determined to be infected with BSE USDAimplemented an export verification program in 2006 to identify animals that meet the Japanese agerestrictions and ensure that banned Canadian beef did not mix with US beef exported to Japan USDA FoodSafety and Inspection Service ldquoExport Requirements for Japan JA-139 (Apr 23 2008) Red Meat ExportRequirements for Japanrdquo httpwwwfsisusdagovRegulationsJapan_requirementsindexasp and USTR2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Global Trade Atlas76
5-12
a final report on the demonstration project to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation60 days after the conclusion of the demonstration project74
Japan
US merchandise exports to Japan totaled $581 billion in 2007 a 45 percent increase from$556 billion in 2006 US merchandise imports from Japan totaled $1449 billion in 2007a 21 percent decrease from $1481 in 2006 The US merchandise trade deficit with Japanwas $868 billion in 2007 which was $56 billion smaller than the year before Leading USexports to Japan during the year included airplanes and other aircraft corn parts ofairplanes or helicopters machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductordevices or electronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinery televisioncameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxes and parts for motorvehicles US-Japan merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A33 throughA35
The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth has served as the primary forum for tradeand economic dialogue between the two countries since its establishment in 2001 In 2007discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan and deregulationof Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific reforms like certificationof communications equipment and air transport restrictions
Beef
Although Japan lifted its ban on imports of certain US beef products in December 2005Japan continues to restrict US beef exports by requiring all products be from animals 20months old or younger because of concerns about BSE These restrictions on US beef75
exports to Japan have had a substantial adverse impact on US beef exports as Japan wasthe single-largest market for US beef in 2003 prior to the closure of the Japanese marketto US beef Total US exports of beef were $36 billion in 2003 of which $13 billion or371 percent went to Japan In 2007 total US exports of beef were $23 billion and only$244 million or 108 percent went to Japan76
According to US Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns that classification indicates ldquothat US77
regulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle of all ages can be safelytraded due to our interlocking safeguardsrdquo USDA Statement by Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding USClassification by OIErdquo Release No 01490 May 22 2007 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda78
USDA FAS ldquoStatement by Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding Progress in Expanding Beef79
Traderdquo USDA Release No 016507 June 13 2007 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007Annual Report USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and Global Trade Atlas80
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy81
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 and USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government ofthe United States to the Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and CompetitionPolicy Initiativerdquo October 18 2007 USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy82
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 Ibid83
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report84
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy85
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007
5-13
After the OIE determined the United States to be a ldquocontrolled riskrdquo for BSE in May 200777
the United States subsequently requested that Japan lift the 20-month old or younger agerestriction on US beef and beef products given that appropriate risk materials areremoved In June 2007 Japan ended its policy of 100-percent reinspection of US beef and78
beef products (replaced with a sampling-based protocol) This change was expected to79
result in modest increases in US beef sales to Japan by reducing bottlenecks although nosignificant increase in US beef exports occurred in the remainder of 2007 As of the end80
of 2007 Japanrsquos 20-month or younger age restriction was still in place
Deregulation
During 2007 bilateral dialogue on the deregulation of Japanrsquos economy continued under acomponent of the partnership known as the Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiative Discussions focused on Japanrsquos 2007 deregulation initiatives and USrecommendations for subsequent reform81
Japan undertook some cross-sectoral reform initiatives in 2007 in response to US concernsabout competitive conditions for US businesses operating in Japan Among these reforminitiatives were changes in laws and regulations concerning public sector contracting aimedat preventing bid rigging the creation and implementation of new procedures to promotetransparency in the regulatory environment and commercial law and legal system reformdesigned to open Japanrsquos economy to more foreign investment and cooperation Japan also82
initiated new programs in conjunction with the US Government to fight counterfeiting andpirating83
In 2007 Japan also initiated many sector-specific reforms to promote competition OnOctober 1 2007 the Japan Post officially started a 10-year privatization process Japan84
stated that Japan Post which provides banking insurance and express delivery serviceswould operate in a free-market environment with other firms and that the privatizationprocess would be transparent Other examples of sector-specific reforms include allowing85
mobile phone number portability passing legislation to prohibit recording of movies in
Ibid86
USTR ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in Telecommunications87
Equipmentrdquo Press Release February 16 2007 USTR ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air Transportation Liberalization Packagerdquo88
Press Release September 14 2007 USTR ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US Reform89
Recommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press Release October 18 2007 USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to the90
Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiativerdquo October18 2007
5-14
movie theaters and forming a task force to improve reviews of medical device technologyupgrades86
The United States and Japan entered into two bilateral regulatory agreements in 2007designed to promote trade and investment In February 2007 the United States signed aMutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) of the Results of Conformity AssessmentProcedures for telecommunications equipment The MRA was signed by the Governmentof Japan on June 2007 The MRA expanded the acceptance in both the United States andJapan of testing and certification determinations of telecommunications terminal and radioequipment by private-sector entities in both the United States and Japan The agreementwent into force on January 1 2008 87
In September 2007 the United States and Japan reached an agreement to further liberalizeair transport relations The agreement allows US cargo carriers to service the Japanesecities of Osaka and Nagoya directly from the United States The new agreement also liftsrestrictions on airline pricing expands code-sharing opportunities for passenger and cargocarriers and eliminates the annual limit on the number of overall US-Japan charterflights88
On October 18 2007 the United States submitted its annual deregulation reformrecommendations to Japan outlining steps that Japan can take to improve ldquothe overallbusiness climate and competitive position for innovators in Japanrsquos market while expandingopportunities for US exportersrdquo The recommendations focused on the89
telecommunications information technology medical devices pharmaceuticals andfinancial services sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues such as competition policycommercial law and legal system reform government transparency privatization anddistribution issues Examples of the United States recommendations to the government ofJapan include the following reforming its health-care pricing policies in the medical devicesand pharmaceuticals sectors to better reward innovation continuing deregulation of itstelecommunications market and continuing to improve the efficiency of the distributionsystem in order to allow traded goods to move more freely through Japanese customs andterritory90
Korea
Korea was the fifth largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $784 billion in 2007 US exports to Korea werevalued at $330 billion in 2007 an increase of 72 percent over 2006 US imports fromKorea totaled $454 billion an increase of 15 percent from 2006 The United States
The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report91
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo92
Ibid 85ndash9093
The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on94
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 OIE ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member95
Countriesrdquo
5-15
recorded a $124 billion trade deficit with Korea in 2007 Leading US exports to Koreaduring the year included aircraft semiconductor production machinery and computer chipsLeading US imports from Korea included automobiles cellular phones computer parts andaccessories (mainly memory modules) and computer chips US-Korea merchandise tradedata are shown in appendix tables A36 through A38
US-Korean trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations and negotiationsover the resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in late 2003
US-Korea FTA
The United States and the Republic of Korea signed a FTA on June 30 2007 afterconcluding negotiations in April The United States-Korea FTA is the ldquomost commercially91
significantrdquo agreement for the United States since NAFTA At the end of 2007 the92
agreement was pending approval by the US Congress and the Korean National AssemblyAutomobiles are a major area of contention for the United States A number of USautomobile manufacturers union groups and legislators have publically opposed the FTAbased on their concerns about US access to the Korean market Korea is a major vehicle93
producer and exporter but has low levels of import penetration 94
Beef
On January 13 2006 the United States and Korea announced an initial import protocol forthe resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in December2003 after a cow of Canadian origin in Washington State was found to have BSE OnSeptember 7 2006 three shipments of US beef to Korea following the resumption ofimports were rejected by the Korean authorities due to the presence of ldquobone chipsrdquo andfurther shipments from the United States were effectively suspended
The United States has urged Korea to recognize guidelines set by the OIE and to reopen itsmarket On May 22 2007 the OIE Scientific Commission formally classified the UnitedStates as a controlled risk country for BSE classification that recognizes that USregulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle ofall ages can be safely traded95
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo96
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 53197
USTR ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo 3698
Ibid99
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 537100
5-16
Taiwan
Taiwan was the ninth largest single-country US trading partner in 2007 based on two-waymerchandise trade that amounted to $626 billion Two-way US merchandise trade flowswith Taiwan have exhibited positive growth since 2004 with US exports to Taiwanamounting to $245 billion in 2007 and US imports from Taiwan amounting to $381billion resulting in a $135 billion US trade deficit in the same year Leading US exportsto Taiwan in 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading US importsfrom Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatuses forradiotelephony reception apparatus for televisions computer parts and navigational andremote control radar machines US-Taiwan merchandise trade data are shown in appendixtables A39 through A41
The Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was established in 1994 as theprimary forum in which US and officials from Taiwan could address bilateral trade issuesand the promotion of economic cooperation During TIFArsquos sixth session in July 200796
US-Taiwan negotiations focused on intellectual property rights enforcement andagricultural trade97
Intellectual Property Rights
Taiwanrsquos sustained IPR enforcement measures in 2007 were sufficient to keep the countryoff USTRrsquos Special 301 Priority Watch List of most egregious IPR violator countries InDecember 2004 the USTR moved Taiwan from its Special 301 Priority Watch List to itsregular IPR Watch List following Taiwanrsquos increased efforts to combat domestic IPRviolations According to the USTR these efforts were sustained in 2007 through suchmeasures as the passage of legislation that established a specialized IPR court the creationof an IP section at the Special Prosecutorrsquos Office the imposition of increased penalties forpharmaceutical counterfeiting as well as higher frequency raids and seizures of piratedoptical media counterfeit pharmaceuticals and counterfeit luxury goods The USTR has98
also noted that Taiwanrsquos sustained vigilance against intellectual property infringement in2007 has resulted in more frequent arrests
Despite Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in IPR protection and enforcement the USTR maintainedseveral of its concerns from previous years These include the magnitude of counterfeit99
pharmaceuticals in Taiwan ongoing Internet piracy unlawful peer-to-peer downloadingtextbook copying at universities and the lack of sufficient IPR protection for the packagingconfiguration and outward appearance of products (trade dress)
The US Intellectual Property Alliance estimated the 2007 losses to US industries resultingfrom intellectual property rights violations in Taiwan to have been $3278 million By the100
first half of FY2007 the value of counterfeit goods from Taiwan seized by US
Ibid101
USDA FAS FAS Online Database102
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532103
Ibid104
The ruminant and nonruminant products intended to use for animal feed and pet food include tallow105
(including protein free tallow) lard poultry and porcine meal USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532106
US Department of State ldquoTaiwan Profilerdquo107
USITC Dataweb accessed March 29 2008108
5-17
Customsmdashmany of which were transshipped clothing and luxury products from Chinamdashhasbeen estimated to have risen to $28 million compared to $18 million over the course of theentire year in 2006101
Agriculture
Taiwan remained a significant market for US agriculture in 2007 importing $29 billionof US agricultural products During that year agricultural trade negotiations focused on102
providing US beef and beef product companies with more comprehensive market accessand reforming Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
Beef
In 2007 Taiwan permitted imports of US boneless beef originating from cattle 30 monthsof age or younger following the lifting of a ban that precluded such trade the year before103
However according to the USTR Taiwan has still not fully opened its market to all USbeef and beef products For example in 2007 Taiwan still required that specified riskmaterial tissue be removed from cattle 30 months of age or younger despite the moreinternationally accepted standard of removing this from cattle over 30 months of age104
Moreover due to sustained concerns over BSE imports of ruminant and nonruminantproducts intended for use in animal feed and pet food are still mostly banned in Taiwan105
Exceptions to this include certain foreign pet food companies that have been eitherindividually reviewed by Taiwanese officials or whose plants have been inspected
According to the USTR Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in providing full market access for theentire range of US beef and beef products has not been comprehensive For example by106
mid-2007 the United States was still requesting that Taiwanrsquos import practices andclassifications of US ruminant and non-ruminant products remain consistent withguidelines set forth by the World Organization for Animal Health Also the United Statesrequested that Taiwan complete its regulatory review process of BSE-related imports of USbeef and beef products
The reopening of Taiwans market to US beef exports in January 2006 followed officialdecisions by the Japanese Hong Kong and South Korean governments to reinitiate theirrespective beef trade with the United States In 2003 before the impositions of any of the107
bans the United States exported $70 million worth of freshchilled and frozen beef By108
Ibid109
USDA ldquoGAIN Report Public Rice Tender for 2007 Import Quotasrdquo November 11 2007110
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532111
Ibid p 533112
USITC Dataweb (accessed March 20 2008) 113
5-18
2006 and 2007 US exports of freshchilled and frozen beef to Taiwan amounted to $101and $107 million respectively 109
Rice
Taiwan implemented a country-specific quota (CSQ) for public-sector rice imports in 2007after receiving certification from the WTO on modifications and rectifications to its existingTRQ import regime on June 22 of that year This measure is one of several policy changes110
that have been implemented over the past few years by Taiwan Prior to its accession to theWTO Taiwan banned rice imports altogether and in 2003 changed its minimum accessagreement to a TRQ According to the USTR Taiwan made progress towards addressing111
rice procurement concerns in 2007 but US companiesrsquo ability to win bids has remainedinhibited by price ceilings imposed in Taiwan since 2005112
US exports of rice to Taiwan amounted to $36 million in 2007 compared to $19 millionin 2006 The growth was mostly attributable to surges in US exports of medium-grainhusked brown rice113
India
In 2007 India was the 17th leading US trading partner (based on two-way trade of exportsand imports) US two-way trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 US exports toIndia grew by 807 percent to $163 billion in 2007 after increasing by 296 percent in 2006Much of this increase was accounted for by US exports of aircraft that increased from$4676 million in 2005 to $57 billion in 2007 to account for 348 percent of total USexports to India in 2007 In 2007 the Boeing Company delivered 36 commercial aircraft(mostly 737 and 777 models) valued at nearly $55 billion to Indiarsquos various airlines
In 2007 US imports from India increased by 101 percent to $239 billion after increasingby 158 percent in 2006 The United States recorded a $75 billion trade deficit with Indiain 2007 compared to $126 billion in 2006 In 2007 nonindustrial diamonds and jewelryaccounted for 247 percent of total US imports from India Leading US exports to Indiaduring the year included aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India include nonindustrial diamonds articles of jewelry andparts of precious metals (excluding silver) womenrsquos or girlsrsquo cotton blouses shirts and shirtblouses (not knitted or crocheted) oils and preparations from petroleum oils menrsquos or boysrsquocotton shirts (not knitted or crocheted) and shrimp and prawns US-India merchandisetrade data are shown in appendix tables A42 through A44
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo114
GOI Department of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath and115
Susan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo June 23 2006 USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation A New Beginningrdquo September 2006116
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo117
USTR ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo September 24 2007118
USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report 2005119
5-33 USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007120
APHIS approved the use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment for fruits and vegetables in October121
2002 APHIS published another rule in January 2006 approving a minimum generic dose (400 gray) ofirradiation for imported fruits and vegetables Until the availability of this generic dose the pests associatedwith the mangoes specifically the mango seed weevil and the mango pulp weevil could not be mitigatedwith any other APHIS-approved treatments USDA APHIS ldquoQuestions and Answers Importing IndianMangoes into the United Statesrdquo
5-19
Trade Dialogue
The US-India Trade Policy Forum (TPF) serves as the primary forum for trade andeconomic dialogue between the two countries Established in 2005 the TPF is a key114
element of the US-India Economic Dialogue and is co-chaired by the United States TradeRepresentative and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and Industry The TPF was created tohelp facilitate and promote bilateral trade and investment and discuss other bilateral tradeand multilateral issues such as the ongoing WTO DDA negotiations The TPF serves as avenue for discussions in five key areas tariff and nontariff barriers agriculture investmentservices and innovation and creativity The fourth ministerial-level meeting was held in115
April 2007 in New Delhi India where discussions covered issues such as US almondsUS pulses Indian mangoes and Indian organic products116
Also in April 2007 the two governments announced the formation of the Private SectorAdvisory Group (PSAG) a senior-level advisory group made up of private sector tradeexperts from corporations associations think tanks and other organizations PSAGrsquos117
principal function is to assist and provide the TPF with strategic direction to enhanceUS-India economic integration over the next 5 to 10 years The PSAG first met in NewYork City USA in September 2007 and then again in December 2007 when it presenteda Vision Statement to the TPF on key policy areas including a bilateral investment treatythe advancement of sectoral openings and regulatory cooperation IPR protection and thepromotion of technology transfer118
Mangoes
In 2005 the United States and India signed a bilateral agreement permitting India to exportmangoes to the United States ending an 18-year trade dispute concerning health andsanitary problems involving pests On March 12 2007 the US Department of119
Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) amended its fruitand vegetable regulations to allow the importation of fresh Indian mangoes into the UnitedStates To eliminate the risk of pests such as fruit flies and weevils Indian mangoes arerequired to undergo irradiation at an APHIS certified facility before entering the UnitedStates Indian mangoes are the first fruit irradiated in a foreign country and approved for120
importation into the United States Each shipment must also be accompanied by a121
(continued)121
httpwwwaphisusdagovpublicationsplant_healthcontentprintable_versionfaq_imp_indian_mangopdf USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007 and USTR ldquoUS-122
India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes into United Statesrdquo The ldquoadditional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties The123
ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties as well asthe additional duty India alleges that these additional duties are designed to offset certain internal Indiantaxes such as state-level value-added tax central government sales taxes and other taxes India also allegedthat these duties also apply to Indian wines and spirits sold across state lines within India WTO ldquoDisputeSettlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the UnitedStatesrdquo accessed April 15 2008 and USTR ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India ChallengingExcessive Duties on US Wine and Spiritsrdquo March 6 2007 USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on Beer124
Wine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo July 6 2007 WTO ldquoIndia - Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United Statesrdquo DS360125
Summary up to date January 22 2008
5-20
phytosanitary certificate issued by Indiarsquos national plant protection organization On May1 2007 the first consignment of 150 boxes of King Alphonso and Kessar mangoes fromIndia arrived in the United States The United States is the worldrsquos largest importer of122
mangoes and imports from Mexico and South America currently account for 99 percent ofthe 250000 metric tons of mangoes consumed in the United States each year
Alcoholic beverages
On March 6 2007 the United States requested WTO consultations with India concerningduties that India applies to imports of wines distilled spirits and other imports from theUnited States as mentioned in Chapter 3 In addition to a basic customs duty India123
imposes an ldquoadditional dutyrdquo and an ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo on imported wines and spirits
Indiarsquos additional duty on imported wine and beer ranges from 20 to 75 percent ad valoremand from 25 to 150 percent ad valorem for imported distilled spirits In addition Indiaapplies an extra-additional duty of 4 percent ad valorem on imported wine and spirits fromthe United States These additional duties have the effect of increasing the cumulative dutyrate to between 264 percent and 550 percent ad valorem India also applies these duties toother imports from the United States including milk raisins and orange juice These dutiesin some cases can exceed Indiarsquos WTO bound tariff rates The United States and India heldWTO dispute settlement consultations on April 13 2007 without resolving the dispute OnMay 25 2007 the United States requested that the WTO establish a dispute settlement panelregarding Indiarsquos ordinary customs duties on these products
In July 2007 India announced the withdrawal of the additional duty on beer wine anddistilled spirits (alcoholic beverages) A panel was composed in July 2007 and in124
December 2007 the panel chair announced that because of the complexity of the case aruling would be postponed to March 2008125
Biblio-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Institute in Taiwan ldquoOpportunities and Challenges in US-Taiwan and Cross-straitRelationsmdashRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at the FICS ConferencemdashTheWashington-Taipei-Beijing Relations Variable and Prospectsrdquo News release OT-0719E December 32007 httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007120302 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at IPR Protection Workshop lsquoMeeting theChallenges of IPR Protection in Taiwan and Beyondrsquordquo News release OT-0702E February 5 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007020502 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the 2007 Hsieh Nien Fan of the AmericanChamber of Commerce in Taipei March 20 2007rdquo News release OT-0703E March 21 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007032101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the Annual Assembly 2007 of ChineseNational Association of Industry and Commerce (CNAIC)rdquo News release OT-0709E May 21 2007httpaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007052101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo Press release PR-0742E July 12 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewspressreleasevieweraspxid=2007071203 (accessed May 12 2008)
Antigua Online Gaming Association ldquoAntiguamdashUnited States WTO Internet Gambling CaserdquohttpwwwantiguawtocomWTODispPghtml (accessed February 4 2008)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 19th APEC Ministerial Meeting ldquoAPEC Model Measures forRTAsFTAsrdquo 2007AMM020 September 5-6 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007MMAMM07_amm_020doc (accessed March 12 2007)
______ APECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Plan Singapore Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationSecretariat July 2007httpwwwapecorgapecpublicationsMedialibDownloadv1htmlurl=etcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadssecpubs2007Par0013Filev11 (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Committee on Trade and Investment ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos SummaryReports to CTIrdquo 2007SOM3CTI022 June 29-30 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Senior Officials Meeting ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo2007SOM3020 July 3 2007 httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007SOMSOM307_som3_020doc(accessed March 12 2007)
______ ldquoSydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and CleanDevelopmentrdquo News release September 9 2007httpwwwapecorgetcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadsnews_uploads2007aelmPar0001Filetmp07_aelm_ClimateChangeEnergySecpdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Basheer Shamnad ldquoTurning TRIPS on its Head Cross Retaliation at the WTOrdquo Spicy IP February 142008 httpspicyipindiablogspotcom200802turning-trips-on-its-head-crosshtml (accessed March 272008)
Biblio-2
Baucus Max et al ldquoSenators Remind Korean Ambassador of Beef Rulesrdquo Press release February 82007 httpwwwsenategov~financepressBpress2007pressprb020807apdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Blustein Paul ldquoAgainst All OddsmdashAntigua Besting US in Internet Gambling Case at WTOrdquoWashingtonPostcom August 4 2006httpwwwwashingtonpostcomwp-dyncontentarticle20060803AR2006080301390html (accessedApril 21 2008)
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Submittedpursuant to section 2B of the Federal Reserve Act Washington DC Board of Governors of the FederalReserve System February 27 2008httpwwwfederalreservegovBOARDDOCSHH2008februaryFullReportpdf (accessed April 112008)
Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15 of the North AmericanAgreement to Environmental Cooperationrdquohttpwwwcecorgpubs_docsdocumentsindexcfmID=242ampvarlan=english (accessed April 27 2008)
______ ldquoCEC Secretariat Councilrdquohttpwwwcecorgwho_we_aresecretariatindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCitizen Submission on Enforcement Matters Current Status of Filed Submissionsrdquohttpwwwcecorgcitizenstatusindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCommission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Ministerial Statementrdquo Fourteenth RegularSession of the CEC Council Morelia Michoacaacuten Mexico July 27 2007httpwwwcecorgnewsdetailsindexcfmvarlan=englishampID=2764 (accessed May 27 2008)
Commission for Labor Cooperation Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoCooperative LaborMarkets Edition3 (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW-English_Labor_Markets_3pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoHigh Performance Work Systems in NorthAmerica (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW_-_HPWS_DR6_ENpdf (accessed May 272008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discrimination and Equal PayLaws (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgindexcfmpage=165 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshop on the Role of LaborMinistries in the Effective Promotion of Mine Safety and Health in North Americardquo GuadalajaraMexico October 30-31 2007 httpwwwnaalcorgindexcfmpage=840 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluation Committees of Experts of the North American Agreement onLabor Cooperationrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishrulesshtmlApplication (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishnaoshtml (accessed May27 2008)
Biblio-3
Costigan Media LLC ldquoCosta Rica Revives WTO Internet Gambling Dispute With US Could ImpactEuropean Union Agreementrdquo Gambling911comhttpwwwgambling911comCosta-Rica-WTO-Internet-Gambling-Dispute-European-Union-013108html (accessed March 25 2008)
Economist Intelligence Unit ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and tourismforecastrdquo Viewswire February 27 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id473118632ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
______ ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The weak dollar lures visitorsrdquo ViewswireMarch 14 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id743136859ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
EurActivcom ldquoNewsmdashEU attacks US stance in Airbus-Boeing subsidy battlerdquo July 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-attacks-us-stance-airbus-boeing-subsidy-battlearticle-165858(accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU claims US aid to Boeing cost Airbus $27 billionrdquo September 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-claims-us-aid-boeing-cost-airbus-27article-167126 (accessed April11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU considers lsquopause for thoughtrsquo on GMOsrdquo October 31 2007httpwwweuractivcomenbiotecheu-considers-pause-thought-gmosarticle-168053 (accessed April 112008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashFrance suspends GM maize citing new scientific evidencerdquo January 14 2008httpwwweuractivcomenenvironmentfrance-suspends-gm-maize-citing-new-scientific-evidencearticle-169522 (accessed April 11 2008)
European Commission Directorate General for Communication Europa Web site ldquoThe WTOBoeing-Airbus disputerdquo RAPID Database MEMO07112 March 22 2007httpeuropaeurapidpressReleasesActiondoreference=MEMO07112ampformat=HTMLampaged=1amplanguage=ENampguiLanguage=en (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoi centrerdquo Web site ldquoPotsdam G4 MeetingEnds with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cuts mdash Full transcript of Mandelsons Meeting withJournalistsrdquo June 21 2007 httptradeeceuropaeudoclibcfmdoclib_resultscfmaction=results1(accessed December 3 2007)
European Union Delegation of the European Commission to the United States ldquoJoint Statement of theTransatlantic Economic Councilrdquo Press release 11207 November 9 2007httpwwweurunionorgnewspress200720070112htm (accessed January 27 2008)
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import Controls ldquoMonthly Report onSoftwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) 2006rdquohttpwwwinternationalgccaeicbreportsSWLSLA_EUSC_200610_4htm (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-4
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdashCases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Mexican Statesrdquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffmexicoaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdash Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United States of Americardquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffusaaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
Global Trade Information Services Inc World Trade AtlasmdashTrade Information System DatabaseInternet version 46b
Government of Antigua and Barbuda ldquoComments of Antigua and Barbuda to Answers of the UnitedStates to Questions from the Arbitrator and Antigua and Barbudardquo Before the World Trade Organizationin connection with ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling andBetting ServicesmdashArbitration Pursuant to Article 226 of the DSUrdquo WTDS285 November 13 2007httpwwwantiguawtocomwto82_Antigua_Comments_US_As_13nov07pdf (accessed April 212008)
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 TalksBroke Down in Potsdam No Compromise on Agri Market Access Says Kamal Nath Reiterates IndiasCommitment to Successful Conclusion of Doha Roundrdquo Press release June 22 2007httpcommercenicinpressreleasepressrelease_detailaspid=2081 (accessed December 3 2007)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath andSusan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo Press release June23 2006 httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid127 (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndian Mangoes To Enter US Market ThisSeasonmdashKamal Nath and Susan Schwab Announce Formation of US-India Private Sector AdvisoryGroup on Trade Policyrdquo Press release April 13 2007httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid=1997 (accessed May 29 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoSixth Ministerial US-India trade policy meeting heldrdquoPress release March 3 2008 httpwwwindianembassyorgnewsitepress_release2007Apr6asp(accessed May 29 2008)
Greene William ldquoGrowth in Services Outsourcing to India Propellant or Drain on the US EconomyrdquoUS International Trade Commission Office of Economics Working Paper 06-09-A January 2006httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsresearch_working_papersec200601apdf (accessed December 152008)
Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act of 2006 Pub L No 109-432120 Stat 2922 httpwwwgovtrackuscongressbillxpdbill=h109-6111 (accessed April 21 2008)
Hornbeck J F ldquoThe Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008rdquo CRSReport for Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service January 18 2008httpwwwnationalaglawcenterorgassetscrsRL32540pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-5
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down DohaRoundrsquos Fate in the Balance Once Againrdquo Bridges vol 11 no 23 June 27 2007httpwwwictsdorgweekly07-06-27story1htm (accessed December 3 2007)
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2007 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 12 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashPeoplersquos Republic of China (PRC)rdquo February 11 2008httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301PRCpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 11 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20082008SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics Database
______ World Economic Outlook April 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200701indexhtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ World Economic Outlook October 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200702pdftextpdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Kanter James and Gary Rivlin ldquoWTO Gives Antigua Right to Violate US Copyrights in GamblingDisputerdquo International Herald Tribune December 21 2007httpwwwihtcomarticles20071221businesswtophp (accessed December 15 2008)
London Court of International Arbitration ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case no 7941 undatedhttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_Enforcement2006_Softwood_Lumber_AgreementArbitration_on_Export_Measuresasset_upload_file958_14567pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashRequest For ArbitrationrdquoAugust 13 2007 httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsjan18-ArbitrationRequestpdf(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Case [OfThe United States Of America]rdquo Case no 7941 October 19 2007httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsUSStmtCasepdf (accessed May 29 2008)
Morrison Wayne M and Marc Labonte ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo CRSReport for Congress RS21625 Washington DC Congressional Research Service July 11 2007httpwwwfasorgsgpcrsrowRS21625pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Morrison Wayne M ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo CRS Report for Congress RL33536 Washington DCCongressional Research Service March 7 2008 httpfasorgsgpcrsrowRL33536pdf (accessedMarch 12 2008)
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade AgreementmdashPart Five InvestmentServices and Related MattersmdashChapter Twelve Cross-Border Trade in Servicesrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=162 (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-6
______ ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)rdquo httpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=8 (accessed May 272008)
______ ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedings Active NAFTA Panel Reviewsrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=11 (accessed May 27 2008)
National Association of Software Services Companies Foundation ldquoIndian ITITES Industry ImpactingEconomy and Society 2007ndash08rdquo NASSCOM-Deloitte Study 2008 New Delhi National Association ofSoftware Services Companies February 2008httpwwwnasscominNasscomtemplatesNormalPageaspxid=53649 (accessed March 15 2008)
North American Development Bank ldquoBECC-COCEF Joint Status Reportrdquo March 31 2008httpwwwnadbankorgpdfsstatus_engpdf (accessed April 15 2008)
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the BovineSpongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member Countriesrdquo News release May 22 2007httpwwwoieintenginfoen_statesbhtme1d6 (accessed May 27 2008)
Online Casino City ldquoCosta Rica Antigua file for WTO arbitrationrdquo February 1 2008httponlinecasinocitycomnewsnewscfmArticleId77536 (accessed April 15 2008)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Council ldquoCouncil Resolution onEnlargement and Enhanced Engagement (adopted by Council at Ministerial Level on 16 May 2007)rdquoCMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
______ Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environmentand Officially Supported Export Credits (Note by the Secretary-General)rdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146thSession of the Trade Committee 12ndash13 March 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147thSession of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade CommitteemdashConfidential Session 17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)4PROVFebruary 14 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of theTrade Committee mdash Paris 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007
______ Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit GuaranteesldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export CreditsrdquoTDECG(2006)24 December 18 2006
Biblio-7
______ ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument003343es_2649_201185_39045184_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
______ ldquoCountry comparison tablesrdquo OECD Main Economic Indicators Paris Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development April 2008httpwwwoecdorgdataoecd432035827900pdf (accessed March 7 2008)
______ ldquoOECD Recommendation to Deter Bribery in Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo December20 2006 httpwwwoecdorgdocument6203343en_2649_201185_37858750_1_1_1_100html(accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary-General during the Signing Ceremony of thelsquoAircraft Sector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo Rio de Janeiro Brazil July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument4903343es_2649_201185_39052529_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
Proclamation No 7987 71 Fed Reg 10827 (March 2 2006) ldquoProclamation 7987mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreementrdquo
Proclamation No 7996 71 Fed Reg 16971 (April 4 2006) ldquoProclamation 7996mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Hondurasand Nicaraguardquo
Proclamation No 8034 71 Fed Reg 38507 (July 6 2006) ldquoProclamation 8034mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Guatemalaand For Other Purposesrdquo
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007) ldquoProclamation 8111mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to theDominican Republic and for Other Purposesrdquo
Pruzin Daniel ldquoNewsmdashAntigua Costa Rica Request Arbitration on Compensation in US GamblingDisputerdquo Bureau of National Affairs Inc International Trade Daily no 19 January 30 2008
Secretariacutea de Economiacutea de Mexico ldquoSolucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de InversioacutenmdashTratado deLibre Comercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN)rdquo httpwwweconomiagobmxP=2259 (accessedMay 27 2008)
Soon Christina ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo BloombergcomFebruary 1 2007httpwwwbloombergcomappsnewspid=20601080ampsid=a7cpKS_nYbXAamprefer=asia (accessedMarch 12 2008)
Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo News release no H22505 November 11 2005httpwwwtcgccamediaroomreleasesnat200505-h225ehtm (accessed May 29 2008)
Biblio-8
US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement ldquoReport to the President and Congress onCoordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo January 2008httpwwwusdojgovcriminalprpress_releases200802012008-nipleccrprtpdf (accessed May 272008)
US Customs and Border Protection ldquo2007 Year-end Textile Status Report for Absolute QuotasmdashChina(Mainland) (CN)rdquohttpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rptcntxtrptcttcntxtrpthtm (accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoYear-end status report for imported merchandise subject to tariff rate quotas and tariffpreference levels mdash 2007 Year-End Commodity Status Reportrdquo December 31 2007httpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotascommodityyr_end_archived_com_statuscr123107cttcrcy2007pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ldquoUSDA to Allow MangoImports from Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service FAS Online Database
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistance forFarmers Trade Act of 2002 FAQsrdquo January 20 2006 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm(accessed January 8 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on theFull Implementation of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo Pressrelease undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovscriptswPressReleasepressrel_doutaspEntry=validampPrNum=0001-08(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoTaiwanmdashGrain and FeedmdashPublic Rice Tender for 2007 Importsmdash 2007rdquo Global Agriculture Information Network Report no TW7038 November 1 2007httpwwwfasusdagovgainfiles200711146292871pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovitpus-indiaasp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service (Author Julia Debes) ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation ANew Beginningrdquo FAS Worldwide Washington DC US Department of Agriculture September 2006httpwwwfasusdagovinfofasworldwide200609-2006IndiaKnowledgeInitiativepdf (accessed April15 2008)
______ Foreign Agriculture Service ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheetJanuary 2008 httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsNAFTA1142008pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-9
______ ldquoUS-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo Fact sheet February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA To Allow Mango Imports From Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA to Promote Food and Beverages at Trade Show in Chinardquo Press release PR 0022-07February 15 2007 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm (accessed February 18 2007)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Fact sheet June 2006httpwwwfasusdagovitpus-india_tpffactsheetasp (accessed May 29 2008)
US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis Survey of Current Business 87 no 10(October 2007) httpwwwbeagovscbtoc1007conthtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade inGoods and Servicesrdquo News release BEA08-05 December 2007httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo News release BEA 08-09 March 172008 httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltransactions2008trans407htm (accessed April 152008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoNational Economic AccountsmdashGross Domestic Product FourthQuarter 2007 (Preliminary)rdquo News release BEA 08-06 February 28 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesnationalgdp2008gdp407phtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Reexport Controlsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo 71 Fed Reg 38313(July 6 2006)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo Remarks byUnder Secretary David McCormick at the Center for Strategic and International Studies June 9 2006httpwwwbisdocgovnews2006mccormick06-9-06htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods andServices December 2007 News release BEA08-05 February 14 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashFAQsrdquohttpwwwtaacentersorgfaqshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashProgramBenefitsrdquo httpwwwtaacentersorgbenefitshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ International Trade Administration African Growth and Opportunity Act Web sitehttpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-10
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor ShippersReportmdashby CountrymdashChinardquo httpotexaitadocgovmsrctyv5700htm (accessed March 13 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade and DevelopmentAct of 2002 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) US-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act(CBTPA) Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) PreferentialTreatmentmdash1012006-9302007 (October 2006-January 2008 Imports)rdquohttpotexaitadocgovagoa-cbtpaagoa-cbtpa_2007htm (accessed February 4 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade DatamdashUS Importsand Exports of Textiles and ApparelmdashTrade Preference Programsrdquohttpotexaitadocgovmsrpointhtmtradeact (accessed various dates)
______ International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard onCotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo Press release January 18 2008httpwwwitadocgovpresspress_releases2008socks_011808asp (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Energy Energy Information Administration ldquoUS Imports by Country of OriginrdquoOfficial Energy Statistics Databasehttptontoeiadoegovdnavpetpet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_ahtm (accessed April 242008)
US Department of Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Drugs andMedical Devices Imported From the Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsdrugsmedicalhtml (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food and Feed Imported From the PeoplersquosRepublic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007 httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsfoodfeedhtml(accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade AgreementImplementation ldquoAugust 10-11 2006 II Regional Train the Trainer SeminarmdashNorthwest RegionSeattlerdquo httpwwwdolgovILABprogramsnaomainhtm (accessed April 17 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade and Labor Affairs ldquoPublic Report ofReview of NAO Submission No 2005-03mdashNorth American Agreement on Labor CooperationmdashPublicReport of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairsrdquo Submission 2005-03 August 31 2007httpwwwdolgovilabmediareportsnaopublicrep2005-3htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officeas the Office of Trade Agreement Implementation Designation of That Office as the Contact Point forLabor Provisions of Free Trade Agreements and Request for Comments on Procedural Guidelinesrdquo 69Fed Reg 77128 (December 2004)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtm(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-11
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Mexico NAO Submission no 2005-01 (H-2 VisaWorkers) httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiib8 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo US NAO Submission no 2006-01 (Coahuila)httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiia21 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North AmericanAgreement of Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Provided by Crispin Rigby International ProgramSpecialist Washington DC US Department of Labor March 27 2007 (accessed May 2 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoChart Tracking Petitions Filed and Certifications byFiscal Year 1998-2006 mdash Accessible VersionrdquohttpwwwdoletagovtradeactPetitionsFiled_Tablecfm (accessed February 6 2007)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoFiscal Year 2006mdashYear End PerformanceHighlightsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovPerformanceresultsQuarterly_reportPerformanceHighlights06pdf(accessed March 7 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) andAlternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processhttpwwwdoletagovtradeactpetitionscfm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) EstimatedNumber of Workers Covered by Certifications httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMarch 30 2006)
US Department of State Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs ldquoBackground Note Taiwanrdquo March2008 httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn35855htm (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January 2008httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn2089htm (accessed March 1 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theGovernment of Canadardquo httpwwwstategovslc3740htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited Mexican Statesrdquo httpwwwstategovslc3742htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited States of Americardquo httpwwwstategovslc3741htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Embassy Beijing ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic DialoguemdashDecember12ndash13 2007 Beijingrdquo Joint fact sheet undated httpbeijingusembassy-chinaorgcn121307sed3html(accessed March 12 2008)
______ US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation Liberalization Again(Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006
Biblio-12
______ US Embassy Tokyo ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air TransportationLiberalization Packagerdquo Press release September 14 2007httptokyousembassygoveptp-20070914-78html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works toDismantle Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersEconomic_RelationsNov0907_TEC_Readoutasp (accessed February22 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to HostUS-EU Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo In ldquoEU to Sign Open Skies Accordrdquo Media noteApril 27 2007 httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersOpen_SkiesApr2707_Open_Skies_Signingasp(accessed February 22 2008)
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of TradeRound (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoTNC MeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007 (Geneva 002406)rdquoOctober 22 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May 16 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva001650)rdquo June 25 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva001023)rdquo April 25 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round (State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha Negotiations (State087923)rdquo June 23 2007
______ ldquoExtension of the Andean Trade Preference Actrdquo Press statement February 27 2008httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2008feb101434htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo Fact sheet April 30 2007httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2007apr83982htm (accessed March 15 2008)
US Department of the Treasury ldquoFact Sheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic DialoguerdquoPress release HP-107 September 20 2006 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp107htm (accessedMay 27 2008)
______ ldquoReport to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate PoliciesmdashDecember 2006rdquohttpwwwtreasgovofficesinternational-affairseconomic-exchange-ratespdf2006_FXReportpdf(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-13
______ ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo Joint fact sheet HP-732 December12-13 2007 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp732htm (accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ldquoNumber of IncomingBorder Crossings by State Port of Entry (Incoming Trucks US-Mexico Bordermdash2006)rdquo AampI OnlineDatabase In ldquoNAFTA Safety Statisticsrdquo sectionhttpaifmcsadotgovinternationalborderaspdvar=2ampcvar=truckampsy=2006ampredirect=Crossingsasp(accessed May 15 2008)
______ Office of the Secretary of Transportation Office of Inspector General ldquoInterim Report onNAFTA Cross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationReport no MH-2008-040 March 10 2008httpwwwoigdotgovStreamFilefile=datapdfdocsInterim_NAFTA_Report_with_508pdf (accessedMay 15 2008)
______ ldquoCross Border Truck Safety Inspection Progra mdashReady to Deliver Long-Distance Cross-BorderTruckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 httpwwwdotgovaffairscbtsipfactsheethtm (accessed May27 2008)
US International Trade Commission Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the UnitedStatesmdashEighteenth Report 2005ndash2006 USITC Publication 3954 Washington DC US InternationalTrade Commission September 2007
______ Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the United StatesmdashFourteenth Report1998 USITC Publication 3234 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September1999
______ Caribbean Region Review of Economic Growth and Development USITC Publication 4000Washington DC US International Trade Commission May 2008
______ Certain Sugar Goods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goodsof Mexico USITC Publication 3928 Washington DC US International Trade Commission August2007
______ Certain Textile Articles Probable Effect of Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goodsof Canada and Mexico (Sanitary Articles and Nonwoven Wipes) and for Goods of Canada (ChenilleFabrics) USITC Publication 3926 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2007
______ Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain Denim USITCPublication 3950 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsagoapub3950pdf (accessed April 10 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 2008 (Revision 2) Twentieth edition April 12008 Washington DC Government Printing Office June 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocstatahtsbychapter0802htsapdf (accessed May 5 2008)
______ Interactive Tariff and Trade Database (Dataweb)
______ The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update 2007 USITCPublication 3906 Washington DC US International Trade Commission February 2007
Biblio-14
______ The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference ActmdashTwelfth Report 2005 USITC Publication3888 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2006
______ The Year in Trade 2006mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2007
______ The Year in Trade 2005mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2005
______ Textiles and Apparel Effects of Special Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and IndustriesUSITC Publication 4016 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2008
______ US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral EffectsUSITC Publication 3949 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007
______ US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected SectoralEffects USITC Publication 3948 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September2007
______ US-Taiwan FTA Likely Economic Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between the UnitedStates and Taiwan USITC Publication 3548 Washington DC US International Trade CommissionOctober 2002 httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubs332pub3548pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Web site ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo httpinfousitcgovoinvsunsetNSF (accessedFebruary 3 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev1) Washington DC GovernmentPrinting Office June 2007
______ ldquoITC Launches Investigations on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA CountriesrdquoNews release 07-122 December 6 2007
______ ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September 25 2007
US Trade Representative and US Department of Commerce ldquoThe US-China Joint Commission onCommerce and Trade (JCCT)mdashFact SheetmdashReleased December 11 2007rdquo Fact sheet December 112007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file239_13686pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
US Trade Representative 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade BarriersWashington DC US Trade Representative March 2007
______ 2008 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ Web site ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo In ldquoTrade Agreements Monitoring and Enforcementrdquo section
Biblio-15
httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_Settlementasset_upload_file243_5697pdfht= (accessed April 17 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Comprehensive Report on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africaand Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity ActrdquohttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_DevelopmentPreference_ProgramsAGOAasset_upload_file762_11294pdf (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliancerdquo December 11 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file625_13692pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 25 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20082008_Special_301_Reportasset_upload_file553_14869pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 30 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20072007_Special_301_Reviewasset_upload_file230_11122pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo Press releaseJune 13 2007 httphongkongusconsulategovuscn_t_ustr_2007061301html (accessed April 152008)
______ ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to theGovernment of Japan under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy InitiativerdquoOctober 18 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file751_13383pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoChina to End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo Press releaseNovember 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007NovemberChina_To_End_Subsidies_Challenged_by_the_United_States_in_WTO_Disputehtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United States (WTDS27)mdashExecutive Summaryof the Second Written Submission of the United States of Americardquo October 3 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file612_13273pdf (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet April 12007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file302_11035pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade PromotionAgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo In ldquoBrief Summary of the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo TradeFacts Fact sheet July 2 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file329_13065pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-16
______ ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941) Pressrelease December 10 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007DecemberHearing_Notice_The_United_States_of_America_v_Canada_(LCIA_Arbitration_No_7941)html (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoIndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the United States(WTDS360)mdashFirst Submission of the United States of Americardquo Press release July 24 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file127_13208pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo Press release August 14 2007httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustJoint_Statement_on_2007_NAFTA_Commission_Meetinghtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of America andthe Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo November 8 2005httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaChinaasset_upload_file91_8344pdf (accessedMay 8 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneSchwab_statement_on_amendments_to_US-Colombia_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US ReformRecommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press release October 18 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Urges_Japans_Continued_Commitment_to_Reform_-_Annual_US_Reform_Recommendations_Presented_to_Japanhtml(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Conner to Lead Congressional Delegation Visit to Colombiardquo Press release October31 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Conner_to_Lead_Congressional_Delegation_Visit_to_Colombiahtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiativerdquo June 6 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaJapanRegulatory_Reform_Initiativeasset_upload_file751_12837pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by Stephen Norton on US-Malaysian FTA Negotiationsrdquo Press release March 232007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchStatement_by_Stephen_Norton_on_US-Malaysia_FTA_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US - Peru Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Press release December 14 2007httpwwwtradeagreementsgovTradeAgreementNewsPressReleasesPROD01_004941html (accessedApril 15 2008)
Biblio-17
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on BeerWine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo Press release July 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JulyStatement_by_USTR_Susan_C_Schwab_on_Indias_Withdrawal_of_the_Additional_Duty_on_Beer_Wine_Distilled_Spiritshtml (accessedApril 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairsregarding a Section 301 Peition on Canadian Film Subsidiesrdquo Press release October 19 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberStatement_from_Gretchen_Hamel_Deputy_Assistant_USTR_for_Public_Media_Affairs_regarding_a_Section_301_Petition_on_Canadianhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns onDoha Roundrdquo Press release June 21 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneStatement_from_USTR_Ambassador_Susan_C_Schwab_USDA_Secretary_Mike_Johanns_on_Doha_Roundhtml (accessed March 21 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement BetweenCanada amp United Statesrdquo Press release January 16 2008httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryStatement_from_USTR_Spokesman_Sean_Spicer_on_Softwood_Lumber_Agreement_Between_Canada_United_Stateshtml (accessedMay 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia Trade PromotionAgreement Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Korea FTArdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet August 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file192_13310pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)(DS353)mdashExecutive Summary of the First Written Submission of the United Statesrdquo July 16 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file9_13177pdf (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and India Discuss Key Trade Issuesrdquo Press release June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006JuneUnited_States_India_Discuss_Key_Trade_Issueshtml (accessed April 25 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo Press release April 2 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUnited_States_Korea_Conclude_Historic_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-18
______ ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press release June 28 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Panama_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 30 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_the_Republic_of_Korea_Sign_Lmark_Free_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India Challenging Excessive Duties on US Wine andSpiritsrdquo Press release March 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchUnited_States_Files_WTO_Case_Against_India_Challenging_Excessive_Duties_on_US_Wine_Spiritshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos IntellectualProperty Rights Lawsrdquo Press release August 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Case_Challenging_Deficiencies_in_Chinas_Intellectual_Property_Rights_Lawshtml (accessedApril 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Challenge of Indiarsquos Duties on Wine and Spirits andOther Imports from the United Statesrdquo Press release May 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Challenge_of_Indias_Duties_on_Wine_Spirits_Other_Imports_from_the_United_Stateshtml(accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel to Review European Unionrsquos Banana Import RegimerdquoPress release June 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_to_Review_European_Unions_Banana_Import_Regimehtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in TelecommunicationsEquipmentrdquo Press release February 16 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007FebruaryUnited_States_Signs_Agreement_with_Japan_to_Facilitate_Trade_in_Telecommunications_Equipmenthtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquoPress release February 27 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file527_14507pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunalrsquos Mixed Decision on SoftwoodLumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decision in thesoftwood lumber arbitrationrdquo Press release March 4 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Marchasset_upload_file97_14550pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-19
______ ldquoUSTR Statement on Extension of Andean Trade Preferencesrdquo Press release February 292008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file495_14528pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Welcomes Full Reopening of Korean Market to US Beefrdquo Press release April 182008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Aprilasset_upload_file668_14855pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes Into United Statesrdquo Press release May 1 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUS-India_Agreement_Brings_Indian_Mangoes_into_United_Stateshtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo Press release September 242007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007SeptemberUS-India_Private_Sector_Advisory_Group_Meets_in_New_Yorkhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2006asset_upload_file321_9583pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-Mexican Officials Meet to Discuss NAFTArdquo Press release January 11 2008httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryUS_Mexican_Officials_Meet_to_Discuss_NAFTAhtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World Trade Organization Negotiationsrdquo Press releaseJune 4 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUS_Proposes_to_Address_Zeroing_in_World_Trade_Organization_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUS Trade Representative Susan Schwab and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and IndustryKamal Nath Pledge Increased US-India Trade and Investment Announced Formation of Private SectorAdvisory Grouprdquo Press release April 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUS_Trade_Representative_Susan_Schwab_Indias_Minister_of_Commerce_Industry_Kamal_Nath_Pledge_Increased_US_India_Tradhtml(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings Regarding Measures of the European CommunitiesAffecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Productsrdquo 73 Fed Reg 4288 (January 24 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Panel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo Press release September20 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006SeptemberWTO_Panel_Finds_for_United_States_in_Zeroing_Dispute_with_Japanhtml (accessed April 25 2008)
White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 Washington DC Government PrintingOffice 2008 httpwwwgpoaccessgoveop20082008_erppdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Biblio-20
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoPresidentrsquos Statement on Creation of the US-China StrategicEconomic Dialoguerdquo News release September 20 2006httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20060920060920html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth andOpportunity Act and the Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo PresidentialProclamation News release April 17 2008httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20080420080417-7html (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summit Economic Progress Reportrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-12html (accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-10html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United States ofAmerica and the European Unionrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-4html (accessed February 7 2008)
______ ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April30 2007 httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-5html (accessed February 72008)
World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnexVIImdashDeveloping Country Members Referred to in Paragraph 2(a) of Article 27rdquo Geneva World TradeOrganization 1995
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated FrameworkTask ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007
______ Appellate Body ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashReport ofthe Appellate Bodyrdquo WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR January 16 1998
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferential Rules ofOriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquo GROW111Rev1February 25 2008
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules ofOrigin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement onSubsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July17 2007
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under Article274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Biblio-21
______ Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meetingof 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoMinutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 26 July1999rdquo WTDSBM65 September 15 1999
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoTurkeymdashMeasures Affecting the Importation of Ricerdquo Onlinesummary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds334_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds335_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds322_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade NegotiationsGeneva World Trade Organization 1995
______ General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 18 December2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 4 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 21 November2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 7 February2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 May 2007rdquoWTGCM108 June 26 2007
______ General Councilrdquo Minutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 October2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 15 2007
______ Ministerial Conference ldquoReport of the Working Party on the Accession of ChinardquoWTMIN(01)3 November 10 2001
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 20 April 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 22 June 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007
Biblio-22
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashWednesday 31 January 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS285 United StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling and Betting Servicesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds285_ehtm (accessed January 22 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Importsfrom the United Statesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS350]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds350_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS357]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds357_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS358]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds358_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS360]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS362]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds362_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS363]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds363_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS365]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds365_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashComplaint by the UnitedStatesmdashReport of the Panelrdquo WTDS26RUSA August 18 1997
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Requests of the United States Canada andArgentinamdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo WTDS29124 WTDS29218 WTDS29318 March 5 2004
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashPanel ReportsmdashAction by the Dispute Settlement Bodyrdquo WTDS29133 WTDS29227WTDS29327 November 29 2006
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashRecourse to Article 222 of the DSU by the United Statesrdquo WTDS29139 January 21 2008
Biblio-23
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashUnderstanding between the European Communities and the United States RegardingProcedures under Articles 21 and 22 of the DSUrdquo WTDS29138 January 17 2008
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for Consultations by the United Statesrdquo WTDS261 GL62 GSPSW46GAGW17 January 31 1996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for the Establishment of a Panel by the United Statesrdquo WTDS266 April 251996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashRequest for the Establishment of aPanelrdquo WTDS2783 July 2 2007
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashSecond Recourse to Article 215 of the DSU by EcuadormdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RW2ECU April 7 2008
______ ldquoEuropean Communities and Certain Member StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large CivilAircraftmdashRequest for Consultations by the United StatesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3161Add1GL697Add1 GSCMD621Add1 February 7 2006
______ ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 2007Chairmans Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)191 November 30 2007
______ ldquoMinisterial DeclarationmdashDoha Work ProgrammemdashAdopted on 18 December 2005rdquoMinisterial ConferencemdashSixth SessionmdashHong Kong December 13ndash18 2005 WTMIN(05)DECDecember 22 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3201 GL713 November 10 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations In the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3206 January 14 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade In Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European CommunitiesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3171Add1 GL698Add1GSCMD631Add1 July 1 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3171 GL698 GSCMD631 October 12 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)mdashRequest for Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3531WTDS3171Add2 GL698Add2 GSCMD631Add2 December 4 2006
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing And Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the AppellateBody WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
Biblio-24
______ ldquoUnited States Continued Suspension of Obligations In the EC HormonesDisputemdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European CommunitiesmdashNote bythe Secretariat WTDS3207 June 7 2005
______ ldquoUpdate of WTO Dispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21August 2007 until 22 January 2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008
______ ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations FullyAcross the Boardrsquo Report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committeerdquo February 7 2007httpwwwwtoorgenglishnews_enews07_egc_dg_stat_7feb07_ehtm (accessed March 7 2008)
APPENDIX TABLES
TA
BL
E A
1
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
wo
rld
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7P
erc
en
t ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7E
xpo
rts
Mill
ion d
olla
rs0
Fo
od
an
d liv
e a
nim
als
46
38
07
52
17
45
65
96
61
26
41
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
4
331
14
911
55
112
64
12
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
4
01
96
84
92
43
86
13
42
32
46
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
62
40
23
47
33
24
14
56
51
94
4
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
1
765
71
984
92
887
44
55
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
19
47
64
13
50
51
31
54
18
38
14
26
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
7
73
04
29
02
60
19
82
89
48
97
Ma
ch
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
3
67
48
33
42
38
45
44
62
69
95
92
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s8
87
91
59
94
75
41
07
22
70
78
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
32
02
21
37
80
60
47
19
29
24
8T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
80
39
91
99
29
48
60
10
46
357
61
26
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
51
34
36
56
01
37
60
77
53
85
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
34
84
01
53
48
21
67
54
09
22
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
3
01
62
93
28
20
13
30
67
90
83
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
71
24
40
31
57
06
83
40
46
17
78
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
399
72
854
43
439
72
05
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
34
37
71
14
95
66
71
62
85
01
89
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
90
48
51
22
28
10
22
26
70
43
17
7M
ach
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
6
49
33
59
70
86
11
37
39
14
33
43
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
58
80
92
27
55
80
42
92
89
70
63
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
60
73
82
65
74
13
66
76
96
16
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
16
62
379
71
845
053
21
942
862
95
3S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o
tota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
A-4
TABLE A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006ndash07
Million dollars
Travel 81799 85694 97097 133
Royalties and license fees 59409 62378 71345 144
Business professional and technical services 41874 47400 56122 184
Financial services 31039 37114 45309 221
Port services 24865 29031 32368 115
Passenger fares 20970 22187 25329 142
Freight 16470 17266 19486 129
Education 14076 14570 14987 29
Insurance services 7787 9276 10490 131
Telecommunications 5231 6257 7110 136
All other 64293 73154 82591 129
Total 367813 404327 462234 143
Source USDOC BEA Private Services Transactions Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at htpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
A-5
TABLE A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006-07
Million dollars
Travel 68970 72029 76426 61
Freight 43920 45700 45632 -01
Insurance services 28540 33582 38030 132
Passenger fares 26149 27503 28574 39
Royalties and license fees 24632 26432 27924 56
Port services 18009 19582 21462 96
Business professional and technical services 14824 15845 21215 339
Financial services 6720 8497 11840 393
Telecommunications 4527 4557 4899 75
Education 3962 4403 4780 86
All other 41354 49640 54521 98
Total 281607 307770 335303 89
Source USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at httpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
TA
BL
E A
4
An
tidu
mp
ing c
ase
s a
ctive
in 2
007
b
y U
SIT
C in
vestiga
tion
num
be
rU
SIT
Cin
vestiga
tion
num
ber
Pro
duct
Cou
ntr
y of
ori
gin
Date
of
institu
tio
nU
SIT
C p
relim
ITA
pre
limIT
A f
ina
lU
SIT
C f
ina
lD
ate
of
fin
al actio
na
b
(Aff
irm
ative
= A
N
egativ
e =
N)
731
-TA
-11
03
Cert
ain
activa
ted
ca
rbon
Chin
a0
30
80
6A
AA
A0
41
60
77
31
-TA
-11
04
Po
lye
ste
r sta
ple
fib
er
Chin
a0
62
30
6A
AA
A0
52
40
77
31
-TA
-11
05
Lem
on juic
eA
rge
ntin
a0
92
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
06
Lem
on juic
eM
exi
co
092
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
07
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rC
hin
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
08
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rIn
do
ne
sia
103
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
09
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rK
ore
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
7731-T
A-1
110
Sodiu
m h
exa
meta
phosphate
Chin
a020
80
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
111
Gly
cin
eIn
dia
033
00
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
112
Gly
cin
eJa
pan
033
00
7A
AA
()
(d
d
731-T
A-1
113
Gly
cin
eK
ore
a033
00
7A
AA
()
()
dd
731-T
A-1
114
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
Chin
a052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
115
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
UA
E052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
116
Circu
lar
weld
ed c
arb
on-q
ualit
y st
eel pip
eC
hin
a060
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
117
Cert
ain
off
-the-r
oad t
ires
Chin
a061
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
118
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Chin
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
119
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Kore
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
120
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Mexi
co
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
121
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Turk
ey
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
122
Lam
inate
d w
ove
n s
acks
Chin
a062
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
123
Ste
el w
ire g
arm
ent
hangers
Chin
a073
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
124
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Austr
alia
082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
125
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Chin
a082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
d4
731-T
A-1
126
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Chin
a091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
127
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Germ
any
091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731
-TA
-11
28
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al pa
pe
rK
ore
a0
91
90
7N
()
()
()
112
70
7e
ee
731-T
A-1
129
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Chin
a092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
130
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Taiw
an
092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
131
PE
T f
ilmB
razi
l092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
132
PE
T f
ilmC
hin
a092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
133
PE
T f
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haila
nd
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
134
PE
T f
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AE
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
135
Sodiu
m m
eta
lF
rance
102
30
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
136
Sodiu
m n
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Chin
a110
80
7A
((
)(
)(
)d
dd
d
731-T
A-1
137
Sodiu
m n
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Germ
any
110
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
138
AT
MP
HE
DP
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
139
AT
MP
HE
DP
India
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
140
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
141
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
South
Afr
ica
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
142
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
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Vie
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123
10
7(
)(
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dd
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So
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US
In
tern
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Note
U
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nte
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Co
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F
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s in
wh
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fin
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ake
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y th
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th
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sh
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n is t
he
Fe
de
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For
ca
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s in
wh
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as t
ake
n b
yb
US
ITC
th
e d
ate
of
the U
SIT
C n
otifica
tio
n o
f C
om
me
rce
is s
how
n
T
he
part
ies a
nd t
he
US
D
epa
rtm
ent
of
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mm
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e s
ign
ed
an a
gre
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su
spe
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th
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c
P
end
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as o
f D
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31
2
00
7
d
N
ot
app
lica
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A-7
TABLE A5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Barbed wire and barbless wire strand Nov 13 1985
Belarus
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Brazil
Certain orange juice Mar 9 2006
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Canada
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Iron construction castings Mar 5 1986
Chile
Preserved mushrooms Dec 2 1998
China
Certain polyester staple fiber June 1 2007
Certain activated carbon April 27 2007
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Artist canvas June 1 2006
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Magnesium April 15 2005
Tissue paper Mar 30 2005
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Crepe paper Jan 25 2005
Wooden bedroom furniture Jan 4 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Hand trucks Dec 2 2004
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Ironing tables Aug 6 2004
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Aug 6 2004
Color television receivers June 3 2004
Malleable iron pipe fittings Dec 12 2003
Refined brown aluminum oxide Nov 19 2003
Barium carbonate Oct 1 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Saccharin July 9 2003
Lawn and garden steel fence posts June 12 2003
A-8
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
ChinandashContinued
Non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings Apr 7 2003
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Folding metal tables and chairs June 27 2002
Folding gift boxes Jan 8 2002
Honey Dec 10 2001
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Pure magnesium (granular) Nov 19 2001
Foundry coke Sept 17 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Non-frozen apple juice concentrate June 5 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Carbon steel plate Oct 24 1997
Crawfish tail meat Sept 15 1997
Persulfates July 7 1997
Brake rotors Apr 17 1997
Furfuryl alcohol June 21 1995
Pure magnesium (ingot) May 12 1995
Glycine Mar 29 1995
Cased pencils Dec 28 1994
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Paper clips Nov 25 1994
Fresh garlic Nov 16 1994
Helical spring lock washers Oct 19 1993
Sulfanilic acid Aug 19 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Sparklers June 18 1991
Silicon metal June 10 1991
Axes and adzes Feb 19 1991
Bars and wedges Feb 19 1991
Hammers and sledges Feb 19 1991
Picks and mattocks Feb 19 1991
Tapered roller bearings June 15 1987
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Petroleum wax candles Aug 28 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Natural bristle paint brushes Feb 14 1986
Barium chloride Oct 17 1984
Chloropicrin Mar 22 1984
Potassium permanganate Jan 31 1984
Greige polyester cotton printcloth Sept 16 1983
Finland
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
France
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Low enriched uranium Feb 13 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-9
FrancendashContinued Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Sorbitol Apr 9 1982
Germany
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Seamless pipe Aug 3 1995
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
Stainless steel wire rod Dec 1 1993
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Welded carbon steel pipe May 12 1986
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Iran
Raw in-shell pistachios July 17 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Pasta July 24 1996
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 30 1988
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Pressure sensitive plastic tape Oct 21 1977
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-10
Japan
Superalloy degassed chromium Dec 22 2005
Ceramic station post insulators Dec 30 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol July 2 2003
Welded large diameter line pipe Dec 6 2001
Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet Aug 28 2000
Large diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Small diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products June 29 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Clad steel plate July 2 1996
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Gray portland cement and clinker May 10 1991
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 24 1988
Brass sheet and strip Aug 12 1988
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Mar 25 1988
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 10 1987
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Dec 8 1978
Polychloroprene rubber Dec 6 1973
Kazakhstan
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Korea
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film June 5 1991
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Latvia
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Malaysia
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Mexico
Lemon juice (suspended) Sept 21 2007
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-11
MexicondashContinued
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Fresh tomatoes (suspended) Nov 1 1996
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Gray portland cement and clinker Aug 30 1990
Moldova
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Netherlands
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
Philippines
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Poland
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Portugal
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
Romania
Small diameter seamless pipe Aug 10 2000
Russia
Magnesium April 15 2005
Silicon metal Mar 26 2003
Ammonium nitrate (suspended) May 19 2000
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (suspended) July 12 1999
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium July 10 1995
Uranium (suspended) Oct 16 1992
Solid urea July 14 1987
South Africa
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Spain
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Stainless steel bar Mar 2 1995
Sweden
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Taiwan
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-12
TaiwanndashContinued
Helical spring lockwashers June 28 1993
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings June 16 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Light-walled rectangular pipe Mar 27 1989
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Small diameter carbon steel pipe May 7 1984
Thailand
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Canned pineapple July 18 1995
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 11 1986
Trinidad and Tobago
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Turkey
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Apr 17 1997
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe May 15 1986
Ukraine
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Ammonium nitrate Sept 12 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Silicomanganese Oct 31 1994
Solid urea July 14 1987
United Kingdom
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Venezuela
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Vietnam
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Frozen fish fillets Aug 12 2003
Source US International Trade Commission
TA
BL
E A
6
Co
un
terv
aili
ng
du
ty c
as
es
ac
tive
in
20
07
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Cin
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Pro
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Date
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institu
tio
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ITA
pre
limIT
A f
inal
US
ITC
fin
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a
Date
of
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b
(Aff
irm
ative
= A
N
eg
ative
= N
)7
01
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4C
oa
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1-T
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06
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1-T
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47
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1-T
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48
Cert
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Chin
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1-T
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Lig
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1-T
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acks
Chin
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7A
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70
1-T
A-4
51
Cert
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1-T
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52
Raw
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7A
()
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70
1-T
A-4
53
So
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m n
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Chin
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80
7A
()
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Inte
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Inte
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Ad
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atio
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US
D
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nt o
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Th
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US
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no
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Com
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c
A-14
TABLE A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Brazil
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 22 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Heavy iron construction castings May 15 1986
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Feb 4 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Iran
Roasted in-shell pistachios Oct 7 1986
Raw in-shell pistachios Mar 11 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 8 2002
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Pasta July 24 1996
Korea
DRAMs and DRAM modules Aug 11 2003
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip Aug 6 1999
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 17 1993
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
South Africa
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Thailand
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Turkey
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 7 1986
Source US International Trade Commission
A-15
TABLE A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007 by date of
completionUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
731-TA-678 Stainless steel bar Brazil 010507 Continued731-TA-679 Stainless steel bar India 010507 Continued731-TA-681 Stainless steel bar Japan 010507 Continued731-TA-682 Stainless steel bar Spain 010507 ContinuedAA1921-197 Certain carbon steel products Taiwan 012507 Revoked701-TA-319 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked701-TA-320 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked701-TA-325 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked701-TA-326 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked701-TA-327 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked701-TA-348 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked701-TA-350 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-573 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked731-TA-574 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked731-TA-576 Certain carbon steel products Finland 012507 Revoked731-TA-578 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Revoked731-TA-582 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked731-TA-583 Certain carbon steel products Poland 012507 Revoked731-TA-584 Certain carbon steel products Romania 012507 Revoked731-TA-585 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked731-TA-586 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked731-TA-587 Certain carbon steel products United Kingdom 012507 Revoked731-TA-612 Certain carbon steel products Australia 012507 Revoked731-TA-614 Certain carbon steel products Canada 012507 Revoked731-TA-615 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked731-TA-616 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Continued731-TA-617 Certain carbon steel products Japan 012507 Revoked731-TA-618 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-739 Clad steel plate Japan 030107 Continued731-TA-895 Pure magnesium China 030107 Continued731-TA-706 Canned pineapple fruit Thailand 032907 Continued731-TA-921 Folding gift boxes China 043007 Continued731-TA-707 Seamless pipe Argentina 050207 Revoked731-TA-708 Seamless pipe Brazil 050207 Revoked731-TA-709 Seamless pipe Germany 050207 Continued731-TA-711 Oil country tubular goods Argentina 061807 Revoked731-TA-713 Oil country tubular goods Italy 061807 Revoked731-TA-714 Oil country tubular goods Japan 061807 Revoked731-TA-715 Oil country tubular goods Korea 061807 Revoked731-TA-716 Oil country tubular goods Mexico 061807 Revoked731-TA-894 Ammonium nitrate Ukraine 061907 Continued701-TA-402 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-892 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-893 Honey China 062907 Continued731-TA-873 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Belarus 072607 Continued731-TA-874 Steel concrete reinforcing bar China 072607 Continued731-TA-875 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Indonesia 072607 Continued731-TA-877 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Korea 072607 Revoked731-TA-878 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Latvia 072607 Continued731-TA-879 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Moldova 072607 Continued731-TA-880 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Poland 072607 Continued731-TA-882 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Ukraine 072607 Continued701-TA-365 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued701-TA-366 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-734 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued731-TA-735 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-932 Folding metal tables and chairs China 092807 Continued731-TA-919 Welded large diameter line pipe Japan 101607 Continued731-TA-920 Welded large diameter line pipe Mexico 101607 Revoked
A-16
Table A8ndashContinuedUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
701-TA-404 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked701-TA-405 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued701-TA-406 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued701-TA-407 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked701-TA-408 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-898 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked731-TA-899 Hot-rolled steel products China 102507 Continued731-TA-900 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued731-TA-901 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued731-TA-902 Hot-rolled steel products Kazakhstan 102507 Revoked731-TA-904 Hot-rolled steel products Romania 102507 Revoked731-TA-905 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked731-TA-906 Hot-rolled steel products Taiwan 102507 Continued731-TA-907 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-908 Hot-rolled steel products Ukraine 102507 Continued731-TA-929 Silicomanganese India 112807 Continued731-TA-930 Silicomanganese Kazakhstan 112807 Continued731-TA-931 Silicomanganese Venezuela 112807 Continued731-TA-909 Low-enriched uranium France 121307 ContinuedSource US International Trade Commission
The completion date shown is the date of the USITC notification of Commercea
TA
BL
E A
9
Se
ctio
n 3
37
in
ve
stig
atio
ns
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d r
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pro
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US
In
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ing
te
rmin
ate
d b
ase
d o
n a
fin
din
go
f n
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tion
33
7-T
A-5
24
Cert
ain
Po
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of
Sa
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nd
b
Com
po
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Th
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of
Fra
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roce
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te
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ate
d b
ase
d o
nis
su
an
ce o
f a
sa
nctio
n
33
7-T
A-5
43
Cert
ain
Ba
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ba
nd
Pro
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sa
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Chip
se
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Tra
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Ch
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Te
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Han
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No f
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respo
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ents
Issu
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lim
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n o
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r a
nd c
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se a
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33
7-T
A-5
45
Cert
ain
La
min
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Ko
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Ir
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C
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Ca
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Issu
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n o
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nd c
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nd d
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33
7-T
A-5
46
Cert
ain
Ma
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sIn
dia
Te
rmin
ate
d b
ased
on a
fin
din
g o
f n
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tion
33
7-T
A-5
50
Cert
ain
Mo
difie
d V
accin
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nkara
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VA
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s a
nd
Va
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dom
Te
rmin
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on a
co
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
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La
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ca
nn
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on
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su
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Com
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
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La
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ca
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su
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lusio
n o
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r a
nd c
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
ain
La
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on
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pin
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ha
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ub
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rtic
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frin
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33
7-T
A-5
53
Cert
ain
NA
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sh M
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vice
sa
nd
Pro
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am
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ted b
ased
on a
se
ttle
me
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33
7-T
A-5
56
Cert
ain
Hig
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Pro
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Issu
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lim
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33
7-T
A-5
57
Cert
ain
Au
tom
otive
Pa
rts
Ta
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nIs
su
ed a
ge
ne
ral exc
lusio
n o
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r
33
7-T
A-5
59
Cert
ain
Dig
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rocesso
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Co
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on
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33
7-T
A-5
60
Cert
ain
NO
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NA
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sh
Me
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33
7-T
A-5
61
Cert
ain
Co
mb
inatio
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oto
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nd
Tra
nsm
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fin
din
g o
f n
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33
7-T
A-5
64
Cert
ain
Vo
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tors
C
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Th
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of a
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Pro
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cts
Co
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am
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No f
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respo
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Issu
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lim
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33
7-T
A-5
65
Cert
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In
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rid
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Com
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Th
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of
Hon
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33
7-T
A-5
72
Cert
ain
In
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De
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rid
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Ad
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ps a
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Th
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rance
Te
rmin
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on w
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dra
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com
pla
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33
7-T
A-5
75
Cert
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Lig
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ne
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33
7-T
A-5
77
Cert
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Wir
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a
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Pro
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Te
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se
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me
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33
7-T
A-5
79
Cert
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Nic
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Con
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att
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agre
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33
7-T
A-5
80
Cert
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Pe
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Com
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Th
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of a
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Pro
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Te
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33
7-T
A-5
81
Cert
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In
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Com
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Th
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of
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me
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33
7-T
A-5
83
Cert
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Wir
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Th
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se
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me
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gre
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33
7-T
A-5
84
Cert
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Ale
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Pro
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Te
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33
7-T
A-5
85
Cert
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En
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Pro
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33
7-T
A-5
90
Cert
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Co
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De
vice
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r P
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Su
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Com
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Th
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33
7-T
A-5
91
Cert
ain
Wir
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fere
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Devi
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s C
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Th
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33
7-T
A-5
92
Cert
ain
NA
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sa
nd
Com
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Th
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Pro
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Te
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on a
se
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me
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33
7-T
A-5
94
Cert
ain
Lig
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rod
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C
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f a
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me
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respo
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Te
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se
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me
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gre
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33
7-T
A-5
99
Cert
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Lig
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33
7-T
A-6
00
Cert
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Re
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Lith
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Th
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33
7-T
A-6
14
Cert
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Wir
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sa
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33
7-T
A-4
87
Cert
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Com
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Th
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33
7-T
A-5
01
Cert
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be
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33
7-T
A-5
43
Cert
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ba
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Pro
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sa
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Chip
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Tra
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33
7-T
A-5
51
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
58
Cert
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Pe
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verg
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33
7-T
A-5
67
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
69
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
71
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33
7-T
A-5
74
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33
7-T
A-5
78
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
82
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
86
Cert
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33
7-T
A-5
87
Cert
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A-26
TABLE A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Nonpatent
337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan Japan Canada Nonpatent
337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and Rubber Soles
Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan Hong KongKorea
Nonpatent
337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan South Africa Nonpatent
337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips and Components Thereof
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls Popularly Known as Cabbage Patch Kids RelatedLiterature and Packaging Therefore
No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore TaiwanKorea Thailand HongKong
Nonpatent
337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and Components Thereof and Methods ofUsing and Products Incorporating theSame
France Nonpatent
337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
A-27
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator Caps and Related Packaging andPromotional Materials
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their Containers Colombia Nonpatent
337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan Oct 12 2008c
337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Turbines and Components Thereof
Germany Feb 1 2011c
337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Kamaboko Fish Cakes Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-380 Certain Agricultural Tractors Under 50 Power Take-Off Horsepower
Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-383 Certain Hardware Logic Emulation Systems andComponents Thereof
France Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Apr 28 2009Apr 28 2009
337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages China Hong Kong Korea Apr 5 2008Nov 5 2008Mar 7 2009Aug 10 2010Aug 13 2010Nov 1 2011Jan 10 2012Apr 18 2012July 25 2012
337-TA-413 Certain Rare-Earth Magnets and Magnetic Material and Articles Containing Same
China Taiwan June 7 2015
337-TA-416 Certain Compact Multipurpose Tools China Taiwan July 1 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011
337-TA-422 Certain Two-Handle Centerset Faucets and Escutcheons and Components Thereof
Taiwan China May 31 2008
337-TA-424 Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Thereof No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-440 Certain 4-Androstenediol China July 13 2018
337-TA-446 Certain Ink Jet Cartridges and ComponentsThereof
Taiwan Nov 3 2007Dec 22 2008Apr 25 2012
337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers Sprinkler Components and Nozzles
Taiwan Israel Germany July 8 2014July 8 2014
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-28
337-TA-473 Certain Video Game Systems Accessories andComponents Thereof
No foreign respondents Dec 18 2015Dec 25 2015
337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs and Rewritable Compact Discs
No foreign respondents June 11 2008Nov 1 2008May 23 2012
337-TA-481491 Certain Display Controllers with Upscaling Functionality and Products ContainingSame and Certain Display Controllersand Products Containing Same
Taiwan Feb 24 2017
337-TA-482 Certain Compact Disc and DVD Holders Denmark Hong KongTaiwan
May 1 2015
337-TA-486 Certain Agricultural Tractors Lawn Tractors Riding Lawnmowers and ComponentsThereof
China Nonpatent
337-TA-489 Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereof Such asSildenafil Citrate and Products ContainingSame
Belize Israel NicaraguaSyria United KingdomIndia China
40711
337-TA-492 Certain Plastic Grocery and Retail Bags Thailand ChinaSingapore Hong Kong
Dec 6 2010
337-TA-494 Certain Automotive Measuring Devices Products Containing Same and Bezels forSuch Devices
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-498 Certain Insect Traps No foreign respondents Jan 30 2018
337-TA-500 Certain Purple Protective Gloves Malaysia Nonpatent
337-TA-505 Certain Gun Barrels Used in Firearms Switzerland Netherlands Sept 25 2015Aug 25 2017
337-TA-511 Certain Pet Food Treats China Sept 23 2011
337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes And ProductsContaining Same
Malaysia July 27 2018July 27 2018July 27 2018Jan 18 2015
337-TA-514 Certain Plastic Food Containers China Oct 19 2013Dec 23 2017Dec 23 2017
337-TA-518 Certain Ear Protection Devices China Taiwan June 2 2015
337-TA-522 Certain Ink Markers and Packaging Thereof China India Korea Nonpatent
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-29
337-TA-528 Certain Foam Masking Tape Spain NetherlandsPortugal CanadaFrance Germany
May 10 2011
337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants Components Thereof and Products Containing Same
China Korea June 21 2011June 21 2011
337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated Circuits and Products Containing Same
China Nov 20 2020Nov 20 2020
337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or Solvate Thereof and Products Containing Same
India Panama HaitiNicaragua MexicoAustralia
June 12 2016
337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Sept 24 2019Sept 24 2019
337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips andChipsets Transmitter and Receiver(Radio) Chips Power Control Chips andProducts Containing Same IncludingCellular Telephone Handsets
No foreign respondents June 8 2010
337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Canada China MalaysiaKorea
June 10 2017
337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink Printers Korea Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022
337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and Scan Engines Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
China Oct 30 2009Nov 16 2010
337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting Diodes and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Jan 18 2009
337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Feb 4 2017June 22 2018July 27 2018Sept 28 2018Oct 5 2018Oct 26 2018Mar 1 2019Mar 22 2019
337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and Packaging Thereof
China Feb 4 2017
337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators ComponentsThereof and Products Containing Same
No foreign respondents Mar 23 2013
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-30
337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and Components Thereof Hong Kong ChinaGermany Korea
Apr 1 2014Oct 1 2013Jan 30 2103May 18 2019May 18 2019Apr 3 2022Aug 26 2023Aug 17 2023
337-TA-575 Certain Lighters China Nonpatent
337-TA-590 Certain Coupler Devices for Power SupplyFacilities Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
Taiwan Germany China Aug 5 2024
Source US International Trade Commission
This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigationa
Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigationb
Patent term extended pursuant to 35 USC 154(c)c
A-31
TABLE A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007
(Million dollars)
HTS No Description Total importsGSP
eligibleGSP duty
free
27090020 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals crude testing 25 degrees API or more 1073856 127108 79043
71131950 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of precious metal except silver except necklacesand clasps 62652 31555 19365
Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals 27090010
crude testing under 25 degrees API 688250 26257 9045
71131929 Gold necklaces and neck chains other than rope or mixed link 11449 7034 5932
76061230 Aluminum alloy plates sheets and strip of a thickness exceeding 02 mm rectangular(including square) not clad 23657 5859 4169
71131150 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of silver nesoi valued over $18 per dozen pieces orparts 11918 4740 4138
85443000 Ignition wiring sets other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles aircraft or ships 65577 7387 3963
72024100 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of carbon 3981 3937 3897
29051120 Methanol (methyl alcohol) nesoi 17002 15454 3457
40111010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on motor cars 43956 6465 3071
72023000 Ferrosilicon manganese 4892 2970 2925
39076000 Polyethylene terephthalate in primary forms 11210 2765 2650
40112010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on buses or trucks 29517 2784 2065
Zinc unwrought not alloyed other than casting-79911250
grade containing by weight less than 9999percent zinc 5545 2019 2007
Fatty substances of animal or vegetable origin 38249040
and mixtures thereof 4469 2001 1848
87089981 Parts and accessories of motor vehiclesnesoi 65706 2130 1742
17011110 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring 5340 3007 1674
Plywood each ply not over 6 millimeters thick 44123140
with at least one outer ply of specified tropicalwoods not surface-covered beyond clear 4160 1800 1674
Ferroniobium by weight more than 002 percent72029380
of phosphorus or sulfur or more than 04 percentsilicon 1646 1512 1504
27101905 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminousminerals testing under 25 degrees API 307044 4417 1483
Top 20 items 2441834 261198 1 55649
All other 16877577 248883 1 52840
Total 19319412 510081 3 08490
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Figures do not include US Virgin Island imports The abbreviation ldquonesoi stands for not elsewherespecified or included
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33
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87
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3
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20
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13
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33
82
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016
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nd
ru
bb
er
5
28
02
31
83
22
13
Se
ctio
n V
III
8R
aw
hid
es a
nd
skin
s
lea
the
r f
urs
kin
s sa
ddle
ry
ha
nd
bag
s
1
11
21
51
74
69
Se
ctio
n I
X9
Wo
od
ch
arc
oa
l c
ork
str
aw
an
d o
the
r p
latin
g m
ate
rials
1
93
50
12
31
95
6
Se
ctio
n X
10
Wo
od
pu
lp
pa
pe
r an
d p
ap
erb
oa
rd
2
71
92
00
Se
ctio
n X
I1
1T
ext
iles a
nd
te
xtile
art
icle
s
9
91
15
50
83
40
Se
ctio
n X
II1
2F
oo
twe
ar
he
ad
gea
r u
mb
rella
s a
rtific
ial f
low
ers
22
75
73
12
2
Se
ctio
n X
III
13
Sto
ne
pla
ste
r c
em
en
t a
sb
esto
s c
era
mic
an
d g
lass a
rtic
les
17
38
22
025
86
8
Se
ction
XIV
14
Pe
arl
s p
recio
us o
r se
mi-p
recio
us s
ton
es im
itatio
n je
welry
47
53
94
772
32
52
Se
ctio
n X
V1
5B
ase m
eta
ls a
nd
art
icle
s o
f ba
se
meta
l
11
57
11
60
26
38
89
Se
ctio
n X
VI
16
Ma
ch
inery
an
d a
pplia
nces
ele
ctr
ica
l e
qu
ipm
en
t
4
98
07
06
178
36
61
Se
ctio
n X
VII
17
Ve
hic
les
aircra
ft ve
sse
ls
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
24
14
10
18
51
13
02
Se
ctio
n X
VII
I1
8O
ptical p
ho
tog
rap
hic
m
ed
ica
l a
nd
mu
sic
al i
nstr
um
en
ts
clo
cks
5
92
12
10
47
66
8
Se
ctio
n X
IX1
9A
rms a
nd a
mm
unitio
n
pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
21
91
93
90
Se
ctio
n X
X2
0M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
75
71
25
14
40
3
Se
ctio
n X
XI
21
Wo
rk o
f art
co
llecto
rsrsquo pie
ce
s a
nd
an
tiq
ue
s
8
719
00
Se
ctio
n X
XII
22
Sp
ecia
l cla
ssific
atio
n p
rovi
sio
ns
61
85
00
0
To
tal
19
31
941
51
00
83
08
49
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
A-33
TABLE A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
PercentChange 2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Nigeria 22460052 25823091 30137133 167
2 Angola 4216469 4532941 4767934 52
3 Gabon 2487326 1290031 1673605 297
4 Republic of the Congo 571419 774536 1604868 1072
5 Chad 1028954 1531433 1487552 -29
6 Republic of South Africa 455316 717439 1076985 501
7 Lesotho 388344 384452 379592 -13
8 Madagascar 273193 229541 281443 226
9 Kenya 272131 265051 250352 -55
10 Cameroon 100910 152394 169173 110
11 Swaziland 160462 135425 135838 03
12 Mauritius 146807 145843 112347 -230
13 Ghana 49927 34874 56151 610
14 Democratic Rep of the Congo 0 0 39478 NA
15 Botswana 30044 28225 31331 110
16 Namibia 53058 33019 28579 -134
17 Malawi 32375 29901 27568 -78
18 Ethiopia 3646 5000 4741 -52
19 Tanzania 2812 3022 2815 -69
20 Uganda 4854 1490 1189 -201
21 Mozambique 2828 940 825 -122
22 Zambia 0 8 73 7968
23 Guinea 0 0 27 NA
24 Niger 24 1 27 38400
25 Senegal 9 14239 14 -999
26 Mali 0 3 9 1992
27 The Gambia 0 0 ( ) NAa
28 Cape Verde 2115 85 0 -1000
29 Burkina Faso 0 6 0 -1000
30 Rwanda 1 0 0 NA
31 Benin 0 0 0 NA
32 Burundi ( ) 0 0 NAb
33 Djibouti 0 0 0 NA
34 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 NA
35 Liberia ( ) ( ) 0 NAb b
36 Mauritania 0 ( ) 0 NAb
37 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe 0 0 0 NA
38 Seychelles 0 0 0 NA
39 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 NA
Total 32743077 36132990 42269649 170
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
US value is less than $500a
Not AGOA-eligibleb
TA
BL
E A
14
U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsum
ption
of le
ad
ing
imp
ort
s u
nd
er
AG
OA
2
005
ndash0
7
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
10
00 d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
28
01
39
30
31
161
47
33
71
16
78
81
91
27
09
00
10
Petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
26
99
22
17
22
91
71
77
19
46
28
27
10
19
05
Dis
tilla
te a
nd
re
sid
ua
l fu
el oil
(in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
trole
um
or
oils
fro
m
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
10
57
36
870
67
66
65
35
2-2
36
27
10
11
25
Na
ph
tha
s
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s
min
era
ls
min
imu
m 7
0 p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
38
04
40
318
06
44
92
84
35
50
87
03
23
00
Passen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
spa
rk-i
gn
itio
n in
tern
al com
bustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
15
00
-30
00
cc
1
21
08
23
28
80
74
38
48
93
34
62
04
62
40
Wo
me
ns
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s
an
d s
ho
rts
no
t knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
28
46
33
267
69
92
54
49
04
96
11
02
02
0S
we
ate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tco
ats
a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
ne
so
i
2
85
66
42
27
53
72
25
37
3-1
06
20
34
24
0M
ens
or
boys t
rou
se
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t co
nta
inin
g
15
pe
rce
nt
or
mo
re d
ow
n
2
53
97
22
25
84
92
01
09
2-1
10
720
21
15
0F
err
om
ang
an
ese
con
tain
ing b
y w
eig
ht
mo
re t
han
4 p
erc
en
t ca
rbon
62
78
597
83
31
49
73
65
31
620
52
02
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t ce
rtifie
d h
an
d-l
oom
ed a
nd f
olk
lore
p
rod
uct
7
65
63
64
87
18
00
63
23
42
71
01
11
5L
igh
t m
oto
r fu
el 7
0 p
erc
en
t o
r m
ore
by
we
igh
t fr
om
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
o
the
r th
an
cru
de
2
00
28
17
65
47
81
26
34
25
610
46
22
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
5
85
05
57
45
67
10
18
23
66
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
98
86
49
01
76
58
35
34
361103
03
0S
weate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tcoats
and s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cr
ochete
d
of
man-
ma
de
fib
ers
ne
so
i
87
62
066
50
86
57
4-1
16
10
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
52
98
451
36
65
04
47
-18
382
37
06
0In
du
str
ial fa
tty a
lcoh
ols
oth
er
than
deri
ved
fro
m f
att
y s
ub
sta
nce
s o
f a
nim
al o
r ve
ge
tab
le
ori
gin
3
26
93
46
09
14
81
18
44
08
05
10
00
Ora
ng
es
fre
sh
or
dri
ed
31
42
046
17
13
77
94
-18
16
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
02
82
23
37
72
91
90
24
92
20
42
15
0N
on
-sp
ark
ling w
ine o
f fr
esh
gra
pe
s
oth
er
than
To
ka
y n
ot
ove
r 14
perc
en
t a
lcoh
ol in
co
nta
iners
not
ove
r 2 lite
rs
2
73
56
27
46
72
84
07
34
22
07
10
60
Un
de
na
ture
d e
thyl
alc
oh
ol fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
94
09
29
22
82
59
52
-11
26
20
46
33
5W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
of
syn
the
tic
fib
ers
ne
so
i
1
93
08
15
90
32
37
81
49
56
10
46
32
0W
om
ens
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
32
98
030
40
72
34
45
-22
92
71
01
90
5D
istilla
ter
esid
ua
l fu
el o
il (i
nclu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
r oils
or
oils
of
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g
25
de
gre
es A
PI
or
mo
re
17
48
94
93
22
40
14
44
46
61
03
43
15
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
29
98
420
41
02
10
46
31
27
10
11
45
Mix
ture
s o
f h
ydro
carb
ons n
es
oi
no
ne
com
pri
sing
ove
r ha
lf o
f p
rod
uct
70
or
mo
re b
y w
eig
ht
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
1
02
09
44
78
03
201
05
-57
92
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
3
24
36
76
43
58
15
07
74
20
07
60
21
73
All
oth
er
3
06
31
33
17
91
32
62
04
7-1
76
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
32
74
30
77
36
132
99
04
22
69
64
91
70
Sou
rce
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
A-35
TABLE A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percent change
2006ndash07Million dollars
1 Ecuador 43707 53252 46138 -134
2 Colombia 46532 47912 45277 -553 Peru 22827 32019 30172 -584 Bolivia 1574 1662 1481 -109
Total 114639 134844 123068 -87Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to the totals shown
TA
BL
E A
16
US
im
po
rts fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
AT
PA
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Perc
en
t C
ha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
01
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
18
21
58
73
05
84
03
-06
27
09
00
20
Pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
17
70
32
16
59
16
44
9-2
41
74
03
11
00
Re
fin
ed
cop
pe
r cath
od
es a
nd
sectio
ns o
f cath
od
es
5
56
49
93
09
89
1-0
42
71
01
90
5D
istilla
te a
nd r
esid
ual fu
el o
il (in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
deri
ved
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
or
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
te
sting
u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
41
54
58
84
08
7-1
09
06
03
11
00
Ro
se
s
fre
sh
a
26
31
28
84
32
72
NA
61
10
20
20
Sw
ea
ters
p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts
an
d s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
2
95
23
18
22
97
4-6
62
71
01
12
5N
ap
hth
as
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
06
26
13
02
94
1-5
20
060
31
90
0A
nth
uri
um
s
als
troe
me
ria
gypso
phili
a
lilie
s
sn
ap
dra
gon
s a
nd o
ther
flo
we
rs
ne
so
i
fre
sh
b1
59
41
72
01
87
8N
A6
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
1
93
81
90
71
65
4-1
33
07
09
20
90
Asp
ara
gu
s
fre
sh
or
ch
ille
d
ne
so
i
87
11
26
61
59
32
59
610
91
00
0T
-shirts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
16
42
16
88
15
55
-79
62034
24
0M
ens
or
boys
tro
users
bre
eches
and s
hort
s
not
knitt
ed o
r cr
ochete
d
of
cott
on
not
conta
inin
g 1
5 p
erc
ent
or
mo
re d
ow
n
15
64
14
08
98
6-2
99
16
04
14
30
Tun
as a
nd
skip
jack
no
t in
oil
in a
irtig
ht
con
tain
ers
n
es
oi
47
86
49
67
94
60
60
31
40
0C
hry
sa
nth
em
um
s
fre
sh
c
63
56
34
65
5N
A7
11
31
95
0A
rtic
les o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l e
xcep
t silv
er
exc
ep
t n
eckla
ces a
nd
cla
sps
8
01
85
65
77
-32
66
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
6
42
66
65
24
-21
43
90
41
00
0P
oly
vinyl
chlo
ride
n
ot
mix
ed
with
an
y oth
er
sub
sta
nces
in p
rim
ary
fo
rms
45
03
38
42
82
65
06
03
12
10
Ca
rna
tio
ns
oth
er
tha
n m
inia
ture
fr
esh
d3
32
37
44
22
NA
200
59
98
0A
rtic
ho
ke
s
pre
pa
red o
r p
rese
rved
oth
erw
ise
th
an
by
vin
eg
ar
or
ace
tic a
cid
n
ot
fro
zen
e1
66
35
93
91
NA
261
39
00
0M
oly
bde
nu
m o
res a
nd c
once
ntr
ate
s
not
roaste
d
1
49
41
13
88
-57
071
08
09
7V
eg
eta
ble
s n
es
oi
unco
oked
or
co
oke
d b
y ste
am
ing o
r b
oili
ng
in
wa
ter
fro
zen
re
duce
d in
siz
e
1
91
27
53
48
26
72
61
10
06
0T
un
gste
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
s
0
61
75
33
29
05
080
45
04
0G
uavas
ma
ng
oe
s
an
d m
an
goste
ens
fre
sh
if e
nte
red
duri
ng t
he
peri
od S
epte
mb
er
1 t
hro
ugh
Ma
y 31
of
the
follo
win
g y
ea
r in
clu
siv
e
27
33
15
30
0-4
60
60
31
23
0M
inia
ture
(spra
y) c
arn
atio
ns
fre
sh
29
33
16
27
7N
Af
76
10
10
00
Do
ors
w
ind
ow
s
an
d t
he
ir f
ram
es a
nd
th
resh
old
s f
or
do
ors
of
alu
min
um
1
77
45
52
71
-40
5T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
02
35
01
20
91
41
11
27
6-2
9A
ll oth
er
1
22
89
13
93
01
17
92
-41
7T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
11
46
39
13
48
44
12
30
68
-87
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
60
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
10
70
40
A
nd
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
80
b
T
rad
e in
20
05
an
d 2
00
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
sta
tistical lin
e 0
60
31
07
01
0 a
nd
06
03
10
70
20
c
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
70
30
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 2
005
90
80
e
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
30
e
A-37
TABLE A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Trinidad and Tobago 2734524 3677726 2832296 -230
2 Costa Rica 1157763 1382065 1417864 26
3 Haiti 303390 379321 430389 135
4 Dominican Republic 2483579 2481035 310104 -875
5 Jamaica 152163 245755 235947 -40
6 Bahamas 111345 125056 137351 98
7 Belize 54749 72221 54460 -246
8 Panama 40751 33828 31191 -78
9 St Kitts and Nevis 25211 24750 16189 -346
10 Guyana 6721 5098 10099 981
11 St Lucia 6353 7076 8594 214
12 Barbados 3859 4765 7100 490
13 Netherlands Antilles 6763 2157 3598 669
14 Aruba 30 171 295 721
15 St Vincent and the Grenadines 521 210 216 29
16 Antigua 34 23 132 4663
17 British Virgin Islands 198 223 65 -710
18 Dominica 79 66 45 -319
19 Grenada 9 56 25 -563
20 El Salvador 1226033 154121 0 -1000
21 Guatemala 1246183 652845 0 -1000
22 Honduras 2372315 555925 0 -1000
23 Montserrat 0 0 0 NA
24 Nicaragua 403798 110981 0 -1000
Total 12336372 9915473 5495960 -446
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown Data for 2006 include US imports from ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible forCBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force
TA
BL
E A
18 U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
CB
ER
A
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
10
76
01
69
38
13
09
5-2
27
29
05
11
20
Me
tha
no
l (m
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l)
ne
so
i
7
00
61
02
97
10
04
2-2
50
80
43
04
0P
ine
ap
ple
s
fre
sh o
r dri
ed
n
ot
red
uced
in
siz
e
in c
rate
s o
r oth
er
pa
ckag
es
22
28
24
56
37
79
53
92
20
71
06
0U
nd
en
atu
red
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
83
62
77
22
63
4-5
02
71
01
12
5N
ap
hth
as
not
mo
tor
fue
lble
nd
ing
sto
ck
from
pe
tro
leu
m o
ilso
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls
min
imu
m 7
0 p
erc
en
tb
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
1
93
57
15
22
72
21
76
610
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
13
01
46
07
31
95
7-6
78
61
10
20
20
Sw
ea
ters
p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts
an
d s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
1
03
32
39
30
13
98
-64
43
90
31
10
0P
oly
sty
ren
e
exp
an
da
ble
in
pri
ma
ry f
orm
s
10
75
12
15
13
32
97
62034
24
0M
ens
or
boys
tro
users
bre
ech
es
and s
hort
s
not
knitt
ed o
r cr
ochete
d
of
cott
on
not
conta
inin
g 1
5 p
erc
ent
or
mo
re d
ow
n
73
01
44
95
12
63
-71
92
00
91
10
0F
roze
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
d o
ran
ge
ju
ice
4
56
53
71
00
38
69
271
01
14
5M
ixtu
res o
f hydro
ca
rbon
s n
es
oi
no
ne
co
mp
risin
g o
ver
half o
f pro
duct
70 p
erc
en
t o
r m
ore
by w
eig
ht
from
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
1
82
22
45
38
04
-67
24
01
11
01
0N
ew
pn
eu
ma
tic
rad
ial tire
s
of
rub
be
r o
f a
kin
d u
sed
on
mo
tor
cars
in
clu
din
g s
tatio
n w
ag
on
s a
nd
ra
cin
g c
ars
5
87
63
77
96
25
02
71
01
90
5D
istilla
te a
nd r
esid
ual fu
el o
il (in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
deri
ved
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
or
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
te
sting
u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
4
74
65
17
77
66
-85
26
11
59
59
0S
tockin
gs
so
cks
oth
er
ho
sie
ry n
es
oi
an
d f
oo
twe
ar
with
ou
t a
pp
lied s
ole
s
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
tla
ce
or
ne
t
()
()
68
6N
Aa
a
220
72
00
0E
thyl
alc
oho
l a
nd
oth
er
sp
irits
den
atu
red
of
an
y str
eng
th
02
12
16
50
-43
79
61
09
90
10
T-s
hir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tan
k t
op
s
an
d s
imila
r ga
rme
nts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f m
an-m
ade
fib
ers
21
35
12
75
64
6-4
93
610
82
10
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
bri
efs
an
d p
antie
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
03
89
28
46
8-4
96
71
13
19
50
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l e
xcep
t silv
er
exc
ep
t n
eckla
ces a
nd
cla
sps
1
92
92
34
14
14
-82
30
80
71
92
0C
an
talo
up
es
fre
sh
no
t en
tere
d A
ug
1-S
ep
t 1
5
1
00
79
53
39
1-5
90
62
03
43
40
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s
an
d s
ho
rts
no
t knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
30
67
16
01
38
0-7
63
610
71
10
0M
ens
or
boys u
nd
erp
ants
and
brie
fs
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
4
00
51
71
13
69
-78
440169
35
0N
onauto
motiv
e g
askets
w
ash
ers
and s
eals
of
vulc
aniz
ed r
ubber
50
05
13
34
9-3
20
17
01
11
20
Oth
er
su
ga
r to
be
use
d f
or
the
pro
du
ctio
n (
oth
er
tha
n d
istilla
tio
n)
of
po
lyh
ydri
c a
lco
ho
ls
7
49
19
83
13
58
11
70
11
11
0R
aw
su
ga
r no
t co
nta
inin
g a
dde
d f
lavori
ng o
r co
lori
ng
1
44
31
40
33
10
-77
98
53
63
08
0E
lectr
ica
l a
pp
ara
tus f
or
pro
tectin
g e
lectr
ica
l circuits
for
a v
olta
ge
no
t e
xcee
din
g 1
00
0 v
olts
ne
so
i
22
81
22
28
21
30
8T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
88
40
67
59
91
46
40
0-3
26
All
oth
er
3
49
58
23
16
48
56
0-7
17
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
23
36
49
91
55
54
96
0-4
46
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sh
ow
n
Th
e a
bbre
via
tion
n
es
oi
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lsew
here
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
ded
D
ata
fo
r 20
06
in
clu
de U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
El S
alv
ado
r G
ua
tem
ala
H
ond
ura
s
and
Nic
ara
gua
only
for
the p
erio
d d
urin
g w
hic
h t
ho
se
co
untr
ies w
ere
elig
ible
fo
r C
BE
RA
be
ne
fits
befo
re C
AF
TA
-DR
en
tere
d in
to f
orc
e
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 6
115
92
90
a
A-39
TABLE A19 W TO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS27 European Communities ndashRegime for the ImportationSale and Distribution ofBananas
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras MexicoUnited States
Ecuador requests consultations under Article 215(111606)Ecuador submits revised request for consultations(112806)Colombia (11292006) Belize Cocircte dIvoireDominica the Dominican Republic Saint Lucia StVincent and the Grenadines and Suriname(113006) Cameroon (120406) Jamaica(120606) and Panama and the United States(121106) request to join the consultations TheEuropean Communities accept their requestsEcuador requests establishment of an Article 215panel (022307)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (032007)Panel composed (061507)The United States request establishment of a 215panel (062907)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (071207)Panel composed (081307)
DS267 United States ndash Subsidies onUpland Cotton
Brazil DSB adopts Appellate Body report and panel report(as modified by Appellate Body report) (032105)After the reasonable period of time forimplementation expires (092105) Brazil seeksauthorization to suspend concessions and the UnitedStates seeks arbitration The parties subsequentlyseek suspension of arbitration proceedings(112105)Brazil requests the establishment of a panel(081806)DSB defers the establishment of a panel (090106)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (092806)Panel is established (102506)Compliance panel report circulated (121807)
DS268 United States ndash SunsetReviews of Anti-DumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods fromArgentina
Argentina The United States informs DSB it has implementedearlier DSB recommendations and rulings in thecase Argentina expresses doubts (122005)Argentina requests consultations (012606)Argentina requests the establishment of a panel (030606)DSB refers the matter raised by Argentina to theoriginal panel (031706)Compliance panel composed (032006)Panel report circulated (113006)Appellate Body report circulated (041207)DSB adopts Appellate Body report (051107)
DS281 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Cement fromMexico
Mexico Mexico asks the panel to suspend its proceedings inthe context of negotiations to find a mutually agreedsolution and the panel agrees (011606)
A-40
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS282 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods from Mexico
Mexico Appellate Body report circulated (110205)The United States issues statement of intent toimplement the recommendations and rulings of theDSB (122005)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (021506)Statement by Mexico of non-conformity regardingagreed timelimits (053006)Mexico requests consultations under DSU Article215 (082106)Mutually agreed solution is reached (051607)
DS285 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling andBetting Services
Antigua andBarbuda
Parties agree to procedures under DSU Articles 21and 22 (052406)Antigua and Barbuda request consultations(060806)Antigua and Barbuda request establishment of apanel (070606)DSB refers matter to original panel if possible(071906)Panel composed (081606)Panel report circulated (033007)DSB adopts panel report (052207)Antigua and Barbuda seeks authorization to suspendconcessions (062107)The United States objects and seeks arbitration(072307)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (072408)Arbitratorrsquos decision circulated (122107)
DS291 European Communities ndashMeasures Affecting theApproval and Marketing ofBiotech Products
United States Panel reports circulated (092906)DSB adopts the panel reports (112106)The European Communities announce its intention toimplement recommendations and rulings andannounce intent to discuss appropriate timeframepursuant to DSU Article 213(b) with ArgentinaCanada and the United States (121906)The United States and European Communities agreeon a reasonable period of time for implementation(062107)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-41
DS294 United States ndash LawsRegulations andMethodology for CalculatingDumping Margins (Zeroing)
EuropeanCommunities
Panel report circulated (103105)The European Communities notify its decision toappeal (011706)The United States notifies its decision to appeal(013006)Appellate Body report circulated (041806)DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the panelreport as modified by the Appellate Body report(5906)The United States announces that it intends toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings(053006)The United States and the European Communitiesagree pursuant to DSU Article 213(b) to thereasonable period of time for implementation(072806)The United States and the European Communitiesreach an Understanding on Article 21 and 22procedures (050407)The European Communities request Article 215consultations (070907)Brazil and Korea request to join the consultations(072007)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (091307)
DS295 Mexico ndash DefinitiveAntidumping Measures onBeef and Rice
United States DSU adopts Appellate Body report and panel reportas modified by the Appellate Body report (122005)Mexico states that it will implement therecommendations and rulings of the DSB but needsagreement on the reasonable period of time forimplementation Mexico agrees to consult with theUnited States (012006)Mexico and the United States inform DSB that theyhave reached agreement on the reasonable period oftime for implementation Mexico will comply in August2006 (in part) and in December 2006 (in part)(051806)Parties reach an Understanding on procedure forArticles 21 and 22 (011607)
DS322 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Zeroing andSunset Reviews
Japan Panel report circulated (092006)Japan notifies decision to appeal certain issues of law(101106)The United States notifies its decision to appealcertain issues of law (102306)Appellate Body report circulated (01907)DSB adopts appellate body report (012307)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (050407)Japan seeks authorization to suspend concessions(011008)The United States seeks arbitration (011808)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (012108)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-42
DS334 Turkey ndash Measures Affectingthe Importation of Rice
United States Th United States requests establishment of a panel(020606)Panel established (031706)Panel composed (073106)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (013107)Panel report circulated (092107)DSB adopts panel report (102207)
DS335 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasure on Shrimp fromEcuador
Ecuador Ecuador requests establishment of a panel(060806)Panel established (071906)Panel composed (092606)Panel report circulated (013007)DSB adopts panel report (022007)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (032607)
DS340 China ndash Measures AffectingImports of Automobile Parts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(033006)The United States requests establishment of a panel(091506)DSB establishes a single panel pursuant to DSUArticle 91 to consider similar complaints againstChina made by the European Communities (DS339)the United States (DS340) and Canada (DS342)(102606)Panel composed (012907)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (071607)
DS343 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Shrimp fromThailand
Thailand Thailand requests consultations (042406)Thailand requests establishment of a panel(091506)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072107)Panel report circulated (022908)
DS344 United States ndash FinalAntidumping Measures onStainless Steel from Mexico
Mexico Mexico requests consultations (052606)Japan requests to join the consultations (060906)Mexico requests establishment of a panel (101206)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (122006)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (052107)Panel report circulated (122007)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-43
DS345 United States ndash CustomsBond Directive forMerchandise Subject toAnti-DumpingCountervailingDuties
India India requests consultations (060606)Brazil China and Thailand request to join theconsultations (062106)India requests establishment of a panel (101306)Panel established (112106)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072707)
DS347 European Communities andCertain Member States ndashMeasures Affecting Trade inLarge Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)
United States The United States requests consultations withFrance Germany Spain the United Kingdom andthe European Communities (013106)The United States requests establishment of a panel(041006)Panel established (050906)Panel composed (071706)The United States requests the panel to suspend itswork in accordance with DSU Article 1212(100606)Panel agrees to suspend work (100906)Authority of the panel lapsed (100707)
DS350 United States ndash ContinuedExistence and Application ofZeroing Methodology
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultations(100206)The European Communities expand their request forconsultations (100906)Japan (101006)Thailand (101206) Brazil andIndia (101306) request to join the consultations TheUnited States accepts their requestsThe European Communities request establishment ofa panel (051007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (052207)Panel established (060407)Panel composed (070607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (100107)A panelist resigns (110807)New panelist appointed (112707)
DS353 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Trade in Large CivilAircraft (Second Complaint)
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultationswith the United States (062705)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (012006)Panel established (021706)Panel composed (112206)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (051807)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-44
DS357 United States ndash Subsidiesand Other Domestic Supportfor Corn and OtherAgricultural Products
Canada Canada requests consultations with the United States(010807)Australia (011807) Argentina Brazil the EuropeanCommunities Guatemala Nicaragua Thailand(011907) and Uruguay (012207) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts theirrequests Canada requests establishment of a panel(060707)DSB defers establishment of the panel (062007)Canada withdraws its request for establishment of apanel (111507)
DS358 China ndash Certain MeasuresGranting RefundsReductions or Exemptionsfrom Taxes and OtherPayments
United States The United States requests consultations with China(020207)The United States requests establishment of a panel(071207)DSB defers establishment of a panel (072407)Panel established (083107)China and the United States inform the DSB theyhave reached an agreement (121907)
DS360 India ndash Additional andExtra-Additional Duties onImports from the UnitedStates
United States The United States requests consultations with India(030607)The European Communities (031607) and Australia(032107) request to accepts their requestsThe United States request establishment of a panel(052407)DSB defers the establishment of a pane (060407)Panel established (062007)Panel composed (070307)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (121707)
DS362 China ndash Measures Affectingthe Protection andEnforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007) Japan (042007) the EuropeanCommunities Canada (042507) and Mexico(042607) request to join consultations Chinaaccepts their requestsThe United States requests establishment of panel(081307)DSB defers establishment of panel (083107)Panel established (092507)Panel composed (121307)
DS363 China ndash Measures AffectingTrading Rights andDistribution Services forCertain Publications andAudiovisual EntertainmentProducts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007)The European Communities request to join theconsultation (042507) China accepts the requestThe United States requests establishment of a panel(101007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (102207)Panel established (112707)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-45
DS365 United States ndash DomesticSupport and Export CreditGuarantees for AgriculturalProducts
Brazil Brazil requests consultations with the United States(071107)Canada (072007) Guatemala (072307) CostaRica Mexico (072407) the European Communities(072507) Argentina Australia India Nicaragua(072607) and Thailand (072707) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts therequestsCanada and Brazil request establishment of a panel(110807)DSB defers establishment of the panel (112707)Panel established (121707)
DS368 United States ndash PreliminaryAnti-Dumping andCountervailing DutyDeterminations on CoatedFree Sheet Paper fromChina
China China requests consultations with the United States(091407)
Source WTO Chronological List of Disputes Caseshttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
A-46
TABLE A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007File No Dispute Action (MonthDayYear)
Chapter 19 Binational Panel DecisionsUSA-MEX-2001-1904-03 Oil Country Tubular Goods from
Mexico (Commerce Full SunsetReview of the Antidumping DutyOrder)
Commerce issues third redetermination on remand(081706)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (011707)Commerce issues fourth redetermination on remand(2607)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (060107)Commerce issues fifth redetermination on remand(061107)Panel affirms Commercersquos fifth redetermination(071907)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (Commerce Final Resultsof the 4th Antidumping DutyAdministrative Review)
Panel remands to Commerce (081106)Commerce issues second redetermination onremand (100506)Panel affirms second redetermination on remand(011607)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (USITC Five-Year Reviewof the Antidumping Duty)
Oral argument held (082206)Panel affirms Commission determination (032207)
USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 Certain Softwood LumberProducts from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel grants motion to dismiss on grounds thatrevocation of antidumping duty order rendersproceeding moot (010507)
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 Carbon and Certain Alloy SteelWire Rod from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel constituted (011707)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (112807)
Source NAFTA Secretariat Status Report NAFTA amp FTA Dispute Settlement Proceedingshtpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=9
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
TA
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15
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902
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99
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89
756
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To
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51
15
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11
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1
68
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94
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So
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Co
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m o
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B
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7 E
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T
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Le
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l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
708
31
and
870
83
9
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
he
ad
ing
s 8
523
and
852
4
b
TA
BL
E A
26
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m C
an
ad
a
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
S s
ub
-h
ea
din
gD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
ine
rals
cru
de
2
41
19
83
28
89
23
79
28
61
53
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
31
37
37
30
90
48
30
31
20
-19
27
11
21
Na
tura
l ga
s
ga
se
ou
s s
tate
2
68
71
82
42
11
02
23
69
8-7
68
70
43
1M
oto
r ve
hic
les f
or
tra
nsp
ort
ing g
ood
s
with
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
g
ross
veh
icle
we
igh
t no
t exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
78
03
46
648
27
436
81
19
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
49
02
35
588
46
429
41
50
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ration
s fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils fro
m b
itu
min
ous m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
4
324
85
216
26
264
82
01
440
71
0C
onife
rous w
ood
saw
n o
r ch
ippe
d le
ng
thw
ise
slic
ed
or
pe
ele
d of
thic
kness
exc
ee
din
g 6
mm
6
610
46
038
94
859
7-1
95
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
181
94
219
24
830
81
45
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
1
743
32
584
83
650
84
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
377
03
087
63
346
38
48
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
079
54
833
33
197
4-3
38
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
30
59
02
434
02
904
81
93
76
01
10
Un
wro
ug
ht
au
min
um
allo
ys
20
73
82
884
12
717
0-5
82
71
60
0E
lectr
ica
l en
erg
y
24
79
32
518
42
713
37
77
60
11
0A
lum
inu
m
no
t allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
1
709
92
428
52
685
91
06
48
02
61
Unco
ate
d p
ap
er
pa
pe
rbo
ard
fo
r w
ritin
gp
rintin
go
the
r g
rap
hic
pu
rpo
se
s n
es
oi
ove
r 1
0 p
erc
en
t fib
er
by
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in r
olls
22
81
22
215
32
392
88
04
80
10
0N
ew
sp
rin
t in
ro
lls o
r sh
ee
ts
29
79
22
987
02
344
6-2
15
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
2
472
81
828
32
334
4-2
77
71
08
12
Non
mo
ne
tary
go
ld (
inclu
din
g g
old
pla
ted
with
pla
tin
um
) u
nw
roug
ht e
xclu
din
g p
ow
de
r
1
418
91
803
22
073
91
50
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
2
097
41
597
21
992
72
48
75
02
10
Nic
ke
l n
ot
allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
7
73
21
105
11
959
87
73
47
03
21
Che
mic
al w
oo
dp
ulp
so
da
or
su
lfate
o
the
r th
an
dis
so
lvin
g g
rad
es se
mib
lea
ch
ed
or
ble
ache
d
co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d
1
680
41
655
71
924
91
63
27
11
12
Pro
pa
ne
liq
ue
fie
d
16
51
51
790
61
915
97
07
40
31
1R
efin
ed
co
pp
er
cath
ode
s a
nd
se
ctio
ns o
f ca
thod
es
8
78
41
315
21
681
02
78
31
04
20
Me
dic
am
en
ts
for
the
rap
eu
tic o
r p
rop
hyl
actic u
se
s in
me
asu
red
do
se
s co
nta
inin
g a
ntib
iotic
s o
the
r th
an
pe
nic
illin
s
12
36
61
191
11
541
92
94
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
47
17
94
15
39
75
51
61
80
93
51
All
oth
er
1
40
35
41
14
90
58
51
50
69
53
11
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
28
75
33
53
03
03
40
31
25
04
53
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
27
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ch
ina
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7
SIT
CC
od
e N
oD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
1
108
31
412
11
934
43
70
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
15
28
11
91
11
23
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
96
93
71
36
30
01
64
18
72
05
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
12
00
20
01
29
13
45
64
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
21
77
21
16
85
13
36
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
53
18
96
153
08
303
03
49
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
3
004
13
606
13
959
19
87
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
16
34
79
22
50
83
25
57
39
13
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
834
43
475
53
718
47
09
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
39
26
48
59
55
48
14
2T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
38
85
67
51
62
41
61
01
32
18
2Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
2
756
63
568
94
195
81
76
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
28
62
97
42
84
43
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
37
81
487
91
578
06
13
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
94
90
10
88
76
40
9-4
11
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
15
82
26
34
25
15
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
51
35
06
191
47
244
61
70
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
80
77
13
62
58
24
01
95
91
09
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
89
47
01
31
22
14
14
80
85
41
29
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
9
24
90
61
03
70
53
11
71
02
11
29
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
29
00
33
478
43
965
81
40
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
24
26
38
02
87
05
24
32
30
85
51
26
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
28
L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ch
ina
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
b-
he
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
715
15
221
56
192
11
86
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
2
253
12
529
84
117
36
28
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
22
94
3N
Aa
a
74
04
00
Co
pp
er
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
67
63
14
39
21
786
12
41
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
70
25
14
84
31
590
57
25
20
10
0C
ott
on
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
13
97
12
059
51
454
3-2
94
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
86
1N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
97
60
NA
aa
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
()
()
88
03
NA
bb
72
04
29
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
no
n-s
tain
less a
lloy
ste
el
28
74
64
81
78
47
21
18
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
51
04
71
57
77
92
89
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
73
38
82
16
98
9-2
08
41
01
50
Wh
ole
ra
w b
ovi
ne
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
16 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh
pic
kle
d o
r p
rese
rve
d b
ut
no
t ta
nn
ed
or
furt
he
r pre
pa
red
4
85
06
35
06
32
2-0
44
70
79
0R
eco
vere
d w
aste
an
d s
cra
p p
ap
er
or
pa
pe
rboa
rd
ne
so
i
in
clu
din
g u
nso
rte
d s
uch
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
1
66
94
33
46
00
23
85
02
07
14
Chic
ke
n c
uts
an
d e
dib
le o
ffa
l in
clu
din
g liv
ers
fr
oze
n
12
23
29
41
54
90
86
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
24
73
37
39
48
98
31
07
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
59
50
49
54
46
94
-52
26
03
00
Co
pp
er
ore
s a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
11
19
21
49
42
42
97
47
20
42
1W
aste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
23
34
23
37
42
13
80
24
70
71
0W
aste
an
d s
cra
p o
f u
nble
ach
ed
kra
ft p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd o
r o
f co
rru
ga
ted p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd
3
11
73
77
54
10
38
74
70
73
0R
eco
vere
d (
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p)
pa
pe
r o
r p
ape
rbo
ard
m
ain
ly o
f m
ech
an
ica
l pu
lp (
for
exa
mp
le
n
ew
sp
ap
ers
jo
urn
als
an
d s
imila
r p
rin
ted
ma
tte
r)
1
83
32
22
83
74
56
81
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
36
63
NA
cc
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
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Pa
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98
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85
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Ma
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23
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Dig
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So
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Min
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oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
32
44
33
219
42
879
3-1
06
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
2
316
52
899
42
758
6-4
92
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
12
92
21
497
42
427
06
21
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
9
99
61
243
81
778
54
30
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
1
751
92
114
01
744
0-1
75
84
08
20
Com
pre
ssio
n-ig
niti
on
in
tern
al-
co
mbu
stion
pis
ton
en
gin
es
15
83
61
493
01
726
21
56
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
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rocatin
g p
isto
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ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
17
79
51
520
41
604
85
63
92
69
0A
rtic
les o
f p
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nd
art
icle
s o
f o
ther
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f h
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din
gs 3
90
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o 3
91
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es
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1
539
71
598
91
521
0-4
9
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
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nitio
n inte
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mb
ustio
n r
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rocatin
g p
isto
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ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
11
65
21
475
31
507
02
11
00
59
0C
orn
(m
aiz
e)
oth
er
tha
n s
ee
d
65
21
10
79
01
506
53
96
85
38
90
Pa
rts fo
r e
lectr
ica
l a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
ele
ctr
ica
l cir
cu
its
for
ele
ctr
ica
l co
ntr
ol n
es
oi
1
404
81
527
71
439
4-5
81
20
10
0S
oyb
ea
ns
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
84
57
90
68
11
70
22
90
85
29
90
Pa
rts
exc
ep
t an
ten
na
s
for
tra
nsm
issio
n
rad
ar
ra
dio
te
levi
sio
n
etc
n
es
oi
75
62
91
86
10
54
21
48
73
26
90
Art
icle
s o
f iro
n o
r ste
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so
i
8
90
41
064
91
043
1-2
08
53
69
0E
lectr
ica
l ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ica
l cir
cu
its n
es
oi
10
28
31
094
09
87
9-9
78
54
44
9In
su
late
d e
lectr
ic c
on
du
cto
rs
for
a v
oltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 8
0 v
olts n
ot fitt
ed
with
co
nn
ecto
rs
ne
so
i
54
50
67
82
95
67
41
17
40
81
1W
ire
of
refin
ed
co
pp
er
with
a m
axi
mu
m c
ross s
ectio
na
l dim
en
sio
n o
ver
6 m
illim
ete
rs
49
33
92
63
87
43
-56
39
02
10
Po
lyp
rop
yle
ne
in
pri
ma
ry f
orm
s
6
10
17
45
78
53
11
44
39
23
10
Bo
xes
ca
se
s cra
tes a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
of
pla
stics
71
41
77
48
80
95
45
29
02
43
Pa
ra-x
yle
ne
4
41
76
47
47
26
21
22
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
54
32
53
16
72
46
36
39
50
41
0V
ide
o g
am
es u
se
d w
ith
te
levi
sio
n r
ece
ive
r and
pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s
2
50
15
63
69
51
34
47
02
01
30
Me
at o
f b
ovi
ne
an
ima
ls
bo
ne
less
fre
sh o
r ch
ille
d
52
20
75
46
68
31
-95
76
06
12
Re
cta
ng
ula
r pla
tes she
ets
an
d s
trip
ove
r 0
2 m
m th
ick o
f a
lum
inu
m a
lloy
3
91
65
68
26
32
41
13
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
4
45
84
18
26
31
15
09
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
25
97
29
29
85
39
32
73
36
96
All
oth
er
7
56
93
88
47
08
48
66
47
52
3T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
10
16
66
71
14
56
23
11
93
81
14
2S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
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t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
32
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Me
xic
o
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
ine
rals
cru
de
22
36
40
29
19
55
29
84
76
22
85
28
72
Re
ce
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus f
or
tele
visio
ns
inco
rpo
ratin
g a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y de
vice
co
lor
(
)(
)1
41
48
7N
Aa
a
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
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mb
ustio
n r
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rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
7
179
41
06
39
01
01
09
7-5
08
70
43
1M
oto
r ve
hic
les f
or
tra
nsp
ort
ing g
ood
s
with
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
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mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
g
ross v
eh
icle
we
igh
t no
t exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
3
044
04
694
45
058
57
88
54
43
0In
su
late
d ig
nitio
n w
irin
g s
ets
an
d o
the
r w
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g s
ets
of
a k
ind
use
d in
ve
hic
les
air
cra
ft o
r sh
ips
4
339
14
285
04
475
04
48
47
15
0D
igita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
71
41
an
d 8
47
14
9
3
654
73
644
43
881
36
585
28
71
Re
cep
tion
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r te
levi
sio
ns n
ot
de
sig
ned
to
incorp
ora
te a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
()
()
35
73
8N
Aa
a
94
01
90
Pa
rts o
f sea
ts (
exc
ep
t m
ed
ica
l b
arb
ers
d
entist
etc
)
2
998
33
111
13
340
77
48
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
32
84
63
039
83
282
58
08
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
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s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
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s
(
)(
)2
610
6N
Ab
b
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
573
2N
Ac
c
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
17
53
011
92
462
3-1
82
85
17
70
Pa
rts o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
120
7N
Ad
d
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
2
309
52
583
22
120
1-1
79
87
04
22
Mo
tor
veh
icle
s f
or
go
od
s t
ran
sp
ort
ne
so
i
with
co
mp
ressio
n-ig
niti
on
in
tern
al co
mbu
stion
p
isto
n e
ng
ine
w
eig
hin
g 5
to
20
me
tric
to
ns
73
06
80
19
20
91
11
60
88
70
42
1T
rucks n
es
oi d
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l en
gin
e
go
rss v
eh
icle
we
igh
t n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
5 m
t
30
75
02
808
52
043
9-2
69
85
37
10
Bo
ard
s p
ane
ls co
nso
les
oth
er
co
mp
on
en
ts in
corp
ora
ting
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r co
ntr
ol o
r d
istr
ibu
tio
n
of
ele
ctr
icity
fo
r vo
ltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
0 v
olts
1
425
41
662
61
976
31
89
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
9
91
01
701
51
904
31
19
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
13
10
61
555
41
833
81
79
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
11
493
01
720
41
52
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
13
55
61
364
51
700
22
46
22
03
00
Be
er
ma
de
fro
m m
alt
13
40
51
600
41
593
1-0
52
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
10
46
21
199
41
444
92
05
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
1
821
71
453
51
291
0-1
12
62
03
42
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
se
rs
bib
an
d b
race o
vera
lls b
ree
ch
es a
nd
sh
ort
s n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
14
30
91
327
51
213
1-8
6
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
67
61
36
81
17
26
10
84
26
83
36
TA
BL
E A
32
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
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ge
20
06
ndash0
7
Mill
ion d
olla
rsA
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er
1
01
60
25
11
58
83
01
01
73
19
-122
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
69
21
61
19
70
55
62
10
15
88
66
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
28
13
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
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bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
b
Tra
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and
200
6 r
ep
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ed
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r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
c
Tra
de
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200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
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de
r p
art
s o
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ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
TA
BL
E A
33
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ja
pa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
7
431
07
805
39
063
11
61
1B
eve
rag
es
an
d t
ob
acco
12
10
81
244
31
045
4-1
60
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
29
39
33
566
24
234
11
87
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
68
07
60
08
53
36
-112
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
64
66
51
78
32
02
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
79
07
18
459
59
217
29
06
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
815
73
293
43
682
31
18
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
18
79
35
20
63
15
20
60
91
-01
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
7
934
68
571
58
337
6-2
79
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
17
21
41
357
91
295
0-4
6T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
51
49
87
55
59
55
58
09
58
45
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
42
43
44
67
48
32
82
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
16
47
35
31
12
22
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
32
44
27
59
53
34
53
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
19
79
55
91
176
42
31
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
60
26
22
69
26
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
82
93
17
826
28
368
46
96
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
79
88
38
796
88
384
7-4
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
04
23
63
11
34
07
91
10
26
48
-28
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
11
81
25
11
40
08
11
22
68
-15
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
156
34
720
44
348
4-7
9T
ota
l all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
1
37
83
13
14
80
70
71
44
92
79
-21
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
34
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
Ja
pa
n
by S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash
07
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
6
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
07
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
099
43
440
24
096
91
91
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
15
92
01
981
42
619
73
22
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
1
611
21
904
02
055
88
08
48
62
0M
ach
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d
cir
cu
its
(
)(
)1
240
4N
Aa
a
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
78
78
63
81
100
22
74
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
76
21
97
92
10
85
71
09
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
5
52
47
63
68
38
99
92
80
46
1S
ilico
n co
nta
inin
g b
y w
eig
ht n
ot le
ss th
an 9
99
9 p
erc
en
t o
f sili
co
n
4
50
95
94
08
05
13
56
28
44
20
Ura
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s e
nri
ch
ed
in u
235
p
luto
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s
4
57
15
51
17
98
94
50
24
02
20
Cig
are
tte
s c
on
tain
ing
to
ba
cco
87
79
93
15
75
87
-185
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
5
06
25
69
17
01
7-2
33
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
5
09
95
69
96
81
51
96
02
03
19
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i f
resh
or
ch
ille
d
4
93
74
90
75
18
05
63
82
20
0C
om
po
site
dia
gn
ostic
or
labo
rato
ry r
ea
ge
nts
exc
ep
t p
ha
rma
ce
utica
ls
45
42
44
66
49
70
11
38
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
43
64
49
59
44
98
-93
90
18
39
Me
dic
al e
tc
ne
ed
les n
es
oi c
ath
ete
rs ca
nnu
lae
an
d t
he
like
p
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
4
88
94
08
84
42
38
28
52
99
0P
art
s
exc
ep
t an
ten
na
s
for
tra
nsm
issio
n
rad
ar
ra
dio
te
levi
sio
n
etc
n
es
oi
32
78
67
46
43
67
-353
02
03
29
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i
fro
zen
3
94
93
36
24
04
52
03
44
03
20
Co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d in t
he
ro
ug
h
no
t tr
ea
ted
45
84
44
91
40
06
-108
71
13
19
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
3
24
65
04
03
84
9-2
36
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
50
96
34
83
73
7-4
11
12
14
90
Ruta
bag
as (
sw
ed
es)
man
go
lds
fod
de
r ro
ots
h
ay
clo
ver
ka
le
vetc
hes
an
d o
the
r fo
rage
pro
du
cts
n
es
oi w
he
the
r or
no
t in
pe
llet
form
34
74
35
35
37
22
53
90
31
41
Op
tical in
str
um
en
ts fo
r in
spe
cting
se
mic
on
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r d
evi
ce
s o
r p
ho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g t
he
se
ite
ms
36
52
31
71
35
77
12
88
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
or
voic
e
ima
ge
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)3
44
8N
Ab
b
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
32
41
NA
cc
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
15
94
87
18
25
90
22
08
99
21
0A
ll oth
er
3
55
49
93
73
36
53
60
05
8-3
6T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
5
14
98
75
55
95
55
80
95
84
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B c
ha
pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
73
0
an
d 8
51
75
0
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
54
22
1
85
42
29
a
nd
85
42
60
c
TA
BL
E A
35
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m J
ap
an
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
1
86
62
12
04
83
52
10
30
22
78
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
1
29
32
01
74
59
31
72
62
1-1
18
70
32
2P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
ove
r 10
00
bu
t ove
r 15
00
cc
34
90
95
691
76
024
25
88
44
39
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f pri
nte
rs co
pyi
ng
an
d f
acsim
ile m
achin
es
ne
so
i
(
)(
)a
a4
202
0N
A8
52
58
0T
ele
visio
n c
am
era
s
dig
ital cam
era
s
an
d v
ide
o c
am
era
re
co
rde
rs
b
36
55
73
430
83
450
1N
A
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
2
924
42
585
52
837
29
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
173
53
135
32
034
5-3
51
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
1
038
01
427
71
835
92
86
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)c
c1
450
3N
A8
42
95
2S
elf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
17
87
12
004
21
261
4-3
71
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
41
202
71
171
0-2
63
00
49
0C
ert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
12
75
61
034
01
118
58
23
81
80
0C
he
mic
al e
lem
ents
do
pe
d fo
r u
se
in e
lectr
on
ics
in th
e fo
rm o
f d
iscs w
afe
rs
sim
ilar
form
s ch
em
ica
l co
mp
ou
nd
s d
op
ed
fo
r use
in
ele
ctr
on
ics
79
21
88
65
10
63
31
99
84
71
30
Po
rta
ble
dig
ital a
uto
ma
ted
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ines n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
10 k
g
with
at
lea
st
a C
PU
ke
ybo
ard
an
d d
isp
lay
8
41
01
022
49
74
3-4
78
71
15
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
an
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
a r
ecip
roca
tin
g in
tern
al co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 80
0 c
c
89
84
11
92
19
09
4-2
37
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
57
05
71
42
89
30
25
08
70
19
0T
racto
rs
ne
so
i
10
74
41
069
48
90
4-1
67
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ration
s fro
m p
etr
ole
ium
oils
an
d o
ils fro
m b
itu
min
ous m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
20
38
64
35
84
97
32
08
71
14
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
re
cip
rocatin
g in
tern
al com
bu
stio
n p
isto
n e
ngin
ec
ylin
der
ca
pa
city
500
to
80
0 c
c
9
42
69
65
08
43
3-1
26
85
23
29
Ma
gn
etic
me
dia
o
ther
tha
n c
ard
s in
corp
ora
ting
a m
agn
etic s
trip
e
(
)(
)d
d8
35
8N
A8
54
23
2E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
dd
82
47
NA
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g c
ars
8
39
78
29
07
53
3-9
18
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic m
on
olit
hic
dig
ita
l in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
()
()
ee
74
24
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
91
80
82
05
68
63
-164
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
36
85
73
733
76
64
2-8
22
To
tal of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
6
10
00
87
03
31
07
46
07
41
15
TA
BL
E A
35
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
All
oth
er
76
83
04
77
73
97
70
32
06
-134
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
13
78
31
31
48
07
07
14
49
27
9-2
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
47
2
84
73
8
51
7 8
529
a
nd
90
09
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
53
0 a
nd
85
25
40
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
ch
ap
ters
84
8
5 a
nd
90
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
e
TA
BL
E A
36
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ko
rea
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
17
45
52
478
42
986
82
05
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
25
65
17
61
17
02
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
20
28
02
082
13
002
14
42
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
58
30
87
21
77
87
-107
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
32
46
09
10
09
65
75
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
4
302
64
331
45
251
82
12
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
10
95
61
288
61
479
81
48
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
31
19
51
58
94
71
46
91
9-7
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
35
33
281
34
111
62
53
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
41
59
43
92
53
18
21
1T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
23
80
24
58
26
06
60
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
96
67
46
93
28
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
34
67
31
71
31
38
-10
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
11
09
11
857
92
332
22
55
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
09
11
12
88
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
704
01
856
81
918
63
36
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
48
78
95
827
75
507
6-5
57
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
3
10
44
03
09
58
33
15
34
21
98
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
76
82
697
42
519
8-6
69
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
89
65
88
45
91
11
30
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
43
15
45
44
71
39
45
36
83
15
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
37 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ko
rea
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
21
22
23
50
82
28
64
-27
84
86
20
Ma
chin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)9
83
8N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)8
82
9N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
23
74
72
30
82
90
14
78
47
98
9M
achin
es a
nd
me
cha
nic
al a
pp
lian
ces h
avi
ng
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
8
50
21
38
12
76
91
-44
39
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
18
15
10
62
72
17
57
97
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
68
33
NA
cc
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
48
96
84
62
66
30
-21
78
54
12
9T
ran
sis
tors
o
the
r th
an
ph
oto
sen
sitiv
e
with
a d
issip
atio
n r
ate
gre
ate
r th
an
or
eq
ua
l to
1 w
att
24
81
63
62
29
37
25
92
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
3
20
13
16
34
99
85
80
85
41
50
Oth
er
se
mic
on
du
cto
r de
vice
s
ne
so
i
35
31
15
94
84
33
18
17
60
20
0A
lum
inu
m w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
1
60
52
58
43
83
44
84
29
02
50
Sty
ren
e (
vin
ylb
en
zen
e
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
18
92
13
08
36
80
18
13
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
2
15
72
60
93
34
32
81
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
81
11
88
33
24
97
26
848
69
0P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
ach
ines a
nd
app
ara
tus u
se
d in
th
e m
an
ufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
ond
ucto
rs
flat
pa
ne
ls
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
18
8N
Aa
a
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
95
13
83
12
93
0-2
35
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
19
28
74
52
92
42
92
58
54
29
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits a
nd
mic
roa
ssem
blie
s
11
52
12
84
27
35
11
29
271
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ration
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
perc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
p
rod
ucts
no
t lig
ht
1
81
12
97
52
31
7-2
21
27
07
30
Xyl
en
es
10
54
27
95
22
91
-18
07
40
70
0C
op
pe
r w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
9
05
18
18
22
83
25
59
30
59
1P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
mili
tary
we
ap
on
s
exc
ludin
g r
evo
lve
rs a
nd
pis
tols
an
d s
wo
rds
ba
yone
ts
lance
s
an
d
sim
ilar
arm
s
1
38
24
42
24
08
19
42
60
80
0Z
inc o
res a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
9
79
14
23
21
79
53
18
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
accessori
es f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
ne
so
i
2
09
21
61
02
14
73
34
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
39
84
83
66
81
33
60
25
97
All
oth
er
2
08
12
02
24
27
11
96
51
4-1
24
To
tal
of
all
co
m
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
The
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
c
TA
BL
E A
38
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ko
rea
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
5 2
006
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
6
138
16
121
46
362
73
98
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s(
)(
)a
a6
178
9N
A8
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
2
746
72
974
0
24
23
9-1
85
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
17
65
52
073
62
073
6-0
12
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt b
yw
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
88
29
14
37
71
821
12
67
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
bb
10
93
5N
A8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
bb
75
27
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
82
07
22
66
02
1-1
67
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
r ru
bb
er
or
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g
ca
rs
4
18
95
01
65
33
46
38
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
(
)(
)b
b5
16
5N
A2
90
22
0B
en
zen
e
25
34
43
83
45
69
43
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
3
14
04
00
14
44
41
11
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
11
58
03
83
24
26
81
14
84
50
20
Hou
se
ho
ld-
or
lau
ndry
-typ
e w
ash
ing m
ach
ine
s w
ith
a d
ry lin
en
cap
acity
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
10
09
13
99
40
60
19
03
84
29
52
Se
lf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
33
52
43
64
30
86
-293
84
51
29
Dry
ing
ma
chin
es fo
r te
xtile
ya
rns
fab
rics o
r m
ad
e u
p t
ext
ile a
rtic
les w
ith a
dry
line
n c
ap
acity
c
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
97
61
71
22
97
17
36
87
08
30
Bra
ke
s a
nd
serv
o-b
rakes f
or
moto
r ve
hic
les
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f
1
02
91
78
22
51
4N
A8
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
18
15
20
95
24
65
17
78
51
77
0P
art
s o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
dd
24
55
NA
84
71
80
Au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ines s
tora
ge
units
28
70
15
47
24
18
56
34
81
01
9W
ritin
gg
rap
hic
pa
pe
r a
nd p
ape
rbo
ard
co
ate
d w
ith
ka
olin
no
t o
ver
10
f
iber
ob
tain
ed
by
a
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in s
he
ets
ne
so
i
19
72
21
84
24
02
10
04
01
12
0N
ew
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n b
use
s o
r tr
ucks
2
29
92
48
02
37
9-4
18
52
56
0T
ransm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n in
corp
ora
ting
re
cep
tion
app
ara
tus
(
)(
)e
e2
34
9N
A8
50
42
3L
iqu
id d
iele
ctr
ic t
ran
sfo
rme
rs h
avi
ng
a p
ow
er
ha
nd
ling
ca
pa
city
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
00
kva
4
85
96
32
26
61
35
38
52
85
1M
on
ito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
()
()
ff
21
98
NA
TA
BL
E A
38
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsT
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
14
79
97
16
90
71
26
84
28
60
5A
ll oth
er
28
35
48
27
80
68
18
52
55
-338
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
4
31
54
54
47
13
94
53
68
31
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
70
83
1 a
nd
87
08
39
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
52
52
00
5 t
hro
ug
h 8
52
52
03
0 inclu
siv
e
an
d p
art
of
85
25
20
90
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
71
60
f
TA
BL
E A
39
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ta
iwa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
1
505
41
564
51
950
72
47
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
70
46
15
49
4-1
97
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
17
01
683
02
448
64
55
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
21
76
29
61
26
14
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
70
47
18
12
88
05
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
28
99
63
208
73
684
81
48
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
98
35
11
23
31
209
97
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
81
08
10
64
12
12
05
60
13
38
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
467
92
581
52
548
5-1
39
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
13
44
31
94
79
11
09
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
2
55
22
42
02
58
97
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
98
95
97
13
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
18
25
23
31
29
65
27
23
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
3
32
54
10
36
41
85
64
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
57
60
73
21
65
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
10
14
11
090
21
071
7-1
76
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
54
69
56
454
66
197
6-4
07
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
20
07
76
22
34
31
22
20
03
-06
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
6
114
15
973
45
906
1-1
19
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
1
113
41
323
51
462
61
05
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
38
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
40 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ta
iwa
n b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n
200
5
20
06
2
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
48
62
0M
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)2
49
07
NA
aa
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
15
20
8N
Ab
b
880
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
76
92
98
19
12
87
53
11
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
23
6N
Ab
b
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)9
60
3N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
55
38
56
57
75
46
33
41
20
10
0S
oyb
ea
ns
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
4
30
04
73
57
14
15
08
903
14
1O
ptica
l in
str
um
en
ts f
or
inspe
cting
se
mic
ond
ucto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
or
pho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g
the
se ite
ms
3
45
83
40
64
97
74
61
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
55
21
54
68
38
41
-29
884869
0P
art
s and a
ccessories o
f m
achin
es
and a
ppara
tus u
sed in t
he m
anufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
onducto
rs
flat
panels
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
57
8N
Ac
c
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
41
01
13
73
23
31
84
470031
9C
ast
gla
ss a
nd r
olle
d g
lass
in n
onw
ired s
heets
not
body
tinte
d
opacifi
ed
flash
ed
nor
havi
ng a
n a
bso
rbent
or
refle
ctin
g la
yer
19
20
25
25
29
92
18
59
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
29
96
34
80
28
94
16
82
90
25
0S
tyre
ne
(vi
nyl
be
nze
ne
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
12
73
85
32
85
72
35
0
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
72
41
60
22
82
47
62
72
04
21
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
1
04
11
04
02
81
61
70
72
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
1
85
32
14
32
43
11
34
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
44
12
30
02
16
1-6
0
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
66
61
01
72
11
21
07
78
54
39
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
ica
l m
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s
ha
ving
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
12
00
19
70
17
87
-93
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
03
11
96
81
50
4-2
36
52
01
00
Co
tto
n
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
1
54
91
96
81
39
9-8
2
853
69
0E
lectr
ica
l a
pp
ara
tus f
or
sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ical circu
its
ne
so
i
11
05
55
13
44
14
23
410
15
0W
ho
le r
aw
bo
vine
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xcee
din
g 1
5 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh p
ickle
d o
r pre
serv
ed
bu
t n
ot
tan
nie
d o
r fu
rth
er
pre
pa
red
1
07
31
29
81
30
70
78
41
11
2T
urb
oje
ts o
f a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
8
00
57
21
30
31
28
0T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
75
88
53
70
13
28
75
15
04
All
oth
er
1
47
67
31
60
69
41
12
53
5-3
00
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8S
ou
rce
C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
c
TA
BL
E A
41
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ta
iwa
n
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
20
22
3N
Aa
a
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
520
72
521
51
865
2-2
60
85
26
91
Ra
dio
na
vig
atio
na
l aid
ap
pa
ratu
s
4
70
88
28
31
661
31
00
68
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
()
()
13
23
0N
Ab
b
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
11
19
2N
Aa
c
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
88
84
NA
ac
85
28
72
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n in
corp
ora
ting
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
co
lor
()
()
77
48
NA
cc
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
()
()
70
40
NA
dd
85
28
71
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n n
ot d
esig
ne
d to
in
co
rpo
rate
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
(
)(
)6
89
4N
Ac
c
73
18
15
Th
rea
de
d s
cre
ws a
nd b
olts o
f ir
on o
r ste
el n
es
oi
wh
eth
er
or
no
t w
ith
th
eir
nu
ts o
r w
ash
ers
45
93
46
73
49
02
49
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
weig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
1
03
09
44
46
53
39
29
85
23
51
So
lid s
tate
no
nvo
latile
se
mic
on
du
cto
r sto
rage
devi
ce
s
(
)(
)3
99
3N
Ad
d
73
18
14
Se
lf-t
ap
pin
g s
cre
ws o
f iro
n o
r ste
el
41
23
44
71
39
84
-109
85
34
00
Pri
nte
d c
ircuits
36
01
37
81
38
38
15
85
12
20
Ele
ctr
ica
l lig
htin
g o
r vi
su
al s
ign
alin
g e
qu
ipm
en
t f
or
use
on c
ycle
s o
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
exc
ep
t fo
r u
se
on
b
icyc
les
2
91
23
23
53
64
4
12
68
48
18
0T
ap
s co
cks
valv
es a
nd
sim
ilar
ap
plia
nce
s
ne
so
i
26
71
33
78
34
18
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
13
93
26
63
36
43
08
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
32
76
NA
ee
85
04
40
Sta
tic c
on
vert
ers
29
44
30
84
29
27
-51
84
71
80
Oth
er
un
its o
f au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
74
58
52
37
28
76
-451
73
18
16
Nu
ts
thre
ad
ed
or
iro
n o
r ste
el
26
06
26
00
27
12
43
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
54
27
58
26
84
-27
85
25
50
Tra
nsm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n
g9
58
17
25
25
84
NA
85
28
59
Mo
nito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
n
ot d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
(
)(
)2
57
8N
Ag
g
95
06
91
Gym
na
siu
m p
layg
rou
nd
or
oth
er
exe
rcis
e a
rtic
les a
nd e
quip
me
nt p
art
s a
nd a
cce
ssori
es th
ere
of
2
86
62
75
82
56
1-7
2T
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
71
47
37
540
61
64
47
01
23
2
TA
BL
E A
41
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsA
ll oth
er
27
42
70
30
54
50
21
60
54
29
7T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
39
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
25
13
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
52
51
01
0 t
hro
ug
h 8
52
51
07
0 inclu
siv
e
f
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
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de
r p
art
s o
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ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
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s 8
52
82
1a
nd 8
528
22
g
TA
BL
E A
42
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
In
dia
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
20
49
26
41
33
27
26
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
2
82
64
36
12
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
54
88
59
05
90
86
53
93
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
36
06
38
98
39
68
18
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
18
01
89
15
3-1
96
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
418
31
772
92
232
52
59
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
50
20
73
85
13
14
87
80
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
2
852
34
070
99
230
71
26
78
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
84
23
97
02
12
19
72
57
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
21
52
20
62
65
34
21
70
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
69
65
29
024
81
63
08
68
07
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
91
06
89
41
90
45
12
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
81
17
52
11
20
82
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
02
37
33
35
79
-41
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
59
04
28
40
76
90
17
08
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
45
24
59
57
92
62
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
520
11
996
72
754
93
80
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
71
74
98
126
28
829
68
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
960
52
731
73
049
11
16
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
59
47
46
876
56
776
0-1
59
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
22
27
32
78
33
70
28
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
18
71
00
21
67
36
23
85
69
10
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
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re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
43
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
In
dia
b
y S
ch
ed
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ub
he
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2
00
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Sch
ed
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Bsu
bh
ead
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Descri
ptio
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00
42
00
52
00
6
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
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7M
illio
n d
olla
rs
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
4
67
51
313
35
682
03
32
63
10
00
0F
ert
ilize
rs
41
32
58
67
77
83
32
77
10
23
9N
on
ind
ustr
ial dia
mo
nd
s
ne
so
i
55
32
32
25
02
51
16
37
10
81
2N
on
mo
ne
tary
go
ld (
inclu
din
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old
pla
ted
with
pla
tin
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) u
nw
roug
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clu
din
g p
ow
de
r
3
44
()
37
32
76
13
328
2a
84
31
43
Pa
rts fo
r b
ori
ng
an
d s
inkin
g m
ach
ine
ry
ne
so
i
86
31
06
91
93
18
07
27
07
99
Oils
an
d p
rodu
cts
of
the
dis
tilla
tio
n o
f h
igh
te
mp
era
ture
co
al ta
r n
es
oi
sim
ilar
pro
du
cts
with
p
red
om
ina
te a
rom
atic c
on
stitu
en
t
9
89
21
56
19
14
-120
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
19
08
NA
bb
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
(
)(
)1
63
4N
Ac
c
71
06
91
Silv
er
oth
er
tha
n p
ow
de
r
()
()
15
73
62
60
35
4a
a
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
74
09
68
14
61
50
97
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
12
58
77
71
45
48
72
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
5
69
92
21
44
15
63
84
71
50
Dig
ita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
74
1 a
nd
84
71
49
4
43
54
41
28
71
36
27
20
42
1W
aste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
4
53
43
81
26
31
88
50
80
21
1A
lmo
nd
s
fre
sh
or
dri
ed
in
sh
ell
9
44
11
43
12
55
98
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
5
25
66
91
01
35
14
84
11
12
Tu
rbo
jets
of
a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
18
47
67
94
72
35
27
01
12
Bitu
min
ous c
oa
l w
he
the
r o
r n
ot p
ulv
eri
zed
b
ut n
ot a
gg
olo
me
rate
d
1
50
21
01
29
06
-105
47
07
10
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p a
nd u
nble
ach
ed
kra
ft p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd o
r o
f co
rru
ga
ted p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd
35
04
15
89
71
16
33
81
51
9S
up
po
rte
d c
ata
lysts
ne
so
i
71
53
08
55
61
18
51
75
1P
art
s o
f te
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mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)8
50
NA
dd
52
01
00
Co
tto
n
no
t ca
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d o
r co
mb
ed
41
55
25
78
54
97
29
26
10
Acry
lonitri
le
60
87
06
77
09
09
01
89
0M
ed
ica
l s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
3
16
47
16
98
48
37
11
31
9A
rtic
les o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
1
01
01
00
66
15
-389
To
tal of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
20
94
53
546
09
881
41
78
7A
ll oth
er
4
870
75
478
86
427
31
73
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
6
965
29
024
81
63
08
68
07
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
US
va
lue
is less t
ha
n $
50
00
0
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
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ch
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51
73
0 a
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75
0
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Tra
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and
200
6 r
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ort
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r p
art
s o
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ms c
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tain
ed
in S
ch
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ule
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ead
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s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
c
Tra
de
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and
200
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ort
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r p
art
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tain
ed
in S
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pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
d
TA
BL
E A
44
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
In
dia
b
y H
TS
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bh
ea
din
g
20
05
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7
HT
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bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
42
00
52
00
6
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs7
10
23
9N
on
ind
ustr
ial dia
mo
nd
s
ne
so
i
30
79
63
256
13
686
41
32
71
13
19
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
16
76
33
308
52
200
6-4
72
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt b
yw
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
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ht
30
32
18
83
70
25
27
30
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackag
es fo
r re
tail
sa
ie
ne
so
i
12
05
22
41
44
98
21
06
46
30
26
0T
oile
t a
nd k
itch
en
lin
en
of
terr
y to
we
ling o
r sim
ilar
terr
y fa
bri
cs o
f co
tto
n
2
47
43
15
33
89
12
34
73
05
19
Lin
e p
ipe
use
d in
oil
or
ga
s p
ipe
line
s
ext
ern
al d
iam
ete
r o
ver
40
64
mill
ime
ters
o
r ir
on o
r ste
el
rive
ted
or
sim
ilarl
y clo
se
d
ne
so
i
1
12
03
73
50
99
496
96
11
02
0S
we
ate
rs p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts (
vests
) a
nd s
imila
r art
icle
s kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d o
f co
tto
n
27
08
29
91
34
64
15
86
20
63
0W
om
en
rsquos o
r g
irlrsquos
blo
use
s
sh
irts
an
d s
hir
t-b
lou
se
s o
f co
tto
n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
3
36
13
73
13
00
2-1
96
63
02
31
Be
d lin
en
o
ther
tha
n p
rinte
d o
f co
tto
n n
ot kn
itte
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r cro
che
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22
08
26
42
29
82
12
96
10
51
0M
en
rsquos o
r b
oys
rsquo sh
irts
o
f co
tto
n kn
itte
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r cro
che
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2
14
92
93
72
96
71
08
50
23
1E
lectr
ic g
en
era
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ets
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-po
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red
12
52
16
62
53
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70
29
33
99
Hete
rocyc
lic c
om
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ds w
ith
nitro
ge
n h
ete
ro-a
tom
(s)
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ly
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i
4
48
80
52
28
61
84
26
20
46
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om
en
rsquos o
r g
irls
rsquo tr
ouse
r e
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of
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n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
1
32
51
81
12
27
52
56
62
03
42
Me
nrsquos
or
bo
ysrsquo tr
ouse
rs b
ib a
nd b
race
ove
ralls
b
ree
ch
es a
nd
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ort
s n
ot
kn
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d o
r cro
ch
ete
d o
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n
13
14
18
34
22
61
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20
52
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en
rsquos o
r b
oys
rsquo sh
irts
of
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tto
n n
ot kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
2
94
02
28
92
21
0-3
48
70
19
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racto
rs
ne
so
i
1
43
71
26
02
01
35
97
30
04
20
Le
ad
oxi
de
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ne
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i
89
61
10
92
00
78
09
80
13
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ew
nu
ts
fre
sh o
r dri
ed
sh
elll
ed
2
60
92
14
91
97
1-8
35
70
11
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ets
an
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the
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xtile
flo
or
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s
kn
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d w
he
the
r o
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ot m
ad
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p o
f w
oo
l o
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e a
nim
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ha
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1
81
91
93
91
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4-1
38
50
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vert
ers
12
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62
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10
T-s
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sin
gle
ts ta
nk to
ps a
nd
sim
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rme
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f co
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n kn
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d o
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che
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9
86
16
15
18
25
13
00
30
61
3S
hrim
ps a
nd
pra
wn
s
inclu
din
g in
she
ll c
oo
ked
by
ste
am
ing
or
by
bo
ilin
g in
wa
ter
fro
zen
2
89
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73
8-2
39
68
02
93
Wo
rk m
on
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l or
bu
ildin
g s
ton
e n
es
oi o
f gra
nite
1
56
41
73
51
57
8-9
07
21
04
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rolle
d iro
n o
r no
na
lloy
ste
el n
ot co
rru
ga
ted
6
00
mm
or
mo
re w
ide
p
late
d o
r co
ate
d w
ith
zin
c
oth
er
tha
n e
lectr
oly
tica
lly
24
66
50
99
15
47
-696
73
05
11
Lin
e p
ipe
fo
r o
il o
r g
as p
ipe
line
s
ext
ern
al d
iam
ete
r o
ver
40
64
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ime
ters
o
r ir
on o
r ste
el
lon
gitu
din
ally
su
bm
erg
ed
arc
we
lde
d
00
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ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
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8
790
51
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20
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oth
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mm
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71
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67
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85
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10
1S
ourc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial s
tatistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
US International Trade CommissionWashington DC 20436
wwwusitcgov
July 2008Publication 4026
The Year in Trade 2007Operation of the Trade Agreements Program
59th Report
This report was principally prepared by
The Office of Economics
Arona Butcher Project LeaderJustino De La Cruz Deputy Project Leader
Nannette Christ Kelly Clark Nick Grossman William Greene Joanne GuthAlexander Hammer Walker Pollard James Stamps and
Edward C Wilson
Office of the General CounselWilliam W Gearhart and Robin Turner
Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade AgreementsNaomi Freeman and Dan Shepherdson
Office of InvestigationsMary Messer and Andy Rylyk
Office of Unfair Import InvestigationsAnne Goalwin
Office of IndustriesKim Freund Dawn Heuschel Laura Rodriguez Donald Sussman
Audrey Tafoya and Isaac Wohl
Office of Information Technology SystemsBarbara V Bobbitt
Supporting assistance was provided byPatricia M Thomas
InternLauren Deason
Office of Publishing
iii
PREFACEThis report is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress undersection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislationSection 163(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 states that ldquothe International Trade Commissionshall submit to the Congress at least once a year a factual report on the operation of thetrade agreements programrdquo
This report is one of the principal means by which the US International Trade Commissionprovides Congress with factual information on trade policy and its administration forcalendar year 2007 The trade agreements program includes ldquoall activities consisting of orrelated to the administration of international agreements which primarily concern trade andwhich are concluded pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the Constitutionrdquoand congressional legislation
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface iii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xi
Executive Summary xv
Chapter 1 Overview of US Trade 1-1Scope and approach of the report 1-1Overview of the US economy in 2007 1-1
Exchange-rate trends 1-2Balance of payments 1-3Trade in goods and services 1-4
US trade in goods in 2007 1-5US merchandise trade by product category 1-5
Exports 1-5Imports 1-5
US merchandise trade with leading partners 1-6US trade in services in 2007 1-9
US services trade by product category 1-9Exports 1-9Imports 1-10
US services trade with leading partners 1-11
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations 2-1Import relief laws 2-1
Safeguard actions 2-1Adjustment assistance 2-1
Trade adjustment assistance for workers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for farmers 2-2Trade adjustment assistance for firms and industries 2-3
Laws against unfair trade practices 2-4Section 301 investigations 2-4
Active section 301 cases in 2007 2-4New section 301 petitions in 2007 2-4Special 301 2-5
Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews 2-7Antidumping investigations 2-7Countervailing duty investigations 2-8Reviews of outstanding antidumping and countervailing duty orderssuspension
agreements 2-9Section 337 investigations 2-9
Other import administration laws and programs 2-11Tariff preference programs 2-11
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 2 Administration of US Trade Laws and RegulationsndashContinuedGeneralized System of Preferences 2-11African Growth and Opportunity Act 2-12Andean Trade Preference Act 2-16Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act 2-18
Textile and apparel developments in 2007 2-20US textile and apparel imports in 2007 2-20US-China textile and apparel trade 2-22Textile and apparel imports under AGOA ATPA and CBERA 2-22Textile and apparel imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through
Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act 2-23US textile and apparel imports under CAFTA-DR 2-24
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APEC 3-1World Trade Organization 3-1
Doha trade negotiations 3-2Negotiations resumed in February 2007 3-2G-4 meetings at Potsdam 3-3Negotiations suspended in June 2007 3-4October 2007 General Council and TNC meetings 3-5November 2007 TNC meeting 3-5
General Council 3-6Work programs decisions and reviews 3-7
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements 3-7TRIPS Council matters 3-7Small economies 3-7Special and differential treatment 3-8Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin 3-9Aid for trade 3-10Cotton initiative 3-11Annual review of Chinarsquos protocol of accession to the WTO 3-12Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation 3-12Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and
Countervailing Measures 3-12Accessions 3-13Waivers 3-13Seventh WTO ministerial conference 3-13
Dispute settlement 3-15Consultations and new panels established 3-15
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States 3-15Measures by China granting refunds reductions or exemptions from taxes
and other payments (DS358) 3-16
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 3 Selected Trade Developments in the WTO OECD and APECndashContinuedMeasures by India imposing ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo or ldquoextra additional dutiesrdquo
including wines and distilled products (DS360) 3-17Measures by China affecting the protection of and enforcement of
intellectual property rights (DS362) 3-17Measures by China affecting trading rights and distribution services for
certain publications and audiovisual entertainment products (DS363) 3-18Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent 3-18
Continued existence and application of ldquozeroingrdquo methodology in USantidumping duty reviews (DS350) 3-18
US subsidies and other domestic support for corn and other agriculturalproducts (DS357) 3-19
US domestic support and export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts (DS365) 3-19
Appellate Body and panel reports adopted during 2007 that involved the UnitedStates 3-19
Reports in which the United States was the complainant 3-20Measures by Turkey affecting the importation of rice (DS334) 3-20
Reports in which the United States was the respondent 3-21US antidumping ldquozeroingrdquo methodology (DS322) 3-21US antidumping measure on shrimp from Ecuador (DS335) 3-22
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 3-22Global policy forums 3-22Nonmember focus 3-23Trade Committee priority topics 3-24
Export credits 3-25Aircraft sector understanding 3-25Export credit understandings for other sectors 3-26
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3-26Action Agenda 3-27Committee on Trade and Investment 3-27
Chapter 4 US Free Trade Agreements 4-1FTAs in force during 2007 4-1Other FTA developments during 2007 4-3
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement 4-5US-Korea Free Trade Agreement 4-6
North American Free Trade Agreement 4-7Free Trade Commission 4-8Commission for Labor Cooperation 4-9Commission for Environmental Cooperation 4-10Dispute settlement 4-12
Chapter 11 dispute settlement developments 4-13Chapter 19 dispute panel reviews 4-13
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
Page
Chapter 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners 5-1European Union 5-1
US-EU summit 5-2Canada 5-3
Agriculture 5-4Livestock 5-4Potatoes 5-4Softwood lumber agreement 5-5Aviation 5-5
China 5-6Intellectual property rights enforcement 5-6Product safety 5-7Market access 5-8
Goods 5-8Services 5-9
Global trade imbalances and Chinarsquos exchange-rate regime 5-9Mexico 5-10
Cross-border trucking between the United States and Mexico 5-10Japan 5-12
Beef 5-12Deregulation 5-13
Korea 5-14US-Korea FTA 5-15Beef 5-15
Taiwan 5-16Intellectual property rights 5-16Agriculture 5-17
Beef 5-17Rice 5-18
India 5-18Trade dialogue 5-19Mangoes 5-19Alcoholic beverages 5-20
Bibliography Bibl -1
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageFiguresES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007 xv11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar
daily 2007 1-312 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-613 Leading US export markets by share 2007 1-714 Leading US import sources by share 2007 1-815 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07 1-1016 Leading US private services exports 2007 1-1217 Leading US private services imports 2007 1-12
TablesES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities xxv11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-712 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 1-1121 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-322 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007 2-323 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007 2-824 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007 2-1325 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07 2-1526 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07 2-1727 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07 2-1928 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major USsuppliers selected regional groups and the world 2-21
31 WTO membership in 2007 3-1432 WTO observers in 2007 3-1533 WTO dispute settlement panels established in 2007 3-1641 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07 4-242 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07 4-343 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 4-544 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07 4-845 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation 4-1146 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement
on Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007 4-1247 NAFTA chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007 4-14
Appendix tablesA1 US merchandise trade with world by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-3A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07 A-4A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07 A-5A4 Antidumping cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-6
x
TABLE OF CONTENTSndashContinued
PageAppendix tablesndashContinuedA5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-7A6 Countervailing duty cases active in 2007 by USITC investigation number A-13A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007 A-14A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007
by date of completion A-15A9 Section 337 investigations and related proceedings completed by the US International
Trade Commission during 2007 and those pending on December 31 2007 A-17A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007 A-26A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007 A-31A12 US imports for consumption and imports eligible for GSP treatment by import
categories under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule 2007 A-32A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-33A14 US imports for consumption of leading imports under AGOA 2005ndash07 A-34A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-35A16 US imports for consumption of leading imports under ATPA 2005ndash07 A-36A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07 A-37A18 US imports for consumption of leading imports under CBERA 2005ndash07 A-38A19 WTO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-39A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments
in 2007 A-46A21 US merchandise trade with the European Union by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-47A22 Leading US exports to the European Union by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-48A23 Leading US imports from the European Union by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-49A24 US merchandise trade with Canada by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-50A25 Leading US exports to Canada by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-51A26 Leading US imports from Canada by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-52A27 US merchandise trade with China by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-53A28 Leading US exports to China by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-54A29 Leading US imports from China by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-55A30 US merchandise trade with Mexico by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-57A31 Leading US exports to Mexico by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-58A32 Leading US imports from Mexico by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-59A33 US merchandise trade with Japan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-61A34 Leading US exports to Japan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-62A35 Leading US imports from Japan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-63A36 US merchandise trade with Korea by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-65A37 Leading US exports to Korea by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-66A38 Leading US imports from Korea by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-67A39 US merchandise trade with Taiwan by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-69A40 Leading US exports to Taiwan by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-70A41 Leading US imports from Taiwan by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-71A42 US merchandise trade with India by SITC codes (revision 3) 2005ndash07 A-73A43 Leading US exports to India by Schedule B subheading 2005ndash07 A-74A44 Leading US imports from India by HTS subheading 2005ndash07 A-75
xi
List of Frequently Used Abbreviations andAcronyms
ACP Former European Colonies in Africa Caribbean and the PacificAD AntidumpingAFT Aid for TradeAGOA African Growth and Opportunity ActAIT American Institute in TaiwanAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationAPHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)AQSIQ General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine
(China)ASU Aircraft Sector UnderstandingATPA Andean Trade Preference ActATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission (NAFTA)BSE Bovine Spongiform EncephalopathyCAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActCBI Caribbean Basin InitiativeCBTPA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActCD Compact DiscCEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA) CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade AgreementCITA Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (USDOC)CLC Commission for Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)CNL Competitive Need LimitationCSQ Country Specific QuotaCTD Committee on Trade and Development (WTO)CTDSS Committee on Trade and Development in Special SessionCTI Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC)CVD Countervailing DutyDDA Doha Development AgendaDSB WTO Dispute Settlement BodyDSU WTO Dispute Settlement UnderstandingDVD Digital Video DiscECA Export Credit Arrangement (OECD)EDA Economic Development Administration (USDOC)EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework (WT)EPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyEU European UnionFAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA)FBI Federal Bureau of InvestigationFMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (USDOT)FTA Free Trade AgreementFTAA Free Trade Area of the AmericasFTC Free Trade Commission (NAFTA)FY Fiscal Year
xii
G-4 G-4 Bloc (Brazil China India South Africa)G-20 G-20 Bloc of Developing CountriesGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGOI Government of IndiaGSP Generalized System of PreferencesHHOPE Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement ActHS Harmonized SystemHTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule ( United States)IF Integrated FrameworkIMF International Monetary FundIPR Intellectual Property RightsITA International Trade Administration (USDOC)JCCT US-China Joint Commission on Commerce and TradeLCIA London Court of International ArbitrationLDB Least-Developed BeneficiaryLDBDC Least-Developed Beneficiary Developing CountryLTFV Less Than Fair ValueMEA Multilateral Environmental AgreementMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPS Ministry of Public Security (China)MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement NAAEC North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA)NAALC North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAFTA)NADB North American Development BankNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNAMA Nonagricultural Market AccessNAO National Administrative Office (NAFTA)NTR Normal Trade RelationsOAS Organization of American StatesOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOIE World Organization for Animal HealthOIG Office of the Inspector General (USDOT)OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation (USDOT)OTAI Office of Trade Agreement Implementation (NAFTA)PRC Peoples Republic of ChinaPSAG Private Sector Advisory GroupSampD Special and DifferentialSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSCM Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresSED US-China Strategic Economic DialogueSITC Standard Industrial Trade ClassificationSLA Softwood Lumber AgreementSMEs Square Meter EquivalentsSPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary StandardsSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSVE Small and Vulnerable EconomyTAA Trade Adjustment AssistanceTAAC Trade Adjustment Assistance Center
xiii
TACA Trade Advisory Committee on AfricaTEC Transatlantic Economic CouncilTIFA Trade and Investment Framework AgreementTNC Trade Negotiations CommitteeTPA Trade Promotion AgreementTPF Trade Policy ForumTPL Tariff Preference LevelTRIMS Trade-Related Investment MeasuresTRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRQ Tariff-Rate QuotaUN United NationsUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUSDOC United States Department of CommerceUSDOL United States Department of LaborUSDOS United States Department of StateUSITC United States International Trade CommissionUSTR United States Trade RepresentativeWTO World Trade Organization
xv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The US economy continued to expand for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 although ata slower pace than in previous years US exports of goods and services ($1046 billion)increased more rapidly than US imports ($1943 billion) for the second year in a row (13percent for exports versus 5 percent for imports) leading to a decrease in the trade deficitin goods and services in 2007 (figure ES1) Increases in US exports of machinery andtransport equipment chemicals and related products food and live animals and crudematerials (except fuels) represented almost three-quarters of the total increase in exports in2007 while increases in US imports of machinery and transport equipment and mineralfuels lubricants and related materials represented over one-half of the increase in importsfor the same year The US surplus in services trade increased by 341 percent to $1069billion in 2007 More than one-half of the increase in exports was accounted for by private
Figure ES1 US trade balance in goods and services 1986ndash2007
services that included business professional and technical services insurance services andfinancial services The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearlyaverage basis against a basket of currencies including the Canadian dollar the euro theChinese yuan and the Japanese yen The largest depreciation was against the United Statesrsquolargest trading partner Canada Despite the fluctuations during the year the US dollarended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexican peso and theBritish pound
A summary of key US trade agreement activities in 2007 is presented below followed bya summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis for the year Tradeagreement activities during 2007 included the administration of US trade laws and
xvi
regulations US participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation (APEC) forum US negotiation of and participation in free trade agreements(FTAs) and bilateral developments with major trading partners
Key Trade Developments in 2007
Administration of US Trade Laws and Regulations
bull Section 301 One active case under section 301 concerned the European Union(EU) meat hormone directive which the WTO had found violates the Agreementon the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
bull Special 301 The USTRrsquos 2007 special 301 report highlighted weak intellectualproperty rights (IPR) protection and enforcement in China and Russia both ofwhich were placed on the priority watch list Belize and Brazil were moved fromthe priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPR enforcement TheBahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to their improved IPRenforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due totheir passage of IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removedfrom the watch list principally because it adopted new regulations concerninggeographical indications following an adverse WTO ruling
bull Section 337 investigations During 2007 there were 77 active section 337investigations and ancillary proceedings at the US International TradeCommission (Commission) 39 of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 therewere 35 new section 337 investigations and four new ancillary proceedingsrelating to previously concluded investigations All of the new section 337institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement At the close of2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pending
bull Antidumping investigations The Commission instituted 33 new antidumpinginvestigations and completed 8 during 2007 Antidumping duty orders were issuedby the US Department of Commerce (Commerce) in 2007 on certain activatedcarbon from China and polyester staple fiber from China
bull Countervailing duty investigations The Commission instituted 7 newcountervailing duty investigations and completed three investigations during 2007However because the Commission made negative determinations in each of thethree investigations (on coated free sheet paper from China Indonesia and Korea)no new countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
bull Sunset reviews During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunsetreviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders and theCommission completed 74 reviews resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailingduty orders being continued for five additional years
xvii
bull Trade adjustment assistance In 2007 the US Department of Labor certifiedpetitions covering approximately 146592 workers A total of 1427 petitions werecertified as eligible for benefits and services and 625 petitions were denied
Preferential Trade Programs
bull Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Duty-free imports entering under theUS GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 Angola was the leading GSPbeneficiary in 2007 followed by India Thailand Brazil and Indonesia During2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a least-developed GSPbeneficiary Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP status as a result oftheir accession to the EU and the Dominican Republic was removed from the GSPprogram as a result of its accession to the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) Authorization for the GSPprogram is currently set to expire on December 31 2008
bull African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) A total of 39 sub-Saharan African(SSA) countries were designated for benefits under AGOA as of January 1 2007and 26 SSA countries were eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefitsDuty-free US imports under AGOA including GSP were valued at $511 billionin 2007 US imports under AGOA exclusive of GSP were valued at $423 billionin 2007 a 170 percent increase from 2006 The increase in AGOA imports wasdriven mainly by increases in US imports of petroleum-related products whichmade up more than 95 percent of imports by value under AGOA This increasewas almost exclusively due to increases in prices rather than volume
bull Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) ATPA as amended by the Andean TradePromotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) provides duty-free treatment forcertain products of Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru US imports underATPA were valued at $123 billion in 2007 a decrease of 87 percent from $135billion in 2006 Imports under ATPA from each of the four beneficiary countriesdecreased in 2007 Imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in valueduring 2007 mainly because of lower petroleum production Petroleum-relatedproducts accounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 Otherleading imports under ATPA in 2007 included apparel copper cathodes fresh cutflowers and asparagus
bull Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) CBERA as expanded by theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) provides duty-free and reduced-duty treatment for certain products of designated Caribbean Basin countries In2007 articles from 19 countries and territories were eligible for CBERApreferences US imports under CBERA were valued at $55 billion in 2007 a446 percent decline from $99 billion in 2006 The decline in US imports underCBERA was due to the fact that imports from El Salvador Guatemala Hondurasand Nicaragua entered under CAFTA-DR during 2007 rather than under CBERAThe Dominican Republic was a CBERA beneficiary for only part of 2007 beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force for that country Trinidad and Tobago was theleading supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products ranked as the leading US imports under CBERA in 2007
xviii
Textiles and Apparel
bull Trade US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 totaled 531 billion squaremeter equivalents (SMEs) ($964 billion) an increase of 18 percent by volume and34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previous years 2007 was characterizedby a shift in US textile and apparel imports from Central American and SouthAmerican countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarily China butalso Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia
bull China US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billionto $323 billion This increase is mainly attributable to a $42 billion increase inUS imports of apparel articles Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were apparel and $96 billion were textiles LeadingUS apparel imports from China in 2007 included knit sweaters pullovers andvests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousers andshorts Leading imports of textiles from China included certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and certain curtains Chinarsquos share of the US importmarket expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357 percentin 2006 In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21quotas under the 2005 memorandum of understanding between the United Statesand China which established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparelproducts from China from January 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During2007 quotas filled at an average rate of 619 percent
bull AGOA ATPA and CBERA In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible forduty-free entry into the United States totaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs)under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs) under ATPAATPDEA and $927million (481 million SMEs) under CBERACBTPA For the first time since 2004the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly (28 percent) Thevolume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 under bothATPDEA (by 140 percent) and the CBTPA (by 658 percent)
bull Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Trade Partnership Encouragement(HHOPE) Act Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under theHHOPE Act in the second half of 2007 US imports of textiles and appareleligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPE Act in 2007 totaled $136 million(40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparel imports fromHaiti (the remaining imports entering under CBTPA) The CBTPA program underwhich US imports from Haiti have grown steadily in recent years has contributedto a viable apparel manufacturing sector in Haiti and created a base from which theindustry can benefit from enhanced preferences afforded by the HHOPE Act
WTO OECD and APEC
bull WTO developments The Doha Development Agenda multilateral tradenegotiations resumed on February 7 2007 only to be suspended four months laterin June The G-4 countriesmdashBrazil the EU India and the United Statesmdashmetduring June 19ndash21 2007 in an effort to reach some convergence in negotiatingpositions regarding market access for agricultural products domestic support for
xix
agricultural producers and market access for nonagricultural products Issuesraised at the WTO General Council included preferential trade arrangements smalland vulnerable economies the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of originand the Aid for Trade initiative The General Council also held its annual reviewof Chinarsquos Protocol of Accession to the WTO and its biennial review of the USJones Act legislation
bull WTO dispute settlement During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests forWTO dispute settlement consultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005and 19 in 2004 Thirteen new dispute settlement panels were established in 2007One of these panels (DS358mdashreductions or exemptions from taxes) was laterterminated when the United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlementin December 2007 and another (DS359mdash reductions or exemptions from taxes)was terminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement inFebruary 2008 Four cases involved the United States as complainant (DS358DS360Indiamdashadditional and extra duties on imports DS362ChinamdashIPRenforcement and DS363Chinamdash trading rights and distribution services foraudiovisual entertainment products) Other complainants that brought one or moredispute settlement cases in 2007 included Argentina (3) Brazil (1) the EU (3)Mexico (1) and Panama (1) Two dispute settlement panels involved the UnitedStates as respondent (DS350EUmdashldquozeroingrdquo methodology andDS365Brazilmdashdomestic support and export credit for agricultural products)Other respondents cited in one or more dispute settlement cases in 2007 includedBrazil (1) Chile (2) China (4) Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The tradeissues implicated in these cases included measures affecting antidumpingcountervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectual property rights taxmatters and measures affecting border and internal trade issues
bull OECD developments The OECD Trade Committee held several global policyforums during 2007 addressing subjects such as trade and labor market adjustmentand the international sourcing of information technology services The committeecompleted its comprehensive reviews of the economies of China and India andcontinued discussions on trade issues regarding other major nonmembereconomies
bull APEC developments During the September 2007 annual meeting APEC ministersagreed upon an Action Plan to stimulate energy efficiency and environmentalprotection in their region Also in 2007 APECrsquos Committee on Trade andInvestment agreed on measures with respect to regional and free trade agreementselectronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitary andphytosanitary measures formulated a plan aimed at reducing intra-regionaltransaction costs associated with trade developed guidelines to enhance IPRcapacity building in the region and agreed on common procedures for acquiringnew patents in member countries
FTAs in Force During 2007
bull US FTAs in force in 2007 The United States was a party to nine FTAs as ofDecember 31 2007 CAFTA-DR (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the
xx
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA(2004) the US-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) and the US-Israel FTA(1985)
bull FTA legislative developments The US Congress and the Administration agreedon a bipartisan trade deal on May 10 2007 calling for the inclusion of core laborand environmental standards among other things in the text of pending and futuretrade agreements The Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend lapsed on July 1 2007without being renewed
bull Other FTA developments The United States concluded FTA negotiations withPanama on December 19 2006 and the two parties signed the US-Panama TradePromotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 2007 The United States concluded FTAnegotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the two parties signed a bilateralFTA agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral agreementswith Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 The United States and Peru concludednegotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007 that was ratified byCongress in December 2007 and President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 The United States and Colombia concludednegotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 Howevernone of those bilateral agreements entered into force during 2007
bull US merchandise trade flows with FTA partners Total US exports of goods toFTA partners in 2007 were valued at $406 billion and accounted for 388 percentof total US exports while total US imports of goods from FTA partners werevalued at approximately $593 billion and accounted for 322 percent of total USimports The United States had an overall merchandise trade deficit with FTApartners in 2007 of $188 billion including a record high $190 billion deficit withNAFTA partners Australia Singapore and Morocco were the only FTA partnerswith whom the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
bull NAFTA developments Although NAFTA was launched on January 1 1994 thelast of its trade provisions were only fully implemented on January 1 2008 In2007 US two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) with NAFTApartners totaled $855 billion a 52 percent increase over 2006
bull NAFTA dispute settlement Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designedto protect cross-border investors and facilitate the settlement of investmentdisputes In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases against the United Statesby Canadian investors There were also six active chapter 11 cases by USinvestors against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases by US investors againstMexico Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review bya binational panel of final determinations made by national investigatingauthorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases At the end of 2007 theNAFTA Secretariat listed 12 active binational panels under chapter 19 The twobinational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged US agenciesrsquodeterminations on products from Mexico
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus the Czech Republic1
Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia LithuaniaLuxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania the Slovak Republic Slovenia SpainSweden and the United Kingdom
xxi
Trade Activities with Major Trading Partners
European Union
bull The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner1
behind the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandise trade with the EU totaled $5785 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU were valued at$2263 billion in 2007 and US imports of goods from the EU were valued at$3522 billion resulting in a US merchandise trade deficit with the EU of $1259billion in 2007 Leading US exports to the EU during the year included aircraftand aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions and gold LeadingUS imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger cars petroleumderivatives and nucleic acids and their salts
bull There were several active WTO dispute settlement proceedings during 2007 inwhich both the United States and the EU were parties either as the complainantor the respondent Four of these cases involved alleged subsidies to their respectivecivil aircraft industries The United States and EU also created the TransatlanticEconomic Council to guide efforts to lower US and EU barriers to trade andinvestment
Canada
bull Canada was the second-largest export market for US goods in 2007 following theEU and the largest single-country trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $5256 billion US merchandise exports toCanada were valued at $2131 billion in 2007 and US merchandise imports fromCanada were valued at $3125 billion resulting in a $994 billion US merchandisetrade deficit with Canada in 2007 Leading US exports to Canada during the yearincluded passenger and transport motor vehicles parts and accessories for motorvehicles and energy products such as natural gas and crude oils Leading USimports from Canada in 2007 included natural gas and crude oils and passengermotor vehicles
bull The United States and Canada conducted bilateral discussions on a number ofagricultural issues during 2007 notably the resumption of livestock tradefollowing concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and theliberalization of Canadian restrictions on imports of bulk shipments of potatoesThe United States also requested consultations with Canada under the US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement signed in September 2006 to resolve concernsregarding Canadarsquos implementation of several provisions The two countries alsoimplemented a bilateral air service agreement that removes remaining restrictionson civil aviation services between the two countries
xxii
China
bull China was the second-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3838 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to China were valued at $610 billion and US merchandiseimports from China were valued at $3231 billion resulting in a $2621 billionUS merchandise trade deficit with China in 2007 accounting for 292 percent ofthe US global merchandise trade deficit in that year Leading US exports toChina included airplanes soybeans electronic integrated circuits and copper andaluminum waste and scrap Leading US imports from China included computersand their parts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games andfootwear
bull US-China bilateral trade relations in 2007 focused on IPR enforcement productsafety and market access for goods and services in China as well as the twocountriesrsquo global trade imbalances
Mexico
bull Mexico was the third-largest single-country trading partner of the United Stateswith two-way merchandise trade valued at $3296 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Mexico were valued at $1194 billion and USmerchandise imports from Mexico were valued at $2102 billion resulting in a$908 billion US merchandise trade deficit with Mexico Leading US exports toMexico included machinery and transportation equipment Leading US importsfrom Mexico included crude oils and motor vehicles
bull On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project which permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operate throughout the United States for one year
Japan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Japan totaled $2030 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Japan were valued at $581 billion and US merchandiseimports from Japan totaled $1449 billion resulting in an $868 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Japan in 2007 Leading US exports to Japanincluded airplanes and other aircraft corn parts of airplanes or helicoptersmachines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices orelectronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinerytelevision cameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxesand parts for motor vehicles
bull The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth continues to serve as theprimary forum for trade and economic dialogue between the two countries In2007 discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan andderegulation of Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific
xxiii
reforms such as certification of communications equipment and air transportrestrictions
Korea
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Korea totaled $784 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Korea were valued at $330 billion and US merchandiseimports from Korea totaled $454 billion resulting in a $123 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Korea Leading US exports to Korea includedcomputer chips aircraft and machines and mechanical appliances havingindividual functions (mostly semiconductor production machinery) Leading USimports from Korea included automobiles cellular telephones computer chips andcomputer parts and accessories (mainly memory modules)
bull US-Korea trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations andnegotiations over US beef exports to Korea which had been suspended becauseof Korean concerns with BSE
Taiwan
bull US two-way merchandise trade with Taiwan totaled $625 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to Taiwan were valued at $245 billion and US merchandiseimports from Taiwan totaled $381 billion resulting in a $145 billion USmerchandise trade deficit with Taiwan in 2007 Leading US exports to Taiwanin 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading USimports from Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatusfor radiotelephony reception apparatus for television computer parts andnavigational and remote control radar machines
bull During the sixth session of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement inJuly 2007 US-Taiwan negotiations focused on IPR enforcement in Taiwan USaccess to Taiwanrsquos beef market and Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
India
bull US two-way merchandise trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 USmerchandise exports to India were valued at $163 billion and US merchandiseimports from India totaled $239 billion resulting in a $76 billion merchandisetrade deficit with India in 2007 Leading US exports to India during the yearincluded aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India included nonindustrial diamonds articles ofjewelry and parts of precious metals (excluding silver) and womenrsquos or girlsrsquocotton blouses shirts and blouses (not knitted or crocheted)
xxiv
bull During 2007 India resumed shipments of mangoes to the US market ending an18-year bilateral trade dispute under the condition that the mangoes undergoirradiation in India to eliminate pests
Table ES1 provides a summary of key activities and developments on a monthly basis forthe year 2007
xxv
TABLE ES1 Summary of 2007 trade agreement activities
January
1-Bulgaria and Romania become EU membersand are no longer designated as beneficiarydeveloping countries under theUS GSPprogram
8-Canada requests WTO consultations with theUnited States regarding US domestic supportmeasures for corn and other agriculturalproducts
8-Chiles status is elevated to ldquopriority watch listrdquofrom ldquowatch listrdquo as the result of an out-of-cycleSpecial 301 review of intellectual propertyprotections
10-The State Department certifies Madagascarand recertifies Nigeria as eligible to export wildshrimp to the United States
16-The EU lifts its restrictions requiring importedUS corn gluten feed and brewers grain to becertified as free of the genetically modifiedorganism Bt10
16-The United States appeals a WTO disputepanel ruling that found that the United Statesfailed to comply with an earlier panel rulingfaulting US sunset review procedures inantidumping cases
25-The United States and Uruguay sign a Tradeand Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
26-The United States and Mexico sign a customscooperation agreement to implement the apparelcumulation provisions of CAFTA-DR
30-A WTO panel upholds Ecuadors claim thatthe US Department of Commerce violated WTOantidumping rules by using ldquozeroingrdquo in itsoriginal investigation on imports of shrimp fromEcuador
February
2-The United States requests dispute settlementconsultations with China over prohibitedsubsidies
2-Canada announces that it will no longer requiretesting for bluetongue in cattle sheep and goatsimported from the United States
16-The United States and Liberia sign a TIFA
FebruarymdashContinued
16-The United States signs an agreement withJapan to facilitate trade in telecommunicationsequipment
16-Japan suspends imports of beef from aLexington Nebraska plant for potential violationof joint import rules
23-A US district court rules that an Illinois lawprohibiting certain investments in companiesdoing business in or with Sudan isunconstitutional
March
1-CAFTA-DR enters into force for the DominicanRepublic
2-Japan suspends imports of sausages from aCalifornia meat packer based on the suspicionthat the products contained banned USprocessed beef
6-The United States requests WTO disputesettlement consultations with India over customsduties India imposes on imports of wine anddistilled spirits
19-The United States and Vietnam beginnegotiations on a TIFA
20-President Bush signs a proclamationimplementing legislation that provides tradebenefits for Haiti under the HHOPE Act
30-The US Department of Commerceannounces its preliminary decision to apply UScountervailing duty law to imports from ChinaThis is the first time countervailing duties will beimposed on imports from a nonmarket economy
30-The United States requests formalconsultations with Canada under a disputeresolution mechanism in the 2006 US-CanadaSoftwood Lumber Agreement to discussCanadian compliance with several provisions ofthe pact
April
1-The United States and Korea completenegotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA)
xxvi
AprilndashContinued
10-The United States requests disputesettlement consultations with China regardingdeficiencies in Chinarsquos intellectual property rights(IPR) laws and market access barriers tocopyright-based industries
12-The WTO Appellate Body circulates its reportupholding a US statute concerning the USantidumping ldquosunsetrdquo review of oil country tubulargoods from Argentina
17-The EU announces an expansion of thenumber of products from the United States thatwill be subject to retaliatory import duties as aresult of increased payments to US firms underthe Byrd amendment which has been ruledinconsistent with WTO rules
30-Thailand and Chile are added to the USTRrsquosSpecial 301 priority watch list of countries that donot adequately protect IPR Brazil is removed
30-The United States and the EU agree on aframework to promote greater regulatorycooperation to facilitate transatlantic trade
May
1-First shipment of mangoes from India in 18years enters the United States under a 2006US-India agreement to irradiate mangoes priorto entry into the US market
10-The USTR and Congress announce abipartisan agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards among other things topending US FTAs
10-The EU requests the establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to challenge 40 USantidumping measures that the EU says arebased on the zeroing methodology used inUS antidumping investigations
23-Customs officials from the United States andChina sign an agreement strengthening theenforcement of intellectual property laws
25-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel challengingIndiarsquos duties on wine and spirits and otherimports from the United States
June
4-The United States submits a paper to the WTONegotiating Group on Rules proposing thatcertain trade-distorting subsidies be prohibited
JunendashContinued
8-Canada requests the establishment of a WTOdispute settlement panel to rule whether theUnited States violated WTO rules by providingexcessive subsidies to its farmers as well asillegal agricultural export subsidies
14-The United States and Rwanda launch formalnegotiations on a Bilateral Investment Treaty
20-Antigua and Barbuda announces that it willseek authorization from the WTO to imposemore than $34 billion in annual trade sanctionsagainst the United States for its failure to complywith a WTO ruling against US restrictions onInternet gambling
20-The United States and Georgia sign a TIFA
21-The United States and Vietnam sign a TIFA
25-The United States and Peru agree onamendments to the US-Peru Trade PromotionAgreement (TPA) pursuant to the May 10 2007US agreement to add core labor andenvironmental standards
27-Peru ratifies the amended US-Peru TPA
28-The United States and Colombia agree onamendments to the US-Colombia TPA pursuantto the May 10 2007 US agreement to add corelabor and environmental standards
28-The United States and Panama sign abilateral FTA
28-The United States terminates GSP duty-freebenefits for certain products from Brazil CocirctedIvoire India the Philippines Thailand andVenezuela
30-The United States and Korea sign a bilateralFTA
30-President Bush signs legislation to extendATPA duty-free benefits for Bolivia ColombiaEcuador and Peru
July
1-The Presidents Trade Promotion Authorityexpires
3-The Indian government announces that it willlift a tariff on imports of wines beer and spiritsthat is the subject of a WTO dispute settlementcomplaint
xxvii
JulyndashContinued
11-Brazil files a request for WTO disputesettlement consultations relating to US supportand export credit guarantees for agriculturalproducts paid to US farmers
11-Panama ratifies the US-Panama TPA
24-The United States and Mexico request aWTO dispute settlement panel challenging Chinese subsidies
August
13-The United States requests the establishmentof a WTO dispute settlement panel to resolveclaims that the Chinese IPR legal regime fails toadequately protect and enforce US copyrightsand trademarks
14-NAFTA trade ministers meet and agree onrules-of-origin changes to be implemented in2008
September
6-US-Mexican Cross-Border Trucking Programbegins satisfying provisions under NAFTA
14-China requests WTO dispute settlementconsultations relating to preliminary USantidumping and countervailing duties imposedon imports of Chinese coated free sheet paper(glossy paper)
21-A WTO dispute settlement panel report iscirculated that agrees with US claims thatTurkeyrsquos measures on imported rice areinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos WTO obligations
28-US duties for certain goods imported fromMexico are eliminated under NAFTA
28-President Bush signs legislation extending thetrade adjustment assistance program for threemonths
October
2-The United States establishes the ValidatedEnd-User program for India to increase securehigh-tech trade with India
8-Costa Rica approves CAFTA-DR in a nationalreferendum
16-President Bush signs a bill boosting penaltiesfor violations of export control regulations
OctoberndashContinued
30-Colombia ratifies the amended US-ColombiaTPA
November
1-The United States and Canada implement anarrangement concerning trade in potatoes
8-Brazil and Canada request establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel to considerwhether the United States violated WTO rules byproviding excessive subsidies to US farmers
14-The United States and Libya agree toestablish a formal body that will meet annually todiscuss ways to broaden bilateral commercialties
19-China agrees to terminate subsidies that theUnited States alleged were inconsistent underWTO rules
21-The United States and Japan finalize anagreement to facilitate trade intelecommunications equipment and harmonizecertification requirements
28-A NAFTA panel rejects the US Departmentof Commerces use of ldquozeroingrdquo in calculatingdumping margins
30-The United States and the EU propose toincrease global trade in technologies that inhibitclimate change by eliminating tariffs and otherbarriers
December
4-Congress completes ratification of the US-Peru TPA
5-The United States and Paraguay agree toexpand coverage of GSP duty-free benefits toinclude certified handicrafts
11-The US Department of Commerce andChinarsquos Ministry of Commerce sign the ldquoGuidelines for US-China High Technology andStrategic Trade Developmentrdquo
11-The United States and China sign twoagreements on food and feed import safety anddrug and medical device import safety
12- The United States and China conclude amemorandum of understanding on illegal loggingand associated trade
xxviii
DecemberndashContinued
14-President Bush signs the US-Peru TPAImplementation Act
17-The United States reaches agreement withthe EU at the WTO on compensation for Internetgambling
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theCAFTA-DR textile rules of origin
27-President Bush proclaims modifications to theUS-Chile FTA and the US-Singapore FTArules of origin
31-President Bush signs into law the SudanAccountability and Divestment Act of 2007
Sources Compiled from multiple USgovernment sources including US Departmentof Agriculture US Department of CommerceUS Department of Labor US InternationalTrade Commission US Department of Stateand the White House Other sources includeBureau of National Affairs International TradeDaily and US Chamber of Commerce
This is the 59th in a series of annual reports submitted to the US Congress under section 163(c) of the1
Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2213(c)) and its predecessor legislation According to the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) GDP growth in 2007 was the weakest since2
2002 The change is associated with a reorientation of the US economy away from housing investment andtoward exports and investment in business structures White House Economic Report of the PresidentFebruary 2008 25 USDOC Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) ldquoNational Economic Accountsrdquo3
A slowdown in real imports was also a factor in the positive contribution of net exports to the growth of4
GDP during the year Net exports added almost a percentage point to US GDP growth in the second half of2007 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 17
1-1
CHAPTER 1Overview of US Trade
Scope and Approach of the Report
This report provides factual information on the operation of the US trade agreementsprogram and its administration for calendar year 2007 The trade agreement activities1
during 2007 include the administration of US trade laws and regulations US participationin the World Trade Organization (WTO) the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum USnegotiation of and participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and bilateral developmentswith major trading partners
The report is based on primary source materials on US trade programs and administrativeactions thereunder including US government Federal Register notices publications andpress releases by the US International Trade Commission (USITC or the Commission) andother US government agencies Other primary sources of information include publicationsof international institutions including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the OECDthe WTO and official publications of foreign governments Professional journals tradepublications and news reports are used to provide supplemental factual information whenprimary source information is unavailable
The data provided throughout the report are on merchandise trade except for chapter 1which also includes data on services trade as compiled by the Commission primarily fromthe US Census Bureau of the US Department of Commerce as well as the United Nations(UN) and the IMF
Overview of the US Economy in 2007
The expansion of the US economy continued for the sixth consecutive year in 2007 butgrowth was slower than in previous years Real US gross domestic product (GDP)2
increased by 22 percent in 2007 compared with 29 percent growth in 2006 Personal3
consumption expenditures exports nonresidential structures and state and local4
government spending were leading components of the growth in 2007 The decline in realGDP growth between 2006 and 2007 primarily reflected a large decrease in residential fixed
IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 105
Economic growth slowed as a result of a weak housing sector credit tightening and high energy prices6
White House Economic Report of the President 18 The euro area includes Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg7
the Netherlands Portugal Slovenia and Spain OECD ldquoMain Economic Indicators Country Comparison Tablesrdquo April 20088
GDP growth data for the world and China are from the IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 20089
table 11 8 The OECD includes Australia Austria Belgium Canada the Czech Republic Denmark Finland10
France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico theNetherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal the Slovak Republic Spain Sweden SwitzerlandTurkey the United Kingdom and the United States USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter11
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo These data cover exchange rates for the 2007 calendar year Data analyzedby the Federal Reserve covered January 2007 through February 21 2008 Those data show that the nominaltrade-weighted exchange value of the dollar against major currencies depreciated by more than 10 percentduring that period Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to theCongress 33 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress 3312
1-2
investment a downturn in private inventory investment and a decline in equipment andsoftware expenditures that were partly offset by a decline in imports The decline in the UShousing market which began in 2006 continued to be a drag on economic activity in 20075
The quarterly pattern of real GDP growth in 2007 was uneven with relatively strongergrowth in the second and third quarters and relatively weaker growth in the first and fourthquarters GDP growth slowed sharply in the fourth quarter of 2007 increasing only at anannual rate of 06 percent after posting a 49 percent annual rate in the third quarter6
Despite slower growth in 2007 the US economy recorded growth that either equaled orexceeded that of some other major industrialized countries and areas including the euro area(22 percent) and Japan (18 percent) However US economic growth was below the7 8
world average GDP growth rate of 52 percent as well as that of Canada (29 percent)9
Mexico (38 percent) China (115 percent) and the OECD (29 percent)10
Exchange-Rate Trends
The US dollar depreciated 6 percent in 2007 on a trade-weighted yearly average basisagainst a group of major currencies (figure 11) It generally depreciated during the year11
against the Canadian dollar the euro the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen with thelargest depreciation occurring against the Canadian dollar Short-term fluctuations in thedollar-yuan exchange rate continued to be small with the dollarrsquos rate of depreciationaccelerating against the yuan in late 2007 Despite the fluctuations during the year the12
US dollar ended the year at approximately where it began the year against the Mexicanpeso and the British pound
USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter13
and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo The balance on income is income receipts (including income receipts on US-owned assets abroad and14
compensation of US employees abroad) less income payments (including income payments onforeign-owned assets in the United States and compensation of foreign employees in the United States)
1-3
Figure 11 Indices of exchange rates for selected major currencies in relation to the US dollar daily
2007a
Source US Federal Reserve Board
Units of the foreign currency per unit of the US dollar A decrease in the index represents a depreciation in thea
US dollar relative to the foreign currency and an increase in the index represents an appreciation of the US dollarrelative to the foreign currency
Balance of Payments
The US current account deficitmdashthe combined balances on trade in goods and servicesincome and net current unilateral transfersmdashdecreased from $8115 billion in 2006 to$7386 billion in 2007 As a share of US GDP the current account deficit was 53 percent13
in 2007 down from 62 percent in 2006 The decrease was accounted for by increases in thesurpluses on income and services as well as a decrease in the deficit on goods The deficiton trade in goods decreased from $8383 billion in 2006 to $8154 billion in 2007 Thebalance on income increased from a surplus of $366 billion in 2006 to a surplus of $74314
billion in 2007
Services trade data are reported here on a balance of payments (BOP) basis for purposes of comparison15
with merchandise trade figures BOP data include trade in private services as well as transfers under USmilitary agency sales contracts and US government purchases of miscellaneous services USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsndashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo table 1 US trade in services is described in greater detail below16
The main components of the financial account are capital transfers foreign direct investment portfolio17
investment banking and other flows statistical discrepancies and official reserve assets USDOC BEAldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Transactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 CurrentAccountrdquo USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods and Servicesrdquo18
The Census basis data for goods (used elsewhere in this report) are compiled from the documents19
collected by the US Customs Service and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the50 states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the US Virgin Islands and US foreign trade zones Dataon goods compiled on a Census basis are adjusted by the USDOC BEA to a BOP basis to bring the data inline with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national accounts Theseadjustments are made to supplement coverage of the Census basis data to eliminate duplication oftransactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts and to value transactions according to astandard definition For a more detailed discussion of the differences between BOP basis and Census basisdata see USDOC BEA ldquoInformation on Goods and Servicesrdquo in USDOC BEA ldquoInternational EconomicAccountsrdquo December 2007 BOP trade data in this section of the report may not match data in other sectionsor in the report appendix because of adjustments made to the data by the sources cited White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 3520
USDOC US Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods21
and Services December 2007rdquo February 14 2008
1-4
The trade surplus on services increased from $797 billion in 2006 to $1069 billion in2007 Exports of services increased to $4792 billion in 2007 from $4226 billion in 200615
and more than half of the increase was accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo privateservices which includes business professional and technical services insurance servicesand financial services There were also increased exports of travel royalties and licensefees and ldquootherrdquo transportation which includes freight and port services Imports ofservices increased from $3428 billion in 2006 to $3723 billion in 2007 with more than halfof the increase accounted for by an increase in ldquootherrdquo private services Net financial16
account payments (outflows) were $12 trillion in 2007 up from $11 trillion in 200617
Trade in Goods and Services
The US foreign trade deficit for goods and services in 2007 was $7086 billion (51 percentof GDP) down from a deficit in 2006 of $7585 billion (57 percent of GDP) US exports18
of goods and services on a seasonally adjusted US balance-of-payments (BOP) basis19
were valued at $16284 billion in 2007 with imports of goods and services valued at$23369 billion Exports of services increased in 2007 but at a slower pace than in theprevious year The pace of the increase in the exports of goods and services reflected theeconomic growth of US trading partners expanded domestic production capacity andexchange-rate trends20
Largely as a result of higher petroleum prices US spending on petroleum imports increasedduring 2007 resulting in an increase in the petroleum products deficit from $2709 billionin 2006 to $2935 billion in 2007 Imports of petroleum accounted for 142 percent of total21
imports by value in 2007 and the petroleum products deficit represented 412 percent ofthe total US deficit on trade in goods and services in 2007 US trade in goods and servicesis discussed in more detail below
Merchandise trade data in this section do not match the seasonally adjusted BOP basis data presented22
above because of adjustments made to the data as described in footnote 19 US exports have been helped by rising foreign incomes the expansion of production in the United23
States and changes in exchange rates White House Economic Report of the President 20 US trade in services is described in greater detail below24
1-5
US Trade in Goods in 2007
US merchandise exports increased to $10464 billion (76 percent of GDP) in 2007 from$9295 billion (70 percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) US merchandise imports22
increased to $19429 billion (140 percent of GDP) in 2007 from $18451 billion (140percent of GDP) in 2006 (figure 12) Exports increased more rapidly than imports for thesecond year in a row with exports increasing by 156 percent over the 2005ndash06 period and126 percent over the 2006ndash07 period and imports increasing 110 percent and 53 percentduring the same two periods23
US Merchandise Trade by Product Category24
Exports
Machinery and transport equipment ranked as the largest US export by StandardInternational Trade Classification (SITC) group in 2007 (appendix table A1) US exportsof machinery and transport equipment were valued at $4627 billion in 2007 accounting for442 percent of total US exports during the year and grew by 92 percent from $4238billion in 2006 Almost three quarters of the total increase in exports in 2007 wereaccounted for by increased US exports of machinery and transport equipment chemicalsand related products food and live animals and crude materials (except fuels) None of theSITC groups registered a decline in exports from 2006 to 2007
Imports
All SITC groups of US imports increased from 2006 to 2007 (appendix table A1) As inrecent years machinery and transport equipment was the largest US import group by SITCcode in 2007 US imports of machinery and transport equipment were valued at $7391billion in 2007 an increase of 43 percent over imports of $7086 billion in 2006 andaccounted for 380 percent of total US imports in 2007 Increased US imports ofmachinery and transport equipment and mineral fuels lubricants and related materialsrepresented over half of the total increase in imports in 2007
US imports under the four preferential trade programs with developing countries totaled$909 billion in 2007 and accounted for 47 percent of total US imports during the yearDuty-free imports totaled $308 billion (appendix table A12) under the Generalized Systemof Preferences (GSP) program $423 billion (excluding GSP imports) under the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) (appendix tables A13 and A14) and $123 billion
See chap 2 of this report for additional information25
Leading US exports to and imports from these partners are presented in appendix tables A22 through26
A44 Data in table 12 may not match with those in appendix tables A22 through A44 because ofadjustments made to the data Global expansion was strong in the first half of 2007 with turbulence in financial markets setting in27
during the last half of the year IMF ldquoWorld Economic Outlookrdquo April 2008 xiv USDOC USCB ldquoInternational Economic Accountsrdquo February 14 200828
1-6
Figure 12 US merchandise trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce
under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) (appendix tables A15 and A16) Inaddition imports that entered duty free or at reduced rates under the Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act (CBERA) totaled $55 billion (appendix tables A17 and A18)During 2007 as in the past increased US imports under AGOA reflected the increasedvalue of petroleum imports primarily from the three leading exporters of oil underAGOAmdashNigeria Angola and Gabon25
US Merchandise Trade with Leading Partners
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners Canada and Mexico togetherremain the largest US global market for exports and imports followed by the EuropeanUnion (EU) (table 11) Figures 13 and 14 show leading US export and import markets26
by share in 2007
Foreign economic growth continued to be generally strong in 2007 aiding US export growthduring the year As shown above US exports increased by 126 percent while US27
imports increased by 53 percent over the 2006ndash07 period US exports to major trading28
partners Canada Japan and Korea continued to grow faster than imports from thosecountries during the year
1-7
Total $10464 billion
TABLE 11 US merchandise trade with major trading partners and the world 2007
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balanceTwo-way
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
EU-27 2263 3522 -1259 5784
Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
China 610 3231 -2621 3841
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3296
Japan 581 1449 -868 2030
Korea 330 454 -124 784
Taiwan 245 381 -135 626
Brazil 217 250 -33 467
India 163 239 -76 402
Russia 67 191 -125 258
South Africa 52 91 -39 143
World 10464 19429 -8965 29893
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Figure 13 Leading US export markets by share 2007
Source US Department of Commerce
US bilateral trade relations with China are discussed in chap 5 of this report29
1-8
Figure 14 Leading US import sources by share 2007
Total $19429 billion
Source US Department of Commerce
Canada remains the largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United Statesfollowed by China and Mexico China alone accounted for 292 percent of the total USmerchandise trade deficit of $8965 billion in 2007 and Canada and Mexico togetheraccounted for 211 percent of the deficit The US trade deficit with China rose from $2354billion in 2006 to $2621 billion in 2007 despite the fact that US exports to China grewfaster (an increase of 182 percent over 2006) than US imports from China (an increase of126 percent over 2006) 29
This section focuses primarily on cross-border services transactions in private services which exclude30
government sales and purchases of services The section presents changes from 2006 to 2007 and data on2005 are given where appropriate This section draws its services trade data from the BEA In these nationalaccounts data ldquocross-border transactionsrdquo occur when US firms and consumers sell to or purchase servicesfrom firms and consumers in another country with people information or money crossing US boundariesin the process Cross-border transactions appear explicitly as imports and exports in the balance of paymentsUS firms also provide services to foreign consumers through affiliates established in host countries with theincome generated by ldquoaffiliate transactionsrdquo appearing as investment income in the balance of payments Thechannel of delivery used by service providers depends primarily on the nature of the service For examplemany financial services such as retail banking services are supplied most effectively by affiliates locatedclose to the consumer Conversely trade in education services predominantly takes the form of cross-bordertransactions involving students studying abroad USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo US International Transactions Accounts Data Table31
3 accessed June 3 2008 The category ldquobusiness professional and technical servicesrdquo includes advertising computer and32
information services research development and testing services management consulting and publicrelations services legal services construction architectural and engineering services industrial engineeringinstallation maintenance and repair of equipment operational leasing and other miscellaneous services The category ldquofinancial servicesrdquo include non-insurance non-deposit financial services provided by33
banks and securities firms USDOC BEA ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Yearrdquo 5 A country is said to have exported travel and tourism services when foreign nationals make purchases in34
that country during a visit of less than one year The value of tourism exports is measured by the totalexpenditures of foreign visitors irrespective of the purpose of the visit be it leisure recreation business orother activities Expenditures on transportation services between countries such as airfare and directspending on education or health care services are excluded from the measure of tourism exports InternationalMonetary Fund Balance of Payments Manual
1-9
US Trade in Services in 200730
Figure 15 shows US private cross-border services trade with the world from 2005 through2007 US private services exports increased from $4043 billion in 2006 to $4622 billion31
in 2007 an increase of 143 percent and US private services imports increased from$3078 billion in 2006 to $3353 billion in the same period an increase of 89 percent
US Services Trade by Product Category
The US surplus in cross-border private services trade increased by 315 percent to $1269billion in 2007 marking the fourth consecutive yearly increase and the largest annualincrease ever reported Numerous services accounted for the surge in the services tradesurplus most notably in the business professional and technical services and financial32
services categories33
Exports
Travel ranked as the largest US cross-border private services export increasing by 13334
percent to $971 billion in 2007 and accounting for 21 percent of total US exports(appendix table A2) This increase was consistent with the recovery of the US tourismindustry since 2004 following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 112001 Increased travel exports reflect strong economic growth in leading overseas
Typically these 5 markets include Mexico Canada the United Kingdom Japan and Germany EIU35
ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and Tourism Forecastrdquo Ibid36
EIU ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The Weak Dollar Lures Visitorsrdquo37
1-10
Figure 15 US private cross-border services trade with the world 2005ndash07
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website ldquoPrivate ServiceTransactionsrdquo
markets for tourism services and a decline in the value of the US dollar Other large35 36
US services export categories in 2007 were royalties and license fees and businessprofessional and technical services which increased by 144 and 184 percent over 2006 to$713 billion and $561 billion respectively Exports of financial services experienced themost rapid growth among all categories of US private services growing by 221 percentto $453 billion in 2007
Imports
Travel also ranked as the largest category of US private cross-border imports increasingby 61 percent from $720 billion in 2006 to $764 billion in 2007 representing 227 percentof total services imports (appendix table A3) The measured pace of this increase relativeto exports may be attributable to a decline in the value of the US dollar and increased oilprices Other significant categories for US imports of services in 2007 were freight37
transportation which totaled $456 billion and insurance services which totaled $380
1-11
billion While travel freight transportation and insurance were the largest US privateservices import categories in terms of value imports in two categoriesmdashbusinessprofessional and technical services and financial servicesmdashexperienced the most significantgrowth in 2007 increasing by 339 and 393 percent to $212 billion and $118 billionrespectively
US Services Trade With Leading Partners
Table 12 shows US services trade with major trading partners for 2007 The EU was boththe United Statesrsquo largest export market and largest import supplier accounting for 355percent of total US services exports and 393 percent of total US services imports (figures16 and 17) Canada and Japan followed the EU as the second and third most significantmarkets for US services trade in 2007 In addition to a large regional trade surplus withthe EU ($325 billion) the United States maintained large bilateral services trade surpluseswith Canada ($209 billion) Japan ($184 billion) Mexico ($82 billion) and Korea ($57billion) In marked contrast to the large US deficit in goods trade with China as shownabove the United States recorded a services trade surplus of $50 billion with China in 2007
TABLE 12 US private services trade with major trading partners and the world 2007 (million dollars)
Major trading partner Exports ImportsTrade
balance
EU-27 a 164311 131771 32540
Canada 46566 25687 20879
Japan 43462 25016 18446
Mexico 24221 16070 8151
China 13083 8090 4993
Korea 12385 6685 5700
Australia 9755 6239 3516
Brazil 8711 3126 5585
India 8211 7331 880
Taiwan 8031 7172 859
Other 123498 98116 25382
World 462234 335303 126931
Source US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis website ldquoUS Economic Accountsrdquo
Note Data are preliminary estimates
EU-27 also includes data from the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Investment Bank Ina
addition data for 2007 include Bulgaria and Romania
1-12
2-1
CHAPTER 2Administration of US Trade Laws andRegulations
This chapter surveys activities related to the administration of US trade laws during 2007It covers import relief laws unfair trade laws programs affecting textile and apparelimports and certain other trade provisions including the US Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP) the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) the Andean TradePreference Act (ATPA) the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) and theCaribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)
Import Relief Laws
Safeguard Actions
This section covers only safeguard actions under provisions administered by the USITCincluding global safeguards provided for in sections 201ndash204 of the Trade Act of 1974China safeguards provided for in section 421 of the Trade Act of 1974 and safeguardsprovided for in various bilateral free trade agreements involving the United StatesSafeguard actions under provisions administered by other US government agencies suchas the China textile safeguard actions by the US Department of Commerce (Commerce)are described later in this chapter
The USITC did not conduct any safeguard investigations during 2007 no safeguardmeasures under provisions administered by the USITC were in place during calendar year2007 and no safeguard petitions filed under these provisions were pending before theUSITC at the end of 2007
Adjustment Assistance
The United States maintains a trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program for the purposeof assisting workers firms and farmers dislocated as a result of federal policies that reducedbarriers to foreign trade The program for workers is administered by the US Secretary ofLabor the program for firms by the US Secretary of Commerce and the program forfarmers by the US Secretary of Agriculture The eligibility requirements benefits andprocedures for the program are set forth in Parts 2 3 and 6 respectively of Title II of theTrade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2271-2401) Program benefits available forqualifying petitioning workers consist principally of trade readjustment allowancesemployment services training and job search and relocation allowances Program benefitsfor qualifying petitioning firms consist of technical assistance Program benefits forpetitioning farmers or agricultural commodity producers (including livestock producers) are
Petitions may be filed by a group of three or more workers by a company official by ldquoOne-Stoprdquo1
operators or partners (including state employment security agencies and dislocated worker units) or by aunion or other duly authorized representative of such workers The workers on whose behalf a petition isfiled must be or have been employed at the firm or subdivision identified in the petition A completedpetition describes a group of workers working at a specific location for a specific company producing aspecific product or group of products If the group of workers described in the petition is certified thecertification will cover all workers in the group whether or not their names are on the petition USDepartment of Labor ETA Web site section ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and AlternativeAdjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processrdquo The number of petitions certified for benefits and services and petitions denied will not add up to the2
total number of petitions received because the numbers do not reflect petitions that were terminated prior to adetermination and petitions in which a determination was made in the following fiscal year For workers to be certified as eligible to apply for TAA the Secretary of Labor must determine that3
workers in a firm have become or are threatened to become totally or partially separated that the firmrsquossales or production has decreased absolutely and that increases in like or directly competitive importedproducts contributed importantly to the total or partial separation and to the decline in the firmrsquos sales orproduction Workers certified for TAA are provided with a certification of eligibility and may apply for TAAbenefits at the nearest office of the State Employment Security Agency For further information see USDOLETA ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) ApplicationProcessrdquo USDA FAS ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistancerdquo4
httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataaasp (accessed May 20 2008)
2-2
generally in the form of cash payments based on a formula related to commodity prices andlimited to a maximum of $10000 per producer in any 12-month period
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
The US Department of Labor (USDOL) received 2218 TAA petitions during fiscal year1
(FY) 2007 (October 1 2006 through September 30 2007) (table 21) The FY 2007 figurerepresents a decrease from the 2495 TAA petitions received in FY 2006 Table 21 showsthe results of TAA petitions determinations during FY 2006 and FY 2007 In FY 2007 atotal of 1443 petitions were certified as eligible for benefits and services and 614 petitionswere denied a decrease from 1447 petitions certified and from 830 petitions denied in FY2006 A total of 146480 workers were certified for TAA benefits and services in FY 20072 3
This was an increase from the 119605 workers certified in FY 2006 Table 22 presents dataon benefits and services provided under the TAA program There were 47048 new TAArecipients in FY 2007 compared to 53491 new recipients in FY 2006 The USDOLappropriated $855 million in TAA funding to assist workers certified as eligible to receivebenefits and services under the TAA program in FY 2007 a decrease from $966 million inFY 2006
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers
The statutory authority for the TAA for Farmers program expired on December 31 20074
Of the eight petitions filed under the TAA for Farmers program in FY 2007 none werecertified and no cash benefits were paid
Data provided to the Commission by USDOC EDA May 30 20085
2-3
TABLE 21 Petitions certified and denied under the TAA program and estimated number of workers
affected FY 2006 and FY 2007
Item
Number of TAA petitions Estimated number of workers covereda
FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2006 FY 2007
Petitions certified for benefits and services(full and partial certifications) 1447 1443 119605 146680
Petitions denied 830 614 49292 43741
Terminations-withdrawals 218 161 120 0
Total petitions received 2495 2218 169017 190421
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)Estimated Number of Workers Covered by Certificationsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMay 21 2008) and correspondence with Commission staff May 30 2008
The estimated number of workers covered by a certification is not an exact figure It is an estimate developed ata
the time the certification is issued A certification covers all members of the affected worker group laid off during theapproximately 3-year period covered by the certification Over the course of time additional workers may be laid offworkers who were laid off may be recalled or planned layoffs may not occur
TABLE 22 Benefits and services provided under the TAA program FY 2006 and FY 2007
Estimated number of participants
Item FY 2006 FY 2007
--------Trade Adjustment allowance benefits-----
Number of new recipients 53491 47048
Total federal allocations (million dollars) 966 855
Total state allocations (million dollars) 827 849
--Training job search and relocation services--
Number entering training 37426 49322
Number receiving a job search allowance 454 399
Number receiving a relocation allowance 531 750
Source US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration correspondence May 30 2008
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms and Industries
In FY 2007 the Economic Development Administration (EDA) of Commerce awarded atotal of $128 million in TAA program funds to its national network of 11 Trade AdjustmentAssistance Centers (TAACs) TAACs typically sponsored by universities or nonprofitorganizations are the primary point of contact for firms during the certification andadjustment proposal processes under the TAA program EDA certified 135 petitions aseligible for the TAA for firms program and approved 126 adjustment projects during FY20075
Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(a))6
Section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended (19 USC 2411(b))7
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 69 86 and 2068
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the9
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007
2-4
Laws Against Unfair Trade Practices
Section 301 Investigations
Sections 301ndash310 (generally referred to here as section 301) of the Trade Act of 1974 is theprincipal US statute for addressing foreign unfair practices affecting US exports of goodsor services Section 301 may be used to enforce US rights under bilateral and multilateraltrade agreements and also may be used to respond to unreasonable unjustifiable ordiscriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict US commerceInterested persons may petition the United States Trade Representative (USTR) toinvestigate foreign government policies or practices or the USTR may initiate aninvestigation
If the investigation involves a trade agreement and consultations do not result in asettlement section 303 of the Trade Act of 1974 requires the USTR to use the disputesettlement procedures that are available under the subject agreement If the matter is notresolved by the conclusion of the investigation section 304 of the Trade Act of 1974requires the USTR to determine whether the practices in question deny US rights under atrade agreement whether they are unjustifiable unreasonable or discriminatory andwhether they burden or restrict US commerce If the practices are determined to violate atrade agreement or to be unjustifiable the USTR must take action If the practices are6
determined to be unreasonable or discriminatory and to burden or restrict US commercethe USTR must determine whether action is appropriate and if so what action to take The7
time period for making these determinations varies according to the type of practicesalleged
Active Section 301 Cases in 2007
The section 301 case concerning the EUrsquos meat hormone directive was ongoing during2007 A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel which was established to considerwhether the EU has fully implemented the recommendations and rulings of the DisputeSettlement Body (DSB) regarding the meat hormone directive continued its work during2007 and the bilateral trade dispute remains unresolved8
New Section 301 Petitions in 2007
During 2007 the USTR also received two new section 301 petitions neither of which wassubsequently accepted for review One petition was filed by the Bipartisan China CurrencyAction Coalition a coalition of 42 members of the US House of Representatives9
According to the USTR the petition was similar to petitions that had been filed in 2004 and
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200710
For additional information see the section ldquoGlobal Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange Rate11
Regimerdquo in chap 5 of this report Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the12
Bipartisan China Currency Action Coalition dated May 17 2007 Ibid13
USTR ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo June 13 200714
Petition for Relief Under Section 301(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended On Behalf of the Film15
and Television Action Committee et al dated September 4 2007 Statement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairs regarding a16
Section 301 Petition on Canadian Film Subsidies October 19 2007 Persons who rely on IPR protection means persons involved in ldquo(A) the creation production or17
licensing of works of authorship that are copyrighted or (B) the manufacture of products that are patentedor for which there are process patentsrdquo Section 182(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(1)) A ldquomask workrdquo is a ldquoseries of related images however fixed of encodedndash (A) having or representing the18
predetermined three-dimensional pattern of metallic insulating or semiconductor material present orremoved from the layers of a semiconductor chip product and (B) in which series the relation of the imagesto one another is that each image has the pattern of the surface of one form of the semiconductor chipproductrdquoSection 901(a)(2) of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (14 USC 901(a)(2)) and Section182(d)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(2)) Section 182(d)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(d)(4))19
2-5
2005 regarding Chinarsquos currency regime The petition alleged that the acts policies and10
practices of the government of China have resulted in a significant undervaluing of Chinarsquoscurrency The petition alleged that the exchange-rate regime that maintained the11
undervaluation of the currency violates the WTO Agreement on Subsidies andCountervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Moreover it alleged that the12
exchange-rate regime violates the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement13
After reviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review14
Another section 301 petition was filed by a coalition of workers unions trade associationscompanies and municipalities The petition alleged that numerous federal and provincial15
tax credits that are granted to firms producing film and television programs in Canadaconstitute a prohibited export subsidy that violates the WTO SCM Agreement Afterreviewing the petition the USTR decided not to accept the petition for review16
Special 301
The Special 301 law requires the USTR each year to identify foreign countries that denyadequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) or deny fair andequitable market access to US persons who rely on IPR protection Under the statute17
countries are considered to deny adequate and effective IPR protection if they do not allowforeign persons ldquoto secure exercise and enforce rights relating to patents process patentsregistered trademarks copyrights and mask worksrdquo Countries also are considered to deny18
fair and equitable market access if they deny access to a market for a product that isprotected by a copyright or related right patent trademark mask work trade secret or plantbreederrsquos right through the use of laws and practices that violate international agreementsor that constitute discriminatory nontariff trade barriers A country can be found to denyadequate and effective IPR protection even if it is in compliance with its obligations underthe WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPSAgreement)19
Section 182(a)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2242(a)(2))20
USTR 2007 Special 301 Report21
Ibid22
Ibid23
2-6
In addition the Special 301 law directs the USTR to identify so-called priority foreigncountries Priority foreign countries are countries that have the most onerous or egregious20
acts policies or practices that have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on therelevant US products Such countries must be designated as priority foreign countriesunless they are entering into good faith negotiations or making significant progress inbilateral or international negotiations to provide adequate and effective IPR protection Theidentification of a country as a priority foreign country triggers a section 301 investigationunless the USTR determines that the investigation would be detrimental to US economicinterests
In addition to identifying priority foreign countries as required by statute the USTR hasadopted a practice of naming countries to either the so-called watch list or the priority watchlist if the countriesrsquo IPR laws and practices do not provide adequate and effective IPRprotection but the deficiencies do not warrant identification of the countries as priorityforeign countries The priority watch list is for countries with significant IPR problems thatwarrant close monitoring and bilateral consultation A country that is identified on thepriority watch list may make progress and be downgraded to the watch list or removed fromany listing Alternatively a country that fails to make progress may be elevated from thewatch list to the priority watch list or from the priority watch list to the list of priorityforeign countries
In the 2007 Special 301 review the USTR examined the adequacy and effectiveness of IPRprotection in 79 countries In conducting the review the USTR focused on a wide range21
of issues and policy objectives including Internet piracy counterfeit pharmaceuticalstransshipment of pirated and counterfeit goods implementation of the TRIPS Agreementand ensuring that foreign government ministries only use legally authorized and properlylicensed business software The USTR devoted special attention to the need for significantlyimproved enforcement against counterfeiting and piracy22
In the 2007 review no countries were identified as priority foreign countries The 2007Special 301 report highlighted weak IPR protection and enforcement in China and Russiaboth of which were placed on the priority watch list Twelve countries altogether wereplaced on the priority watch list and 30 countries were placed on the watch list Belize andBrazil were moved from the priority watch list to the watch list due to improved IPRenforcement The Bahamas and Latvia were removed from the watch list due to improvedIPR enforcement and Bulgaria and Croatia were removed from the watch list due to passageof IPR legislation and improved enforcement The EU was removed from the watch listprincipally because the EU adopted new regulations concerning geographical indicationsfollowing an adverse WTO ruling23
19 USC 1673 et seq24
19 USC 1677b 19 CFR part 353 subpart D25
Upon the filing of a petition the Commission has 45 days to determine whether there is a reasonable26
indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury or thatthe establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reason of imports of themerchandise subject to the investigation This is known as the preliminary phase of the investigation If theCommission makes an affirmative determination the USDOC continues its investigation and makespreliminary and final determinations concerning whether the imported merchandise is being or is likely tobe sold at LTFV If Commerce reaches a final affirmative dumping determination the Commission has 45days to make its final injury determination If the Commissionrsquos reasonable indication or preliminary phasedetermination is negative both the Commission and Commerce terminate further investigation Data reported here and in the following two sections (ldquoCountervailing Duty Investigationsrdquo and27
ldquoReviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing Duty OrdersSuspension Agreementsrdquo) reflect thetotal number of investigations In other Commission reports these data are grouped by product because thesame investigative team and all of the parties participate in a single grouped proceeding and the Commissiongenerally produces one report and issues one opinion containing its separate determinations for eachinvestigation
2-7
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Reviews
Antidumping Investigations
The US antidumping law is contained in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended24
The antidumping law provides relief in the form of special additional duties that areintended to offset margins of dumping Antidumping duties are imposed when (1)Commerce the administering authority has determined that imports are being or are likelyto be sold at less than fair value (LTFV) in the United States and (2) the Commission hasdetermined that a US industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury orthat the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by reasonof such imports Most investigations are conducted on the basis of a petition filed withCommerce and the Commission by or on behalf of a US industry
In general imports are considered to be sold at LTFV when the US price (ie the purchaseprice or the exporterrsquos sales price as adjusted) is less than the foreign market value whichis usually the home-market price or in certain cases the price in a third country or aconstructed value calculated as set out by statute The antidumping duty is calculated to25
equal the difference between the US price and the foreign-market value The duty specifiedin an antidumping order reflects the dumping margin found by Commerce during its periodof investigation This rate of duty will be applied to subsequent imports from the specifiedproducersexporters in the subject country and may be subsequently adjusted following anappropriate review
Commerce and the Commission each conduct preliminary and final antidumpinginvestigations in making their separate determinations The Commission instituted 33 new26
antidumping investigations and completed 8 investigations during 2007 In 200727
antidumping duties were imposed in two of those investigations as a result of affirmativeCommission determinationsrsquo on certain activated carbon from China and polyester staplefiber from China (table 23)
An antidumping investigation may be suspended if exporters accounting for substantially all of the28
imports of the merchandise under investigation agree either to eliminate the dumping or to cease exports ofthe merchandise to the United States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation maybe suspended if exporters agree to revise prices to eliminate completely the injurious effect of exports of thesubject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted if LTFV sales recur See19 USC 1673c A subsidy is defined as a bounty or grant bestowed directly or indirectly by any country dependency29
colony province or other political subdivision on the manufacture production or export of products See 19USC 1677(5) and 1677-1(a) A countervailing duty investigation may be suspended if the government of the subsidizing country or30
exporters accounting for substantially all of the imports of the merchandise under investigation agree toeliminate the subsidy to completely offset the net subsidy or to cease exports of the merchandise to theUnited States within six months In extraordinary circumstances an investigation may be suspended if thegovernment of the subsidizing country or exporters agree to eliminate completely the injurious effect ofexports of the subject merchandise to the United States A suspended investigation is reinstituted ifsubsidization recurs See 19 USC 1671c
2-8
TABLE 23 Antidumping duty orders that became effective during 2007Country Product Range of duty
PercentChina Certain activated carbon 6195 to 22811China Certain polyester staple fiber de minimis to 4430Source Compiled by USITC from Federal Register notices
Details on all antidumping investigations active at the Commission during 2007 arepresented in appendix table A4 A list of all antidumping duty orders including suspensionagreements in effect as of the end of the year is presented in appendix table A528
Countervailing Duty Investigations
The US countervailing duty law is also set forth in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930 asamended It provides for the levying of special additional duties to offset foreign subsidieson products imported into the United States In general procedures for such investigations29
are similar to those under the antidumping law Petitions are filed with Commerce (theadministering authority) and with the Commission Before a countervailing duty order canbe issued Commerce must find a countervailable subsidy and the Commission must makean affirmative determination of material injury threat of material injury or materialretardation by reason of the subsidized imports
The Commission instituted seven new countervailing duty investigations and completedthree investigations during 2007 However because the Commission made negativedeterminations in each of the three investigations (on coated free sheet paper from ChinaIndonesia and Korea) no countervailing duty orders were issued during 2007
A list of the countervailing duty investigations active at the Commission during 2007 ispresented in appendix table A6 and a list of all countervailing duty orders includingsuspension agreements in effect at the end of the year is presented in appendix table A730
19 USC 1675c31
Two of these reviews were subsequently terminated and the outstanding orders revoked because a32
domestic industry did not request that they be continued The two revoked antidumping duty ordersconcerned automotive replacement glass windshields from China and individually quick frozen redraspberries from Chile In addition the review of the countervailing duty order on low enriched uraniumfrom France was terminated and the outstanding order revoked because of an amended final negativedetermination by the US Department of Commerce For detailed information on reviews instituted as well as Commission action in all reviews see USITC33
web site section ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo 19 USC 133734
Also unlawful under section 337 are other unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the35
importation of articles into the United States or in the sale of imported articles the threat or effect of whichis to destroy or substantially injure a domestic industry to prevent the establishment of an industry or to
(continued)
2-9
Reviews of Outstanding Antidumping and Countervailing DutyOrdersSuspension Agreements
Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires Commerce if requested to conduct annualreviews of outstanding countervailing duty and antidumping duty orders to determine theamount of any net subsidy or dumping margin and to determine compliance with suspensionagreements Section 751 also authorizes Commerce and the Commission as appropriate toreview certain outstanding determinations and agreements after receiving information or apetition that shows changed circumstances Under this procedure the party seekingrevocation or modification of an antidumping or countervailing duty order or suspensionagreement has the burden of persuading Commerce and the Commission that circumstanceshave changed sufficiently to warrant review and revocation On the basis of either of thesereviews Commerce may revoke an antidumping or countervailing duty order in whole orin part or terminate or resume a suspended investigation No changed circumstancesinvestigations were active at the Commission during 2007
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 torequire both Commerce and the Commission to conduct sunset reviews of outstandingorders and suspension agreements five years after their publication to determine whetherrevocation of an order or termination of a suspension agreement would be likely to lead tocontinuation or recurrence of dumping or a countervailable subsidy and material injury31
During 2007 Commerce and the Commission instituted 33 sunset reviews of existingantidumping and countervailing duty orders and the Commission completed 74 reviews32
resulting in 38 antidumping and countervailing duty orders being continued for fiveadditional years Appendix table A8 lists the reviews of antidumping and countervailingduty orders completed in 200733
Section 337 Investigations
Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended authorizes the Commission on the34
basis of a complaint or on its own initiative to conduct investigations with respect to certainpractices in import trade Section 337 declares unlawful the importation into the UnitedStates the sale for importation or the sale within the United States after importation ofarticles that infringe a valid and enforceable US patent registered trademark registeredcopyright or registered mask work for which a domestic industry exists or is in the processof being established35
(continued)35
restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States Examples of these other unfair acts aremisappropriation of trade secrets common law trademark infringement trade dress infringement falseadvertising and false designation of origin Unfair practices that involve the importation of dumped orsubsidized merchandise must be pursued under antidumping or countervailing duty provisions not undersection 337 Section 337 proceedings at the Commission are conducted before an administrative law judge in36
accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act 5 USC 551 et seq The administrative law judgeconducts an evidentiary hearing and makes an initial determination which is transmitted to the CommissionThe Commission may adopt the determination by deciding not to review it or it may choose to review it Ifthe Commission finds a violation it must determine the appropriate remedy the amount of any bond to becollected while its determination is under review by the President and whether public interest considerationspreclude the issuance of a remedy
2-10
If the Commission determines that a violation exists it can issue an order to exclude thesubject imports from entry into the United States or order the violating parties to cease anddesist from engaging in the unlawful practices The orders enter into force unless36
disapproved for ldquopolicy reasonsrdquo by the USTR within 60 days of issuance
During 2007 there were 77 active section 337 investigations and ancillary proceedings 39of which were instituted in 2007 Of these 39 there were 35 new section 337 investigationsand 4 new ancillary proceedings relating to previously concluded investigations All of thenew section 337 institutions in 2007 included allegations of patent infringement TheCommission completed a total of 34 investigations and ancillary proceedings under section337 in 2007 including one enforcement proceeding one advisory opinion proceeding onesanctions proceeding and two remand proceedings Eight exclusion orders and 26cease-and-desist orders were issued during 2007 A number of investigations were alsoterminated by the Commission without determining whether section 337 had been violatedNine of these investigations were terminated on the basis of settlement agreements orconsent orders
As in recent years the section 337 caseload was highlighted by investigations involvingcomplex technologies particularly in the computer and telecommunications fieldsSignificant among these were investigations involving baseband processor chips wirelesscommunication equipment and devices semiconductor devices and personal computersSeveral other investigations involved small electronic devices including laser bar codescanners global positioning satellite chips digital video disc (DVD) players and digitalmultimeters Other section 337 investigations active during the year focused on a variety ofconsumer items including foam footwear nitrile rubber gloves ground fault circuitinterrupters and bassinets
At the close of 2007 40 section 337 investigations and related proceedings were pendingat the Commission Commission activities involving section 337 actions in 2007 arepresented in appendix table A9 As of December 31 2007 a total of 67 outstandingexclusion orders based on violations of section 337 were in effect Appendix table A10 liststhe investigations in which these exclusion orders were issued
19 USC 2461 et seq37
19 USC 2462(b)38
19 USC 246339
2-11
Other Import Administration Laws and Programs
Tariff Preference Programs
Generalized System of Preferences
The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program authorizes the President togrant duty-free access to the US market for certain products that are imported fromdesignated developing countries and territories The GSP program has lapsed and beenrenewed several times Authorization for the GSP program is currently set to expire onDecember 31 2008
The program is authorized by Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 as amended It has been37
enhanced to allow duty-free treatment for certain products when imported only fromcountries designated as ldquoleast developed beneficiary developing countriesrdquo Further PublicLaw 106-200mdashenacted May 18 2000mdashin Title I (African Growth and Opportunity Act)amended Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the President to provide duty-freetreatment for certain articles when imported from countries designated as beneficiarysub-Saharan African countries through September 30 2008 (the legislation was amendedin 2006 and the authority extended to 2015) By offering unilateral tariff preferences theGSP program reflects the US commitment to three broad goals (1) to promote economicdevelopment in developing and transitioning economies through increased trade rather thanforeign aid (2) to reinforce US trade policy objectives by encouraging beneficiaries toopen their markets to comply more fully with international trading rules and to assumegreater responsibility for the international trading system and (3) to help maintain USinternational competitiveness by lowering costs of imports for US business and loweringprices for American consumers
Countries are designated as ldquobeneficiary developing countriesrdquo under the GSP program bythe President The President cannot designate certain developed countries named in thestatute and also may not designate countries that inter alia afford preferential treatment tothe products of a developed country other than the United States that has or is likely tohave a significant adverse effect on US commerce The President cannot designatecountries that do not afford adequate IPR protection or that do not afford internationallyrecognized worker rights to their workers The President also designates the articles that38
are eligible for duty-free treatment but may not designate articles that he determines to beldquoimport-sensitiverdquo in the context of the GSP Certain articles (for example footweartextiles and apparel) are designated by statute as import sensitive and thus not eligible forduty-free treatment under the GSP program The statute also provides for graduation of39
countries from the program when they become ldquohigh-incomerdquo countries and for removal ofeligibility of articles or articles from certain countries under certain conditions
The following developments with respect to the US GSP program occurred during 2007
Presidential Proclamations 8097 and 8098 of December 29 200640
72 Fed Reg 45941
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007)42
Proclamation No 8157 72 Fed Reg 36528 (June 29 2007)43
2-12
bull On January 4 2007 East Timor was designated a GSP beneficiary and a leastdeveloped GSP beneficiary the members of the South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation (SAARC) (Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistanand Sri Lanka ) were allowed to cumulate the value of their exports for purposesof qualifying exports for the GSP (with Afghanistan noted as eligible uponSAARC accession) and Bulgaria and Romania were removed from GSP statusfollowing their entry into the EU In addition the Harmonized Tariff Schedule40
(HTS) was modified effective February 3 2007 reflecting changes in theinternational harmonized nomenclature which necessitated changes to the USHTS41
bull Effective March 1 2007 the Dominican Republic acceded to the DominicanRepublic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)and was removed as a beneficiary under the GSP and CBERA programs42
bull On June 29 2007 changes based on the 2006 annual GSP review wereannounced For the first time competitive need limitation (CNL) waivers wererevoked based on the changes made in Public Law 109-432 of December 92006 which had extended the GSP program through December 31 2008 CNLwaivers were revoked for eight products (from six countries) for which 2006imports either exceeded 75 percent of total US imports or exceeded 150percent of the CNL dollar value for 2006 imports Other products were removedfrom GSP eligibility for exceeding the CNL quantity and certain products wereredesignated for GSP eligibility after imports dropped below the CNL level43
Duty-free imports entered under the GSP program totaled $308 billion in 2007 accountingfor 102 percent of total US imports from GSP beneficiary countries and 16 percent oftotal US imports (table 24) Angola was the leading GSP beneficiary in 2007 followed byIndia Thailand Brazil and Indonesia More than one quarter of all duty-free entries underGSP were petroleum products Appendix table A11 shows the top 20 GSP products orproduct categories in 2007 and appendix table A12 shows the overall sectoral distributionof GSP benefits
African Growth and Opportunity Act
In 2007 articles entering the United States free of duty under the African Growth andOpportunity Act (AGOA) were valued at $423 billion petroleum products accounted formore than 95 percent of such imports AGOA was enacted in 2000 to provide unilateralpreferential trade benefits to eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries pursuing political
2-13
TABLE 24 US imports for consumption from GSP beneficiaries and the world 2007
(Million dollars)
ItemAll GSP
beneficiaries World
Total US imports a 303126 1931941
Non-GSP eligible imports 252118 1054299
GSP eligible products 51008 877642
GSP non-LDBDC eligible b 35155 387551
GSP LDBDC eligible c 15853 490091
Total GSP duty free imports 30849 30849
Non-LDBDC GSP duty free 21835 21835
GSP LDBDC duty free 9014 9014
Total of GSP eligible products not benefitting from GSP duty-free treatment 20159 846793
GSP program exclusions 8277 8371
All other 11882 838422
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Customs-value basis excludes imports from the US Virgin Islands
Includes imports from all beneficiary countries for the articles that are designated as eligible articles undera
GSP Non-LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty of ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate columnb
of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbols ldquoArdquo or ldquoArdquo in parenthesis(the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that all beneficiary countries are eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to allarticles provided for in the designated provisions and the symbol ldquoArdquo indicates that the certain beneficiarycountries specified in general note 4(d) of the HTS are not eligible for duty-free treatment with respect to anyarticle provided for in the designated provision) LDBDC eligible products are those for which a rate of duty ldquoFreerdquo appears in the Special rate column of thec
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) followed by the symbol ldquoA+rdquo in parenthesis (the symbolldquoA+rdquo indicates that all least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDC) (and only LDBDCs) are eligiblefor duty-free treatment with respect to all articles provided for in the designated provisions) For a variety ofreasons all imports from beneficiary countries under HTS provisions that appear to be eligible for GSP treatmentdo not always and necessarily receive duty-free entry under the GSP Such eligible imports may not receive duty-free treatment under GSP for at least five types of reasons (1) the importers fail to claim GSP benefitsaffirmatively (2) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary that lost GSP benefits on that product for exceeding theso-called competitive need limits (3) the goods are from a GSP beneficiary country that lost GSP benefits on thatproduct because of a petition to remove that country from GSP for that product or because of some other actionby the President or USTR (4) the GSP beneficiary country may claim duty-free treatment under some otherprogram or provision of the HTS and (5) the good fails to meet the rule of origin or direct shipment requirement ofthe GSP statute
In addition to providing preferential access to the US market for eligible SSA products AGOA also44
includes a number of trade-facilitating provisions For further information see USTR 2007 ComprehensiveReport on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act 7ndash11 The US GSP program is described above45
AGOA was originally scheduled to be in effect until September 30 2008 Section 3108 of the Trade Act46
of 2002 enhanced the original 2000 AGOA provisions and expanded preferential access for apparel importsfrom SSA beneficiaries (these modifications collectively are referred to as AGOA II) The AGOAAcceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA III) enhanced many of the original AGOA trade benefits and generallyextended AGOA provisions until 2015 The Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (AGOA IV) extendedthe textile and apparel provisions from September 2008 to September 2015 extended the provision allowingfor the use of third-party fabric in qualifying duty-free apparel imports from September 2007 to September2012 and expanded duty-free treatment for textiles and textile products originating entirely in one or morelesser developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs) AGOA IV also increased the cap for apparel made fromthird-party fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-monthperiod beginning October 1 2006 In this report the term AGOA refers to the original AGOA AGOA IIAGOA III and AGOA IV as a group For additional information see USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 47
The increase in imports of petroleum and related products reflects increasing prices rather than48
increasing quantities Import quantities from the five leading AGOA suppliers (Nigeria Angola GabonRepublic of the Congo and Chad) increased from 6736 million barrels in 2006 to 6737 million barrels in2007 (approximately 001 percent) US Department of Energy EIA Official Energy Statistics DatabaseldquoUS Imports by Country of Originrdquo
2-14
and economic reform AGOA provides duty-free market access to all GSP eligible44 45
products and more than 1800 additional qualifying tariff line-item products from eligibleSSA countries and exempts beneficiaries from GSP CNLs AGOA also provides duty-freetreatment for certain apparel articles made in qualifying SSA countries AGOA is scheduledto be in effect until 201546
Total US imports from AGOA countries were valued at $645 billion in 2007 an increaseof 152 percent over 2006 (table 25) Duty-free US imports under AGOA including underthe GSP program were valued at $511 billion in 2007 and accounted for 791 percent ofall US imports from AGOA countries US imports under AGOA exclusive of the GSPprogram were valued at $423 billion in 2007 a 170 percent increase over 2006 andaccounted for 655 percent of all imports from AGOA countries Textile and apparel importsunder AGOA are discussed in more detail below47
The leading suppliers of duty-free US imports under AGOA in 2007 were Nigeria (713percent of total AGOA imports) Angola (113 percent) Gabon (40 percent) Republic ofthe Congo (38 percent) Chad (35 percent) and South Africa (26 percent) These sixcountries accounted for 964 percent of total imports by value under AGOA (appendix tableA13) Imports of petroleum-related products increased to $402 billion in 2007 up 177percent by value from 2006 and accounted for more than 950 percent of the total value ofAGOA imports in 2007 approximately the same as in 2006 (appendix table A14) Imports48
of apparel products in 2007 were virtually unchanged from 2006 at $11 billion andaccounted for 26 percent of total AGOA imports by value in 2007 down from 31 percentof total AGOA imports in 2006
19 USC 3706 lists a total of 48 countries or their successor political entities as potential49
beneficiaries 19 USC 3703(a) See also USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 1450
The following countries are listed in General Note 16 of the HTS as designated AGOA beneficiaries51
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Democratic Republic ofthe Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho LiberiaMadagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of theCongo Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa SwazilandTanzania Uganda and Zambia See USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1) June 2007 166 The following 26 countries are listed in US Note 7 of the HTS as eligible to receive AGOA apparel52
benefits during 2006 Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia GhanaKenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia USITC HTS 2007 (Rev 1)June 2007 sect xxii 98-II-3 USITC HTS 2008 (Rev 2) June 2007 16653
For more information see USDOC ITA African Growth and Opportunity Act web site54
httpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html USTR 2007 Comprehensive Report 555
The LDB SSA countries for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Ethiopia56
Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal SierraLeone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Botswana and Namibia are also eligible for the specialrule despite the fact that they are not LDBCs Although Liberia and Mauritania are also LDBCs they werenot eligible for the apparel provisions In April 2008 the President designated Togo as AGOA-eligible and asan LDBC White House ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and the
(continued)
2-15
TABLE 25 US imports for consumption from AGOA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from AGOA countries (million dollars) 47003 56010 64532
Total duty free under AGOA including GSP (million dollars) 38146 44239 51051
Duty-free under AGOA excluding GSP (million dollars) 32743 36133 42270
AGOA duty-free as a percentage of total 697 645 655
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Each year the President must consider whether SSA countries are or remain eligible for49
AGOA benefits based on specific criteria As of January 1 2007 a total of 39 SSA50
countries were designated as eligible for AGOA benefits and 26 SSA countries were51
eligible for AGOA textile and apparel benefits In 2007 Liberia and Mauritania became52
eligible for AGOA benefits Section 105 of AGOA requires the President to establish the53
US-SSA Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum AGOA also requires the USTR and theSecretaries of State Commerce and the Treasury to host meetings with senior-level officialsfrom governments of countries that are eligible for AGOA benefits to discuss their tradeinvestment and development relationships The sixth AGOA forum was held in July 2007in Accra Ghana The theme of the forum was ldquoAs Trade Grows Africa ProspersOptimizing the Benefits Under AGOArdquo In addition in March 2006 the USTR54
ldquore-chartered the Trade Advisory Committee on Africa (TACA) in order to facilitate thegoals and objectives of AGOA The TACA is intended to advise the USTR on trade andeconomic policy matters with respect to the countries of sub-Saharan Africa Theinaugural meeting of the TACA chaired by Ambassador Susan Schwab was convened inMarch 2007rdquo55
Section 112(c)(1) of AGOA allows apparel articles produced in lesser developed beneficiary(LDB) SSA countries from third-country fabric to enter the United States duty free subject56
(continued)56
Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo News release April 17 2008
19 USC 3721(c)(1)57
USITC ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September58
25 2007 USITC Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain
Denim September 2007
USITC ldquoITC Launches Investigation on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA59
Countriesrdquo News release 07-122 December 6 2007 For a more detailed description of ATPA including country and product eligibility see USITC Impact60
of the Andean Trade Preference Act September 2006
2-16
to a cap In late 2006 Congress amended section 112(c) of AGOA to encourage use of57
available regional SSA fabrics in place of third-country fabrics It provided for Commissiondeterminations with respect to the availability and use of regional SSA fabric and for thePresident to remove apparel articles made from third-country fabric from eligibility whenthe Commission determines that regional fabric or yarn is available in commercialquantities but is not being used in the production of such apparel articles More specificallysection 112(c)(2)(A)-(B) requires the Commission potentially to make three types ofdeterminations (1) upon receipt of a petition whether qualifying regional fabric or yarn isavailable in commercial quantities and the quantity that will be available in the followingfiscal year (October 1-September 30) (2) if that determination is affirmative in eachsubsequent year whether such fabric will be so available and the quantity that will beavailable in the next fiscal year and (3) after the end of each fiscal year for which adetermination was made the quantity of regional fabric that was used in LDB SSA countriesin the production of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA In additionsection 112(c)(2)(C) of AGOA deemed denim fabric to be so available during fiscal year2007 in the amount of 30 million square meter equivalents (SMEs) as if a petition had beenfiled and the Commission had made an affirmative determination and a determination thatdenim fabric would be available in that amount
On September 25 2007 the Commission transmitted its report to the President in its firstinvestigation under section 112(c)(2) of AGOA stating that it had determined that suchdenim fabric will be available in the amount of 21303613 SMEs during fiscal year 200858
In December 2007 the Commission announced that it had initiated two additionalinvestigations under section 112(c)(2) for the purpose of (1) determining the quantity ofsuch denim fabric that was used during fiscal year 2007 in LDB SSA countries in theproduction of apparel articles receiving duty-free treatment under AGOA and (2)determining the quantity of such denim fabric that will be so available during fiscal year2009 the Commission indicated it would make its determinations in July and August 2008respectively The Commission did not receive any petitions under section 112(c)(2)(A)59
during 2007
Andean Trade Preference Act
In 2007 articles from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru entering the United States freeof duty under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) were valued at $123 billion (table26) ATPA was enacted in 1991 to promote broad-based economic development and viableeconomic alternatives to coca cultivation and cocaine production by offering Andeanproducts broader access to the US market ATPA expired on December 4 2001 but was60
renewed retroactively on August 6 2002 under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug
Public Law 107-210 Title XXXI The four ATPA beneficiaries are not automatically eligible for61
ATPDEA preferences ATPDEA authorizes the President to designate any ATPA beneficiary as eligible forATPDEA benefits provided the President determines the country has satisfied certain requirements includingprotection of IPR and internationally recognized workers rights The President designated all four ATPAbeneficiaries as ATPDEA beneficiaries on October 31 2002 President Proclamation ldquoTo Implement theAndean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act Proclamation 7616rdquo 67 Fed Reg 67283ndash67291(October 31 2002) Public Law 109-432 section 7001 et seq62
Public Law 110ndash42 The conditional extensions were also repealed63
Public Law 110ndash191 For additional information see the discussion of US free trade agreements in64
chap 4 of this report
2-17
TABLE 26 US imports for consumption from ATPA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007
Total imports from ATPA countries (million dollars) 20060 22511 20923
Total under ATPA (million dollars) 11464 13484 12307
Imports under ATPDEA (million dollars) 9303 10559 9497
Total under ATPA excluding ATPDEA (million dollars) 2161 2925 2810
Total under ATPA as a percent of total 571 599 588
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Eradication Act (ATPDEA) part of the Trade Act of 2002 ATPA as amended by61
ATPDEA expired on December 31 2006 but was extended for six months for all ATPAbeneficiary countries and for one year for beneficiary countries that meet certain milestonesfor completing a trade promotion agreement with the United States by June 30 200762
ATPA was extended until February 29 2008 for all beneficiary countries on June 302007 and was extended again until December 31 2008 on February 29 200863 64
A wide range of products is eligible for duty-free entry under ATPA ATPDEA amendedATPA to provide duty-free treatment for certain products previously excluded from ATPAincluding certain textiles and apparel (discussed in more detail below) footwear petroleumand petroleum derivatives watches and watch parts assembled from parts originating incountries not eligible for normal trade relations (NTR) rates of duty and certain tunapackaged in foil or other flexible airtight packages (not cans) In addition certain productspreviously eligible for reduced-duty treatment are now eligible for duty-free entry underATPA including certain handbags luggage flat goods (such as wallets change purses andeyeglass cases) work gloves and leather wearing apparel Products that continue to beexcluded from ATPA preferential treatment include textile and apparel articles nototherwise eligible for preferential treatment under ATPDEA and certain agriculturalproducts With the exception of tuna in foil or flexible airtight packages ATPDEA did notgrant new benefits to agricultural products Thus canned tuna rum and tafia and above-quota imports of certain agricultural products subject to tariff rate quotas (primarily sugarbeef and dairy products) continue to be excluded from the program
Total (dutiable and duty-free) US imports from Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Peru werevalued at $209 billion in 2007 a decrease of 71 percent from $225 billion in 2006 (table26) US imports entered under ATPA preferences in 2007 were valued at $123 billion andaccounted for 588 percent of all imports from ATPA countries US imports underATPDEA were valued at $95 billion and accounted for 772 percent of imports underATPA in 2007 US imports under the original ATPA (ATPA excluding ATPDEA)accounted for the remaining 228 percent valued at $28 billion
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 65
CBERA was enacted August 5 1983 as Public Law 98-67 title II 97 Stat 384 19 USC 2701 et seq66
and became effective January 1 1984 (Presidential Proclamation 5133 48 Fed Reg 54453) Minoramendments to CBERA were made by Public Laws 98-573 99-514 99-570 and 100-418 Majoramendments were made to CBERA by Public Law 106-200 the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership ActFurther modifications were made by Public Law 107-210 the Trade Act of 2002 Public Law 109-53 theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act and PublicLaw 109-432 sec 5001 et seq the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership EncouragementAct of 2006 (HHOPE Act) On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) Public Law No 110-234 which extended CBTPA by67
two years until September 30 2010 For CBTPA provisions related to textiles and apparel see ldquoTextile and Apparel-Related Legislationrdquo in68
this report Only watches assembled from parts originating in countries that are not eligible for normal trade69
relations tariff treatment were ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBERA see USITC Caribbean BasinEconomic Recovery Act September 2007 1-10 Table 210 and appendix tables A17 and A18 include data of four CAFTA-DR countries that were70
eligible for CBERA benefits during a portion of 2006 and data for the Dominican Republic that was aCBERA beneficiary during part of 2007 When the CAFTA-DR enters into force for a country such acountry is removed from the enumeration of designated beneficiary countries under CBERA CBTPA andthe GSP CAFTA-DR entered into force in 2006 for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua US
(continued)
2-18
In 2007 US imports under ATPA decreased from each of the four beneficiary countries(appendix table A15) Ecuador became the largest source of US imports under ATPA in2006 imports from Ecuador decreased by 134 percent in value during 2007 mainly becauseof lower petroleum production in that country Colombia fell to the second-leading supplierof ATPA imports in 2006 and continued in that position in 2007 Petroleum productsaccounted for 67 percent of US imports under ATPA in 2007 and represented 4 of the top25 US imports under the program Apparel was the next-largest category of imports underATPA accounting for 9 percent of such imports and 5 of the 25 leading imports underATPA Other leading imports under ATPA in 2007 included copper cathodes fresh cutflowers asparagus and gold jewelry (appendix table A16) Textile and apparel importsunder ATPA (including ATPDEA) are discussed in more detail below65
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act
The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) was enacted in 1984 as part of theCaribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) to encourage economic growth and development in theCaribbean Basin countries by promoting increased production and exports of nontraditionalproducts through duty preferences The Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)66
amended CBERA in 2000 and extended the authority through September 30 2008 The67
list of newly qualifying articles under the CBTPA included certain apparel (described inmore detail below) the assembly of which is an important Caribbean Basin industry The68
CBTPA also extends NAFTA-equivalent treatment (that is rates of duty equivalent to thoseaccorded to goods under the same rules of origin applicable under NAFTA) to a number ofother products previously excluded from CBERA including certain tuna petroleumproducts certain footwear and some watches and watch parts In the discussions that69
follow references to CBERA include CBERA as enhanced by the CBTPA
In 2007 articles from 19 countries and territories in the Caribbean Basin and CentralAmerica entering the United States free of duty or at reduced duties under CBERA werevalued at $55 billion Table 27 shows US imports under CBERA from 2005 to 2007 70
(continued)70
FTAs are discussed in more detail in chap 4 of this report For a description of the current level of economic development and some of the possible future trade71
and development strategies including the 18 remaining CBERA beneficiary countries see USITC CaribbeanRegion Review of Economic Growth and Development May 2008 See previous note72
See ldquoTextile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERArdquo later in this chapter 73
2-19
TABLE 27 US imports for consumption from CBERA countries 2005ndash07
Item 2005 2006 2007a
Total imports from CBERA countries (million dollars) 31814 25755 19058
Total under CBERA including CBTPA (million dollars) 12336 9915 5496
Total under CBTPA (million dollars) 8773 5961 2662
Total under CBERA excluding CBTPA (million dollars) 3563 3955 2834
Percent of total under CBERA includes CBTPA 388 385 288
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Data for 2006 and 2007 include US imports from El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua and thea
Dominican Republic only for the period during which those countries were eligible for CBERA benefits beforeCAFTA-DR entered into force
US imports entering under CBERA provisions decreased by 446 percent in 2007 Themarked decline in US imports under CBERA provisions in 2007 reflects the fact that ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua are no longer CBERA beneficiaries and theDominican Republic was a beneficiary only during a portion of the year and their importsnow enter under CAFTA-DR US imports under CBERA (including the CBTPA)71
provisions amounted to $123 billion in 2005 $99 billion in 2006 and $55 billion in 2007During this three year period duty-free or reduced-duty imports under CBERA (includingthe CBTPA) accounted for a declining share of all US imports from CBERAcountriesmdash388 percent in 2005 385 percent in 2006 and 288 percent in 2007
Appendix table A17 shows US imports entered under CBERA provisions from each of theCBERA countries from 2005 to 2007 Trinidad and Tobago continued as the leading72
supplier of US imports under CBERA in 2007 Appendix table A18 shows the leading 25US imports entered under CBERA provisions from 2005 to 2007 Mineral fuels methanoland apparel products dominated the list of duty-free imports in 2007 Four of the leadingproducts were mineral fuels 8 were knitted and nonknitted apparel and the remaining 13were products that had already qualified for benefits under the original CBERA before theimplementation of the CBTPAmdashmethyl alcohol pineapples undenatured ethyl alcoholpolystyrene frozen concentrated orange juice new pneumatic radial tires articles ofjewelry ethyl alcohol cantaloupes nonautomotive gaskets washers and seals other sugarraw sugar and automatic circuit breakers Textile and apparel imports under CBERA(including the CBTPA) are discussed in more detail below73
The data in this section were compiled by USITC from official statistics of the US Department of74
Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel (OTEXA) Most of the data included in this section are availableon the OTEXA Website httpotexaitadocgov The percentage figures included in this section are based onunrounded SMEs
2-20
Textile and Apparel Developments in 2007
US Textile and Apparel Imports in 200774
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel totaled 531 billion SMEs ($964 billion) anincrease of 18 percent by volume and 34 percent by value over 2006 Similar to previousyears 2007 was characterized by a shift in US textile and apparel imports from CentralAmerican and South American countries toward lower-priced Asian suppliersmdashprimarilyChina but also Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam and Cambodia (table 28) Chinarsquos shareof the US import market expanded to 402 percent by volume in 2007 compared with 357percent in 2006
US imports of textiles and apparel from Southeast Asian countries increased byapproximately 26 percent in volume during 2007 to 59 billion SMEs (table 28) Thelargest part of the increase in these imports was from lower-priced suppliers in the regionnamely Vietnam Cambodia and Indonesia The volume of US imports of textiles andapparel from these three countries during 2007 increased respectively by 312 percent (to15 billion SMEs) 20 percent (to 887 million SMEs) and 16 percent (to 16 billion SMEs)However while US imports of textiles and apparel from Vietnam Cambodia andIndonesia increased by a sizable amount over the past several years each countryrsquos shareof the US market remained relatively small US import volumes from India andBangladesh continued to expand during 2007 while imports from Pakistan declined by morethan 11 percent during the year Nevertheless these three countries combined accounted for148 percent of the US import market by volume in 2007
US imports of textiles and apparel from FTA and trade preference partners in the WesternHemisphere declined in 2007 from 2006 levels In 2007 US textiles and apparel importsfrom NAFTA ATPA CBERA and CAFTA-DR countries fell by 155 percent 88 percent25 percent and 23 percent by volume respectively
US imports of textiles and apparel from SSA countries increased by nearly 2 percentduring 2007 to 346 million SMEs ($13 billion) a slight turnaround compared to the 13percent decrease during 2006 This overall increase can be attributed to increased importsfrom Madagascar and Kenyamdashtwo of the three largest SSA exporters of textiles and apparelto the United States Textiles and apparel imports from Lesotho the regionrsquos largest USsupplier remained essentially unchanged in 2007 In 2007 94 percent (327 million SMEs)of US textile and apparel imports from SSA countries entered duty free under AGOA
2-21
TABLE 28 US imports of textiles and apparel in 2007 by quantity percentage change in imports
2006ndash07 and share of total US imports of textiles and apparel for major US suppliers selected
regional groups and the world
Country or region US imports 2007Change in imports
2006ndash07
Share of total US textile andapparel imports
2006 2007
Million SMEs ------------------------------Percent------------------------------a
World 53112 18 1000 1000
China 21371 148 357 402
Pakistan 3173 -111 68 60
Mexico 3041 -112 66 57
India 2723 26 51 51
Korea 1953 -87 41 37
Canada 1913 -213 47 36
Indonesia 1625 16 31 31
Bangladesh 1555 40 29 29
Vietnam 1506 312 22 28
Honduras 1235 80 22 23
Taiwan 1134 -32 23 21
Thailand 965 -51 20 18
Cambodia 887 20 17 17
Southeast Asian countries b 5906 26 101 111
Central AmericanCaribbean countries c 3701 -25 82 70
Sub-Saharan African countries d 346 18 08 07
Andean countries e 240 -87 05 05
Source US Department of Commerce Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor Shippers Reportrdquo
Square meter equivalentsa
Southeast Asian countries include ASEAN members Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmarb
Philippines Thailand Singapore and Vietnam Central AmericanCaribbean countries include Antigua and Barbuda Aruba The Bahamas Barbados Belizec
British Virgin Islands Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana HaitiHonduras Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincentand the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago Sub-Saharan African countries include AGOA participants Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundid
Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon TheGambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali MauritiusMozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone SouthAfrica Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia Andean countries are Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Perue
USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report Chinardquo China is the largest supplier of textiles and apparel75
to the US market and in 2007 accounted for 412 percent of the total US trade deficit in textiles andapparel For the purposes of the MOU several categories of textile and apparel products (using the US Textile76
and Apparel Category System) were grouped together and subject to the same quota For example for theperiod January 1 2008 through December 31 2008 products in categories 340 (mens and boys cottonwoven shirts) and 640 (menrsquos and boysrsquo man-made fiber woven shirts) are subject to the same restraint levelof 8724590 dozen ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States ofAmerica and the Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo Nov 82005 Likewise in June 2005 China and the EU signed an MOU establishing quotas on 10 product77
categories of Chinese textile and apparel products effective through December 31 2007 The productcategories included pullovers menrsquos trousers blouses t-shirts dresses bras flax yarn cotton fabrics bedlinens and table and kitchen linens The quotas limited the export growth rates of these products to 8ndash125percent annually Upon the expiration of quotas in 2007 the EU and China established a program to jointlymonitor Chinese exports of textiles and apparel to the EU through 2008 with a goal of avoiding marketdisruptions US Customs and Border Protection78
httpwwwcbpgovxpcgovimporttextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rpt 19 USC 3721(b)(1)-(3)79
Amending 19 USC 3202(e)(1)(B)(i)80
Amending 19 USC 2703(b)(2)(A)81
US HTS heading 9819110982
2-22
US-China Textile and Apparel Trade
During 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel from China increased by $53 billion to$323 billion This increase is mainly attributed to a $42 billion increase in US imports75
of apparel from China Major US imports of apparel from China included knit sweaterspullovers and vests knit babiesrsquo garments and accessories and womenrsquos or girlsrsquo trousersand shorts Major US imports of textiles from China include certain made-up textilesarticles bedding articles and curtains Of the total US textile and apparel imports fromChina in 2007 $227 billion were imports of apparel and $96 billion were imports oftextiles
In 2007 34 categories of textiles and apparel products were subject to 21 quotas under the2005 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and China which76
established quotas on US imports of selected textile and apparel products from China fromJanuary 1 2006 through December 31 2008 During 2007 quotas filled at an average rate77
of 619 percent This represents a slight increase over 2006 when the average fill rate stoodat 597 percent In 2007 quota fill rates ranged from 932 percent for certain articles ofhosiery to 33 percent for certain man-made fiber furnishings78
Textile and Apparel Imports Under AGOA ATPA and CBERA
The United States grants unlimited duty-free treatment to imports of textiles and apparelmade from US yarns and fabrics in eligible beneficiary countries under AGOA ATPA79
(as amended by ATPDEA) and CBERA (as amended by the CBTPA) These programs80 81
also extend duty-free entry to apparel made in the beneficiary countries from ldquoregionalfabricsrdquo subject to a ceiling or cap on the quantity of such apparel that can enter free of82
LDBCs with apparel benefits for 2007 were Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Chad83
Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria RwandaSenegal Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda and Zambia See the discussion of AGOA aboveBotswana and Namibia are also eligible for the special rule despite the fact that they are not least developedcountries The special rule for LDBCs is to extend until September 2012 AGOA IV (see AGOA section above for additional information) increased the cap for apparel made84
from third-country fabric to 35 percent of US apparel imported into the United States in the preceding 12-month period beginning October 1 2006 USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo This figure includes US85
imports that were eligible for benefits under HHOPE starting in March 2007 The Commission recently completed its study of the effects of the HHOPE Act on textile and apparel86
markets in Haiti the United States and countries with which the United States has a free trade agreement orpreferential trade relationship in June 2008 The report concluded that the HHOPE Act likely benefited Haitiin terms of increased employment and increased exports over what might have occurred in the absence of theAct but that the benefits were small and that little additional investment in Haiti had taken place TheHHOPE Act only had negligible effects on the United States and its beneficiary countries although theremay be a very small positive effect on the Dominican Republic See USITC Textiles and Apparel Effects ofSpecial Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and Industries 72 Fed Reg 13655 (March 22 2007) 87
CBERA is discussed earlier in this chapter88
On May 22 2008 Congress passed (over veto) the Food Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (Public89
Law No 110-234) which amends the special rules for apparel and other textiles from Haiti in section213A(b) of CBERA including rules enacted in 2006 by the HHOPE Act The legislation generally modifiedthe rules and extended them through September 30 2018
2-23
duty under each program In addition AGOA permits apparel made in LDBCs from third-83
country fabrics (made in countries other than the United States or SSA) to enter free of dutyunder the AGOA regional fabric cap84
In 2007 imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry into the United Statestotaled $13 billion (327 million SMEs) under AGOA $12 billion (177 million SMEs)under ATPAATPDEA and $927 million (481 million SMEs) under the CBERACBTPA85
For the first time since 2004 the volume of US imports under AGOA increased slightly(28 percent) The volume of US imports of textiles and apparel declined in 2007 underboth ATPAATPDEA (140 percent) and CBERACBTPA (658 percent)
Textile and Apparel Imports under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunitythrough Trade Partnership Encouragement (HHOPE) Act86
The HHOPE Act of 2006 authorizes duty-free treatment to apparel made with inputs fromany country subject to certain requirements and an annual cap On March 20 2007President Bush in accordance with section 5002 of the HHOPE Act issued a presidentialproclamation indicating that Haiti had met these requirements after which the special rulesfor Haiti went into effect Haiti began shipping apparel to the United States under the87
HHOPE Act beginning in the second half of 2007
Section 5002 of the HHOPE Act amended section 213A(b) of CBERA (19USC 2703a(b))to provide special rules for apparel imported directly from Haiti a CBERA beneficiary88
for a 5-year period from the date of enactment (ie from December 20 2006 to December19 2011) These special rules for Haiti grant duty-free treatment to US imports of apparel89
assembled or knit-to-shape in Haiti regardless of the source of the fabric or other inputsused in production provided that a specified percentage of the value of such apparel comesfrom processing in andor inputs from Haiti the United States or any country with which
Beginning from the date of enactment through the third 1-year period of the Act the value-added90
requirement is 50 percent In the fourth and fifth 1-year periods the value-added requirement increases to 55and 60 percent respectively The cap is successively raised each year by the addition of 025 percent for a final overall quantitative91
limit in the fifth and final 1-year period of 2 percent of total US imports of apparel USDOC OTEXA ldquoMajor Shippers Report (country groupings as indicated)rdquo US imports were92
eligible for benefits under the HHOPE Act beginning in March 2007 Upon entry into force of CAFTA-DR the Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and93
Nicaragua were no longer eligible for CBERA benefits Although Costa Rica has not yet ratified the CAFTA-DR for the purposes of this section US apparel trade with Costa Rica is included in the CAFTA-DRgrouping rather than the CBERA grouping CAFTA-DR is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report US import data from CAFTA-DR countries entered under that agreement are not yet publicly available94
by quantity from the US Department of Commerce
2-24
the United States has an FTA or a preferential trading program The HHOPE Act also90
includes a single transformation rule for brassieres (HTS subheading 621210) in place forthe duration of the Act which allows for the components of these garments to be sourcedfrom anywhere in the world as long as the garments are both cut and sewn or otherwiseassembled in Haiti the United States or both countries
The HHOPE Act establishes an overall limit or cap on the total quantity of apparelimported under the above provisions in the first 1-year period to no more than 1 percent ofthe SMEs of all apparel articles imported into the United States in the most recent 12-monthperiod for which data are available In addition the HHOPE Act extends duty-free91
treatment for three years to a specified quantity of woven apparel from Haiti (chapter 62 ofthe HTS) that does not meet the aforementioned value-added requirements Such wovenapparel must be wholly assembled in Haiti but can be made from inputs from any countryThe quantity allowed under this provision of the HHOPE Act is in addition to the overallquantitative limit noted above for brassieres and woven and knit garments meeting thevalue-added rule
In 2007 US imports of textiles and apparel eligible for duty-free entry under the HHOPEAct totaled $136 million (40 million SMEs) or 3 percent of total US textile and apparelimports from Haiti Overall US imports of textiles and apparel from Haiti in 200792
decreased by 2 percent in terms of quantity over the previous year from 252 million SMEsto 247 million SMEs but rose in value over the previous year by less than 1 percent to $452million the smallest increase since 2000 Haiti is a small supplier to the United Statesaccounting for less than 05 percent of total US apparel imports in 2007 Haiti became theleading supplier of apparel to the United States in the CBERA region after CAFTA-DR wentinto effect in 200693
US Textile and Apparel Imports under CAFTA-DR
In 2007 total US imports of textiles and apparel from CAFTA-DR countries declined 6percent by value to $79 billion and by just under 1 percent by quantity to 2227 millionSMEs US imports of textiles and apparel entering under the CAFTA-DR accounted for71 percent of total imports by value ($56 billion) from the CAFTA-DR countries in 200794
up from 39 percent of total imports in 2006 Honduras the largest CAFTA-DR supplier oftextiles and apparel accounted for more than one-third of total US imports of textiles andapparel from the CAFTA-DR countries ($22 billion) entering under the FTA in 2007 ElSalvador was the second largest CAFTA-DR exporter supplying $12 billion of textiles and
Proclamation 8213 72 Fed Reg 73555 (December 27 2007)95
72 Fed Reg 46611(August 21 2007)96
USDOC International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard on97
Cotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo News release January 18 2008
2-25
apparel to the United States Products leading US imports of textiles and apparel underCAFTA-DR included cotton knit shirts and blouses cotton underwear and cotton trousersand slacks
During 2007 the United States reached agreement with the five signatory countries onmodification of certain rules of origin pertaining to CAFTA-DR but the modifications havenot been implemented The modification required that pocketing fabrics be made in theCAFTA-DR region established single transformation rules for additional apparel items suchas womenrsquos wool anoraks womenrsquos and girlsrsquo ensembles and certain menrsquos suit-typejackets reduced tariffs on certain non-originating items changed the Costa Rica wool tariffpreference level (TPL) created a separate TPL for certain womenrsquos swimwear from CostaRica and changed the rules on cumulation for wool apparel After meeting certain statutorylayover and review requirements including receipt of USITC advice the President issueda proclamation on December 27 2007 to revise CAFTA-DR rules of origin95
On August 21 2007 the Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA)initiated a textile safeguard proceeding to determine whether imports of Honduran cottonwool or man-made fiber socks are causing serious damage or actual threat thereof to theUS industry producing socks On January 18 2008 as provided for under Article 32396
of CAFTA-DR CITA formally advised Honduras of its intent to apply a textile safeguardmeasure on imports of Honduras-origin cotton socks because of the substantial growth (99percent) in imports of these products from Honduras in the first eleven months of 2007 overthe previous year97
The TNC met informally January 31 April 20 June 22 and November 30 20071
The General Council met February 7 May 9 July 27 October 9 and December 18 with the Aid for2
Trade debate occurring November 21 2007
3-1
CHAPTER 3Selected Trade Developments in the WTOOECD and APEC
During 2007 multilateral trade negotiations underway in the Doha Development Agendaresumed in February but stalled again in June over the issue of establishing full negotiatingmodalities for liberalizing agricultural market access agricultural support payments andnonagricultural market access In regular WTO General Council proceedings keydevelopments included the councilrsquos regular reviews concerning Aid for Trade measuresChinarsquos commitments made in its WTO Protocol of Accession under the TransitionalReview Mechanism and US maritime legislation widely known as the Jones Actlegislation
In a major development in the OECD new rules under the Aircraft Sector Understandingcame into effect in July 2007 regarding aircraft financing provisions annexed to the 1978OECD Export Credit Arrangement In APEC developments ministers formulated a new Action Agenda following their annualministerial meeting in September aimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmentalprotection among member states and also pushed forward the grouprsquos Bogor Goals of freeand open trade in the region through several initiatives agreed upon in APECs Committeeon Trade and Investment
World Trade Organization
The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) chaired by the WTO Director-General PascalLamy held one formal meeting during the year on June 22 2007 as well as a number ofinformal meetings Despite the resumption of negotiations in February 2007 Lamy in June1
2007 called together participants in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) of multilateraltrade negotiations to announce that the trade talks had reached an impasse over how toapproach the negotiating structure or ldquomodalitiesrdquo that aim at liberalizing agricultural marketaccess agricultural support payments and nonagricultural market access essentially thesame issues that led to suspension of the talks in 2006
During 2007 the WTO General Council met five times plus a meeting in Novemberdedicated to its annual debate on Aid for Trade In addition to its debate of Aid for Trade2
measures for developing and least developed countries council activity also addressed smalland vulnerable economies special and differential treatment for developing countries andseveral regular reports including the biennial report by the United States regarding its so-
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 20073
WTO ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations Fully4
Across the Boardrsquordquo February 7 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of DelegationmdashWednesday 31 January5
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007 USDOS US Mission Geneva ldquoTNCMeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007 par 1 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms6
Relaunch of Trade Round (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007 par 2
The G-4 group comprises Brazil the EU India and the United States The G-6 group comprises7
Australia Brazil EU India Japan and the United States
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 20 April8
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007 US Department of State US Mission GenevaldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 1ndash2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 20079
(Geneva 001023)rdquo April 25 2007 par 2
3-2
called Jones Act legislation and the annual report by China under the Transitional ReviewMechanism regarding commitments made by China under its WTO accession protocol
Doha Trade Negotiations
Negotiations Resumed in February 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy reported to the WTO General Council on February 7 2007that the DDA negotiations had resumed (the negotiations had been suspended in July 2006)3
The suspension resulted from the inability of participants to agree on setting full negotiatingmodalities for several key areas notably agriculture and nonagricultural market access As4
he first related to participants at an informal meeting of the TNC on January 31 2007 Lamyreported that recent high-level contactsmdashsuch as at the World Economic Forum held inDavos Switzerland January 24ndash28 2007mdashpointed to signs of renewed commitment toresuming the Doha Round negotiations and that participants indicated flexibility in theirnegotiating positions He said that bilateral contacts among WTO members had been5
intensifying but that these were not a substitute for multilateral negotiations6
On April 20 2007 the Director-General in his capacity as TNC chairman reported to theTNC that he welcomed the meetings among members of such groups as the G-4 and G-67
held in New Delhi India April 11ndash12 2007 but reiterated that the broader multilateralnegotiations in Geneva Switzerland should not be made to wait on decisions taken bysmaller groupings of participants He reported that the chairmen of the negotiating groups8
in Geneva were working toward revised texts in their individual subjects and asked thatparticipants show flexibility in their positions as this process moved forward particularlyconcerning setting modalities for negotiations in agriculture and nonagricultural marketaccess9
At the General Council meeting held May 9 2007 Lamy reported that the chairman of theCommittee on Agriculture Special Session had issued a paper outlining possible areas ofcommonality regarding the ldquothree pillarsrdquo under discussion that address import market
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 US10
Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May16 2007 par 2ndash4
Ibid11
Ibid par 4ndash512
USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns on13
Doha Roundrdquo June 21 2007 US Department of State Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round(State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007 par 2-6 For details concerning tariff formula modalities under negotiation atPotsdam see ICTSD ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down Doha Rounds Fate in the Balance Once AgainrdquoJune 27 2007
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha14
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
European Commission Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoPotsdam G4 Meeting15
Ends with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cutsrdquo June 21 2007
Ibid16
3-3
access export competition and domestic support The Director-General reported as wellthat intensive consultations were to begin immediately to assist the chairman of theNegotiating Group on Market Access in drafting a revised negotiating text for his group10
G-4 Meetings at Potsdam
Trade and agriculture ministers from the G-4 members met in Potsdam Germany June19-21 2007 in an effort to reach convergence in negotiating positions regarding agriculturenonagricultural market access and services During discussions on June 20 2007concerning the formula to be used by the more advanced developing countries to reducetariffs the US State Department reported that Brazilmdashendorsed by Indiamdashreiterated itsldquouncompromising positionrdquo that very few of the current tariffs on manufactured goodsimports would be reduced Negotiations continued only partly into June 21 2007 before11
being adjourned
According to the US State Department the position taken by the United States was to seekmeaningful creation of new trade flows a situation not possible if currently applied tariffson trade in industrial products were not reduced The United States issued a statement on12
June 21 2007 expressing its disappointment at the outcome of the negotiations at Potsdamsaying that the talks did not generate the political consensus necessary to meaningfully openmarkets to new trade particularly for manufactured goods13
The EU stated that a strong outcome in negotiations on nonagricultural market access(NAMA)mdashsuch as reductions in tariffs on industrial goods in large emerging markets likeBrazil and Indiamdashwas a necessary condition for further EU flexibility in opening up itsagricultural market The EU negotiator Peter Mandelson said that Europe was ldquoprepared14
to pay a lotrdquo but not ldquofor next to nothing in returnrdquo He went on to say ldquoIt emerged from15
the [G-4] discussion on NAMA that we would not be able to point to any substantive orcommercially meaningful changes in the tariffs of the emerging economies as a reasonablereturn on what we are paying into the roundrdquo16
Indian officials attributed the breakdown in the G-4 Potsdam talks to ldquothe failure of thedeveloped countries to accept effective reductions in their agricultural subsidies and at the
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 Talks17
Broke Down in Potsdamrdquo June 22 2007
WTO TNC ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head of DelegationmdashFriday 22 June18
2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007 US Department of State USMission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 252007 par 1ndash4
US Department of State Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha19
Negotiations (State 087923)rdquo June 23 2007 par 4
Ibid20
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June21
22 2007 (Geneva 001650)rdquo June 25 2007 par 5ndash11
Ibid par 622
Ibid par 1023
Ibid par 1124
3-4
same time seeking additional market access in the developing countries for their [thedeveloped countriesrsquo] agricultural products including for their highly subsidized onesrdquo17
Negotiations Suspended in June 2007
WTO Director-General Lamy convened an informal TNC meeting in Geneva on June 222007 to discuss the impasse reached at the Potsdam talks and what should be the next keysteps in the Doha Round multilateral trade negotiations The EU representative reported18
to the TNC that the EU considered that the Potsdam talks made real progress concerningagricultural market access export competition and subsidized domestic support paymentsas well as substantive progress about services and concerning multilateral trade rules (suchas under discussion in the Negotiating Group on Rules) However he noted that the EU19
was at the limit of what it can offer on agricultural market access without further openingfrom the more advanced developing countries on nonagricultural market access20
Brazil said that the Potsdam negotiations failed because the developed countries were tryingto change the development mandate of the DDA toward trade negotiations focused onmarket access where developing countries would make tariff cuts that would result ingreater market access in their markets than would result in developed countriesrsquo markets21
India said that the differences at Potsdam were too wide to bridge largely reflectingdifferences between developed and developing countries over the meaning of thedevelopment agenda and how to give effect to the economic development factors that arethe focus of the DDA South Africa another major G-20 member although not present at22
the Potsdam negotiations said that under the current NAMA positions in the round theUnited States and EU were asking developing countries to make tariff cuts that ldquowould havedevastating effects on their industrial production and employmentrdquo A number of countries23
called for more transparency and inclusion in the negotiations process reflecting the factthat only four participants were in negotiations at Potsdam24
The United States also addressed the meeting stating that the developed countries have thelargest responsibility to open their markets to the goods and services of the developingcountries but that the fastest growing markets over the coming 5 to 10 years would be in the
Ibid par 22-2325
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1526
2007 US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007(Geneva 002406)rdquo October 22 2007 par 2
US Department of State US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting (Geneva 002406)rdquo27
par 2
WTO ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 200728
Chairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo Job(07)191 November 30 2007
3-5
more advanced developing countries and that therefore these advanced developing countriesshould make more significant contributions than in the past25
October 2007 General Council and TNC Meetings
On October 9 2007 the Director General reported to the WTO General Council that thechairmen of the Committee on Agriculture Special Session and the Negotiating Group onMarket Access were working toward sufficient convergence in each group to be able to draftrevised negotiating texts He reported that the chairmen for the groups negotiating services26
and rules would be issuing revised texts at approximately the same time On October 3027
2007 the chairmen of the various Doha Round negotiating groups presented their progressreports to the TNC chairman
November 2007 TNC Meeting
On November 30 2007 Lamy held an informal TNC meeting in Geneva to review the statusof the various areas in the negotiations On agriculture he noted that progress had been28
made in the final months of 2007 concerning export competition but that more work wasstill needed concerning agricultural market access and domestic support in order to reacha convergence that would allow the group to establish negotiating modalities in this areaOn nonagricultural market access he said that progress toward clarifying certain areas wasreported by the grouprsquos chair but that further technical work appeared necessary for certainother issues
On services Lamy said that the group chairman had held a number of consultations onelements pertinent to producing a revised draft of a negotiating text for services althoughthe chairman reported that some delegates have questioned the need for such a revised textWhile he reported that some progress had been made toward drafting a services textconcerning disciplines on domestic services regulation little progress was reportedregarding other rulemaking issues in the services negotiations such as on emergencysafeguards subsidies and government procurement
In the rules negotiating group the chairman released a revised draft text on November 302007 addressing antidumping subsidy and countervailing measures including fisherysubsidies
In the negotiating group on intellectual property rights the chairman reported some newideas had been put forward and discussed recently and that consultations and discussionscontinue in an effort to close gaps in negotiating positions among delegations especially on
WTO ldquoMinisterial Declarationrdquo WTMIN(05)DEC December 22 2005 par 3129
3-6
issues regarding the legal effects of and participation in any register created to covergeographical indications
On trade and environment it was reported that members had recently begun work onelements of the relationship between WTO rules and specific trade obligations ofmultilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) A draft text regarding cooperation29
between the WTO Secretariat and MEA secretariats was reported to be well advancedHowever discussions on identification of products that could qualify as environmentalgoods under paragraph 31 were held up over how to approach this part of the grouprsquosmandate reportedly stymied in part by several participants until modalities are first agreedupon in the agriculture and nonagricultural market access groups
On trade and development the group chairman reported that discussions were continuingon draft texts for 7 of the 16 remaining agreement-specific proposals He said thatparticipants were addressing specifically the possible elements of a monitoring mechanismfor special and differential treatment
On trade facilitation progress was reported in the areas of special and differential treatmentas well as technical assistance and capacity building with efforts forthcoming to address thearea of needs assessment The chairman reported that efforts to produce a draft text hadrecently intensified
On dispute settlement although a subject not technically bound to the ldquosingle undertakingrdquoof the DDA the group chairman said that further consultations were underway on thevarious legal texts submitted to date in an effort to reach convergence within the group
In conclusion Lamy reported on the topics of extending negotiations on geographicalindications beyond wine and spirits and the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement to theUnited Nationsrsquo Convention on Biological Diversity Proposals by some participants tocommit to negotiations in these two areas have to date met with opposition from othermembers and as a consequence he said that consultations continue in an effort to findcommon ground
General Council
During 2007 the General Council heard periodic reports on the Doha Round tradenegotiations as well as about ongoing work programs considered waivers and exemptionsinvolving various members changes to their tariff schedules arising from changes inHarmonized System (HS) nomenclature as well as involving trade preferences approved forvarious groups of developing and least developed countries and concluded the biennialreview of the US exemption concerning certain foreign maritime vessels (commonlyknown as ldquothe Jones Actrdquo exemption) Several Latin American members continued to voicetheir concerns to the council regarding preferential treatment granted by the EU to certaindeveloping countries under the EU banana regime
With the adoption of the decision in December 2006 the council tasked the committee to consider30
without prejudice concerning the adopted decision the issue of transparency for preferential tradearrangements under the ldquoEnabling Clauserdquo the 1979 WTO Decision on Differential and More FavorableTreatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries The CTD was asked to report backto the council in six months WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007 par 96
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200731
par 97 100
WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules of32
Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200833
The SVE members include Barbados Fiji Nicaragua St Vincent and the Grenadines and the34
Solomon Islands
In early 2002 the General Council approved as a standing item on the councilrsquos agenda a work35
program that was to address the special needs of SVEs The council designated the CTD to meet in dedicatedsession on the subject and report regularly to the council on progress made At the WTO Sixth MinisterialConference in Hong Kong in December 2005 ministers instructed the CTD to continue this work programmonitoring the progress of the SVEs proposals in the Doha Round and elsewhere In December 2006 thechairman of the CTD in Dedicated Session reported to the council on future directions involving the workprogram WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November
(continued)
3-7
Work Programs Decisions and Reviews
Transparency for preferential trade arrangements
In July 2007 the chairman of the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) reported oninformal consultations held concerning the WTO Decision with Regard to Transparency forPreferential Trade Arrangements adopted by the General Council in December 2006 The30
CTD noted in July 2007 that Brazil and India had indicated that they were near completionof a working paper containing suggested elements for members notifications of preferentialtrade arrangements and requested additional time to consider the matter The council agreedto extend the deadline to the end of 2007 when the CTD was to report back on possibleaction In December 2007 the committee requested additional time to consider its task and31
the council extended the deadline for recommendations until July 200832
TRIPS Council matters
In December 2007 the General Council agreed to extend the acceptance period untilDecember 31 2009 for the 2003 protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement concerningpublic health matters The extension allows additional time for members to implement theWTO Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPSAgreement and Public Health that was adopted by the General Council in August 2003 andwhich is to enter into force upon acceptance by two-thirds of the WTO members33
Small economies
The CTD met formally in July 2007 as well as informally in February and May to discussissues concerning small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) while individual SVE members34
met more frequently in bilateral and multilateral consultations to coordinate positions onissues of interest in various Doha Round negotiating groups35
(continued)35
15 par 32
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 October 2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 1536
2007 par 57
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par37
29
Ibid38
These revisions covered one proposal addressing Article XVIII of the GATT two proposals relating to39
Article 103 of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS Agreement) and threeproposals concerning Article 35 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures Consultations continuedon a seventh related to Article 102 of the SPS Agreement WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutesof Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007 par 51
As a consequence the CTDSS chairman said it foresaw no further action likely on these proposals for40
the time being WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 262007 par 29
Ibid Annex III41
However the chairman remarked that it was his sense that there had been no significant development42
on these proposals WTO Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 26 July 2007rdquoTNCM27 October 30 2007 par 53
3-8
The SVEs focused on negotiations on agriculture nonagricultural market access tradefacilitation and trade in services particularly concerning domestic services regulation Thegroup focused in particular on several subsidies issues one concerning fisheries subsidiesin the DDA Negotiating Group on Rules and another in the WTO Committee on Subsidiesand Countervailing Measures (SCM) regarding the July 2007 council decision to extend thetransition period for eliminating export subsidies under SCM Article 274 (see below forfurther detail)36
Special and differential treatment
Ministers at the December 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong instructed theCommittee on Trade and Development in Special Session (CTDSS) to (1) review all theoutstanding proposals specific to particular WTO agreements and report to the council withrecommendations for a decision on these proposals (2) consider the so-called Category IIproposals (those not agreement-specific) that had been referred to other WTO bodies (3)coordinate the CTDSS efforts with these other bodies and (4) resume work on all otheroutstanding issues including crosscutting issues a monitoring mechanism for special anddifferential (SampD) treatment provisions as well as ways to incorporate these provisionsmore effectively into WTO rules37
In 2007 the chairman of the CTDSS reported to the General Council on the status ofprogress made highlighting five key points These concerned (1) progress made in revising38
6 and possibly 7 of the 16 agreement-specific proposals (2) an impasse reached39
concerning the remaining nine proposals (3) some progress identifying elements for a40
monitoring mechanism to be focused on more effective implementation of SampD provisionsunder WTO rules (4) continued coordination with other WTO bodies regarding Category41
II proposals and (5) continued discussion of a decision on duty-free quota-free market42
access for least developed country members including a new submission on rules of originand another on market access recently submitted by these least-developed countries
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 9 May 2007rdquo WTGCM108 June 26 2007 par43
29 Annex I
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200744
par 78 Under a mandate from the Uruguay Round Agreements the Committee on Rules of Origin haspursued a work program directed at the harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin In July 2002 thecommittee reported 94 core policy issues to the General Council for discussion and decision with the councilinstructing the committee to continue work toward an agreement In February 2008 the committee issued arevision of its draft consolidated text of non-preferential rules of origin that had been reached to datereflecting committee discussions through October 2007 In March 2008 the WTO Secretariat issued a textcontaining the technical issues to be resolved in an effort to focus attention on how to move forward with theharmonization program WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferentialRules of OriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquoGROW111Rev1 February 25 2008 WTO Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to BeResolved in the Committee On Rules of Origin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatrdquoGROW113 March 4 2008
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 27 July 2007rdquo WTGCM109 October 24 200745
par 79ndash80
3-9
The CTDSS chairman stated that elements of a package on SampD treatment were likely toinclude (1) the agreement-specific proposals on which the group had reached agreement inspecial session (2) the 28 agreement-specific proposals that had been agreed to in principlebefore the September 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico and (3) a43
possible framework for a monitoring mechanism
Harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin
The Committee on Rules of Origin continued its work on the harmonization ofnonpreferential rules of origin seeking to complete negotiations on an overall agreementcore policy issues and technical matters by the end of 200744
In July 2007 the committee chairman reported an impasse regarding the application ofvalue-added rules of origin to the machinery sector which some members supported whileothers opposed As a consequence the chairman proposed the adoption of a two-rule systemfor 607 tariff lines for machinery (HS Chapters 84 to 90) with each member notifying itschoice to the WTO Although some members supported the two-rule proposal as pragmaticothers expressed concern that the complex and costly mechanisms that would be needed totrack the origin of imports under the proposed rule would be an unjustifiable cost incomparison to the benefits gained
Opponents also pointed out that the two-rule system could prove problematic in traderemedy situations unless and until the Negotiating Group on Rules concluded negotiationswith respect to a decision on anticircumvention of trade remedy import duties Proponentsexpressed the view that the 12 years of negotiations in the Committee on Rules of Originhad accomplished a great deal toward developing harmonized rules of origin fornonpreferential trade completing the main technical work on all products from HS Chapters1 to 96 and covering more than 6000 tariff lines although all agreed that further technicalwork was needed45
Given the impasse reached over the two-rule approach for machinery as well as its possibleimplications in trade remedy situations the committee chairman proposed to the GeneralCouncil that the committee (1) continue consultations with the council (2) suspend work
Ibid par 8046
Ibid par 8147
WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated Framework48
Task ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006 In May 2006 the AFT Task Force reported to the General Council itsldquoDraft Recommendations Of The Task Force On An Enhanced Integrated Frameworkrdquo and in July 2006issued its ldquoRecommendations Of The Task Force On Aid For Traderdquo
The IF was established in October 1997 as a technical assistance fund to help the least developed49
countries in matters concerning trade-related development The IF is managed by six major multilateraleconomic institutionsmdashthe IMF United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) UnitedNations Development Programme World Bank WTO and the UNCTADWTO joint technical cooperationagency the International Trade Centre
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 In July 2006 the Task50
Force also proposed recommendations to strengthen country and regional needs assessments donor responsethe nexus between coordinating trade assistance needs raised by countries and regions and the response bydonors to those needs as well as a proposal to establish a monitoring and evaluation body for these AFTprojects WTO Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007 par 11 The council adopted therecommendations in October 2006 and in December 2006 the Director-General suggested that theCommittee on Trade and Development undertake periodic reviews of progress as a means to monitor AFTprojects in order to keep WTO Members informed WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirstSession on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007par 3
3-10
on the two points at issue about the two-rule approach and its trade remedy implicationsuntil the council can provide further guidance and (3) continue work on technical questionstoward a possible agreement as part of regular committee work46
The chairman also remarked that during a meeting of the World Semiconductor Councilcommittee members found consultations with industry useful regarding development ofrules of origin for semiconductors and as a result the chairman indicated an intent to opensimilar private sector consultations regarding the three machinery product categories ofconsumer electronics household appliances and heavy machinery47
Aid for Trade
In 2007 the General Council moved forward with its Aid for Trade (AFT) initiativelaunched in 2006 Following direction from trade ministers at the December 2005 WTOMinisterial Conference in Hong Kong the WTO Director-General established the Aid forTrade Task Force in February 2006 The task force was to examine ways to assistdeveloping and in particular the least developed countries in building their supply-sidetrade capacity and trade-related infrastructure to help them better implement the WTOAgreements and thereby expand their exports of goods and services48
In 2006 the AFT Task Force issued its recommendations for an Enhanced IntegratedFramework (EIF) Discussions among agencies and countries participating in the IntegratedFramework (IF) led to the formal launch of the EIF in May 2007 Also in 2006 the task49 50
force proposed recommendations regarding strengthening the linkages for trade assistancebetween donors and recipients including a monitoring and evaluation system
WTO Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meeting51
of 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007 par 4ndash5 The CTD focused on a monitoringcapability in conjunction with the OECD trade facilitation and standards and testing with contributions fromthe World Bank World Customs Organization OECD Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations World Organization for Animal Health (ldquoOIErdquo) and the WTO trends in trade-related infrastructurein conjunction with the World Bank Japan the EU and the OECD building productive capacity andassistance for adjustment trade diversification and competitiveness in conjunction with the United StatesAgency for International Development United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNCTADWTO ITC and the IMF as well as reports and recommendations arising out of three regionalreviews held in September and October 2007 for the Latin American and Caribbean region one for theAsia-Pacific region and one for the Africa region in conjunction with the Inter-American DevelopmentBank Asian Development Bank African Development Bank and the United Nations Economic Commissionfor Africa WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On AidFor Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007 Annex 1
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes Of Meeting on 21 November 2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For52
Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
Ibid par 653
Ibid par 854
3-11
In April 2007 the CTD chairman in conjunction with the WTO Secretariat proposed atentative monitoring and evaluation regime at three levels (1) a global picture of financialflows assembled each year in cooperation with the OECD (2) a donor self-evaluation thatdetails AFT activities carried out by its development agencies and (3) a country assessmentto provide country-specific views on trade and financial needs51
In November 2007 the General Council held its first annual Global Aid for Trade sessionto review this monitoring and evaluation project as well as to chart a future course for theAFT work program The review concluded that progress was made on a monitoring system52
during 2007 the programrsquos initial year Following three regional AFT seminars held in2007 members noted that a greater emphasis on country and regional monitoring might beuseful as well as an evaluation of the actual impact of AFT projects rather than focus solelyon AFT financial flows Other conclusions from the regional seminars led to proposals to53
encourage countries and regions to map out their key priorities and constraints and todevelop country and regional action plans that devise AFT networks that could help setpriorities and develop plans develop guidance to assess results and implement follow-upplans54
Cotton initiative
In December 2007 the WTO Director-General updated the General Council on his workconcerning development assistance aspects regarding cotton Following the December 2003WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun Mexico consultations between theDirector-General and members led to a cotton initiative aimed at addressing issues raisedabout domestic agricultural support payments to cotton producers in the developed countriesthat affect unsubsidized cotton production in and exports from least developing countriesin particular from the four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Benin Burkina Faso Chad andMali The General Council subsequently tasked the Director-General in 2004 to pursue theseconsultations In 2007 the Director-General reported that the WTO Secretariat would beginmonitoring development assistance aspects of domestic cotton sector reforms but that
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200855
Ibid56
WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 7 February 2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 1957
2007 WTO General Council ldquoMinutes of Meeting on 18 December 2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 42008
The designated developing country members were Bolivia Cameroon Congo Cocircte drsquoIvoire58
Dominican Republic Egypt Ghana Guatemala Guyana India Indonesia Kenya Morocco NicaraguaNigeria Pakistan Philippines Senegal Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe countries whose GNP per capita had notreached $1000 per annum in 1995 when the WTO was established
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnex VIIrdquo 199559
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under60
Article 274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Ibid par 1(e)-(f)61
3-12
agreement on an adjustment mechanism regarding income declines in the cotton sector hasto date remained elusive55
Annual Review of Chinas Protocol of Accession to the WTO
In December 2007 the General Council held its annual review of Chinarsquos implementationof the WTO Agreement under the provisions of Chinarsquos WTO Protocol of Accession Thecouncil conducted the review under the Transitional Review Mechanism based oninformation provided by China as well as on reports submitted by a number of subsidiaryWTO bodies56
Biennial review of US Jones Act legislation
GATT 1994 paragraph 3(a) provides the United States with an exemption from certainGATT obligations for measures taken under legislation existing prior to the GATT 1947 thatprohibit the use sale or lease of foreign-built or foreign-reconstructed vessels incommercial applications between points in national waters or waters of an exclusiveeconomic zone (so-called cabotage) The biennial review of the operation of this legislationcommonly known in the United States as the ldquoJones Actrdquo was held in February 2007 withfurther clarification provided in December 2007 based on the annual report provided by theUnited States57
Draft decision on Article 274 of the Agreement on Subsidies and CountervailingMeasures
Article 274 of the WTO SCM Agreement states that certain developing country membersdesignated in the agreement are to phase out their export subsidies within eight years of58
the establishment of the WTO that is by year-end 2003 Countries seeking to apply such59
subsidies beyond 2003 were required to request an extension from the SCM Committee In2001 the committee agreed on procedures for these requests that would extend thephase-out period through 2007 with the possibility at that time of seeking to continue the60
extension61
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement on62
Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July 172007 esp par 1(d)
WTO Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations Art63
IV1 1995
WTO General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 200864
3-13
In July 2007 the committee drafted a decision that agreed on procedures for thecontinuation of this extension of the phase-out period which would require these countriesto end their notified export subsidy programs not later than December 31 201562
Accessions
The Kingdom of Tonga became the 151st WTO member on July 27 2007 (table 31) InDecember 2007 the General Council also approved final membership arrangements for theWTO accession of Cape Verde In 2007 the council established two accession workingparties as requested one for the Comoros and a second for Liberia Another 30 countriesare observers or in various stages of accession to the WTO (table 32)
Waivers
During 2007 the General Council agreed to grant or extend waivers from WTO obligationsparticularly regarding membersrsquo schedules of concessions resulting from the adoption ofnewer HS tariff schedule nomenclature (notably HS 1996 HS 2002 and HS 2007) as wellas waivers from most-favored-nation obligations when granting nonreciprocal tradepreferences approved by members The council also granted several waivers to membersregarding particular individual obligations resulting from past concessions
Seventh WTO ministerial conference
In October 2007 the chairman of the General Council reported on broad consultations withmembers which concluded that it would not be possible to convene a WTO conference atthe ministerial level before the end of 2007 (a conference is required at that level at leastevery other year) The council and members agreed that the failure to hold the Seventh63
Session of the Ministerial Conference in 2007 should not establish a precedent for thefuture and agreed to return to the issue as soon as the situation could be clarified inparticular regarding a ministerial-level conference in conjunction with a conclusion to theDoha Round of trade negotiations64
3-14
TABLE 31 W TO membership in 2007
AlbaniaAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgiumBelizeBeninBoliviaBotswanaBrazilBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurmaBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCentral African RepChadChileChinaChinese Taipei a
ColombiaCongo Democratic Rep ofCongo Rep ofCosta RicaCocircte dIvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEuropean CommunitiesFijiFinlandFranceGabon
GambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong Kong ChinaHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKenyaKorea Rep ofKuwaitKyrgyz RepLatviaLesothoLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMoldovaMongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNepalNetherlands and Dutch AntillesNew Zealand
NicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaudi ArabiaSenegalSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovak RepSloveniaSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited States of AmericaUruguayVenezuelaVietnamZambiaZimbabwe
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
In the WTO the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu is informally referred to asa
Chinese Taipei although elsewhere it is commonly referred to as Taiwan
3-15
TABLE 32 W TO observers in 2007
AfghanistanAlgeriaAndorraAzerbaijanBahamasBelarusBhutanBosnia and HerzegovinaCape VerdeComorosEthiopia
Guinea EquatorialIranIraqKazakhstanLaosLebanonLibyaMontenegroRussiaSamoaSatildeo Tomeacute and Principe
SerbiaSeychellesSudanTajikistanUkraineUzbekistanVanuatuVatican (Holy See)Yemen
Source WTO ldquoMembers and Observersrdquo httpwwwwtoorgenglishthewto_ewhatis_etif_eorg6_ehtm(accessed Feb 28 2008)
Dispute Settlement
Consultations and New Panels Established
During 2007 WTO members filed 13 new requests for WTO dispute settlementconsultations This compares with 22 in 2006 12 in 2005 and 19 in 2004 There were 13new dispute settlement panels established in 2007 compared to 14 in 2006 7 in 2005 and8 in 2004 One of these panels (DS358) was later terminated when the United States andChina reached a mutually agreed settlement in December 2007 and another (DS359) wasterminated when Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in February 2008Table 33 shows the 13 cases in which panels were established during 2007
Four of the panels established during 2007 were at the request of the United States (DS358DS360 DS362 DS363) Other panels were established in 2007 at the request of Argentina(3) Brazil (1) the EU (3) Mexico (1) and Panama (1) The United States was named as therespondent in two of the cases (DS350 DS365) Other countries named as respondents incases before newly established panels in 2007 were Brazil (1) Chile (2) China (4)Colombia (1) India (2) and Mexico (1) The trade issues involved in these cases includedmeasures affecting antidumping countervailing duty and safeguard matters intellectualproperty rights tax matters as well as measures affecting border and internal trade issuesAppendix table A19 shows developments during 2007 in the WTO dispute settlement casesto which the United States was a party
Panels established during 2007 at the request of the United States
During 2007 the DSB established panels in four cases at the request of the United StatesThe issues raised and procedural history of each of the four are summarized below
3-16
TABLE 33 W TO dispute settlement panels established in 2007
Case No Complainant Respondent Case NamePanel
Established
DS341 EU Mexico Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the EU
Jan 23 2007
DS350 EU United States Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology
June 4 2007
DS351 Argentina Chile Provisional Safeguard Measure on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS352 EU India Measures Affecting the Importation and Sale of Wines and Spirits from the EU
Apr 24 2007
DS355 Argentina Brazil Antidumping Measures on Imports of CertainResins from Argentina
July 24 2007
DS356 Argentina Chile Definitive Safeguard Measures on Certain Milk Products
Apr 24 2007
DS358 United States China Certain Measures Granting RefundsReductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
Aug 31 2007
DS359 Mexico China Certain Measures Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxesand Other Payments
July 12 2007
DS360 United States India Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States
June 20 2007
DS362 United States China Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual PropertyRights
Sept 25 2007
DS363 United States China Measures Affecting Trading Rights andDistribution Services for CertainPublications and AudiovisualEntertainment Products
Nov 27 2007
DS365 Brazil United States Domestic Support and Export CreditGuarantees for Agricultural Products
Dec 17 2007
DS366 Panama Colombia Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports ofEntry
Oct 22 2007
Source Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The Disputes Chronological List of Disputes Casesrdquohttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm (accessed Feb 27 2008)
Note The United States and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS358 in December 2007Mexico and China reached a mutually agreed settlement in case DS359 in February 2008
Measures by China Granting Refunds Reductions or Exemptions from Taxes andOther Payments (DS358)
The United States claimed that certain refunds reductions or exemptions to firms in Chinawere inconsistent with Article 3 of the SCM Agreement in that they were conditioned on thepurchase of domestic over imported goods or that they required the firm to meet certainexport performance criteria The United States also claimed that the measures were
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo65
DS358 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoChina To End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo November 2966
2007
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo67
DS360 April 11 2008
USTR ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos Intellectual68
Property Rights Lawsrdquo August 13 2007
3-17
inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 and Article 2 of the Trade-RelatedInvestment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement to the extent that they accord imported productsless favorable treatment than like domestic products The United States claimed in additionthat the measures did not comply with certain provisions in Chinarsquos Accession Protocol andthe Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China The United States filed itsrequest for consultations on February 2 2007 After consultations failed to resolve thedispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon August 31 2007 On December 19 2007 China and the United States informed the DSBthat they had reached an agreement in relation to the dispute in the form of a MOU Under65
the MOU China committed to complete a series of steps by January 1 2008 to ensure thatthe WTO-prohibited subsidies cited in the US complaint have been permanentlyeliminated and that they will not be reintroduced in the future66
Measures by India Imposing ldquoAdditional Dutiesrdquo or ldquoExtra Additional DutiesrdquoIncluding Wines and Distilled Products (DS360)
In its complaint the United States claimed that certain ldquoadditional dutiesrdquo and ldquoextraadditional dutiesrdquo imposed by India on certain goods including wines and distilled productsare inconsistent with Articles II1(a) and (b) and III2 and III4 of the GATT 1994 TheUnited States filed its request for consultations on March 6 2007 After consultations failedto resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a panel and a panel wasestablished on June 20 2007 and composed on July 3 2007 On December 17 2007 thepanel chairman announced that the panel expects to issue its final report in March 200867
Measures by China Affecting the Protection of and Enforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights (DS362)
The United States claimed that various measures taken by China were inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under the TRIPS Agreement These measures include (a) quantitative68
thresholds in Chinarsquos criminal law that must be met in order to start criminal prosecutionsor obtain criminal convictions for copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting (b) rulesallowing infringing goods seized by Chinese customs authorities to be released intocommerce after removal of fake labels or other infringing features and (c) apparent denialof copyright protection for works poised to enter the market but awaiting Chinese censorshipapproval The United States filed its request for consultations on April 10 2007 Afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute the United States requested establishment of a
Derived from WTO ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo69
DS362 April 11 2008
Ibid70
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show71
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 199472
commonly referred to as the Antidumping Agreement
Ibid73
3-18
panel a panel was established on September 25 2007 and composed on December 13200769
Measures by China Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for CertainPublications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (DS363)
The United States alleged that various Chinese measures reserve trading rights for certainpublications and audiovisual entertainment products to certain Chinese state-designated andwholly or partially state-owned enterprises and that various Chinese measures imposemarket access restrictions or discriminatory limitations on foreign service providers seekingto engage in the distribution of publications (eg books magazines newspapers andelectronic publications) and certain audiovisual home entertainment products (eg videocassettes and DVDs) The United States claimed that such measures are inconsistent withChinarsquos obligations under its Protocol of Accession the GATT 1994 and the GeneralAgreement on Trade in Services (GATS) The United States filed its request forconsultations on April 10 2007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the UnitedStates requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on November 272007 The panel was composed on March 27 200870
Panels established in which the United States is named as the respondent
Continued Existence and Application of ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology in USAntidumping Duty Reviews (DS350)
In its complaint the European Communities asserted that United States Department ofCommerce (USDOC) implementing regulations ldquozeroingrdquo methodology practice71
administrative procedures and measures for determining the dumping margin inadministrative reviews are inconsistent with various provisions of the AntidumpingAgreement and Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 1994 The EC filed its request for72
consultations on October 2 2006 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute theEuropean Community (EC) requested establishment of a panel and a panel was establishedon June 4 2007 and composed on July 6 2007 On October 1 2007 the chairman of thepanel informed the DSB that the panel expects to complete its work in June 200873
Ibid74
Ibid75
3-19
US Subsidies and Other Domestic Support for Corn and Other AgriculturalProducts (DS357)
In its complaint Canada claimed (1) that the United States provides subsidies to the UScorn industry that are specific to US producers of primary agricultural products andor theUS corn industry (2) that the United States through export credit guarantee programs andother measures makes available to its exporters premium rates and other terms morefavorable than those which the market would otherwise provide and (3) that the UnitedStates through the improper exclusion of domestic support provides support in favor ofdomestic producers in excess of its agreed to commitment levels Canada claimed that theUS measures are contrary to US obligations in Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCMAgreement Articles 32 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreement on Agriculture and Section1 of Part IV of the US Schedule Canada filed its request for consultations on January 82007 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canada on June 7 2007 requestedestablishment of a panel the decision to establish a panel was deferred On November 82007 Canada and Brazil following consultations relating to similar issues in DS365 (seebelow) requested establishment of a panel in that dispute and a single panel wasestablished on December 17 2007 in that dispute On November 15 2007 Canadawithdrew its June 7 2007 request to establish a panel in DS357 No panel has been74
composed as of mid-2008
US Domestic Support and Export Credit Guarantees for Agricultural Products(DS365)
In its complaint Brazil claimed possible inconsistencies in the case of two categories of USagricultural measures (1) domestic support for agricultural products and (2) export creditguarantees for agricultural products Brazil claimed that the US domestic support measuresexceeded US commitment levels in 1999-2001 2002 and 2004-2005 resulting in possibleinconsistencies with Article 32 of the Agreement on Agriculture Brazil also claimed thatvarious US programs for agricultural products made export credit guarantees available onmore favorable terms than those otherwise available in the market resulting in possibleinconsistencies with US obligations under Articles 33 8 91 and 101 of the Agreementon Agriculture and Article 31(a) and 32 of the SCM Agreement Brazil filed its request forconsultations on July 11 2007 and Canada and several other members subsequentlyrequested to join the consultations After consultations failed to resolve the dispute Canadaand Brazil each requested establishment of a panel and a single panel was established onDecember 17 2007 No panel has been composed as of mid-200875
Appellate Body and Panel Reports Adopted during 2007 that Involved theUnited States
During 2007 the WTO DSB adopted Appellate Body andor Panel reports in three disputesettlement cases in which the United States was either the complaining party (one report)
This list does not include panel and Appellate Body compliance reports adopted by the DSB during76
2007 relating to challenges of implementation actions taken by responding parties in response to earlierreports adopted by the DSB
3-20
or the responding party (two reports) The status of each of these cases is summarized76
below (including a summary of adopted reports) In addition there is a discussion of a fourthcase in which an appeal of a panel report was pending at the end of 2007 and the AppellateBody report was adopted in early 2008 the United States was the complaining party in thatcase
There were additional cases in which the United States was the complainant or therespondent that remained pending throughout 2007 with rulings made or expected during2008 These included a case brought by the United States against China (DS340 MeasuresAffecting Imports of Automobile Parts) and cases brought against the United States by theEuropean Communities (DS350 Continued Existence and Application of ZeroingMethodology with a panel report expected in June 2008 and DS353 Large Civil Aircraft2nd Complaint with a panel report expected in July 2008) India (DS346 Customs BondDirective for Merchandise Subject to AntidumpingCountervailing Duties panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008) Mexico (DS344 Final Antidumping Measures on Stainless Steelfrom Mexico panel report circulated December 20 2007 and appealed to the AppellateBody) and Thailand (DS343 Measure Relating to Shrimp from Thailand panel reportcirculated Feb 29 2008)
Reports in which the United States was the complainant
Measures by Turkey Affecting the Importation of Rice (DS334)
This dispute involved a complaint filed by the United States challenging Turkeyrsquos importrestrictions on rice The United States alleged that Turkey (1) requires an import license toimport rice but fails to grant such licences to import rice at Turkeyrsquos bound rate of duty and(2) that Turkey also operates a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for rice imports that requiresimporters in order to import specified quantities of rice at reduced tariff levels to purchasespecified quantities of domestic rice The United States alleged that such measures wereinconsistent with Turkeyrsquos obligations under Article 21 and Annex 1 of the TRIMsAgreement Articles III (para 4 5 and 7) and XI1 of the GATT 1994 and certain articlesof the Import Licensing Agreement The United States filed a request for consultations onNovember 2 2005 After consultations failed to resolve the dispute the United Statesrequested establishment of a panel and the DSB established a panel on March 17 2006 Thepanel was composed on July 31 2006 The panel circulated its report on September 212007 The panel found that Turkeyrsquos decision to deny or fail to grant Certificates of Controlto import rice outside of the TRQs constituted a quantitative import restriction as well as apractice of discretionary import licensing within the meaning of footnote 1 to Article 42 ofthe Agreement on Agriculture The panel also found that Turkeyrsquos requirement thatimporters must purchase domestic rice in order to import rice at reduced-tariff levels underthe tariff quotas accorded less favorable treatment to imported rice than to domestic rice ina manner inconsistent with Article III4 of the GATT 1994 The DSB adopted the panelreport on October 22 2007
In general a ldquozeroingrdquo methodology involves treating specific price comparisons that do not show77
dumping as zero values in the calculation of a weighted average dumping margin WTO ldquoUpdate of WTODispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21 August 2007 until 22 January2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008 88 Specifically the USDOC calculation of a weighted averagedumping margin for a company generally involves numerous comparisons between sales in the United Statesand sales in the home market or third country market (or costs in the home market) While some comparisonsreveal dumping (eg the price in the United States is lower than the home market price) other comparisonsmay reveal no dumping (eg the price in the United States is higher than the home market price) Where acomparison reveals no dumping the USDOC assigns a zero to that comparison rather than a negativenumber equal to the amount by which the US price exceeds the home market price This practice isgenerally referred to as ldquozeroingrdquo The WTO Antidumping Agreement contemplates three methodologies forcalculating a dumping margin in investigations average-to-average transaction-to-transaction andaverage-to-transaction These issues in these disputes involve the use of zeroing for each of thesemethodologies as well as whether the zeroing methodology can be used in different types of antidumpingproceedings including original investigations administrative reviews and 5-year reviews USTR ldquoWTOPanel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo September 20 2006
WTO ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the Appellate78
Bodyrdquo WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2379
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoApril 11 2008 In80
June 2007 the United States submitted a proposal to the WTO Negotiating Group on Rules to ldquocorrectrdquo theAppellate Bodyrsquos rulings on zeroing USTR ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World TradeOrganization Negotiationsrdquo June 4 2007
3-21
Reports in which the United States was the respondent
US Antidumping ldquoZeroingrdquo Methodology (DS322)
This dispute involved a complaint brought by Japan in 2004 against the United Statesregarding a methodology used by the United States in calculating dumping margins knownas ldquozeroingrdquo Japan contested US laws regulations and methodologies involving zeroing77
as such and as applied and in particular when zeroing is used in transaction-to-transactioncomparisons to calculate dumping margins and when margins calculated using zeroing arerelied on in 5-year reviews Japan alleged that US measures are inconsistent with certainprovisions of the Antidumping Agreement and Articles VI1 VI2 and XVI4 of the GATT1994 Japan filed its request for consultations on November 24 2004 and afterconsultations failed to resolve the dispute requested establishment of a panel the DSBestablished a panel on February 28 2005 The panel was composed on April 15 2005 Thepanel found in favor of the United States on most issues and circulated its report onSeptember 20 2006 Both Japan and the United States appealed the panel report and theAppellate Body in a report adopted on January 23 2007 reversed the panelrsquos findings andconcluded that US use of a zeroing methodology when calculating dumping margins on thebasis of transaction-to-transaction comparisons and its reliance on dumping marginsinvolving zeroing in 5-year reviews among other practices were not consistent with USWTO obligations The United States subsequently reached agreement with Japan to78
implement the DSB recommendations and rulings by December 24 2007 As a result of aseparate proceeding the USDOC announced that it would no longer engage in zeroing inaverage-to-average comparisons in investigations On January 10 2008 Japan requested79
DSB authorization to suspend concessions on the ground that the United States had failedto implement the DSB recommendations and rulings On January 18 2008 the United Statesobjected to the level of suspension and requested that the matter be referred to arbitrationOn January 21 2008 the DSB agreed that the matter had been referred to arbitration80
WTO DSB ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoApril 11 200881
USTR ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo April 17 2008 2382
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th83
Session of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008 par3 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 187
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th84
Session rdquo May 30 2007 and OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraftSummary Record of the 148th Session rdquo February 11 2008
3-22
US Antidumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador (DS335)
This dispute involved a complaint by Ecuador concerning a final affirmative antidumpingduty determination and antidumping duty order by the USDOC regarding certain frozenwarm-water shrimp from Ecuador Ecuador raised concerns particularly about the USDOCrsquospractice of ldquozeroingrdquo negative antidumping margins and alleged that the USDOCdeterminations and order are inconsistent with various provisions of Article VI of the GATT1994 and Article 181 of the Antidumping Agreement Ecuador filed a request forconsultations on November 17 2005 Following consultations that failed to resolve thedispute Ecuador requested establishment of a panel and a panel was established on July 192006 The panel was composed on September 26 2006 The panel report was circulated onJanuary 20 2007 and adopted by the DSB on February 20 2007 The panel found that theUSDOC acted inconsistently with Article 242 of the Antidumping Agreement in itsdeterminations and order and requested that the United States bring its measures intoconformity with its obligations Neither party appealed The United States agreed toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings by August 20 2007 The USDOC81
recalculated the margins which were de minimis and revoked the order82
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
In 2007 the OECD Trade Committee held several global policy forums addressing subjectssuch as trade and labor market adjustment and the international sourcing of informationtechnology services The committee completed in 2007 its comprehensive reviews of theeconomies of China and India and continued discussions on trade issues regarding other83
major nonmember economies For the medium-term future the committee decided to focuson the issues of international disciplines on export credits trade in services the costs andbenefits of continued trade liberalization and the interaction of domestic and trade policiesThe Trade Committee also continued to monitor developments in the WTO Doha Roundtrade negotiations during the year and continued its ongoing work program
Global Policy Forums
During 2007 the Trade Committee members held two global policy forums one concerningtrade and labor market adjustments and a second concerning the role of internationalsourcing of business processing and information technology services in trade innovationand growth84
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th85
Session rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007 par 12
Ibid86
Ibid par 1387
Ibid88
Ibid par 1689
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th90
Session rdquo February 11 2008
Ibid par 291
Ibid92
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 18893
OECD Council ldquoCouncil Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagementrdquo94
CMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
3-23
Regarding labor adjustments to trade the Secretariat noted at a policy forum in March 2007that its studies indicate that despite increases over the past decade in total employment andlabor productivity labor demand in manufacturing sectors has nonetheless become moreelastic over the years According to the Secretariat this situation has rendered workers in85
member countries more vulnerable than before to economic shocks such as increased importcompetition Concerning developing countries members examined the issue raised by86
other studies that suggest that increased trade was in part responsible for increasinginequality in both China and Latin America The committee reported that the economic87
literature generally finds no automatic linkage between economic growth and povertyreduction or between increased trade and economic development Committee members88
offered the idea that education and job training may provide a remedy to capture thepotential gains from trade liberalization that might help offset such imbalances89
At a second policy forum on the role of international sourcing of business processing andinformation technology services in trade innovation and growth in October 2007committee members discussed trends in outsourcing services jobs in the business processingand information technology areas Members concluded that outsourcing can yield90
significant economic benefits but that governments need to have proper domestic policiesin place at home to address related worker concerns that may arise as a result ofoutsourcing Some members suggested that binding current outsourcing policies under91
WTO disciplines might be desirable considering that few trade barriers exist currently in thisarea The forum also touched on issues of technology transfer through trade competitionrsquos92
effect on innovation global value chains trade in services and how innovation affectsinformation and communication technologies93
Nonmember Focus
Following the May 2007 OECD ministerial decision on OECD enlargement and ldquoenhancedengagementrdquo with nonmember economies the OECD strengthened its involvement with94
leading developing economy nonmember countries Chile Estonia Israel Russia andSlovenia were invited to begin the OECD accession process In addition the OECD offeredan ldquoEnhanced Engagementrdquo partnership arrangement to Brazil China India Indonesia andSouth Africa whereby these countries could participate in OECD activities of interest
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148th95
Session rdquo February 14 2008 par 1ndash3
Ibid par 396
Ibid97
Ibid98
Ibid99
Ibid par 1100
Ibid par 3101
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146th102
Session rdquo May 30 2007 par 4ndash5
Ibid OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the103
148th Session of the Trade Committee 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 112008 par 4ndash5
3-24
including committees economic surveys sector-specific peer reviews OECD instrumentsintegration into OECD information and statistical reporting systems and similar work95
The Trade Committee also examined in 2007 progress in and the impact of the integrationof China and India into the world trading system The committee remarked that Chinarsquos96
trade reforms in particular regarding manufacturing have been key to Chinarsquos improvedeconomic performance The committee noted that India retains moderate protection on its97
external trade despite some tariff reductions on nonagricultural products Committee98
members noted that India shows a comparative advantage in certain services sectors but thatIndiarsquos trade policy concerning services in general is still very restrictive compared toChina The committee also reviewed its outreach discussions with government officials99
in China and India during 2007 addressing regulatory reform and market openness in Chinaand global and country-specific trade policy issues in India100
In addition the committee renewed observer status in the OECD Trade Committee forArgentina Brazil Chile and Hong Kong (China) for the 2008ndash09 period101
Trade Committee Priority Topics
During 2007 the Trade Committee considered its medium-term work priorities as part ofa ldquoreflection processrdquo initiated in October 2006 Delegations agreed that the committee102
should move from its previous broad consideration of trade issues to an approach thataddressed in a more focused manner the specific key policy priorities raised by delegationsDelegates expressed strong support for more focused work on the policy priorities of (1)international disciplines on export credits (2) trade in services (3) committee support forbetter understanding of the costs and benefits to be gained from further trade liberalizationand (4) committee interest in examining in more detail the interaction of domestic policiesand international trade although delegations raised the need to be mindful of carefuldefinition in such studies103
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th104
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 12ndash13
OECD Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees105
ldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo TDECG(2006)24December 18 2006
OECD Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environment106
and Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of107
the Trade CommitteemdashParis 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30 2007OECD ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary General during the Signing Ceremony of the AircraftSector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo July 30 2007
OECD ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 30108
2007
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192109
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147th110
Session of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007 par 6ndash13USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 192
3-25
Export Credits
The Trade Committee finalized a number of sectoral revisions to the 1978 OECDArrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (Export Credit Arrangement or ECA)The Trade Committee considered strengthening its work on international export creditdisciplines as part of its medium-term priorities in particular through dialogue withnonmembers The committee highlighted two OECD recommendations recently adopted104
by the OECD Council one on antibribery measures concerning export credits and a105
second on export credits and their environmental impact106
Aircraft sector understanding
In July 2007 the OECD concluded its review of the 1986 provisions governing aircraftfinancing that are annexed to the 1978 ECA The new rules under the Aircraft SectorUnderstanding (ASU) went into effect on July 1 2007 with the final text signed on July 302007 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil The ASU limits official subsidies for export credits among107
its signatories allowing aircraft sales to focus purchasing decisions on price and quality108
rather than on financing terms where export subsidies have in the past influenced purchasingdecisions The committee recognized in particular the significance of Brazil as a109
negotiating party and first-time signatory of the ASU because Brazil is both a non-OECDmember in addition to being a major regional aircraft producer The committee consideredthe ASU a model for cooperation and strengthened dialogue between OECD members andnonmember countries The committee viewed the understanding as an important approachin addressing the use of export credits in likely future competitive emerging nonmembereconomies such as Brazil China India Israel Romania South Africa and Slovenia110
OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of111
the Trade Committeemdash Paris 16ndash17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007 pt 1 sec 4
Ibid112
APEC was established in 1989 Its 21 members are Australia Brunei Darussalam Canada Chile113
China Hong Kong China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New GuineaPeru the Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) Thailand the United States andVietnam For more information see APEC ldquoAPEC at a Glancerdquohttpwwwapecorgapecabout_apechtml
APEC ldquoOutcomes amp Outlook 2005ndash06rdquo 114 wwwapecorgcontentapecabout_apechtml (accessed
February 1 2007)
3-26
Export credit understandings for other sectors
In April 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA extended the trial period for the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits Renewable Energies and Water Projectsmdashinitially agreedin 2005mdashthrough June 30 2009 In 2009 participants are expected to consider whether111
to modify the understanding and whether to incorporate it into the ECA
In October 2007 the participants in the 1978 ECA concluded their update of the SectorUnderstanding on Export Credits for Ships which was first agreed in 2003 In the update112
ECA participants in conjunction with the OECD Council Working Party No 6 agreed tofuture work plans that are to include examination of rules on minimum premium rates andinterest rates
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APEC is an international organization comprised of Pacific Rim countries seeking tofacilitate intraregional economic growth trade investment and cooperation The113
organization operates as a cooperative multilateral economic and trade group whosedecisions are made by consensus and whose commitments are undertaken voluntarilyAPEC leaders meet annually to provide direction to the organization in the form of action-oriented work programs and to define priorities for its committees working groups seniorofficialsrsquo meetings and special task groups To reach its objective member countriescommitted to the ldquoBogor Goalsrdquo in 1994 which set forth a timetable for creating a free andopen trade and investment area in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for industrializedcountries and by 2020 for developing countries Various annual APEC initiatives have beenundertaken to provide member countries with direction on how to successfully meet thelong-term objectives agreed upon in Bogor Indonesia in 1995114
Two major developments resulted from the September 2007 annual ministerial meeting inSydney Australia and its related workshops Ministers formulated a new ldquoAction Agendardquoaimed at promoting energy efficiency and environmental protection among member nationsand advanced the Bogor Goals of a free and open trade region through several initiativesagreed upon in APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment
APEC Sydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and Clean115
Development September 9 2007
APEC ldquoAPEC Model Measures for RTAsFTAsrdquo September 5ndash6 2007 116
APEC ldquoAPECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Planrdquo July 2007117
APEC ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos Summary Reports to CTIrdquo June 29-30 2007118
httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf
APEC ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo July 3 2007 119
3-27
Action Agenda
APEC ministers agreed upon an action plan that is designed to stimulate energy efficiencyand environmental protection in the Asia-Pacific region They set objectives of reducingenergy consumption throughout the region by 25 percent by 2030 increasing forest coverin the region by at least 20 million hectares by 2020 and establishing an Asia-PacificNetwork for Energy Technology to promote collaboration on energy research115
Committee on Trade and Investment
APECrsquos Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI) accomplished four main tasks in 2007First members agreed upon model measures with respect to regional agreements and freetrade agreements electronic commerce rules of origin and origin procedures and sanitaryand phytosanitary measures Second members formulated APECrsquos Second Trade116
Facilitation Action Plan which aims to reduce intraregional transaction costs associatedwith trade by 5 percent by 2010 Third its members developed guidelines to enhance IPR117
capacity building in the region by promoting regional IPR protection and enforcement118
Finally CTI members agreed upon common procedures for acquiring new patents inmember countries119
The agreement with respect to the Dominican Republic entered into force on March 1 2007 The1
agreement entered into force with respect to the other listed parties during 2006 The status of Costa Ricarsquosadherence to CAFTA-DR is discussed below in the section ldquoOther FTA Developments during 2007rdquo
4-1
CHAPTER 4 US Free Trade Agreements
This chapter reviews developments related to US Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) during2007 It describes trends in US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2006ndash07reviews the status of US FTA negotiations during the year and reviews major NAFTAactivities including NAFTA dispute settlement developments during the year
FTAs in Force During 2007
The United States was a party to nine FTAs as of December 31 2007 These included amultiparty agreement with the countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic(CAFTA-DR) implemented with respect to the Dominican Republic El SalvadorGuatemala Honduras and Nicaragua (2006ndash07) the US-Bahrain FTA (2006) the1
US-Morocco FTA (2006) the US-Australia FTA (2005) the US-Chile FTA (2004) theUS-Singapore FTA (2004) the US-Jordan FTA (2001) NAFTA (1994) and theUS-Israel FTA (1985)
Table 41 shows US merchandise trade with FTA partners during 2005ndash07 In 2007 totalUS exports of goods to FTA partners were valued at $4055 billion US exports to FTApartners accounted for 388 percent of total US exports Total US imports of goods fromFTA partners were valued at approximately $5934 billion and accounted for 322 percentof US imports from the world The overall US merchandise trade balance with FTApartners was a deficit of $1878 billion In 2007 the US trade deficit with its NAFTApartners ranked a record high $1902 billion and decreased with Israel Jordan Chile andBahrain Australia Singapore Morocco and the CAFTA-DR countries were the only FTApartners with which the United States recorded a merchandise trade surplus during 2007
The value of US imports entered under FTA provisions has risen steadily from $2637billion in 2005 to $3139 billion in 2007 (table 42) US FTA imports increased by 190percent during 2005ndash07 outpacing the increase in overall US imports of 169 percentduring the same period NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico accounted for more than 930percent of the value of US FTA imports in 2007 The large increase in imports underCAFTA-DR during 2006ndash07 was the result of the staged implementation of that FTA duringthe period Imports from all FTA partners accounted for 162 percent of total US importsin 2007
4-2
TABLE 41 US merchandise trade with FTA partners total trade 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Million dollars
Exports
Israel 6497 8094 9940
NAFTA 284902 312789 332500
Jordan 607 623 832
Singapore 18680 21911 23577
Chile 4668 6221 7610
Australia 14638 16836 17917
Morocco ndash 869 1334
Bahrain a ndash 471 565
CAFTA-DR b ndash 9657 11257
FTA partner total 329992 377471 405532
World 803992 929486 1046358
FTA partner share of world (percent) 410 406 388
Imports
Israel 18680 19157 20817
NAFTA 456750 500090 522663
Jordan 1267 1421 1333
Singapore 15084 17750 19080
Chile 6745 9551 8969
Australia 7360 8244 8633
Morocco ndash 546 626
Bahrain a ndash 632 626
CAFTA-DR b ndash 10206 10627
FTA partner total 505886 567598 593374
World 1662380 1845053 1942863
FTA partner share of world (percent) 304 308 322
Balance
Israel -10373 -11063 -10877
NAFTA -171848 -187302 -190163
Jordan -660 -798 -501
Singapore 3596 4161 4497
Chile -2077 -3330 -1359
Australia 7278 8592 9284
Morocco ndash 323 708
Bahrain a ndash -161 -61
CAFTA-DR b ndash -549 630
FTA partner total -174084 -190127 -187842
World -858388 -915567 -798695
FTA partner share of world (percent) 203 208 235
Source US Department of Commerce
Note Data represent US bilateral trade flows (ie trade under FTA provisions as well as non-FTA trade) with FTA partners Thesymbol ldquondashrdquo indicates not applicable because an FTA was not in force
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominican Republicb
beginning in 2007
4-3
TABLE 42 US imports entered under FTA provisions by FTA partner 2005ndash07
2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2005ndash07
Million dollars
Israel 2824 2771 2755 -24
NAFTA 253458 286959 293057 156
Jordan 246 309 313 272
Singapore 800 868 935 169
Chile 3679 5508 5001 359
Australia 2670 3248 3155 182
Morocco ndash 116 176 ndash
Bahrain a ndash 47 199 ndash
CAFTA-DR ndash 3976 8289 ndash
El Salvador ndash 993 1490 ndash
Guatemala ndash 561 1286 ndash
Honduras ndash 2003 2855 ndash
Nicaragua ndash 418 706 ndash
Dominican Republic ndash ndash 1952 ndash
FTA partner total 263677 303802 313880 190
World 1662380 1845053 1942863 169
Share of total partner imports
Israel 167 145 132
NAFTA 555 574 561
Jordan 195 217 235
Singapore 53 49 49
Chile 545 577 558
Australia 363 394 365
Morocco ndash 212 281
Bahrain a ndash 74 318
CAFTA-DR b ndash 390 780
FTA partner total share of world 159 165 162
Source US Department of Commerce
FTA in force for part of 2006a
CAFTA-DR in force for El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua during 2006 Includes Dominicanb
Republic beginning in 2007
Other FTA Developments During 2007
Costa Rica is also a party to the CAFTA-DR but the United States and Costa Rica have notyet implemented the agreement In a national referendum held on October 7 2007 thecitizens of Costa Rica voted to join CAFTA-DR However the Costa Rican government didnot complete the necessary implementing legislation during the year CAFTA-DRestablishes a 2-year period for signatory countries to join the agreement after it first takeseffect CAFTA-DR first took effect on March 1 2006 and therefore the 2-year period forall parties to join the agreement was to end on March 1 2008 On February 27 2008
USTR ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquo2
News release February 27 2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo June 28 2008 The US-Panama3
TPA is described in more detail below USTR ldquoUnited States and Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release4
June 30 2007 The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail below FTA negotiations with those countries were concluded during 2006 For information on FTA5
developments during 2006 see USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade AgreementProgrammdash58th Report 2007 4-3 USTR ldquoBipartisan Trade Dealrdquo May 20076
httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsTPA05-11-07FinalBipartisanTradeDealpdf USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US-Peru Trade Promotion7
Agreementrdquo December 14 2007 and USTR ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru TradePromotion Agreementrdquo June 25 2007 OAS ldquoColombiamdashUnited Statesrdquo httpwwwsiceoasorgTPDAND_USACOL_USA_eASP8
The Trade Act of 2002 (title XXII of the Trade Act of 2002) was enacted on August 2 20029
4-4
however the USTR announced that Costa Rica would be granted an extension until October1 2008 to complete its implementing process2
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Panama on December 19 2006 and thetwo parties signed the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) on June 28 20073
The United States concluded FTA negotiations with Korea on April 1 2007 and the twoparties signed the agreement on June 30 2007 The United States signed bilateral4
agreements with Colombia Oman and Peru in 2006 However none of those bilateral5
FTAs entered into force during 2007
On May 10 2007 Congress and the Administration agreed on a Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy to provide a path for Congressional approval for the FTAs with PeruColombia Panama and Korea The Agreement calls for the inclusion into the text ofpending and future trade agreements provisions on basic labor standards environmentalstandards patents and IPR government procurement port security investment and strategicworker assistance and training6
As a result of that bipartisan arrangement the United States negotiated amendments withColombia and Peru to the bilateral TPAs signed with those countries in 2006 The UnitedStates and Peru concluded negotiations for an amended US-Peru TPA on June 25 2007(the amendments reflected the provisions of the May 10 2007 Bipartisan Agreement onTrade Policy described above) which was ratified by Peru on June 27 2007 The USHouse of Representatives and Senate approved the US-Peru TPA Implementation Act onNovember 2 and December 4 2007 respectively President Bush signed the implementinglegislation on December 14 2007 and the agreement is expected to enter into force oncePeru takes the necessary steps to implement it The United States and Colombia concluded7
negotiations for an amended US-Colombia TPA on June 28 2007 which was ratified byColombia on October 30 2007 and approved by the President of Colombia on November22 20078
Trade Promotion Authority the Presidentrsquos statutory authority to negotiate trade agreementsthat the Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend expired on July 1 2007without being renewed There was no significant change in status of the FTA negotiations9
launched in prior years with Ecuador Malaysia the South African Customs UnionThailand and the United Arab Emirates or countries involved with the Free Trade Area ofthe Americas The status of US FTA negotiations during 2007 is shown in table 43
USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo News release June 28 200710
USTR ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo Fact Sheet September 12 200711
4-5
TABLE 43 Status of US FTA negotiations during 2007
FTA partner(s)Negotiationslaunched
Negotiationsconcluded
Agreementsigned by parties
Date of entryinto force
Central America and the Dominican RepublicEl SalvadorHonduras and NicaraguaGuatemalaDominican RepublicCosta Rica
Jan 8 2003 Jan 8 2003Jan 8 2003Jan 14 2003Jan 8 2004
Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Dec 17 2003Mar 15 2004Jan 25 2004
May 28 2004May 28 2004May 28 2004Aug 5 2004May 28 2004
Mar 1 2006Apr 1 2006July 1 2006Mar 1 2007
ndash
Korea Feb 2 2006 Apr 1 2007 June 30 2007 ndash
Oman Mar 12 2005 Oct 3 2005 Jan 19 2006 ndash
Andean TPA
Peru May 18 2004 Dec 7 2005June 25 2007a
Apr 12 2006 ( )b
Colombia May 18 2004 Feb 27 2006 Nov 22 2006 ndash
June 28 2007 ndash c
Ecuador May 18 2004 ndash ndash ndash
Panama TPA Apr 26 2004 Dec 19 2006 Jun 28 2007 ndash
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Apr 18 1998 ndash ndash ndash d
Malaysia Mar 8 2006 ndash ndash ndash
South African Customs Union (BotswanaLesotho Namibia South Africa and Swaziland) June 2 2003 ndash ndash ndash
Thailand June 28 2004 ndash ndash ndash
United Arab Emirates Mar 12 2005 ndash ndash ndash
Source USTR various press releases httpwwwustrgov
Amendments to the US-Peru TPA signed April 12 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007 ldquoBipartisana
Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Implementing legislation signed by President Bush on Dec 14 2007b
Amendments to the US-Colombia TPA signed Nov 22 2006 reflecting the terms of the May 10 2007c
ldquoBipartisan Agreement on Traderdquo between Congress and the Administration Other negotiating parties to the FTAA are Antigua and Barbuda Argentina The Bahamas Barbados Belized
Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El SalvadorGrenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St LuciaSt Kitts and Nevis St Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay and Venezuela
US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement
The United States and Panama signed the United States-Panama TPA on June 28 2007after 10 months of negotiations The agreement was approved by Panamarsquos legislature on10
July 11 2007 Panama is predominantly a service-based economy with services accountingfor about 80 percent of economic activities The Panama Canal is the focal point ofPanamarsquos economy with much of the countryrsquos economic activity tied to the canalrsquosinfrastructure and to the logistics and financing of international shipping According to theUSTR the trade agreement will provide US exporters significant opportunities toparticipate in the $525 billion expansion plan for the Panama Canal that is due to begin in200811
USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion12
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Panama TPA on the US economy as a whole and on13
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade Promotion14
AgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo July 2 2007 Hornbeck The Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008 January 1815
2008 USTR ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press Release June 28 200716
USTR ldquoPanamamdashTrade SummarymdashTrade Promotion Agreementrdquo National Trade Estimates Report17
(NTE) 2008 GSP and CBERA are discussed in more detail in chap 2 of this report18
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release19
June 30 2007
4-6
Under the agreement more than 88 percent of US exports of consumer and industrialgoods to Panama would become duty free immediately with remaining tariffs phased outover the next 10 years The agreement includes ldquozero-for-zerordquo immediate duty-free access12
for key US sectors including agricultural and construction equipment informationtechnology products and medical and scientific equipment Nearly 50 percent of USagricultural exports become duty free immediately and the agreement provides thatremaining tariffs and TRQs on agricultural products would be phased out over the next 17years Other key export sectors such as motor vehicles and parts paper and wood productsand chemicals would also obtain significant access to Panamarsquos market13
The agreement includes an enforceable reciprocal obligation for the countries to adopt andmaintain in their laws and practice the principles concerning the fundamental labor rightsas stated in the 1998 International Labor Organizationrsquos Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work including the prohibition on the worst forms of child labor14
The agreement also commits both countries to effectively enforce their own domesticenvironmental laws and adopt maintain and implement laws regulations and all othermeasures to fulfill obligations under covered multilateral environmental agreements Inaddition the agreement includes a separate sanitary and phytosanitary agreement in whichPanama recognizes US food and safety inspection standards as equivalent to Panamanianstandards which would expedite the entry of US meat and poultry exports According15
to the USTR the agreement establishes a stable legal framework for US investors operatingin Panama and all forms of investment are protected under the agreement16
Apparel products made in Panama will be duty free under the agreement if they use US orPanamanian fabric or yarn thereby supporting US fabric and yarn exports and jobs17
Panama already enjoys broad duty-free access to the US market through various tradepreference programs designed to promote economic development including the GSP andCBERA programs18
US-Korea Free Trade Agreement
The United States-Korea FTA negotiations were concluded on April 1 2007 and anagreement was signed on June 30 2007 after eight formal rounds of negotiations over a 10-month period According to the USTR approximately 95 percent of bilateral trade in19
consumer and industrial products will become duty free within three years of entry intoforce of the agreement and tariffs on almost all goods would be eliminated within 10
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo April 2 200720
USTR ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo News release21
June 30 2007 The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on22
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 USTR ldquoFact Sheet on Auto-related Provisions in the US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 3 200723
USDA FAS ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008 and USTR ldquoFree Trade24
with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo June 2007 On January 1 2008 the last remaining restrictions on US-Mexico trade were removed These include25
restrictions on a few agricultural commodities such as US exports to Mexico of corn dry edible beansnonfat dry milk and high fructose corn syrup as well as US imports from Mexico of sugar and certainhorticultural products US-Canada agricultural restrictions were removed before January 1 1998 under theprovisions of the US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) which was incorporated into NAFTA in 1994USDA ERSldquoFact Sheet North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo January 2008 USDAldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on the Full Implementation of the North AmericaFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo and USTR ldquoUSndashMexican Officials Meet to DiscussNAFTArdquo News Release January 11 2008 US bilateral trade relations with Canada and Mexico are described in chap 5 of this report26
4-7
years The USTR reports that roughly 64 percent of US agricultural exports would20
become duty free immediately The agreement eliminates tariffs and nontariff barriers on21
US auto exports most notably the immediate elimination of Korean tariffs on most USpassenger vehicles and trucks The USTR also said that Korea agreed to overhaul its22
system for taxing cars based on engine displacement 23
The USTR also reported that the agreement grants Korean apparel products preferentialaccess to the US market (provided they are made from US or Korean fabric and yarn)ensures that US investors in Korea will have the same rights and enjoy equal footing withKorean investors expands market access and investment opportunities in a number ofKorean services sectors (including financial telecommunications broadcasting expressdelivery and legal) provides for high standards for protection and enforcement ofintellectual property rights (including trademarks copyrights and patents) establishes acommittee to enhance cooperation and consultation on sanitary and phytosanitary mattersand requires both countries to enforce their own labor and environmental laws24
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA entered into force on January 1 1994 All of its trade provisions became fullyeffective on January 1 2008 In 2007 total two-way (exports plus imports) US25
merchandise trade with NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico increased by 52 percent over2006 with US-Canada merchandise trade amounting to $5256 billion and US-Mexicomerchandise trade totaling $3295 billion (table 44) In 2007 the US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased for a seventh consecutive year but at a rate (15percent) that was substantially lower than in 2006 (90 percent) The US merchandise tradedeficit with NAFTA partners increased to $1902 billion in 2007 from $1873 billion in200626
The following sections describe the major activities of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission(FTC) the Commission for Labor Cooperation (CLC) the Commission for Environmental
The representatives are the US Trade Representative the Canadian Minister for International Trade27
and the Mexican Secretary of Economy USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission MeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade28
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 Ibid29
The first set of changes to the rules of origin affecting approximately $20 billion in annual trilateral30
trade was implemented in 2005 while the second set of changes affecting an estimated $15 billion wasimplemented in 2006 See USITC The Year in Trade 2006 58 Report 4-7 USTR 2008 Trade Policyth
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 and USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA CommissionMeetingrdquoAugust 14 2007 The Commission has recently completed two studies on NAFTA Certain SugarGoods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goods of Mexico and CertainTextile Articles Probable Effect of the Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goods of Canada and
(continued)
4-8
TABLE 44 US merchandise trade with NAFTA partners 2005ndash07
Year NAFTA partner Exports Imports Trade balanceTwo-way trade
(exports plus imports)
Billion dollars
2007 Canada 2131 3125 -994 5256
Mexico 1194 2102 -908 3295
Canada and Mexico 3325 5227 -1902 8552
2006 Canada 1982 3030 -1048 5013
Mexico 1146 1971 -825 3116
Canada and Mexico 3128 5001 -1873 8129
2005 Canada 1832 2875 -1043 4708
Mexico 1017 1692 -675 2709
Canada and Mexico 2849 4567 -1718 7417
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
Cooperation (CEC) and dispute settlement activities under NAFTA chapters 11 and 19during 2007
Free Trade Commission
NAFTArsquos central oversight body is the FTC which is chaired jointly by representativesfrom the three member countries The FTC is responsible for overseeing the27
implementation and elaboration of NAFTA as well as for its dispute settlement provisions
At its most recent annual meeting in August 2007 in Vancouver Canada the FTC agreedto develop a work plan to enhance North American competitiveness The plan is to addresskey issues that impact NAFTArsquos trade and identify the most effective means to facilitate itThe plan will be presented for review at the next FTC meeting hosted by the United Statesin 2008 The FTC also agreed to work to facilitate trade in four specific sectorsmdashswine28
steel consumer electronics and chemicalsmdashand to identify a second set of sectors forreview at the 2009 FTC meeting Next the FTC agreed to analyze the FTAs that each29
country has negotiated subsequent to NAFTA beginning with those in the WesternHemisphere The analysis will focus on identifying specific differences among theagreements especially those related to trade facilitation and regulatory transparencyFinally the FTC agreed to a third set of changes to the rules of origin affecting an30
(continued)30
Mexico USTR ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo August 14 2007 USTR 2008 Trade31
Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 CLC ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo32
The responsible office in the United States was the National Administrative Office (NAO) until33
December 17 2004 when it became OTAI US Department of Labor (USDOL) Bureau of InternationalLabor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officerdquo OTAI is now located in theUSDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs USDOL ldquoThe Office of Trade Agreement Implementationrdquo CLC ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluationrdquo 34
Information on the submissions and the status of the submissions under NAALC is available in35
USDOL Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissionsrdquo USDOL ldquoPublic Report of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairs Submission No 2005-0336
(HIDALGO)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoUS NAO Submission No 2006-01 (Coahuila)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and37
2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL ldquoMexico NAO Submission No 2005-1 (H-2B Visa Workers)rdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy38
Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 119 USDOL Office of Trade and International Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North American39
Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 AnnualReport 119
4-9
estimated $100 billion in trilateral trade The NAFTA countries agreed to work toimplement these new rules in 200831
Commission for Labor Cooperation
The CLC comprised of a ministerial council and an administrative secretariat wasestablished under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) asupplemental agreement to NAFTA that aims to promote effective enforcement of domesticlabor laws and foster transparency in their administration The CLC is responsible for theimplementation of the NAALC Each NAFTA partner has established a NationalAdministrative Office (NAO) within its labor ministry to serve as the contact point with theother parties and the secretariat to provide publicly available information to the secretariatand the other parties and to provide for the submission and review of publiccommunications on labor law matters In the United States that office is the Office of32
Trade Agreement Implementation (OTAI) If the OTAI determines that a violation of the33
agreement has occurred in a partner country the matter is referred to the CLC Council tohold ministerial consultations with the respective party to resolve the issue34
The NAALC provides for the review of public submissions related to the labor laws of theNAFTA partners In 2007 no new submissions were filed under the NAALC but the US35
and Mexican NAOs addressed various submissions filed in years prior to 2007 On August2007 the US NAO released its public review of US Submission 2005-03 (Hidalgo)requesting consultations with the Mexican NAO regarding several issues on labor lawenforcement In August 2007 the US NAO declined for review US Submission 2006-0136
(Coahuila) concerning freedom of association and occupational safety and health for mineworkers in Mexico In October 2007 the Mexican NAO requested responses from the US37
NAO to questions related to two submissions filed in Mexicondash-the first concerning H2-BVisa workers (Mexican NAO submission 2005-1) and the second concerning the38
collective bargaining rights of public-sector workers in North Carolina (Mexican NAOSubmission 2006-01)39
CLC ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discriminationrdquo40
Ibid41
CLC ldquoHigh Performance Work Systemsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual42
Report 119 CLC ldquoLabor Marketsrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11943
CLC ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshoprdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 200744
Annual Report 119 The CEC Council consists of the Canadian Environment Minister the Mexican Secretary for45
Environment and Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator CEC ldquoCEC Secretariatrdquo and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report11946
CEC ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15rdquo47
CEC ldquoCEC Ministerial Statementrdquo June 27 200748
4-10
In 2007 as part of its research program the NAALC Secretariat released a report onworkplace antidiscrimination and equal-pay laws This volume is a comparative guide to40
labor law in Canada the United States and Mexico The NAALC Secretariat also released41
a report on high-performance work systems in North America and the third edition of a42
report that describes the economic conditions and characteristics of the labor market in thethree countries Additionally in October 2007 the Secretariat hosted a trinational43
workshop in Guadalajara Mexico on mine safety and health issues44
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
The CEC was established under the North American Agreement on EnvironmentalCooperation (NAAEC) a supplemental agreement to NAFTA designed to ensure that tradeliberalization and efforts to protect the environment are mutually supportive The CECoversees the mandate of the NAAEC and is composed of (1) the Councilmdashthe governingbody of the CECmdashmade up of the environmental ministers from the United States Canadaand Mexico (2) the Joint Public Advisory Committee made up of five private citizens45
from each of the NAFTA parties and (3) the Secretariat made up of professional stafflocated in Montreal Canada46
Articles 14 and 15 of the NAAEC provide citizens and nongovernmental organizations witha mechanism to aid in enforcing environmental laws in the NAFTA countries Article 14governs alleged violations submitted for review by the CEC It sets forth specific guidelinesregarding criteria for submissions and parties that can file complaints Article 15 outlinesthe Secretariatrsquos obligations in considering the submissions and publishing findings in thefactual record Eleven files remained active under article 14 at the end of 2007 two of47
which had been submitted in 2007 (table 45) There were 14 active files during 2007 basedon citizen submissions under article 15 five involved Canada eight involved Mexico andone involved the United States (table 46) Also in 2007 the CEC publicly released two finalfactual records for submissions that had first been filed in 2002 with respect to Canada
At the 2007 annual ministerial session in Morelia Mexico the CEC Council reaffirmed itsinterest in addressing trade and the environment in an integrated manner At the meeting48
the Council instructed the Secretariat to prepare a succinct report on key issues related tothe state of North Americarsquos environment in addition to directing the Secretariat to review
4-11
TABLE 45 Active files through 2007 under article 14 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation
Name Case First Filed Country Status
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico The Council voted to instruct the Secretariat to develop a factual record on May 30 2008
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008a
Montreal Technoparc
SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada The Secretariat submitted a final factual record toCouncil for Councilrsquos vote on whether to make thefinal factual record publicly available on March 282008
Coal-fired PowerPlants
SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 UnitedStates
The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warranteddevelopment of a factual record on December 52005
Quebec Automobiles
SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada The Secretariat posted a request for information relevant to the factual record on its Web site on September 12006
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II
SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on April 4 2007
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II
SEM-06-003 July 17 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III
SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on May 12 2008
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada The Secretariat informed Council that the Secretariat considers that the submission warrants developmentof a factual record on September 10 2007
Minera San Xavier
SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico The Secretariat requested additional information from theconcerned government party under article 21(1)b onMarch 7 2008
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten
SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico The Secretariat received the requested information from the concerned government party on May 16 2008
Source CEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoActive Filesrdquo
The final factual record was publicly released on June 2 2008a
Ibid49
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report 11950
North American Development Bank BECC-COCF Joint Status Report 251
Ibid52
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo53
4-12
TABLE 46 Citizen submissions on enforcement under article 15 of the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation submissions active during 2007
Name Case First Filed Country Statusa b
Drilling Waste in Cunduacaacuten SEM-07-005 July 26 2007 Mexico Open
Minera San Xavier SEM-07-001 May 2 2007 Mexico Open
Species at Risk SEM-06-005 Oct 10 2006 Canada Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital III SEM-06-004 Sept 22 2006 Mexico Open
Ex Hacienda El Hospital II SEM-06-003 July 172006 Mexico Open
Environmental Pollution in Hermosillo II SEM-05-003 Aug 30 2005 Mexico Open
Quebec Automobiles SEM-04-007 Nov 3 2004 Canada Open
Coal-fired Power Plants SEM-04-005 Sept 20 2004 United States Open
Montreal Technoparc SEM-03-005 Aug 14 2003 Canada Open
Alca-Iztapalapa II SEM-03-004 June 17 2003 Mexico Open
Lake Chapala II SEM-03-003 May 23 2003 Mexico Open
Pulp and Paper SEM-02-003 May 8 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Ontario Logging SEM-02-001 Feb 6 2002 Canada February 5 2007
Tarahumara SEM-00-006 June 9 2000 Mexico January 9 2006
Source Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoCurrent Statusrdquo
Refers to the country against which an allegation was fileda
Status as of Dec 31 2007 Date indicates when the final factual record was publicly releasedb
and synthesize current assessments of the major environmental trends affecting NorthAmerica49
In November 1993 Mexico and the United States agreed on arrangements to help bordercommunities with environmental infrastructure projects to further the goals of NAFTA andthe NAAEC The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North50
American Development Bank (NADB) reported working with more than 140 communitiesthroughout the Mexico-US border region to address their environmental infrastructureneeds As of March 31 2008 the BECC had certified 137 environmental infrastructure51
projects which will cost an estimated $29 billion to build To date the NADB hascontracted a total of $808 million in loans and grants to support 108 certified infrastructureprojects with approximately 44 percent going to projects in the United States and theremaining 56 percent to projects in Mexico52
Dispute Settlement
The dispute settlement provisions of NAFTA chapters 11 and 19 cover a variety of areas53
Developments during 2007 are described below with respect to NAFTA chapter 11 investor-state disputes and chapter 19 binational reviews of final determinations of antidumping andcountervailing cases Appendix table A20 presents an overview of developments in NAFTAdispute settlement cases to which the United States was a party in 2007
Internationally recognized channels include the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment54
Disputes (ICSID) at the World Bank or Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law(UNCITRAL Rules) NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo55
US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United Statesrdquo56
and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTA-Chapter 11 Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Statesrdquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the Government of57
Canadardquo and International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases Filed Againstthe Government of Canadardquo US Department of State ldquoNAFTA InvestorndashState Arbitrations Cases Filed Against the United58
Mexican Statesrdquo International Trade Canada ldquoDispute Settlement NAFTAmdashChapter 11 Cases FiledAgainst the Government of the United Mexican Statesrdquo and Secretariacutea de Economiacutea Tratado de LibreComercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN) Solucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de Inversioacuten NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo59
4-13
Chapter 11 Dispute Settlement Developments
Chapter 11 of NAFTA includes provisions designed to protect cross-border investors andfacilitate the settlement of investment disputes An investor who alleges that a NAFTAcountry has breached its investment obligations under chapter 11 may pursue arbitrationthrough internationally recognized channels or remedies available in the host countryrsquos54
domestic courts A key feature of the chapter 11 arbitral provisions is the enforceability indomestic courts of final awards made by arbitration tribunals55
In 2007 there were five active chapter 11 cases filed against the United States by Canadianinvestors In the same year there were six active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors56
against Canada and four active chapter 11 cases filed by US investors against Mexico57 58
Chapter 19 Dispute Panel Reviews
Chapter 19 of NAFTA contains a mechanism that provides for review by a binational panelas an alternative to judicial review by domestic courts of final determinations made bynational investigating authorities in antidumping and countervailing duty cases A panel maybe established at the request of any involved NAFTA country59
At the end of 2007 the NAFTA Secretariat listed 12 binational panels active under chapter19 (table 47) The two binational panels formed in 2007 under chapter 19 challenged USagenciesrsquo determinations on products from Mexico
4-14
TABLE 47 NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panels active reviews in 2007
Country Case National agencies final determination Product descriptiona
Mexico
MEX-USA-2005-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of carbon steel tubingwith straight longitudinalseam from the UnitedStates
MEX-USA-2006-1904-01 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of pork originating in the United States
MEX-USA-2006-1904-02 SE Final Dumping Determination Imports of fresh red deliciousand golden deliciousapples originating in theUnited States
United States
USA-CDA-2004-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews
Pure magnesium and alloymagnesium from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-01 USDOC Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review and Rescission of Certain Company-Specific Reviews
Certain softwood lumber products from Canada
USA-CDA-2005-1904-03 USITC Implementation of the New Determination under Section 129(a)(4) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 USDOC Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review
Carbon and certain alloy steelwire rod from Canada
USA-CDA-2006-1904-05 USDOC Final Scope Ruling Regarding Entries Made Under HTSUS 44091005
Certain softwood lumberproducts from Canada
USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 USITC Final Results of the Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Gray Portland cement andcement clinker fromMexico
USA-MEX-2005-1904-06 USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order
Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-01 USDOC Antidumping Administrative Review Stainless steel sheet and stripin coils from Mexico
USA-MEX-2007-1904-03 USITC Final Determination of Antidumping Duty Review
Certain welded large diameter line pipe from Mexico
Source NAFTA Secretariat ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedingsrdquo
In Canada final dumping and subsidy determinations are made by Canada Border Services Agency and injurya
determinations are made by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal In Mexico all determinations are made bythe Secretariacutea de Economiacutea In the United States dumping and subsidy determinations are made by the USDepartment of Commerce (USDOC) and injury determinations are made by USITC NAFTA Secretariat ldquoOverviewof the Dispute Settlement Provisionsrdquo
The 27 members of the EU in 2007 were Austria Belgium Bulgaria (effective January 1 2007) Cyprus1
Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy LatviaLithuania Luxembourg Malta the Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania (effective January 1 2007)Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden and the United Kingdom Primarily certain aromatic or modified aromatic drugs of other heterocyclic compounds2
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of Biotech3
ProductsmdashModification of the Agreement under Article 213(b) of the DSUrdquo WTDS29136 November 232007
5-1
CHAPTER 5 US Relations with Major Trading Partners
This chapter reviews US bilateral trade relations with eight selected trading partners during2007 the European Union Canada China Mexico Japan Korea Taiwan and IndiaAppendix tables A21 through A44 provide detailed information on US trade with theseselected partners
European Union
The EU is the second-largest two-way (exports plus imports) US trading partner behind1
the combined NAFTA market of Canada and Mexico In 2007 US two-way merchandisetrade with the EU increased 95 percent over 2006 to $5784 billion representing nearly one-fifth of US trade with the world US exports of goods to the EU increased by 147 percentto $2263 billion in 2007 US imports of goods from the EU increased by 64 percent to$3522 billion in 2007 resulting in a 56 percent decline in the US-EU merchandise tradedeficit to $1259 billion Leading US exports to the EU during the year included certainaircraft and aircraft parts medicaments passenger cars blood fractions (eg antiserum)and gold Leading US imports from the EU included certain medicaments passenger carspetroleum derivatives and nucleic acids and their salts US-EU merchandise trade data2
are shown in appendix tables A21 through A23
During 2007 there were developments of varying scope in several World TradeOrganization dispute settlement cases involving the United States and EU (see appendixtable A19) Two cases brought by the EU related to US zeroing methodology DS294 andDS350 are summarized in chapter 3 of the report In two compliance actions the UnitedStates challenged EU actions (or failure to take action) following earlier rulings adopted bythe DSB in the biotechnology case (DS291) and the bananas case (DS27) In thebiotechnology case the United States twice agreed to an extension of the EUrsquos deadline forimplementation of the DSBrsquos recommendations and rulings during 2007 with EUimplementation now set for January 11 2008 In the bananas case the United States3
requested establishment of an Article 215 panel to determine whether the EUrsquos 2005replacement import regime for bananas complied with the EUrsquos WTO obligations In May2008 the panel found the replacement regime to be inconsistent with the EUrsquos GATT 1994
WTO ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of4
BananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RWUSA May 19 2008 DS347 (second complaint) DS316 the first complaint brought by the United States remained pending5
in 2007 DS353 (second complaint) DS317 the first complaint brought by the EU also remained pending in6
2007 Germany held the EU Council presidency from January through June 20077
White House ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo April 30 20078
Ibid and White House ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo9
April 30 2007 White House ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United10
States of America and the European Unionrdquo April 30 2007 US Mission to the European Union ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works to Dismantle11
Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007 and EU Delegation of the European Commission to the UnitedStates ldquoJoint Statement of the Transatlantic Economic Councilrdquo November 9 2007 US Department of State ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo April 30 200712
5-2
obligations Two additional cases involving alleged subsidies for large civil aircraft one4
brought by the United States against the EU and one brought by the EU against the United5
States were active during 2007 6
US-EU Summit
Leaders from the United States Germany and the European Commission met April 307
2007 in Washington DC to hold their annual US-EU summit At the summit meeting8
the leaders reached an agreement on a Framework for Advancing Transatlantic EconomicIntegration The agreement contained three segments (1) a regulatory focus on ways toconverge the different regulatory structures and regulatory approaches and ways tostreamline regulations where possible (2) accelerated work on priority issues fortransatlantic economic integration identified at the April summit (so-called lighthouseprojects) including intellectual property rights (IPR) secure trade investment promotionfinancial markets and innovation and (3) the creation of a new cabinet-level organizationthe Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC) staffed by key ministerial-level members fromboth sides The TEC is to oversee and guide efforts to lower barriers to trade and9
investment between the United States and the EU The TEC held its first meeting on10
November 9 2007 in Washington DC and discussed issues such as investmentaccounting standards security ldquoorphanrdquo drug designations poultry pathogen reductiontreatment product standards biofuels and patents11
On April 30 2007 the United States and the EU also signed a first-stage Air TransportAgreement that replaced existing bilateral agreements and established an ldquoOpen-Skies Plusrdquoframework between the EU and the United States The agreement allows every US and12
EU airline to fly between every city in the EU and in the United States and allows airlinesto operate without restrictions on the number of flights aircraft and routes airlines mayalso set fares according to market demand and airlines may enter into cooperativearrangements including code sharing franchising and leasing The agreement also permitsUS investors to invest in EU airlines as long as the majority ownership is controlled by anEU member state allows EU investors to hold up to 499 percent equity in a US airlineand opens the possibility for EU investors to own airlines in Switzerland Liechtenstein theEuropean Common Aviation Area Kenya and Americarsquos Open Skies partners in Africa It
Ibid and US Mission to the European Union ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Host US-EU13
Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo April 27 2007 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January14
2008 USTR 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers March 2007 p 6115
Ibid16
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January17
2008
5-3
also grants new traffic rights to EU carriers and permits cross-border mergers andacquisitions within the EU The agreement is to apply provisionally starting March 30 2008and calls for negotiations toward a second stage of liberalization to begin within two monthsof that date13
Canada
Canada was the largest single-country market and the second-largest export market after theEU for US goods in 2007 with two-way merchandise trade (exports plus imports) reaching$5256 billion an increase of 49 percent over 2006 US exports to Canada were valued at$2131 billion in 2007 and US imports from Canada were valued at $3125 billionincreases of 75 and 31 percent respectively from 2006 The US merchandise trade deficitwith Canada was $994 billion in 2007 down from $1048 billion recorded in 2006 and$1043 billion in 2005
Manufactured products figured prominently in US-Canada merchandise trade with leadingUS exports to Canada during the year including passenger and transport motor vehiclesparts and accessories for motor vehicles such as cabs engines and gear boxes and energyproducts such as natural gas and crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals andtheir preparations The US exports in 2007 showing the greatest percentage increase overlast year were airplanes and aircraft followed by motor vehicle and related products suchas drive axles and energy products such as natural gas and heavy petroleum oils and theirpreparations
Leading US imports from Canada in 2007 included similar products such as natural gasand crude oils from petroleum and bituminous minerals and passenger motor vehicles In2007 imports of metals such as raw nickel and refined copper as well as imports ofpharmaceuticals and medicaments showed the greatest percentage increase over 2006 US-Canadian merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A24 through A26
US-Canadian trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which entered intoforce January 1 1994 replacing the 1989 bilateral US-Canada FTA NAFTA14
progressively eliminated tariff and nontariff barriers for bilateral trade in most agriculturaland all industrial products that originate in the United States and Canada In addition15
NAFTA improved access for trade in services established rules on investment strengthenedIPR protection and created a NAFTA dispute settlement mechanism Since the16
implementation of NAFTA total two-way trade in merchandise goods between the UnitedStates and Canada has grown by 250 percent 17
Certain trade-related disputes between the United States and Canada are governed byNAFTA as well as by WTO dispute settlement rules Major procedural developments in
US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January18
2008 Ibid19
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 2008 p 12520
Ibid and US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note21
Canadardquo January 2008 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report March 1 200822
5-4
these bilateral dispute cases are listed in table 47 or appendix table A20 Established inMarch 2005 the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America provides anotherforum in which to address additional border issues that affect the three NAFTA countriesincluding nontrade as well as trade matters18
Agriculture
Canada was the leading US agricultural market taking 58 percent of US agriculturalexports at the end of 2006 In 2007 the US-Canada Consultative Committee on19
Agriculture as well as the ProvinceState Advisory Group both established as a result ofthe 1998 US-Canada Record of Understanding in Agricultural Matters met several timesto discuss agricultural issues including issues concerning livestock fruits and vegetablesseed and processed food and plant trade as well as pesticide and animal drug regulationsand biotechnology matters20
Livestock
US imports of Canadian livestock products fell steeply in early 2003 following thediscovery of a single case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE commonly knownas ldquomad cow diseaserdquo) Shipments of most Canadian beef to the United States resumed inlate 2003 and bilateral trade in live cattle under 30 months of age resumed in July 2005 InJuly 2007 the government of Canada agreed to allow full market access for imports of allUS beef and beef products regardless of age consistent with the World Organization forAnimal Health (OIE) guidelines By November 2007 all remaining US restrictions21
affecting bilateral beef trade were lifted22
Potatoes
In 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the Technical Arrangement ConcerningTrade in Potatoes which helps to liberalize the longstanding prohibition on the entry intoCanada of bulk shipments of fruits and vegetables in packages that exceed certain standardsizes When the arrangement is fully implemented after three years a forward contractbetween a US supplier and a Canadian importer will suffice to meet the requisite economictest showing a shortage of Canadian potatoes that permits the import of US potatoes tomeet Canadian demand In addition the United States will allow some Canadian specialtypotatoes to enter the US market under the arrangement
USTR US Trade Representative Susan C Schwab Announces Entry into Force of US-Canada23
Softwood Lumber Agreement October 12 2006 As set out in the agreement the ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo is the most recent 4ndashweek average of the24
weekly Framing Lumber Composite Price published by Random Lengths Publications Inc Oregon USAand is available 21 days before the beginning of the month to which it applies Also set out in the agreementldquoexpected US consumption is the average monthly apparent US consumption calculated over a 12ndashmonthperiod ending three months prior to the month in which ldquoexpected US consumptionrdquo applies multiplied bya seasonal adjustment factor Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import ControlsldquoMonthly Report on Softwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA)2006rdquo ldquoSoftwood Lumber Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the25
Government of Canadardquo esp Article VII and LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case No 7941 12 USTR ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement Between26
Canada amp United Statesrdquo January 16 2008 Ibid 27
LCIA ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Caserdquo28
Case No 7941 October 19 2007 USTR ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941)rdquo29
December 10 2007 In March 2008 the LCIA issued its decision agreeing in part with the US position thatCanada had not properly adjusted the export quota volumes of Eastern Canadian provinces during the firsthalf of 2007 agreeing in part with the Canadian position that the same adjustment was not required for theWestern Canadian provinces USTR ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunals Mixed Decision onSoftwood LumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decisionin the softwood lumber arbitrationrdquo March 4 2008 US Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January30
2008
5-5
Softwood Lumber Agreement
The US-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) was signed on September 12 2006and entered into force on October 12 2006 The agreement ties export measures to themonthly US price of lumber as well as the US consumption of lumber When the23
ldquoprevailing monthly pricerdquo of US lumber is above $355 (US) per thousand board feet24
Canadarsquos exports of lumber are unrestricted under the agreement When the market priceof lumber in the United States declines below $355 Canada is to impose more stringentexport measures25
On March 30 2007 the United States requested formal consultations with Canada to resolveconcerns regarding Canadarsquos implementation of the export measure provisions under theagreement as well as several federal and provincial assistance programs targeting theCanadian softwood lumber industry Failing to resolve these issues the United States26
requested international arbitration under the terms of the agreement on August 13 2007challenging Canadarsquos application of the import surge mechanism and quota volumeprovisions of the agreement In October the parties presented their case before the London27
Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) tribunal In December the parties presented28
additional material to the tribunal29
Aviation
In March 2007 the United States and Canada implemented the bilateral US-Canada OpenSkies Air Service Agreement that removes remaining restrictions on civil aviation servicesbetween the two countries The agreement originally signed in November 2005 and30
US Department of State US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation31
Liberalization Again (Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006 Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo November 11 200532
Ibid33
The JCCT serves as a government-to-government consultative mechanism to address bilateral trade34
issues President Bush and President Hu created the US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue on September35
20 2006 to create a forum for highndashranking officials to discuss specialized bilateral trade issues and supportJCCT and other bilateral diplomatic forums For more information see White House ldquoPresidentrsquos Statementon the Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo and US Department of the Treasury ldquoFactSheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo36
5-6
subsequently reviewed by US and Canadian authorities during 2006 expanded on the31
February 1995 Air Services Agreement that liberalized air passenger and cargo servicebetween the two countries but did not address air service that continues on to thirdcountries The 2005 Agreement addressed this constraint by allowing carriers from either32
country to continue on to third countries from one anothers territory as part of a carrierrsquosservice33
China
In 2007 the US merchandise trade deficit with China amounted to $2621 billion 292percent of the US global merchandise trade deficit The widening of the bilateral deficitresulted from increases in US merchandise imports from China which in 2007 grew morein value terms than corresponding US merchandise exports to China
US merchandise exports to China amounted to $610 billion in 2007 The 182 percentgrowth of US exports to China over the year before elevated China above Japan as thethird largest destination for US exports in 2007 Leading US exports to China includedairplanes soybeans and electronic integrated circuits as well as copper and aluminumwaste and scrap US merchandise imports from China grew by 126 percent to $3231billion in 2007 Leading US imports from China in that year included computers and theirparts wireless telephones miscellaneous wheeled toys video games and footwear US-China merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A27 through A29
In 2007 US-China bilateral trade relations focused on intellectual property rightsenforcement product safety and market access for goods and services in China as well asthe United States and Chinarsquos global trade imbalances Many of these issues were addressedduring the December 2007 meeting of the US-China Joint Commission on Commerce andTrade (JCCT) and during the May and December 2007 semiannual US-China Strategic34
Economic Dialogues (SED)35
Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement
According to USTRrsquos Special 301 annual assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness ofIPR protection in a host of US trade partner countries Chinarsquos counterfeiting and piracyproblems have distinguished it as one of the most egregious IPR violators in 2007 As36
such China remained on USTRrsquos Priority Watch List in that year and an action was brought
Ibid37
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2008 Special 301 Report Peoplersquos Republic of China38
(PRC)rdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo39
Ibid and US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement Report to the President and40
Congress on Coordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo USTR ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo41
Ibid42
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US - China Strategic Economic43
Dialoguerdquo US Department for Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food44
and Feed Imported from the Peoples Republic of Chinardquo
5-7
for dispute settlement to the WTO by the United States for three IPR-related protection andenforcement issues According to US copyright industries approximately 85 to 95 percentof their membersrsquo copyrighted material sold in China in 2007 was pirated suggesting noimprovements over the year before Moreover the International Intellectual Property37
Alliance estimated 2007 losses due to copyright piracy in China at $29 billion which was224 percent higher than in 200638
Despite Chinarsquos identified IPR violations the USTR recognized improvement with regardto Chinarsquos related enforcement measures in 2007 For example China acceded to the WIPOInternet Treaties implemented requirements to preinstall computers with licenced operatingsystems and increased its antipiracy campaigns and the number of cases in Chinese courts39
In addition the US-China ldquoSummer Solsticerdquo investigations between the Federal Bureauof Investigation (FBI) and Chinarsquos Ministry of Public Security (MPS) resulted in the largestbilateral piracy investigations and prosecutions measures to date Through those joint40
enforcement investigations more than half a billion dollars worth of counterfeit softwaredisks were seized and many manufacturing plants in China were discovered and closed41
During the December 2007 JCCT meeting the United States and China agreed to exchangecustoms seizure information on counterfeit goods to help Chinese authorities identifycompanies exporting such products from China China also agreed to enforce laws42
pertaining to unlawful use of company names and to curtail the practice of registeringlegitimate US trademarks without the appropriate legal authority from the trademarkowner Finally China eliminated certain regulatory requirements such as those related tothe mandatory provision of seed samples for biotechnology products which the USTRanticipates will reduce the possibility of illegal copying of patented agricultural materials
Product Safety
During the 2007 Strategic Economic Dialogue(s) the United States and China signedseveral agreements aimed at improving safety standards for traded goods such as toysfireworks lighters electrical products motor vehicles and pesticides The signed43
agreements included the following
A memorandum of agreement between the US Department of Health andHuman Services and Chinarsquos General Administration of QualitySupervision Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) aimed at enhancing thesafety of food and feed imported from China44
Ibid and USTR and US Department of Commerce ldquoFact Sheet US-China Joint Commission45
Commerce and Trade (JCCT)rdquo US Embassy Beijing ldquoFact Sheet The Third USndashChina Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo46
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic47
Dialoguerdquo Ibid48
Congressional Research Service ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo49
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers50
US Department of the Treasury ldquoJoint Fact Sheet The Third US-China Strategic Economic51
Dialoguerdquo Ibid52
5-8
An agreement between the US Department of Health and Human Servicesand Chinarsquos State Food and Drug Administration aimed at enhancing theregulation and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicaldevices imported from China45
A memorandum of understanding between the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and Chinarsquos AQSIQ to enhance environmentalcompliance in traded goods and46
Memorandums of understanding between US Treasury and ChinarsquosAQSIQ to enhance bilateral communication regarding regulatory standardsfor alcohol and tobacco products47
In addition to these measures the United States and China agreed to intensify cooperationin areas of product and consumer safety by the next SED meeting in 2008 through bothnew and existing mechanisms48
Market Access
During the 2007 US-China JCCT and SED meetings emphasis was placed on expandingmarket access in China in both the goods and services sectors
Goods
Despite the lack of a resolution to open Chinarsquos market fully to US beef in 2007 the49
JCCT and SED meetings made progress with respect to expanding market access for othergoods in China For example China agreed to eliminate redundancies in testing andcertification requirements for imported medical devices and suspended the implementationof additional regulations The US medical device industry estimates that costs associated50
with such testing redundancies amounted to tens of millions of dollars For agricultural51
goods China allowed six US pork processing facilities to resume their export activities toChina and (as mentioned above in the IP discussion) agreed to remove requirements thatforced US companies to submit biotech seeds for redundant testing52
USTR China 2008 National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriers53
USTR 2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliance54
Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 55
Bloomberg ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo56
US Department of Commerce ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo and US Department57
of Commerce ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Re-export Controls For the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo In the past all foreign exchange trading was highly regulated and exclusively run by Chinarsquos State58
Administration for Foreign Exchange Based on USITC estimations based on foreign exchange rates provided by the IMF International59
Financial Statistics database Congressional Research Service ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo 60
5-9
Services
According to the USTR several of Chinarsquos WTO membership commitments regardingservices sector market access remained incomplete by 2007 Despite some improvementsthat China made in the wholesale and retail distribution insurance architecture andengineering service sectors more prominent problems persisted in 2007 Among these53
were limitations of banking sector activities which inhibited US firms from expandingtheir domestic currency businesses and restrictions in the electronic payment sector formoney transmission services which were anticipated to have been lifted by 2007 Inaddition to not meeting the liberalization schedules put forth in Chinarsquos WTO accessionagreement the USTR also claimed that in 2007 China imposed excessive capitalrequirements for insurance banking motor vehicle financing securities and assetmanagement telecommunications and construction sector firms 54
Global Trade Imbalances and Chinarsquos Exchange-Rate Regime
The US merchandise trade deficit with China of $2621 billion in 2007 grew by $266billion relative to the year before and accounted for nearly 29 percent of the 2007 USglobal trade deficit (up from nearly 26 percent the year before) The magnitude and growthof this bilateral trade deficit the increasing imbalances in the global economy and policieslimiting the Chinese currencyrsquos flexibility all remained as concerns to US policy makersin 200755
Since China officially ended its exchange rate peg to the US dollar on July 21 2005 theyuan appreciated by approximately 10 percent in nominal terms by year-end 2007 Chinarsquos56
current exchange rate policy of managing the yuan against a broader set of currencies whileallowing the yuan to fluctuate by as much as 03 percent daily against the dollar hascontinued since mid-2005 According to the US Treasury Department China has57
reformed its currency market by authorizing non-state banks to administer spot trading and58
allowing the yuan-dollar exchange rate to broach progressively higher thresholds59
In the recent JCCT and SED meetings both the United States and China agreed to work onreducing global imbalances by increasing both domestic consumption and exchange rateflexibility in China and by promoting higher savings in the United States 60
The increase of 87 percent in the value of US imports from Mexico of the leading crude oil import in61
this categorymdashHTS 27090010mdashwas attributable to a 127 percent increase in the average unit value ofimports as quantity imported actually declined by 36 percent in 2007 The final merchandise trade provisions of NAFTA were fully implemented on January 1 2008 USDA62
FAS ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheet January 2008 NAFTA is discussed inchap 4 of this report Bilateral US trade relations with Canada the third NAFTA partner are discussedabove See the section on ldquoDispute Settlementrdquo in chap 3 of this report63
The US Department of Transportation estimated that 75 percent of this trade is carried by commercial64
trucks US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection ProgrammdashReady toDeliver Long-Distance Cross-Border Truckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 2006 the number of truckcrossings into the United States from Mexico was 48 million US Department of Transportation FederalMotor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) NAFTA Safety Statistics
5-10
Mexico
Mexico was the third largest single-country US trading partner (based on two-way trade)after Canada and China in 2007 US merchandise exports to Mexico increased by 42percent to $1194 billion in 2007 while US merchandise imports from Mexico increasedby 66 percent to $2102 billion The trade deficit amounted to $908 billion in 2007increasing from $825 billion in 2006
In 2007 as in the previous year machinery and transportation equipment continued to bethe largest product group in bilateral trade of which automotive trade was an importantcomponent in both imports and exports Other leading US exports to Mexico includedpetroleum oils and computer parts US exports to Mexico were up in all major SITCproduct categories (at the 1-digit level) in 2007 Leading US imports from Mexico includedpetroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals and motor vehicles US importsfrom Mexico also increased in all SITC product categories during the year except chemicalsand related products Particularly important were the increases in machinery andtransportation equipment and mineral fuelsmdashtogether responsible for a share of more than80 percent of the 66 increase in total US imports from Mexico US-Mexico61
merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A30 through A32
US-Mexican trade relations are governed in large part by NAFTA which providesduty-free status for substantially all bilaterally traded goods originating in the United Statesand Mexico There were a number of trade disputes between the United States and Mexico62
that were the subject of WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement proceedings in 2007 The63
procedural developments in each of these cases are listed in appendix tables A19 and A20respectively Recent developments in cross-border trucking provisions between Mexico andthe United States are summarized below
Cross-Border Trucking Between the United States and Mexico
From the inception of NAFTA in 1994 two-way merchandise trade between the UnitedStates and Mexico has increased at a compound rate of 98 percent annually to $3295billion in 2007 from $977 billion in 1994 Most of this trade is carried by commercialtrucks On September 6 2007 the US Department of Transportation initiated the64
US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTA Cross-border Trucking65
Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 A limited demonstration program to test implementation of thetrucking provisions of the NAFTA supported by Presidents George HW Bush and Bill Clinton wasapproved by Congress in 1993 US Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety InspectionProgram rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) Since 1982 trucks from Mexico have been able to drive only in the66
roughly 25-mile commercial zone along the US border and can make deliveries in US cities like SanDiego CA and El Paso and Brownsville TX US Department of Transportation ldquoCross Border TruckSafety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 In 1995 the NAFTA cross-border provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority to67
provide cross-border truck services to or from border states (California Arizona New Mexico and Texas)and in 2000 to enter and depart the territory of the United States through different ports of entry SeeNAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade Agreementrdquo April 28 2008 Developmentsin cross-border truck services between the United States and Mexico from 1981 to 2004 are summarized inUS Department of Transportation ldquoCross-Border Truck Safety Inspection Program rdquo Fact sheetFebruary 23 2007 and USITC The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update2007 February 2007 99 For 2004 to 2007 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 23883 (May 1 2007) 72 Fed Reg 31877 (June 8 2007) and 72 Fed Reg 4626368
(August 17 2007) Ibid69
Ibid70
Fewer Mexican carriers than anticipated are participating in the demonstration project In August 200771
FMCSA estimated that 540 vehicles would be participating in the project if 100 Mexican carriers eventuallyreceived provisional authority FMCSA anticipated granting provisional authority to 25 carriers a monthuntil 100 were participating US Department of Transportation OST OIG ldquoInterim Report on NAFTACross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo March 10 2008 Ibid72
Ibid73
5-11
Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project The 1-year demonstration program aims65
at demonstrating the ability of Mexico-based motor carriers to operate safely in the UnitedStates beyond the commercial zones along the US-Mexico border The NAFTA66
cross-border trucking provisions permitted Mexican trucks to obtain operating authority toprovide cross-border truck services but implementation has been delayed because of safetyconcerns67
The demonstration program permits up to 100 Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operatethroughout the United States for one year Up to 100 US-domiciled motor carriers will68
be granted reciprocal rights to operate in Mexico for the same period Participating Mexicancarriers and drivers are required to comply with all applicable US laws and regulationsincluding those concerned with motor carrier safety customs immigration vehicleregistration and taxation and fuel taxation The safety of the participating carriers is being69
tracked closely by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and its statepartners a joint US- Mexico monitoring group and an evaluation panel independent of theUS Department of Transportation70
As of February 25 2008 16 Mexican carriers with 70 vehicles had participated in theprogram after being granted provisional operating authority FMCSA records show 368071
crossings into the United States by project participants with 247 or 67 percent listingdestinations beyond the commercial zone About 89 percent of these appear to be to one72
statemdashCalifornia The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will provide73
US Troop Readiness Veteransrsquo Care Katrina Recovery and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act74
2007 Pub L 110-28 (2007) sec 6901 121 Stat 183-185 (May 25 2007) But see consolidatedAppropriations Act 2008 Pub L 110-161 sec 136 Title I of Div K 121 Stat 2391 (Dec 26 2007)(stating that ldquonone of the fundsrdquo may be used) Japan was one of several countries that banned imports of US beef and beef products in December 75
2003 after a cow of Canadian origin found in a US herd was determined to be infected with BSE USDAimplemented an export verification program in 2006 to identify animals that meet the Japanese agerestrictions and ensure that banned Canadian beef did not mix with US beef exported to Japan USDA FoodSafety and Inspection Service ldquoExport Requirements for Japan JA-139 (Apr 23 2008) Red Meat ExportRequirements for Japanrdquo httpwwwfsisusdagovRegulationsJapan_requirementsindexasp and USTR2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Global Trade Atlas76
5-12
a final report on the demonstration project to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation60 days after the conclusion of the demonstration project74
Japan
US merchandise exports to Japan totaled $581 billion in 2007 a 45 percent increase from$556 billion in 2006 US merchandise imports from Japan totaled $1449 billion in 2007a 21 percent decrease from $1481 in 2006 The US merchandise trade deficit with Japanwas $868 billion in 2007 which was $56 billion smaller than the year before Leading USexports to Japan during the year included airplanes and other aircraft corn parts ofairplanes or helicopters machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductordevices or electronic integrated circuits and soybeans Leading US imports from Japanincluded passenger motor vehicles parts and accessories of printing machinery televisioncameras digital cameras and video camera recorders and gear boxes and parts for motorvehicles US-Japan merchandise trade data are shown in appendix tables A33 throughA35
The US-Japan Economic Partnership for Growth has served as the primary forum for tradeand economic dialogue between the two countries since its establishment in 2001 In 2007discussions under this framework focused on US beef exports to Japan and deregulationof Japanrsquos economy including economy-wide and sector-specific reforms like certificationof communications equipment and air transport restrictions
Beef
Although Japan lifted its ban on imports of certain US beef products in December 2005Japan continues to restrict US beef exports by requiring all products be from animals 20months old or younger because of concerns about BSE These restrictions on US beef75
exports to Japan have had a substantial adverse impact on US beef exports as Japan wasthe single-largest market for US beef in 2003 prior to the closure of the Japanese marketto US beef Total US exports of beef were $36 billion in 2003 of which $13 billion or371 percent went to Japan In 2007 total US exports of beef were $23 billion and only$244 million or 108 percent went to Japan76
According to US Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns that classification indicates ldquothat US77
regulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle of all ages can be safelytraded due to our interlocking safeguardsrdquo USDA Statement by Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding USClassification by OIErdquo Release No 01490 May 22 2007 USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda78
USDA FAS ldquoStatement by Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns Regarding Progress in Expanding Beef79
Traderdquo USDA Release No 016507 June 13 2007 and USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007Annual Report USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and Global Trade Atlas80
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy81
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 and USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government ofthe United States to the Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and CompetitionPolicy Initiativerdquo October 18 2007 USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy82
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007 Ibid83
USTR 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report84
USTR ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy85
Initiativerdquo Fact Sheet June 6 2007
5-13
After the OIE determined the United States to be a ldquocontrolled riskrdquo for BSE in May 200777
the United States subsequently requested that Japan lift the 20-month old or younger agerestriction on US beef and beef products given that appropriate risk materials areremoved In June 2007 Japan ended its policy of 100-percent reinspection of US beef and78
beef products (replaced with a sampling-based protocol) This change was expected to79
result in modest increases in US beef sales to Japan by reducing bottlenecks although nosignificant increase in US beef exports occurred in the remainder of 2007 As of the end80
of 2007 Japanrsquos 20-month or younger age restriction was still in place
Deregulation
During 2007 bilateral dialogue on the deregulation of Japanrsquos economy continued under acomponent of the partnership known as the Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiative Discussions focused on Japanrsquos 2007 deregulation initiatives and USrecommendations for subsequent reform81
Japan undertook some cross-sectoral reform initiatives in 2007 in response to US concernsabout competitive conditions for US businesses operating in Japan Among these reforminitiatives were changes in laws and regulations concerning public sector contracting aimedat preventing bid rigging the creation and implementation of new procedures to promotetransparency in the regulatory environment and commercial law and legal system reformdesigned to open Japanrsquos economy to more foreign investment and cooperation Japan also82
initiated new programs in conjunction with the US Government to fight counterfeiting andpirating83
In 2007 Japan also initiated many sector-specific reforms to promote competition OnOctober 1 2007 the Japan Post officially started a 10-year privatization process Japan84
stated that Japan Post which provides banking insurance and express delivery serviceswould operate in a free-market environment with other firms and that the privatizationprocess would be transparent Other examples of sector-specific reforms include allowing85
mobile phone number portability passing legislation to prohibit recording of movies in
Ibid86
USTR ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in Telecommunications87
Equipmentrdquo Press Release February 16 2007 USTR ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air Transportation Liberalization Packagerdquo88
Press Release September 14 2007 USTR ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US Reform89
Recommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press Release October 18 2007 USTR ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to the90
Government of Japan Under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiativerdquo October18 2007
5-14
movie theaters and forming a task force to improve reviews of medical device technologyupgrades86
The United States and Japan entered into two bilateral regulatory agreements in 2007designed to promote trade and investment In February 2007 the United States signed aMutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) of the Results of Conformity AssessmentProcedures for telecommunications equipment The MRA was signed by the Governmentof Japan on June 2007 The MRA expanded the acceptance in both the United States andJapan of testing and certification determinations of telecommunications terminal and radioequipment by private-sector entities in both the United States and Japan The agreementwent into force on January 1 2008 87
In September 2007 the United States and Japan reached an agreement to further liberalizeair transport relations The agreement allows US cargo carriers to service the Japanesecities of Osaka and Nagoya directly from the United States The new agreement also liftsrestrictions on airline pricing expands code-sharing opportunities for passenger and cargocarriers and eliminates the annual limit on the number of overall US-Japan charterflights88
On October 18 2007 the United States submitted its annual deregulation reformrecommendations to Japan outlining steps that Japan can take to improve ldquothe overallbusiness climate and competitive position for innovators in Japanrsquos market while expandingopportunities for US exportersrdquo The recommendations focused on the89
telecommunications information technology medical devices pharmaceuticals andfinancial services sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues such as competition policycommercial law and legal system reform government transparency privatization anddistribution issues Examples of the United States recommendations to the government ofJapan include the following reforming its health-care pricing policies in the medical devicesand pharmaceuticals sectors to better reward innovation continuing deregulation of itstelecommunications market and continuing to improve the efficiency of the distributionsystem in order to allow traded goods to move more freely through Japanese customs andterritory90
Korea
Korea was the fifth largest single-country two-way trading partner of the United States withtwo-way merchandise trade valued at $784 billion in 2007 US exports to Korea werevalued at $330 billion in 2007 an increase of 72 percent over 2006 US imports fromKorea totaled $454 billion an increase of 15 percent from 2006 The United States
The US-Korea FTA is described in more detail in chap 4 of this report91
USTR ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo92
Ibid 85ndash9093
The USITC assessed the likely impact of the US-Korea FTA on the US economy as a whole and on94
specific industry sectors in USITC US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide andSelected Sectoral Effects September 2007 OIE ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member95
Countriesrdquo
5-15
recorded a $124 billion trade deficit with Korea in 2007 Leading US exports to Koreaduring the year included aircraft semiconductor production machinery and computer chipsLeading US imports from Korea included automobiles cellular phones computer parts andaccessories (mainly memory modules) and computer chips US-Korea merchandise tradedata are shown in appendix tables A36 through A38
US-Korean trade relations in 2007 were dominated by FTA negotiations and negotiationsover the resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in late 2003
US-Korea FTA
The United States and the Republic of Korea signed a FTA on June 30 2007 afterconcluding negotiations in April The United States-Korea FTA is the ldquomost commercially91
significantrdquo agreement for the United States since NAFTA At the end of 2007 the92
agreement was pending approval by the US Congress and the Korean National AssemblyAutomobiles are a major area of contention for the United States A number of USautomobile manufacturers union groups and legislators have publically opposed the FTAbased on their concerns about US access to the Korean market Korea is a major vehicle93
producer and exporter but has low levels of import penetration 94
Beef
On January 13 2006 the United States and Korea announced an initial import protocol forthe resumption of Korean imports of US beef which had been suspended in December2003 after a cow of Canadian origin in Washington State was found to have BSE OnSeptember 7 2006 three shipments of US beef to Korea following the resumption ofimports were rejected by the Korean authorities due to the presence of ldquobone chipsrdquo andfurther shipments from the United States were effectively suspended
The United States has urged Korea to recognize guidelines set by the OIE and to reopen itsmarket On May 22 2007 the OIE Scientific Commission formally classified the UnitedStates as a controlled risk country for BSE classification that recognizes that USregulatory controls are effective and that US fresh beef and beef products from cattle ofall ages can be safely traded95
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo96
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 53197
USTR ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo 3698
Ibid99
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 537100
5-16
Taiwan
Taiwan was the ninth largest single-country US trading partner in 2007 based on two-waymerchandise trade that amounted to $626 billion Two-way US merchandise trade flowswith Taiwan have exhibited positive growth since 2004 with US exports to Taiwanamounting to $245 billion in 2007 and US imports from Taiwan amounting to $381billion resulting in a $135 billion US trade deficit in the same year Leading US exportsto Taiwan in 2007 included digital integrated circuits semiconductor and flat panelmanufacturing and assembly equipment aircraft corn and soybeans Leading US importsfrom Taiwan included digital integrated circuits transmission apparatuses forradiotelephony reception apparatus for televisions computer parts and navigational andremote control radar machines US-Taiwan merchandise trade data are shown in appendixtables A39 through A41
The Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was established in 1994 as theprimary forum in which US and officials from Taiwan could address bilateral trade issuesand the promotion of economic cooperation During TIFArsquos sixth session in July 200796
US-Taiwan negotiations focused on intellectual property rights enforcement andagricultural trade97
Intellectual Property Rights
Taiwanrsquos sustained IPR enforcement measures in 2007 were sufficient to keep the countryoff USTRrsquos Special 301 Priority Watch List of most egregious IPR violator countries InDecember 2004 the USTR moved Taiwan from its Special 301 Priority Watch List to itsregular IPR Watch List following Taiwanrsquos increased efforts to combat domestic IPRviolations According to the USTR these efforts were sustained in 2007 through suchmeasures as the passage of legislation that established a specialized IPR court the creationof an IP section at the Special Prosecutorrsquos Office the imposition of increased penalties forpharmaceutical counterfeiting as well as higher frequency raids and seizures of piratedoptical media counterfeit pharmaceuticals and counterfeit luxury goods The USTR has98
also noted that Taiwanrsquos sustained vigilance against intellectual property infringement in2007 has resulted in more frequent arrests
Despite Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in IPR protection and enforcement the USTR maintainedseveral of its concerns from previous years These include the magnitude of counterfeit99
pharmaceuticals in Taiwan ongoing Internet piracy unlawful peer-to-peer downloadingtextbook copying at universities and the lack of sufficient IPR protection for the packagingconfiguration and outward appearance of products (trade dress)
The US Intellectual Property Alliance estimated the 2007 losses to US industries resultingfrom intellectual property rights violations in Taiwan to have been $3278 million By the100
first half of FY2007 the value of counterfeit goods from Taiwan seized by US
Ibid101
USDA FAS FAS Online Database102
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532103
Ibid104
The ruminant and nonruminant products intended to use for animal feed and pet food include tallow105
(including protein free tallow) lard poultry and porcine meal USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532106
US Department of State ldquoTaiwan Profilerdquo107
USITC Dataweb accessed March 29 2008108
5-17
Customsmdashmany of which were transshipped clothing and luxury products from Chinamdashhasbeen estimated to have risen to $28 million compared to $18 million over the course of theentire year in 2006101
Agriculture
Taiwan remained a significant market for US agriculture in 2007 importing $29 billionof US agricultural products During that year agricultural trade negotiations focused on102
providing US beef and beef product companies with more comprehensive market accessand reforming Taiwanrsquos rice procurement practices
Beef
In 2007 Taiwan permitted imports of US boneless beef originating from cattle 30 monthsof age or younger following the lifting of a ban that precluded such trade the year before103
However according to the USTR Taiwan has still not fully opened its market to all USbeef and beef products For example in 2007 Taiwan still required that specified riskmaterial tissue be removed from cattle 30 months of age or younger despite the moreinternationally accepted standard of removing this from cattle over 30 months of age104
Moreover due to sustained concerns over BSE imports of ruminant and nonruminantproducts intended for use in animal feed and pet food are still mostly banned in Taiwan105
Exceptions to this include certain foreign pet food companies that have been eitherindividually reviewed by Taiwanese officials or whose plants have been inspected
According to the USTR Taiwanrsquos 2007 progress in providing full market access for theentire range of US beef and beef products has not been comprehensive For example by106
mid-2007 the United States was still requesting that Taiwanrsquos import practices andclassifications of US ruminant and non-ruminant products remain consistent withguidelines set forth by the World Organization for Animal Health Also the United Statesrequested that Taiwan complete its regulatory review process of BSE-related imports of USbeef and beef products
The reopening of Taiwans market to US beef exports in January 2006 followed officialdecisions by the Japanese Hong Kong and South Korean governments to reinitiate theirrespective beef trade with the United States In 2003 before the impositions of any of the107
bans the United States exported $70 million worth of freshchilled and frozen beef By108
Ibid109
USDA ldquoGAIN Report Public Rice Tender for 2007 Import Quotasrdquo November 11 2007110
USTR ldquoTaiwan National Trade Estimate Report of Foreign Trade Barriersrdquo 532111
Ibid p 533112
USITC Dataweb (accessed March 20 2008) 113
5-18
2006 and 2007 US exports of freshchilled and frozen beef to Taiwan amounted to $101and $107 million respectively 109
Rice
Taiwan implemented a country-specific quota (CSQ) for public-sector rice imports in 2007after receiving certification from the WTO on modifications and rectifications to its existingTRQ import regime on June 22 of that year This measure is one of several policy changes110
that have been implemented over the past few years by Taiwan Prior to its accession to theWTO Taiwan banned rice imports altogether and in 2003 changed its minimum accessagreement to a TRQ According to the USTR Taiwan made progress towards addressing111
rice procurement concerns in 2007 but US companiesrsquo ability to win bids has remainedinhibited by price ceilings imposed in Taiwan since 2005112
US exports of rice to Taiwan amounted to $36 million in 2007 compared to $19 millionin 2006 The growth was mostly attributable to surges in US exports of medium-grainhusked brown rice113
India
In 2007 India was the 17th leading US trading partner (based on two-way trade of exportsand imports) US two-way trade with India totaled $402 billion in 2007 US exports toIndia grew by 807 percent to $163 billion in 2007 after increasing by 296 percent in 2006Much of this increase was accounted for by US exports of aircraft that increased from$4676 million in 2005 to $57 billion in 2007 to account for 348 percent of total USexports to India in 2007 In 2007 the Boeing Company delivered 36 commercial aircraft(mostly 737 and 777 models) valued at nearly $55 billion to Indiarsquos various airlines
In 2007 US imports from India increased by 101 percent to $239 billion after increasingby 158 percent in 2006 The United States recorded a $75 billion trade deficit with Indiain 2007 compared to $126 billion in 2006 In 2007 nonindustrial diamonds and jewelryaccounted for 247 percent of total US imports from India Leading US exports to Indiaduring the year included aircraft fertilizers nonindustrial diamonds and nonmonetary goldLeading US imports from India include nonindustrial diamonds articles of jewelry andparts of precious metals (excluding silver) womenrsquos or girlsrsquo cotton blouses shirts and shirtblouses (not knitted or crocheted) oils and preparations from petroleum oils menrsquos or boysrsquocotton shirts (not knitted or crocheted) and shrimp and prawns US-India merchandisetrade data are shown in appendix tables A42 through A44
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo114
GOI Department of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath and115
Susan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo June 23 2006 USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation A New Beginningrdquo September 2006116
USDA FAS ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo117
USTR ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo September 24 2007118
USITC The Year in Trade 2006 Operations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report 2005119
5-33 USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007120
APHIS approved the use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment for fruits and vegetables in October121
2002 APHIS published another rule in January 2006 approving a minimum generic dose (400 gray) ofirradiation for imported fruits and vegetables Until the availability of this generic dose the pests associatedwith the mangoes specifically the mango seed weevil and the mango pulp weevil could not be mitigatedwith any other APHIS-approved treatments USDA APHIS ldquoQuestions and Answers Importing IndianMangoes into the United Statesrdquo
5-19
Trade Dialogue
The US-India Trade Policy Forum (TPF) serves as the primary forum for trade andeconomic dialogue between the two countries Established in 2005 the TPF is a key114
element of the US-India Economic Dialogue and is co-chaired by the United States TradeRepresentative and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and Industry The TPF was created tohelp facilitate and promote bilateral trade and investment and discuss other bilateral tradeand multilateral issues such as the ongoing WTO DDA negotiations The TPF serves as avenue for discussions in five key areas tariff and nontariff barriers agriculture investmentservices and innovation and creativity The fourth ministerial-level meeting was held in115
April 2007 in New Delhi India where discussions covered issues such as US almondsUS pulses Indian mangoes and Indian organic products116
Also in April 2007 the two governments announced the formation of the Private SectorAdvisory Group (PSAG) a senior-level advisory group made up of private sector tradeexperts from corporations associations think tanks and other organizations PSAGrsquos117
principal function is to assist and provide the TPF with strategic direction to enhanceUS-India economic integration over the next 5 to 10 years The PSAG first met in NewYork City USA in September 2007 and then again in December 2007 when it presenteda Vision Statement to the TPF on key policy areas including a bilateral investment treatythe advancement of sectoral openings and regulatory cooperation IPR protection and thepromotion of technology transfer118
Mangoes
In 2005 the United States and India signed a bilateral agreement permitting India to exportmangoes to the United States ending an 18-year trade dispute concerning health andsanitary problems involving pests On March 12 2007 the US Department of119
Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) amended its fruitand vegetable regulations to allow the importation of fresh Indian mangoes into the UnitedStates To eliminate the risk of pests such as fruit flies and weevils Indian mangoes arerequired to undergo irradiation at an APHIS certified facility before entering the UnitedStates Indian mangoes are the first fruit irradiated in a foreign country and approved for120
importation into the United States Each shipment must also be accompanied by a121
(continued)121
httpwwwaphisusdagovpublicationsplant_healthcontentprintable_versionfaq_imp_indian_mangopdf USDA APHIS ldquoUSDA to Allow Mango Imports from Indiardquo March 13 2007 and USTR ldquoUS-122
India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes into United Statesrdquo The ldquoadditional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties The123
ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo is calculated in addition to and after applying Indiarsquos basic customs duties as well asthe additional duty India alleges that these additional duties are designed to offset certain internal Indiantaxes such as state-level value-added tax central government sales taxes and other taxes India also allegedthat these duties also apply to Indian wines and spirits sold across state lines within India WTO ldquoDisputeSettlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the UnitedStatesrdquo accessed April 15 2008 and USTR ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India ChallengingExcessive Duties on US Wine and Spiritsrdquo March 6 2007 USTR ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on Beer124
Wine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo July 6 2007 WTO ldquoIndia - Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United Statesrdquo DS360125
Summary up to date January 22 2008
5-20
phytosanitary certificate issued by Indiarsquos national plant protection organization On May1 2007 the first consignment of 150 boxes of King Alphonso and Kessar mangoes fromIndia arrived in the United States The United States is the worldrsquos largest importer of122
mangoes and imports from Mexico and South America currently account for 99 percent ofthe 250000 metric tons of mangoes consumed in the United States each year
Alcoholic beverages
On March 6 2007 the United States requested WTO consultations with India concerningduties that India applies to imports of wines distilled spirits and other imports from theUnited States as mentioned in Chapter 3 In addition to a basic customs duty India123
imposes an ldquoadditional dutyrdquo and an ldquoextra-additional dutyrdquo on imported wines and spirits
Indiarsquos additional duty on imported wine and beer ranges from 20 to 75 percent ad valoremand from 25 to 150 percent ad valorem for imported distilled spirits In addition Indiaapplies an extra-additional duty of 4 percent ad valorem on imported wine and spirits fromthe United States These additional duties have the effect of increasing the cumulative dutyrate to between 264 percent and 550 percent ad valorem India also applies these duties toother imports from the United States including milk raisins and orange juice These dutiesin some cases can exceed Indiarsquos WTO bound tariff rates The United States and India heldWTO dispute settlement consultations on April 13 2007 without resolving the dispute OnMay 25 2007 the United States requested that the WTO establish a dispute settlement panelregarding Indiarsquos ordinary customs duties on these products
In July 2007 India announced the withdrawal of the additional duty on beer wine anddistilled spirits (alcoholic beverages) A panel was composed in July 2007 and in124
December 2007 the panel chair announced that because of the complexity of the case aruling would be postponed to March 2008125
Biblio-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Institute in Taiwan ldquoOpportunities and Challenges in US-Taiwan and Cross-straitRelationsmdashRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at the FICS ConferencemdashTheWashington-Taipei-Beijing Relations Variable and Prospectsrdquo News release OT-0719E December 32007 httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007120302 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young at IPR Protection Workshop lsquoMeeting theChallenges of IPR Protection in Taiwan and Beyondrsquordquo News release OT-0702E February 5 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007020502 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the 2007 Hsieh Nien Fan of the AmericanChamber of Commerce in Taipei March 20 2007rdquo News release OT-0703E March 21 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007032101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by AIT Director Stephen M Young to the Annual Assembly 2007 of ChineseNational Association of Industry and Commerce (CNAIC)rdquo News release OT-0709E May 21 2007httpaitorgtwennewsofficialtextvieweraspxid=2007052101 (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquoUS and Taiwan Enhance Trade Cooperationrdquo Press release PR-0742E July 12 2007httpwwwaitorgtwennewspressreleasevieweraspxid=2007071203 (accessed May 12 2008)
Antigua Online Gaming Association ldquoAntiguamdashUnited States WTO Internet Gambling CaserdquohttpwwwantiguawtocomWTODispPghtml (accessed February 4 2008)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 19th APEC Ministerial Meeting ldquoAPEC Model Measures forRTAsFTAsrdquo 2007AMM020 September 5-6 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007MMAMM07_amm_020doc (accessed March 12 2007)
______ APECrsquos Second Trade Facilitation Action Plan Singapore Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationSecretariat July 2007httpwwwapecorgapecpublicationsMedialibDownloadv1htmlurl=etcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadssecpubs2007Par0013Filev11 (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Committee on Trade and Investment ldquoIntellectual Property Rights Convenorrsquos SummaryReports to CTIrdquo 2007SOM3CTI022 June 29-30 2007httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007CTICTI307_cti3_022pdf (accessed March 12 2007)
______ Senior Officials Meeting ldquoAPEC Cooperation Initiative on Patent Acquisition Proceduresrdquo2007SOM3020 July 3 2007 httpaimpapecorgDocuments2007SOMSOM307_som3_020doc(accessed March 12 2007)
______ ldquoSydney APEC Leadersrsquo Declaration on Climate Change Energy Security and CleanDevelopmentrdquo News release September 9 2007httpwwwapecorgetcmedialibapec_media_librarydownloadsnews_uploads2007aelmPar0001Filetmp07_aelm_ClimateChangeEnergySecpdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Basheer Shamnad ldquoTurning TRIPS on its Head Cross Retaliation at the WTOrdquo Spicy IP February 142008 httpspicyipindiablogspotcom200802turning-trips-on-its-head-crosshtml (accessed March 272008)
Biblio-2
Baucus Max et al ldquoSenators Remind Korean Ambassador of Beef Rulesrdquo Press release February 82007 httpwwwsenategov~financepressBpress2007pressprb020807apdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Blustein Paul ldquoAgainst All OddsmdashAntigua Besting US in Internet Gambling Case at WTOrdquoWashingtonPostcom August 4 2006httpwwwwashingtonpostcomwp-dyncontentarticle20060803AR2006080301390html (accessedApril 21 2008)
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Submittedpursuant to section 2B of the Federal Reserve Act Washington DC Board of Governors of the FederalReserve System February 27 2008httpwwwfederalreservegovBOARDDOCSHH2008februaryFullReportpdf (accessed April 112008)
Commission for Environmental Cooperation ldquoA Guide to Articles 14 and 15 of the North AmericanAgreement to Environmental Cooperationrdquohttpwwwcecorgpubs_docsdocumentsindexcfmID=242ampvarlan=english (accessed April 27 2008)
______ ldquoCEC Secretariat Councilrdquohttpwwwcecorgwho_we_aresecretariatindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCitizen Submission on Enforcement Matters Current Status of Filed Submissionsrdquohttpwwwcecorgcitizenstatusindexcfmvarlan=english (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoCommission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Ministerial Statementrdquo Fourteenth RegularSession of the CEC Council Morelia Michoacaacuten Mexico July 27 2007httpwwwcecorgnewsdetailsindexcfmvarlan=englishampID=2764 (accessed May 27 2008)
Commission for Labor Cooperation Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoCooperative LaborMarkets Edition3 (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW-English_Labor_Markets_3pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoHigh Performance Work Systems in NorthAmerica (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgUserFilesFileNEW_-_HPWS_DR6_ENpdf (accessed May 272008)
______ Cooperative Activities Reports and Studies ldquoWorkplace Anti-Discrimination and Equal PayLaws (2007)rdquo httpnewnaalcorgindexcfmpage=165 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Cooperative Activities ldquoTrinational Government Experts Workshop on the Role of LaborMinistries in the Effective Promotion of Mine Safety and Health in North Americardquo GuadalajaraMexico October 30-31 2007 httpwwwnaalcorgindexcfmpage=840 (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoRules of Procedure for Evaluation Committees of Experts of the North American Agreement onLabor Cooperationrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishrulesshtmlApplication (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoThe National Administrative Officesrdquo httpwwwnaalcorgenglishnaoshtml (accessed May27 2008)
Biblio-3
Costigan Media LLC ldquoCosta Rica Revives WTO Internet Gambling Dispute With US Could ImpactEuropean Union Agreementrdquo Gambling911comhttpwwwgambling911comCosta-Rica-WTO-Internet-Gambling-Dispute-European-Union-013108html (accessed March 25 2008)
Economist Intelligence Unit ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUnited States of America Travel and tourismforecastrdquo Viewswire February 27 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id473118632ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
______ ldquoIndustry BriefingmdashUSA tourism Bargain-hunting The weak dollar lures visitorsrdquo ViewswireMarch 14 2008httpwwwviewswirecomindexasplayoutIwPrintVW3amparticle_id743136859ampprinterprinter (April11 2008)
EurActivcom ldquoNewsmdashEU attacks US stance in Airbus-Boeing subsidy battlerdquo July 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-attacks-us-stance-airbus-boeing-subsidy-battlearticle-165858(accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU claims US aid to Boeing cost Airbus $27 billionrdquo September 27 2007httpwwweuractivcomentradeeu-claims-us-aid-boeing-cost-airbus-27article-167126 (accessed April11 2008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashEU considers lsquopause for thoughtrsquo on GMOsrdquo October 31 2007httpwwweuractivcomenbiotecheu-considers-pause-thought-gmosarticle-168053 (accessed April 112008)
______ ldquoNewsmdashFrance suspends GM maize citing new scientific evidencerdquo January 14 2008httpwwweuractivcomenenvironmentfrance-suspends-gm-maize-citing-new-scientific-evidencearticle-169522 (accessed April 11 2008)
European Commission Directorate General for Communication Europa Web site ldquoThe WTOBoeing-Airbus disputerdquo RAPID Database MEMO07112 March 22 2007httpeuropaeurapidpressReleasesActiondoreference=MEMO07112ampformat=HTMLampaged=1amplanguage=ENampguiLanguage=en (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Directorate General for Trade Information Centre ldquoi centrerdquo Web site ldquoPotsdam G4 MeetingEnds with No Agreement on Industrial Tariff Cuts mdash Full transcript of Mandelsons Meeting withJournalistsrdquo June 21 2007 httptradeeceuropaeudoclibcfmdoclib_resultscfmaction=results1(accessed December 3 2007)
European Union Delegation of the European Commission to the United States ldquoJoint Statement of theTransatlantic Economic Councilrdquo Press release 11207 November 9 2007httpwwweurunionorgnewspress200720070112htm (accessed January 27 2008)
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Export and Import Controls ldquoMonthly Report onSoftwood Lumber Prices and ConsumptionmdashSoftwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) 2006rdquohttpwwwinternationalgccaeicbreportsSWLSLA_EUSC_200610_4htm (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-4
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdashCases Filed Against theGovernment of the United Mexican Statesrdquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffmexicoaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoDispute SettlementmdashNAFTAmdashChapter 11mdashInvestmentmdash Cases Filed Against theGovernment of the United States of Americardquohttpwwwinternationalgccatrade-agreements-accords-commerciauxdisp-diffusaaspxlang=en(accessed May 27 2008)
Global Trade Information Services Inc World Trade AtlasmdashTrade Information System DatabaseInternet version 46b
Government of Antigua and Barbuda ldquoComments of Antigua and Barbuda to Answers of the UnitedStates to Questions from the Arbitrator and Antigua and Barbudardquo Before the World Trade Organizationin connection with ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling andBetting ServicesmdashArbitration Pursuant to Article 226 of the DSUrdquo WTDS285 November 13 2007httpwwwantiguawtocomwto82_Antigua_Comments_US_As_13nov07pdf (accessed April 212008)
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce ldquoWhy G4 TalksBroke Down in Potsdam No Compromise on Agri Market Access Says Kamal Nath Reiterates IndiasCommitment to Successful Conclusion of Doha Roundrdquo Press release June 22 2007httpcommercenicinpressreleasepressrelease_detailaspid=2081 (accessed December 3 2007)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndia and US Discuss Key Trade Issues Kamal Nath andSusan Schwab Commit to Expand Opportunities for Bilateral Trade and Investmentrdquo Press release June23 2006 httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid127 (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoIndian Mangoes To Enter US Market ThisSeasonmdashKamal Nath and Susan Schwab Announce Formation of US-India Private Sector AdvisoryGroup on Trade Policyrdquo Press release April 13 2007httpcommercenicinPressReleasepressrelease_detailaspid=1997 (accessed May 29 2008)
______ Ministry of Commerce and Industry ldquoSixth Ministerial US-India trade policy meeting heldrdquoPress release March 3 2008 httpwwwindianembassyorgnewsitepress_release2007Apr6asp(accessed May 29 2008)
Greene William ldquoGrowth in Services Outsourcing to India Propellant or Drain on the US EconomyrdquoUS International Trade Commission Office of Economics Working Paper 06-09-A January 2006httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsresearch_working_papersec200601apdf (accessed December 152008)
Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act of 2006 Pub L No 109-432120 Stat 2922 httpwwwgovtrackuscongressbillxpdbill=h109-6111 (accessed April 21 2008)
Hornbeck J F ldquoThe Proposed US-Panama Free Trade Agreement Updated January 18 2008rdquo CRSReport for Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service January 18 2008httpwwwnationalaglawcenterorgassetscrsRL32540pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-5
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development ldquoG-4 Talks in Potsdam Break Down DohaRoundrsquos Fate in the Balance Once Againrdquo Bridges vol 11 no 23 June 27 2007httpwwwictsdorgweekly07-06-27story1htm (accessed December 3 2007)
International Intellectual Property Alliance ldquo2007 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 12 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashPeoplersquos Republic of China (PRC)rdquo February 11 2008httpwwwiipacomrbc20072007SPEC301PRCpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 ReportmdashTaiwanrdquo February 11 2007httpwwwiipacomrbc20082008SPEC301TAIWANpdf (accessed May 12 2008)
International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics Database
______ World Economic Outlook April 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200701indexhtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ World Economic Outlook October 2007httpwwwimforgexternalpubsftweo200702pdftextpdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Kanter James and Gary Rivlin ldquoWTO Gives Antigua Right to Violate US Copyrights in GamblingDisputerdquo International Herald Tribune December 21 2007httpwwwihtcomarticles20071221businesswtophp (accessed December 15 2008)
London Court of International Arbitration ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v CanadaRespondentmdashAward on Liabilityrdquo Case no 7941 undatedhttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_Enforcement2006_Softwood_Lumber_AgreementArbitration_on_Export_Measuresasset_upload_file958_14567pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashRequest For ArbitrationrdquoAugust 13 2007 httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsjan18-ArbitrationRequestpdf(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoThe United States Of America Claimant v Canada RespondentmdashStatement Of The Case [OfThe United States Of America]rdquo Case no 7941 October 19 2007httpwwwdfait-maecigccatradeeicbsoftwoodpdfsUSStmtCasepdf (accessed May 29 2008)
Morrison Wayne M and Marc Labonte ldquoChinarsquos Currency A Summary of the Economic Issuesrdquo CRSReport for Congress RS21625 Washington DC Congressional Research Service July 11 2007httpwwwfasorgsgpcrsrowRS21625pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
Morrison Wayne M ldquoChina-US Trade Issuesrdquo CRS Report for Congress RL33536 Washington DCCongressional Research Service March 7 2008 httpfasorgsgpcrsrowRL33536pdf (accessedMarch 12 2008)
NAFTA Secretariat ldquoLegal TextsmdashNorth American Free Trade AgreementmdashPart Five InvestmentServices and Related MattersmdashChapter Twelve Cross-Border Trade in Servicesrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=162 (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-6
______ ldquoOverview of the Dispute Settlement Provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)rdquo httpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=8 (accessed May 272008)
______ ldquoStatus Report of Panel Proceedings Active NAFTA Panel Reviewsrdquohttpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=11 (accessed May 27 2008)
National Association of Software Services Companies Foundation ldquoIndian ITITES Industry ImpactingEconomy and Society 2007ndash08rdquo NASSCOM-Deloitte Study 2008 New Delhi National Association ofSoftware Services Companies February 2008httpwwwnasscominNasscomtemplatesNormalPageaspxid=53649 (accessed March 15 2008)
North American Development Bank ldquoBECC-COCEF Joint Status Reportrdquo March 31 2008httpwwwnadbankorgpdfsstatus_engpdf (accessed April 15 2008)
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health ldquoResolution No XXIV Recognition of the BovineSpongiform Encephalopathy Status of Member Countriesrdquo News release May 22 2007httpwwwoieintenginfoen_statesbhtme1d6 (accessed May 27 2008)
Online Casino City ldquoCosta Rica Antigua file for WTO arbitrationrdquo February 1 2008httponlinecasinocitycomnewsnewscfmArticleId77536 (accessed April 15 2008)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Council ldquoCouncil Resolution onEnlargement and Enhanced Engagement (adopted by Council at Ministerial Level on 16 May 2007)rdquoCMIN(2007)4FINAL May 16 2007
______ Council ldquoDraft Revised Council Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environmentand Officially Supported Export Credits (Note by the Secretary-General)rdquo C(2007)65 May 18 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 146thSession of the Trade Committee 12ndash13 March 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)1PROV May 30 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 147thSession of the Trade Committee 27 June 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)2PROV October 24 2007
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade CommitteemdashConfidential Session 17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)4PROVFebruary 14 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoDraft Summary Record of the 148thSession of the Trade Committee 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCM(2007)3PROV February 11 2008
______ Trade and Agriculture Directorate Trade Committee ldquoWork in Progressmdash148th Session of theTrade Committee mdash Paris 16-17 October 2007rdquo TADTCRD(2007)7 October 11 2007
______ Trade Directorate Trade Committee Working Party on Export Credits and Credit GuaranteesldquoOECD Council Recommendation on Bribery and Officially Supported Export CreditsrdquoTDECG(2006)24 December 18 2006
Biblio-7
______ ldquoBrazil Joins OECD Countries in Landmark Pact on Civil Aircraft Export Creditsrdquo July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument003343es_2649_201185_39045184_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
______ ldquoCountry comparison tablesrdquo OECD Main Economic Indicators Paris Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development April 2008httpwwwoecdorgdataoecd432035827900pdf (accessed March 7 2008)
______ ldquoOECD Recommendation to Deter Bribery in Officially Supported Export Creditsrdquo December20 2006 httpwwwoecdorgdocument6203343en_2649_201185_37858750_1_1_1_100html(accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoRemarks by Angel GurriamdashOECD Secretary-General during the Signing Ceremony of thelsquoAircraft Sector Understanding on Export Credits for Civil Aircraftrdquo Rio de Janeiro Brazil July 302007 httpwwwoecdorgdocument4903343es_2649_201185_39052529_1_1_1_100html (accessedMarch 14 2008)
Proclamation No 7987 71 Fed Reg 10827 (March 2 2006) ldquoProclamation 7987mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreementrdquo
Proclamation No 7996 71 Fed Reg 16971 (April 4 2006) ldquoProclamation 7996mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Hondurasand Nicaraguardquo
Proclamation No 8034 71 Fed Reg 38507 (July 6 2006) ldquoProclamation 8034mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Guatemalaand For Other Purposesrdquo
Proclamation No 8111 72 Fed Reg 10023 (March 6 2007) ldquoProclamation 8111mdashTo Implement theDominican RepublicndashCentral AmericandashUnited States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to theDominican Republic and for Other Purposesrdquo
Pruzin Daniel ldquoNewsmdashAntigua Costa Rica Request Arbitration on Compensation in US GamblingDisputerdquo Bureau of National Affairs Inc International Trade Daily no 19 January 30 2008
Secretariacutea de Economiacutea de Mexico ldquoSolucioacuten de Controversias en Materia de InversioacutenmdashTratado deLibre Comercio de Ameacuterica del Norte (TLCAN)rdquo httpwwweconomiagobmxP=2259 (accessedMay 27 2008)
Soon Christina ldquoYuan Rises Most in Two Weeks Paulson Defends Currency Policyrdquo BloombergcomFebruary 1 2007httpwwwbloombergcomappsnewspid=20601080ampsid=a7cpKS_nYbXAamprefer=asia (accessedMarch 12 2008)
Transport Canada ldquoFlying The lsquoOpen Skiesrsquordquo News release no H22505 November 11 2005httpwwwtcgccamediaroomreleasesnat200505-h225ehtm (accessed May 29 2008)
Biblio-8
US Coordination for Intellectual Property Enforcement ldquoReport to the President and Congress onCoordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protectionrdquo January 2008httpwwwusdojgovcriminalprpress_releases200802012008-nipleccrprtpdf (accessed May 272008)
US Customs and Border Protection ldquo2007 Year-end Textile Status Report for Absolute QuotasmdashChina(Mainland) (CN)rdquohttpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotastextile_status_reportarchived2007_year_rptcntxtrptcttcntxtrpthtm (accessed March 14 2008)
______ ldquoYear-end status report for imported merchandise subject to tariff rate quotas and tariffpreference levels mdash 2007 Year-End Commodity Status Reportrdquo December 31 2007httpwwwcbpgovlinkhandlercgovtradetrade_programstextiles_and_quotascommodityyr_end_archived_com_statuscr123107cttcrcy2007pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ldquoUSDA to Allow MangoImports from Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service FAS Online Database
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoFact Sheet US-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoPrograms and OpportunitiesmdashTrade Adjustment Assistance forFarmers Trade Act of 2002 FAQsrdquo January 20 2006 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm(accessed January 8 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoStatement by Acting Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner on theFull Implementation of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Jan 2 2008rdquo Pressrelease undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovscriptswPressReleasepressrel_doutaspEntry=validampPrNum=0001-08(accessed May 27 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoTaiwanmdashGrain and FeedmdashPublic Rice Tender for 2007 Importsmdash 2007rdquo Global Agriculture Information Network Report no TW7038 November 1 2007httpwwwfasusdagovgainfiles200711146292871pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service ldquoUS-India Trade Relationsrdquo undatedhttpwwwfasusdagovitpus-indiaasp (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Foreign Agricultural Service (Author Julia Debes) ldquoUS-India Agricultural Cooperation ANew Beginningrdquo FAS Worldwide Washington DC US Department of Agriculture September 2006httpwwwfasusdagovinfofasworldwide200609-2006IndiaKnowledgeInitiativepdf (accessed April15 2008)
______ Foreign Agriculture Service ldquoNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)rdquo Fact sheetJanuary 2008 httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsNAFTA1142008pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-9
______ ldquoUS-Korea Free Trade Agreementrdquo Fact sheet February 2008httpwwwfasusdagovinfofactsheetsKoreaKorea1pager07asp (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA To Allow Mango Imports From Indiardquo News release March 13 2007httpwwwaphisusdagovnewsroomcontent200703mangoshtml (accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoUSDA to Promote Food and Beverages at Trade Show in Chinardquo Press release PR 0022-07February 15 2007 httpwwwfasusdagovitptaataafaqhtm (accessed February 18 2007)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Fact sheet June 2006httpwwwfasusdagovitpus-india_tpffactsheetasp (accessed May 29 2008)
US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis Survey of Current Business 87 no 10(October 2007) httpwwwbeagovscbtoc1007conthtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade inGoods and Servicesrdquo News release BEA08-05 December 2007httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS InternationalTransactions Fourth Quarter and Year 2007 Current Accountrdquo News release BEA 08-09 March 172008 httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltransactions2008trans407htm (accessed April 152008)
______ Bureau of Economic Analysis ldquoNational Economic AccountsmdashGross Domestic Product FourthQuarter 2007 (Preliminary)rdquo News release BEA 08-06 February 28 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesnationalgdp2008gdp407phtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoRevisions and Clarification of Export and Reexport Controlsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China (PRC) New Authorization Validated End-Userrdquo 71 Fed Reg 38313(July 6 2006)
______ Bureau of Industry and Security ldquoWin-Win High Technology Trade With Chinardquo Remarks byUnder Secretary David McCormick at the Center for Strategic and International Studies June 9 2006httpwwwbisdocgovnews2006mccormick06-9-06htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Census Bureau ldquoInternational Economic AccountsmdashUS International Trade in Goods andServices December 2007 News release BEA08-05 February 14 2008httpwwwbeagovnewsreleasesinternationaltrade2008trad1207htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashFAQsrdquohttpwwwtaacentersorgfaqshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Economic Development Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance For FirmsmdashProgramBenefitsrdquo httpwwwtaacentersorgbenefitshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ International Trade Administration African Growth and Opportunity Act Web sitehttpwwwagoagovagoa_forumagoa_forum6html (accessed April 28 2008)
Biblio-10
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoMajor ShippersReportmdashby CountrymdashChinardquo httpotexaitadocgovmsrctyv5700htm (accessed March 13 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade and DevelopmentAct of 2002 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) US-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act(CBTPA) Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) PreferentialTreatmentmdash1012006-9302007 (October 2006-January 2008 Imports)rdquohttpotexaitadocgovagoa-cbtpaagoa-cbtpa_2007htm (accessed February 4 2008)
______ International Trade Administration Office of Textiles and Apparel ldquoTrade DatamdashUS Importsand Exports of Textiles and ApparelmdashTrade Preference Programsrdquohttpotexaitadocgovmsrpointhtmtradeact (accessed various dates)
______ International Trade Administration ldquoAdministration Announces Intent to Apply Safeguard onCotton Socks from Hondurasrdquo Press release January 18 2008httpwwwitadocgovpresspress_releases2008socks_011808asp (accessed April 15 2008)
US Department of Energy Energy Information Administration ldquoUS Imports by Country of OriginrdquoOfficial Energy Statistics Databasehttptontoeiadoegovdnavpetpet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_ahtm (accessed April 242008)
US Department of Health and Human Services ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Drugs andMedical Devices Imported From the Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsdrugsmedicalhtml (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquoNew Agreement Will Enhance the Safety of Food and Feed Imported From the PeoplersquosRepublic of Chinardquo News release December 11 2007 httpwwwhhsgovnewsfactsfoodfeedhtml(accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade AgreementImplementation ldquoAugust 10-11 2006 II Regional Train the Trainer SeminarmdashNorthwest RegionSeattlerdquo httpwwwdolgovILABprogramsnaomainhtm (accessed April 17 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs Office of Trade and Labor Affairs ldquoPublic Report ofReview of NAO Submission No 2005-03mdashNorth American Agreement on Labor CooperationmdashPublicReport of Review of Office of Trade and Labor Affairsrdquo Submission 2005-03 August 31 2007httpwwwdolgovilabmediareportsnaopublicrep2005-3htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoNotice of Renaming the National Administrative Officeas the Office of Trade Agreement Implementation Designation of That Office as the Contact Point forLabor Provisions of Free Trade Agreements and Request for Comments on Procedural Guidelinesrdquo 69Fed Reg 77128 (December 2004)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtm(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-11
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Mexico NAO Submission no 2005-01 (H-2 VisaWorkers) httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiib8 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoStatus of Submissions Under the North AmericanAgreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo US NAO Submission no 2006-01 (Coahuila)httpwwwdolgovilabprogramsnaostatushtmiia21 (accessed April 7 2008)
______ Bureau of International Labor Affairs ldquoSubmissions Filed Under the North AmericanAgreement of Labor Cooperation (NAALC)rdquo Provided by Crispin Rigby International ProgramSpecialist Washington DC US Department of Labor March 27 2007 (accessed May 2 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoChart Tracking Petitions Filed and Certifications byFiscal Year 1998-2006 mdash Accessible VersionrdquohttpwwwdoletagovtradeactPetitionsFiled_Tablecfm (accessed February 6 2007)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoFiscal Year 2006mdashYear End PerformanceHighlightsrdquo httpwwwdoletagovPerformanceresultsQuarterly_reportPerformanceHighlights06pdf(accessed March 7 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) andAlternative Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) Application Processhttpwwwdoletagovtradeactpetitionscfm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Employment and Training Administration ldquoTrade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) EstimatedNumber of Workers Covered by Certifications httpwwwdoletagovtradeacttaa_certscfm (accessedMarch 30 2006)
US Department of State Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs ldquoBackground Note Taiwanrdquo March2008 httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn35855htm (accessed May 12 2008)
______ Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs ldquoBackground Note Canadardquo January 2008httpwwwstategovrpaeibgn2089htm (accessed March 1 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theGovernment of Canadardquo httpwwwstategovslc3740htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited Mexican Statesrdquo httpwwwstategovslc3742htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Legal Advisor ldquoNAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations Cases Filed Against theUnited States of Americardquo httpwwwstategovslc3741htm (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Embassy Beijing ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic DialoguemdashDecember12ndash13 2007 Beijingrdquo Joint fact sheet undated httpbeijingusembassy-chinaorgcn121307sed3html(accessed March 12 2008)
______ US Embassy Ottawa ldquoOttawa Studies Further International Aviation Liberalization Again(Ottawa 001374)rdquo November 24 2006
Biblio-12
______ US Embassy Tokyo ldquoUS-Japanese Governments Reach Agreement on Air TransportationLiberalization Packagerdquo Press release September 14 2007httptokyousembassygoveptp-20070914-78html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoNew Transatlantic Economic Council Works toDismantle Regulatory Barriersrdquo November 9 2007httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersEconomic_RelationsNov0907_TEC_Readoutasp (accessed February22 2008)
______ US Mission to the European Union Web site ldquoSecretary of State Condoleezza Rice to HostUS-EU Air Transport Agreement Signing Ceremonyrdquo In ldquoEU to Sign Open Skies Accordrdquo Media noteApril 27 2007 httpuseuusmissiongovDossiersOpen_SkiesApr2707_Open_Skies_Signingasp(accessed February 22 2008)
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoFebruary WTO General Council Meeting Confirms Relaunch of TradeRound (Geneva 000331)rdquo February 9 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoTNC MeetingmdashDoha Restart (Geneva 000255)rdquo February 2 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council Meeting October 9 2007 (Geneva 002406)rdquoOctober 22 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO General Council May 9 2007 (Geneva 001216)rdquo May 16 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting June 22 2007 (Geneva001650)rdquo June 25 2007
______ US Mission Geneva ldquoWTO Trade Negotiations Committee April 20 2007 (Geneva001023)rdquo April 25 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoGuidance on WTO Doha Round (State 087141)rdquo June 21 2007
______ Washington DC ldquoReporting CablemdashPotsdam G-4 Meeting on WTO Doha Negotiations (State087923)rdquo June 23 2007
______ ldquoExtension of the Andean Trade Preference Actrdquo Press statement February 27 2008httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2008feb101434htm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-EU Air Transport Agreementrdquo Fact sheet April 30 2007httpwwwstategovrpaprsps2007apr83982htm (accessed March 15 2008)
US Department of the Treasury ldquoFact Sheet Creation of the US-China Strategic Economic DialoguerdquoPress release HP-107 September 20 2006 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp107htm (accessedMay 27 2008)
______ ldquoReport to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate PoliciesmdashDecember 2006rdquohttpwwwtreasgovofficesinternational-affairseconomic-exchange-ratespdf2006_FXReportpdf(accessed May 27 2008)
Biblio-13
______ ldquoThe Third US-China Strategic Economic Dialoguerdquo Joint fact sheet HP-732 December12-13 2007 httpwwwustreasgovpressreleaseshp732htm (accessed March 12 2008)
US Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ldquoNumber of IncomingBorder Crossings by State Port of Entry (Incoming Trucks US-Mexico Bordermdash2006)rdquo AampI OnlineDatabase In ldquoNAFTA Safety Statisticsrdquo sectionhttpaifmcsadotgovinternationalborderaspdvar=2ampcvar=truckampsy=2006ampredirect=Crossingsasp(accessed May 15 2008)
______ Office of the Secretary of Transportation Office of Inspector General ldquoInterim Report onNAFTA Cross-border Trucking Demonstration Projectrdquo Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationReport no MH-2008-040 March 10 2008httpwwwoigdotgovStreamFilefile=datapdfdocsInterim_NAFTA_Report_with_508pdf (accessedMay 15 2008)
______ ldquoCross Border Truck Safety Inspection Progra mdashReady to Deliver Long-Distance Cross-BorderTruckingrdquo Fact sheet February 23 2007 httpwwwdotgovaffairscbtsipfactsheethtm (accessed May27 2008)
US International Trade Commission Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the UnitedStatesmdashEighteenth Report 2005ndash2006 USITC Publication 3954 Washington DC US InternationalTrade Commission September 2007
______ Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActmdashImpact on the United StatesmdashFourteenth Report1998 USITC Publication 3234 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September1999
______ Caribbean Region Review of Economic Growth and Development USITC Publication 4000Washington DC US International Trade Commission May 2008
______ Certain Sugar Goods Probable Economic Effect of Tariff Elimination Under NAFTA for Goodsof Mexico USITC Publication 3928 Washington DC US International Trade Commission August2007
______ Certain Textile Articles Probable Effect of Modification of NAFTA Rules of Origin for Goodsof Canada and Mexico (Sanitary Articles and Nonwoven Wipes) and for Goods of Canada (ChenilleFabrics) USITC Publication 3926 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2007
______ Commercial Availability of Fabric and Yarns in AGOA Countries Certain Denim USITCPublication 3950 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubsagoapub3950pdf (accessed April 10 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 2008 (Revision 2) Twentieth edition April 12008 Washington DC Government Printing Office June 2007httphotdocsusitcgovdocstatahtsbychapter0802htsapdf (accessed May 5 2008)
______ Interactive Tariff and Trade Database (Dataweb)
______ The Economic Effects of Significant US Import RestraintsmdashFifth Update 2007 USITCPublication 3906 Washington DC US International Trade Commission February 2007
Biblio-14
______ The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference ActmdashTwelfth Report 2005 USITC Publication3888 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2006
______ The Year in Trade 2006mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2007
______ The Year in Trade 2005mdashOperations of the Trade Agreement Programmdash58th Report USITCPublication 3927 Washington DC US International Trade Commission July 2005
______ Textiles and Apparel Effects of Special Rules for Haiti on Trade Markets and IndustriesUSITC Publication 4016 Washington DC US International Trade Commission June 2008
______ US-Korea Free Trade Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral EffectsUSITC Publication 3949 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September 2007
______ US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Potential Economy-wide and Selected SectoralEffects USITC Publication 3948 Washington DC US International Trade Commission September2007
______ US-Taiwan FTA Likely Economic Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between the UnitedStates and Taiwan USITC Publication 3548 Washington DC US International Trade CommissionOctober 2002 httphotdocsusitcgovdocspubs332pub3548pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Web site ldquoFive-Year (Sunset) Reviewsrdquo httpinfousitcgovoinvsunsetNSF (accessedFebruary 3 2008)
______ Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev1) Washington DC GovernmentPrinting Office June 2007
______ ldquoITC Launches Investigations on Denim Fabric Use and Availability in AGOA CountriesrdquoNews release 07-122 December 6 2007
______ ldquoITC Makes First AGOA Textile Determinationsrdquo News release 07-100 September 25 2007
US Trade Representative and US Department of Commerce ldquoThe US-China Joint Commission onCommerce and Trade (JCCT)mdashFact SheetmdashReleased December 11 2007rdquo Fact sheet December 112007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file239_13686pdf(accessed May 27 2008)
US Trade Representative 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade BarriersWashington DC US Trade Representative March 2007
______ 2008 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ 2008 Trade Policy Agenda and 2007 Annual Report Washington DC US TradeRepresentative March 2008
______ Web site ldquoDispute Settlement UpdatemdashSeptember 21 2007rdquo In ldquoTrade Agreements Monitoring and Enforcementrdquo section
Biblio-15
httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_Settlementasset_upload_file243_5697pdfht= (accessed April 17 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Comprehensive Report on US Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africaand Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity ActrdquohttpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_DevelopmentPreference_ProgramsAGOAasset_upload_file762_11294pdf (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Report to Congress on Chinarsquos WTO Compliancerdquo December 11 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file625_13692pdf (accessed March 12 2008)
______ ldquo2008 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 25 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20082008_Special_301_Reportasset_upload_file553_14869pdf (accessed May 12 2008)
______ ldquo2007 Special 301 Reportrdquo April 30 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications20072007_Special_301_Reviewasset_upload_file230_11122pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoAdministration Declines Section 301 Petition on Chinarsquos Currency Policiesrdquo Press releaseJune 13 2007 httphongkongusconsulategovuscn_t_ustr_2007061301html (accessed April 152008)
______ ldquoAnnual Reform Recommendations from the Government of the United States to theGovernment of Japan under the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy InitiativerdquoOctober 18 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryReports_Publications2007asset_upload_file751_13383pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoChina to End Subsidies Challenged by the United States in WTO Disputerdquo Press releaseNovember 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007NovemberChina_To_End_Subsidies_Challenged_by_the_United_States_in_WTO_Disputehtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United States (WTDS27)mdashExecutive Summaryof the Second Written Submission of the United States of Americardquo October 3 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file612_13273pdf (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with KoreamdashBrief Summary of the Agreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet April 12007 httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file302_11035pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoFree Trade with Panama Summary of the United States Panama Trade PromotionAgreementmdashFinal (Brief)rdquo In ldquoBrief Summary of the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo TradeFacts Fact sheet July 2 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file329_13065pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-16
______ ldquoHearing Notice The United States of America v Canada (LCIA Arbitration No 7941) Pressrelease December 10 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007DecemberHearing_Notice_The_United_States_of_America_v_Canada_(LCIA_Arbitration_No_7941)html (accessed May 20 2008)
______ ldquoIndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Imports from the United States(WTDS360)mdashFirst Submission of the United States of Americardquo Press release July 24 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file127_13208pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoJoint Statement on 2007 NAFTA Commission Meetingrdquo Press release August 14 2007httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustJoint_Statement_on_2007_NAFTA_Commission_Meetinghtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoMemorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the United States of America andthe Peoplersquos Republic of China Concerning Trade in Textile and Apparel Productsrdquo November 8 2005httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaChinaasset_upload_file91_8344pdf (accessedMay 8 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Statement on Amendments to US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneSchwab_statement_on_amendments_to_US-Colombia_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Urges Japanrsquos Continued Commitment to ReformmdashAnnual US ReformRecommendations Presented to Japanrdquo Press release October 18 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Urges_Japans_Continued_Commitment_to_Reform_-_Annual_US_Reform_Recommendations_Presented_to_Japanhtml(accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoSchwab Conner to Lead Congressional Delegation Visit to Colombiardquo Press release October31 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberSchwab_Conner_to_Lead_Congressional_Delegation_Visit_to_Colombiahtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoSixth Report to the Leaders on the US-Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition PolicyInitiativerdquo June 6 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsWorld_RegionsNorth_AsiaJapanRegulatory_Reform_Initiativeasset_upload_file751_12837pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by Stephen Norton on US-Malaysian FTA Negotiationsrdquo Press release March 232007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchStatement_by_Stephen_Norton_on_US-Malaysia_FTA_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Schwab on Todayrsquos Signing of the US - Peru Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Press release December 14 2007httpwwwtradeagreementsgovTradeAgreementNewsPressReleasesPROD01_004941html (accessedApril 15 2008)
Biblio-17
______ ldquoStatement by USTR Susan C Schwab on Indiarsquos Withdrawal of the Additional Duty on BeerWine and Distilled Spiritsrdquo Press release July 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JulyStatement_by_USTR_Susan_C_Schwab_on_Indias_Withdrawal_of_the_Additional_Duty_on_Beer_Wine_Distilled_Spiritshtml (accessedApril 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from Gretchen Hamel Deputy Assistant USTR for Public and Media Affairsregarding a Section 301 Peition on Canadian Film Subsidiesrdquo Press release October 19 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007OctoberStatement_from_Gretchen_Hamel_Deputy_Assistant_USTR_for_Public_Media_Affairs_regarding_a_Section_301_Petition_on_Canadianhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Ambassador Susan C Schwab and USDA Secretary Mike Johanns onDoha Roundrdquo Press release June 21 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneStatement_from_USTR_Ambassador_Susan_C_Schwab_USDA_Secretary_Mike_Johanns_on_Doha_Roundhtml (accessed March 21 2008)
______ ldquoStatement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on Softwood Lumber Agreement BetweenCanada amp United Statesrdquo Press release January 16 2008httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryStatement_from_USTR_Spokesman_Sean_Spicer_on_Softwood_Lumber_Agreement_Between_Canada_United_Stateshtml (accessedMay 20 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Colombia Trade PromotionAgreement Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Korea FTArdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet August 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file900_13311pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama FTArdquo In ldquoThe Case for the US-Panama Trade PromotionAgreementrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet September 12 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2007asset_upload_file192_13310pdf(accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)(DS353)mdashExecutive Summary of the First Written Submission of the United Statesrdquo July 16 2007httpwwwustrgovassetsTrade_AgreementsMonitoring_EnforcementDispute_SettlementWTODispute_Settlement_Listingsasset_upload_file9_13177pdf (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and India Discuss Key Trade Issuesrdquo Press release June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006JuneUnited_States_India_Discuss_Key_Trade_Issueshtml (accessed April 25 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreementrdquo Press release April 2 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUnited_States_Korea_Conclude_Historic_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
Biblio-18
______ ldquoUnited States and Panama Sign Trade Promotion Agreementrdquo Press release June 28 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Panama_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreementrdquo Press releaseJune 30 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_the_Republic_of_Korea_Sign_Lmark_Free_Trade_Agreementhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Files WTO Case Against India Challenging Excessive Duties on US Wine andSpiritsrdquo Press release March 6 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MarchUnited_States_Files_WTO_Case_Against_India_Challenging_Excessive_Duties_on_US_Wine_Spiritshtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Case Challenging Deficiencies in Chinarsquos IntellectualProperty Rights Lawsrdquo Press release August 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AugustUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Case_Challenging_Deficiencies_in_Chinas_Intellectual_Property_Rights_Lawshtml (accessedApril 16 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel in Challenge of Indiarsquos Duties on Wine and Spirits andOther Imports from the United Statesrdquo Press release May 25 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Challenge_of_Indias_Duties_on_Wine_Spirits_Other_Imports_from_the_United_Stateshtml(accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Requests WTO Panel to Review European Unionrsquos Banana Import RegimerdquoPress release June 29 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUnited_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_to_Review_European_Unions_Banana_Import_Regimehtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUnited States Signs Agreement with Japan to Facilitate Trade in TelecommunicationsEquipmentrdquo Press release February 16 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007FebruaryUnited_States_Signs_Agreement_with_Japan_to_Facilitate_Trade_in_Telecommunications_Equipmenthtml (accessed March 27 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Announces Agreement on Extension of Time for Costa Rica to Join the CAFTA-DRrdquoPress release February 27 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file527_14507pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR NewsmdashUSTR Disappointed with Tribunalrsquos Mixed Decision on SoftwoodLumbermdashStatement from Gretchen Hamel USTR spokeswoman on the issuance of the decision in thesoftwood lumber arbitrationrdquo Press release March 4 2008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Marchasset_upload_file97_14550pdf (accessed May 20 2008)
Biblio-19
______ ldquoUSTR Statement on Extension of Andean Trade Preferencesrdquo Press release February 292008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Februaryasset_upload_file495_14528pdf (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUSTR Welcomes Full Reopening of Korean Market to US Beefrdquo Press release April 182008httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008Aprilasset_upload_file668_14855pdf (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Agreement Brings Indian Mangoes Into United Statesrdquo Press release May 1 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007MayUS-India_Agreement_Brings_Indian_Mangoes_into_United_Stateshtml (accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Private Sector Advisory Group Meets in New Yorkrdquo Press release September 242007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007SeptemberUS-India_Private_Sector_Advisory_Group_Meets_in_New_Yorkhtml (accessed April 15 2008)
______ ldquoUS-India Trade Policy Forumrdquo Trade Facts Fact sheet June 22 2006httpwwwustrgovassetsDocument_LibraryFact_Sheets2006asset_upload_file321_9583pdf(accessed May 8 2008)
______ ldquoUS-Mexican Officials Meet to Discuss NAFTArdquo Press release January 11 2008httpustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2008JanuaryUS_Mexican_Officials_Meet_to_Discuss_NAFTAhtml (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoUS Proposes to Address lsquoZeroingrsquo in World Trade Organization Negotiationsrdquo Press releaseJune 4 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007JuneUS_Proposes_to_Address_Zeroing_in_World_Trade_Organization_Negotiationshtml (accessed April 16 2008)
______ ldquoUS Trade Representative Susan Schwab and Indiarsquos Minister of Commerce and IndustryKamal Nath Pledge Increased US-India Trade and Investment Announced Formation of Private SectorAdvisory Grouprdquo Press release April 13 2007httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2007AprilUS_Trade_Representative_Susan_Schwab_Indias_Minister_of_Commerce_Industry_Kamal_Nath_Pledge_Increased_US_India_Tradhtml(accessed May 29 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings Regarding Measures of the European CommunitiesAffecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Productsrdquo 73 Fed Reg 4288 (January 24 2008)
______ ldquoWTO Panel Finds for United States in lsquoZeroingrsquo Dispute with Japanrdquo Press release September20 2006httpwwwustrgovDocument_LibraryPress_Releases2006SeptemberWTO_Panel_Finds_for_United_States_in_Zeroing_Dispute_with_Japanhtml (accessed April 25 2008)
White House Economic Report of the President February 2008 Washington DC Government PrintingOffice 2008 httpwwwgpoaccessgoveop20082008_erppdf (accessed April 11 2008)
Biblio-20
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoPresidentrsquos Statement on Creation of the US-China StrategicEconomic Dialoguerdquo News release September 20 2006httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20060920060920html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ Office of the Press Secretary ldquoTo Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth andOpportunity Act and the Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposesrdquo PresidentialProclamation News release April 17 2008httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20080420080417-7html (accessed April 28 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summit Economic Progress Reportrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-12html (accessed February 27 2008)
______ ldquo2007 US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-10html (accessed May 27 2008)
______ ldquoFramework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the United States ofAmerica and the European Unionrdquo Press release April 30 2007httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-4html (accessed February 7 2008)
______ ldquoPress Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the US-EU Summitrdquo Press release April30 2007 httpwwwwhitehousegovnewsreleases20070420070430-5html (accessed February 72008)
World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoAnnexVIImdashDeveloping Country Members Referred to in Paragraph 2(a) of Article 27rdquo Geneva World TradeOrganization 1995
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoCommunication from the Chairman of the Integrated FrameworkTask ForcemdashDraft Recommendations of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework (25 May2006)rdquo WTAFTW16 June 2 2006
______ Aid for Trade Task Force ldquoWTO Work Programme on Aid-for-TrademdashBackground NotePrepared by the WTO Secretariatrdquo WTAFTW26 May 29 2007
______ Appellate Body ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashReport ofthe Appellate Bodyrdquo WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR January 16 1998
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoDraft Consolidated Text of Non-preferential Rules ofOriginmdashHarmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the SecretariatmdashRevisionrdquo GROW111Rev1February 25 2008
______ Committee on Rules of Origin ldquoTechnical Issues to Be Resolved in the Committee On Rules ofOrigin Harmonization Work ProgrammemdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo GROW113 March 4 2008
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoArticle 274 of the Agreement onSubsidies and Countervailing MeasuresmdashDecision of the Committee of 13 July 2007rdquo GSCM120 July17 2007
______ Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ldquoProcedures for Extensions under Article274 for Certain Developing Country Membersrdquo GSCM39 November 20 2001
Biblio-21
______ Committee on Trade and Development ldquoFirst Session on Aid for TrademdashNote on the Meetingof 2 April 2007rdquo WTCOMTDAFTM1 May 18 2007
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoMinutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 26 July1999rdquo WTDSBM65 September 15 1999
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoTurkeymdashMeasures Affecting the Importation of Ricerdquo Onlinesummary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds334_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashAnti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from EcuadorrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds335_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement Body ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset ReviewsrdquoOnline summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds322_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade NegotiationsGeneva World Trade Organization 1995
______ General Council ldquoAnnual Report (2007)rdquo WTGC114 January 21 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 18 December2007rdquo WTGCM112 March 4 2008
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 21 November2007mdashAnnual Debate On Aid For Trademdash21 November 2007rdquo WTGCM111 December 18 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 27 July 2007rdquoWTGCM109 October 24 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 7 February2007rdquo WTGCM107 March 19 2007
______ General Council ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 May 2007rdquoWTGCM108 June 26 2007
______ General Councilrdquo Minutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on 9 October2007rdquo WTGCM110 November 15 2007
______ Ministerial Conference ldquoReport of the Working Party on the Accession of ChinardquoWTMIN(01)3 November 10 2001
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 20 April 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)51 April 20 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashFriday 22 June 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)105 June 22 2007
Biblio-22
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoInformal TNC Meeting At the Level of Head ofDelegationmdashWednesday 31 January 2007mdashChairmanrsquos Remarksrdquo JOB(07)12 February 1 2007
______ Trade Negotiations Committee ldquoMinutes of MeetingmdashHeld in the Centre William Rappard on26 July 2007rdquo TNCM27 October 30 2007
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS285 United StatesmdashMeasures Affecting the Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling and Betting Servicesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds285_ehtm (accessed January 22 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement Dispute DS360 IndiamdashAdditional and Extra-additional Duties on Importsfrom the United Statesrdquo Online summary prepared by the WTO Secretariathttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 15 2008)
______ Dispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS350]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds350_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS357]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds357_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS358]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds358_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS360]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds360_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS362]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds362_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS363]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds363_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoDispute Settlement The DisputesmdashChronological List of Dispute Casesrdquo [DS365]httpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_ecases_eds365_ehtm (accessed April 11 2008)
______ ldquoEC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)mdashComplaint by the UnitedStatesmdashReport of the Panelrdquo WTDS26RUSA August 18 1997
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Requests of the United States Canada andArgentinamdashNote by the Secretariatrdquo WTDS29124 WTDS29218 WTDS29318 March 5 2004
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashPanel ReportsmdashAction by the Dispute Settlement Bodyrdquo WTDS29133 WTDS29227WTDS29327 November 29 2006
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashRecourse to Article 222 of the DSU by the United Statesrdquo WTDS29139 January 21 2008
Biblio-23
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Affecting the Approval And Marketing of BiotechProductsmdashUnderstanding between the European Communities and the United States RegardingProcedures under Articles 21 and 22 of the DSUrdquo WTDS29138 January 17 2008
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for Consultations by the United Statesrdquo WTDS261 GL62 GSPSW46GAGW17 January 31 1996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones)mdashRequest for the Establishment of a Panel by the United Statesrdquo WTDS266 April 251996
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashRecourse to Article 215 of the DSU by the United StatesmdashRequest for the Establishment of aPanelrdquo WTDS2783 July 2 2007
______ ldquoEuropean CommunitiesmdashRegime for the Importation Sale and Distribution ofBananasmdashSecond Recourse to Article 215 of the DSU by EcuadormdashReport of the PanelrdquoWTDS27RW2ECU April 7 2008
______ ldquoEuropean Communities and Certain Member StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large CivilAircraftmdashRequest for Consultations by the United StatesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3161Add1GL697Add1 GSCMD621Add1 February 7 2006
______ ldquoInformal TNC Meeting at the Level of Head of Delegation Friday 30 November 2007Chairmans Opening Remarksrdquo JOB(07)191 November 30 2007
______ ldquoMinisterial DeclarationmdashDoha Work ProgrammemdashAdopted on 18 December 2005rdquoMinisterial ConferencemdashSixth SessionmdashHong Kong December 13ndash18 2005 WTMIN(05)DECDecember 22 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3201 GL713 November 10 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashContinued Suspension of Obligations In the EC-Hormones DisputemdashRequestfor the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3206 January 14 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade In Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European CommunitiesmdashAddendumrdquo WTDS3171Add1 GL698Add1GSCMD631Add1 July 1 2005
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil AircraftmdashRequest for Consultationsby the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3171 GL698 GSCMD631 October 12 2004
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)mdashRequest for Consultations by the European Communitiesrdquo WTDS3531WTDS3171Add2 GL698Add2 GSCMD631Add2 December 4 2006
______ ldquoUnited StatesmdashMeasures Relating to Zeroing And Sunset ReviewsmdashReport of the AppellateBody WTDS322ABR January 9 2007
Biblio-24
______ ldquoUnited States Continued Suspension of Obligations In the EC HormonesDisputemdashConstitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European CommunitiesmdashNote bythe Secretariat WTDS3207 June 7 2005
______ ldquoUpdate of WTO Dispute Settlement CasesmdashNew Developments since Last Update (From 21August 2007 until 22 January 2008)rdquo WTDSOV32 January 24 2008
______ ldquoWTO 2007 News Items General Council Lamy lsquoWe Have Resumed Negotiations FullyAcross the Boardrsquo Report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committeerdquo February 7 2007httpwwwwtoorgenglishnews_enews07_egc_dg_stat_7feb07_ehtm (accessed March 7 2008)
APPENDIX TABLES
TA
BL
E A
1
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
wo
rld
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7P
erc
en
t ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7E
xpo
rts
Mill
ion d
olla
rs0
Fo
od
an
d liv
e a
nim
als
46
38
07
52
17
45
65
96
61
26
41
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
4
331
14
911
55
112
64
12
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
4
01
96
84
92
43
86
13
42
32
46
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
62
40
23
47
33
24
14
56
51
94
4
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
1
765
71
984
92
887
44
55
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
19
47
64
13
50
51
31
54
18
38
14
26
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
7
73
04
29
02
60
19
82
89
48
97
Ma
ch
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
3
67
48
33
42
38
45
44
62
69
95
92
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s8
87
91
59
94
75
41
07
22
70
78
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
32
02
21
37
80
60
47
19
29
24
8T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
80
39
91
99
29
48
60
10
46
357
61
26
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
51
34
36
56
01
37
60
77
53
85
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
34
84
01
53
48
21
67
54
09
22
Cru
de
ma
teria
ls
ined
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
3
01
62
93
28
20
13
30
67
90
83
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
2
71
24
40
31
57
06
83
40
46
17
78
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
399
72
854
43
439
72
05
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
n
es
1
34
37
71
14
95
66
71
62
85
01
89
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
90
48
51
22
28
10
22
26
70
43
17
7M
ach
inery
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
6
49
33
59
70
86
11
37
39
14
33
43
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
58
80
92
27
55
80
42
92
89
70
63
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he
SIT
C
60
73
82
65
74
13
66
76
96
16
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
16
62
379
71
845
053
21
942
862
95
3S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o
tota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
A-4
TABLE A2 US private services exports to the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006ndash07
Million dollars
Travel 81799 85694 97097 133
Royalties and license fees 59409 62378 71345 144
Business professional and technical services 41874 47400 56122 184
Financial services 31039 37114 45309 221
Port services 24865 29031 32368 115
Passenger fares 20970 22187 25329 142
Freight 16470 17266 19486 129
Education 14076 14570 14987 29
Insurance services 7787 9276 10490 131
Telecommunications 5231 6257 7110 136
All other 64293 73154 82591 129
Total 367813 404327 462234 143
Source USDOC BEA Private Services Transactions Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at htpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
A-5
TABLE A3 US private services imports from the world by category 2005ndash07
Service industry 2005 2006 2007Percent change
2006-07
Million dollars
Travel 68970 72029 76426 61
Freight 43920 45700 45632 -01
Insurance services 28540 33582 38030 132
Passenger fares 26149 27503 28574 39
Royalties and license fees 24632 26432 27924 56
Port services 18009 19582 21462 96
Business professional and technical services 14824 15845 21215 339
Financial services 6720 8497 11840 393
Telecommunications 4527 4557 4899 75
Education 3962 4403 4780 86
All other 41354 49640 54521 98
Total 281607 307770 335303 89
Source USDOC BEA ldquoPrivate Services Transactionsrdquo Table 3 from Interactive US International Accounts Dataavailable at httpwwwbeagov (accessed March 21 2008)
Note Data are preliminary
TA
BL
E A
4
An
tidu
mp
ing c
ase
s a
ctive
in 2
007
b
y U
SIT
C in
vestiga
tion
num
be
rU
SIT
Cin
vestiga
tion
num
ber
Pro
duct
Cou
ntr
y of
ori
gin
Date
of
institu
tio
nU
SIT
C p
relim
ITA
pre
limIT
A f
ina
lU
SIT
C f
ina
lD
ate
of
fin
al actio
na
b
(Aff
irm
ative
= A
N
egativ
e =
N)
731
-TA
-11
03
Cert
ain
activa
ted
ca
rbon
Chin
a0
30
80
6A
AA
A0
41
60
77
31
-TA
-11
04
Po
lye
ste
r sta
ple
fib
er
Chin
a0
62
30
6A
AA
A0
52
40
77
31
-TA
-11
05
Lem
on juic
eA
rge
ntin
a0
92
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
06
Lem
on juic
eM
exi
co
092
10
6A
A(
)(
)0
91
00
7c
c
731
-TA
-11
07
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rC
hin
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
08
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rIn
do
ne
sia
103
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
31
-TA
-11
09
Coa
ted
fre
e s
he
et
pa
pe
rK
ore
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
7731-T
A-1
110
Sodiu
m h
exa
meta
phosphate
Chin
a020
80
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
111
Gly
cin
eIn
dia
033
00
7A
A(
)(
)(
)d
dd
731-T
A-1
112
Gly
cin
eJa
pan
033
00
7A
AA
()
(d
d
731-T
A-1
113
Gly
cin
eK
ore
a033
00
7A
AA
()
()
dd
731-T
A-1
114
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
Chin
a052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
115
Cert
ain
ste
el nails
UA
E052
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
116
Circu
lar
weld
ed c
arb
on-q
ualit
y st
eel pip
eC
hin
a060
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
117
Cert
ain
off
-the-r
oad t
ires
Chin
a061
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
118
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Chin
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
119
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Kore
a062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
120
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Mexi
co
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
121
Lig
ht-
walle
d r
ecta
ngula
r pip
e a
nd tube
Turk
ey
062
70
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
122
Lam
inate
d w
ove
n s
acks
Chin
a062
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
123
Ste
el w
ire g
arm
ent
hangers
Chin
a073
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
124
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Austr
alia
082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
125
Ele
ctro
lytic m
anganese d
ioxi
de
Chin
a082
20
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
d4
731-T
A-1
126
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Chin
a091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
127
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al paper
Germ
any
091
90
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731
-TA
-11
28
Cert
ain
lig
htw
eig
ht
therm
al pa
pe
rK
ore
a0
91
90
7N
()
()
()
112
70
7e
ee
731-T
A-1
129
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Chin
a092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
130
Raw
fle
xible
magnets
Taiw
an
092
10
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
131
PE
T f
ilmB
razi
l092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
132
PE
T f
ilmC
hin
a092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
133
PE
T f
ilmT
haila
nd
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
134
PE
T f
ilmU
AE
092
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
135
Sodiu
m m
eta
lF
rance
102
30
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
136
Sodiu
m n
itrite
Chin
a110
80
7A
((
)(
)(
)d
dd
d
731-T
A-1
137
Sodiu
m n
itrite
Germ
any
110
80
7A
()
()
()
()
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
138
AT
MP
HE
DP
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
139
AT
MP
HE
DP
India
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
140
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
Chin
a123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
141
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
South
Afr
ica
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
731-T
A-1
142
Unco
vere
d inners
pring u
nits
Vie
tnam
123
10
7(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)d
dd
dd
So
urc
e
US
In
tern
ation
al T
rad
e C
om
mis
sio
n
Note
U
AE
sta
nd
s f
or
the
Un
ite
d A
rab
Em
ira
tes
I
nte
rnatio
na
l T
rad
e A
dm
inis
tra
tion
U
S
De
pa
rtm
ent
of
Co
mm
erc
e
a
F
or
ca
se
s in
wh
ich t
he
fin
al actio
n w
as t
ake
n b
y th
e I
TA
th
e d
ate
sh
ow
n is t
he
Fe
de
ral R
eg
iste
r n
otice
date
of
that
actio
n
For
ca
se
s in
wh
ich t
he
fin
al actio
n w
as t
ake
n b
yb
US
ITC
th
e d
ate
of
the U
SIT
C n
otifica
tio
n o
f C
om
me
rce
is s
how
n
T
he
part
ies a
nd t
he
US
D
epa
rtm
ent
of
Co
mm
erc
e s
ign
ed
an a
gre
em
ent
su
spe
nd
ing
th
e investig
atio
n
c
P
end
ing
as o
f D
ec
31
2
00
7
d
N
ot
app
lica
ble
e
A-7
TABLE A5 Antidumping duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Barbed wire and barbless wire strand Nov 13 1985
Belarus
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Brazil
Certain orange juice Mar 9 2006
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Canada
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Iron construction castings Mar 5 1986
Chile
Preserved mushrooms Dec 2 1998
China
Certain polyester staple fiber June 1 2007
Certain activated carbon April 27 2007
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Artist canvas June 1 2006
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Magnesium April 15 2005
Tissue paper Mar 30 2005
Frozen or canned warmwater shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Crepe paper Jan 25 2005
Wooden bedroom furniture Jan 4 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Hand trucks Dec 2 2004
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Ironing tables Aug 6 2004
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Aug 6 2004
Color television receivers June 3 2004
Malleable iron pipe fittings Dec 12 2003
Refined brown aluminum oxide Nov 19 2003
Barium carbonate Oct 1 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Saccharin July 9 2003
Lawn and garden steel fence posts June 12 2003
A-8
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
ChinandashContinued
Non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings Apr 7 2003
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Folding metal tables and chairs June 27 2002
Folding gift boxes Jan 8 2002
Honey Dec 10 2001
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Pure magnesium (granular) Nov 19 2001
Foundry coke Sept 17 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Non-frozen apple juice concentrate June 5 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Carbon steel plate Oct 24 1997
Crawfish tail meat Sept 15 1997
Persulfates July 7 1997
Brake rotors Apr 17 1997
Furfuryl alcohol June 21 1995
Pure magnesium (ingot) May 12 1995
Glycine Mar 29 1995
Cased pencils Dec 28 1994
Silicomanganese Dec 22 1994
Paper clips Nov 25 1994
Fresh garlic Nov 16 1994
Helical spring lock washers Oct 19 1993
Sulfanilic acid Aug 19 1992
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Sparklers June 18 1991
Silicon metal June 10 1991
Axes and adzes Feb 19 1991
Bars and wedges Feb 19 1991
Hammers and sledges Feb 19 1991
Picks and mattocks Feb 19 1991
Tapered roller bearings June 15 1987
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Petroleum wax candles Aug 28 1986
Iron construction castings May 9 1986
Natural bristle paint brushes Feb 14 1986
Barium chloride Oct 17 1984
Chloropicrin Mar 22 1984
Potassium permanganate Jan 31 1984
Greige polyester cotton printcloth Sept 16 1983
Finland
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
France
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Low enriched uranium Feb 13 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-9
FrancendashContinued Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Sorbitol Apr 9 1982
Germany
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Seamless pipe Aug 3 1995
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
Stainless steel wire rod Dec 1 1993
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Welded carbon steel pipe May 12 1986
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Preserved mushrooms Feb 19 1999
Iran
Raw in-shell pistachios July 17 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Pasta July 24 1996
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 30 1988
Brass sheet and strip Mar 6 1987
Pressure sensitive plastic tape Oct 21 1977
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-10
Japan
Superalloy degassed chromium Dec 22 2005
Ceramic station post insulators Dec 30 2003
Polyvinyl alcohol July 2 2003
Welded large diameter line pipe Dec 6 2001
Tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet Aug 28 2000
Large diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Small diameter seamless pipe June 26 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products June 29 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Clad steel plate July 2 1996
Stainless steel bar Feb 21 1995
Gray portland cement and clinker May 10 1991
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin Aug 24 1988
Brass sheet and strip Aug 12 1988
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Mar 25 1988
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 10 1987
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Dec 8 1978
Polychloroprene rubber Dec 6 1973
Kazakhstan
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Korea
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Polyvinyl alcohol Oct 1 2003
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 19 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film June 5 1991
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Latvia
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Malaysia
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Mexico
Lemon juice (suspended) Sept 21 2007
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-11
MexicondashContinued
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Fresh tomatoes (suspended) Nov 1 1996
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Gray portland cement and clinker Aug 30 1990
Moldova
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Netherlands
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
Philippines
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings Feb 23 2001
Poland
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Portugal
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
Romania
Small diameter seamless pipe Aug 10 2000
Russia
Magnesium April 15 2005
Silicon metal Mar 26 2003
Ammonium nitrate (suspended) May 19 2000
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (suspended) July 12 1999
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Ferrovanadium and nitrided vanadium July 10 1995
Uranium (suspended) Oct 16 1992
Solid urea July 14 1987
South Africa
Ferrovanadium Jan 28 2003
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Spain
Chlorinated isocyanurates June 24 2005
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Stainless steel bar Mar 2 1995
Sweden
Carboxymethylcellulose July 11 2005
Taiwan
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Polyester staple fiber May 25 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip July 27 1999
Stainless steel plate in coils May 21 1999
Stainless steel wire rod Sept 15 1998
Forged stainless steel flanges Feb 9 1994
TABLE A5ndashContinued
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
A-12
TaiwanndashContinued
Helical spring lockwashers June 28 1993
Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings June 16 1993
Welded ASTM A-312 stainless steel pipe Dec 30 1992
Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe Nov 2 1992
Light-walled rectangular pipe Mar 27 1989
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings Dec 17 1986
Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware Dec 2 1986
Small diameter carbon steel pipe May 7 1984
Thailand
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Polyethylene retail carrier bags Aug 9 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Jan 28 2004
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Canned pineapple July 18 1995
Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings July 6 1992
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 11 1986
Trinidad and Tobago
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Turkey
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Apr 17 1997
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe May 15 1986
Ukraine
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 29 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Nov 29 2001
Ammonium nitrate Sept 12 2001
Steel concrete reinforcing bars Sept 7 2001
Carbon steel plate (suspended) Oct 24 1997
Silicomanganese Oct 31 1994
Solid urea July 14 1987
United Kingdom
Stainless steel bar Mar 7 2002
Ball bearings May 15 1989
Venezuela
Silicomanganese May 23 2002
Vietnam
Frozen or canned warm-water shrimp and prawns Feb 1 2005
Frozen fish fillets Aug 12 2003
Source US International Trade Commission
TA
BL
E A
6
Co
un
terv
aili
ng
du
ty c
as
es
ac
tive
in
20
07
b
y U
SIT
C in
ve
stig
atio
n n
um
be
rU
SIT
Cin
vestiga
tion
nu
mb
er
Pro
du
ct
Cou
nty
of
ori
gin
Date
of
institu
tio
nU
SIT
Cp
relim
ITA
pre
limIT
A f
inal
US
ITC
fin
al
a
Date
of
fin
al
action
b
(Aff
irm
ative
= A
N
eg
ative
= N
)7
01
-TA
-44
4C
oa
ted f
ree
she
et p
ap
er
Chin
a1
03
10
6A
AA
N1
20
60
77
01
-TA
-44
5C
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ted f
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she
et p
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Ind
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10
31
06
AA
AN
12
06
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70
1-T
A-4
46
Coa
ted f
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Ko
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31
06
AA
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12
06
07
70
1-T
A-4
47
Circu
lar
we
lde
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alit
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el pip
eC
hin
a0
60
70
7A
A(
)(
)(
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70
1-T
A-4
48
Cert
ain
off
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e-r
oad
tir
es
Chin
a0
61
80
7A
A(
)(
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70
1-T
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49
Lig
ht-
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lar
pip
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nd
tu
be
Chin
a0
62
70
7A
A(
)(
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)c
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70
1-T
A-4
50
La
min
ate
d w
ove
n s
acks
Chin
a0
62
80
7A
A(
)(
)(
)c
cc
70
1-T
A-4
51
Cert
ain
lig
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ht th
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Chin
a0
91
90
7A
()
()
()
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cc
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70
1-T
A-4
52
Raw
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xib
le m
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ne
tsC
hin
a0
92
10
7A
()
()
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cc
cc
70
1-T
A-4
53
So
diu
m n
itrite
Chin
a1
10
80
7A
()
()
()
()
cc
cc
So
urc
e U
S
Inte
rna
tio
na
l Tra
de
Co
mm
issio
n
Inte
rna
tio
na
l Tra
de
Ad
min
istr
atio
n
US
D
ep
art
me
nt o
f C
om
me
rce
a
Th
e d
ate
of
the
US
ITC
no
tifica
tion
of
Com
me
rce
is s
how
n
b
Pe
nd
ing
as o
f D
ec
31
2
00
7
c
A-14
TABLE A7 Countervailing duty orders in effect as of December 31 2007
Country Commodity Effective date of original action
Argentina
Honey Dec 10 2001
Belgium
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Brazil
Carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod Oct 22 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products July 6 1999
Heavy iron construction castings May 15 1986
Hungary
Sulfanilic acid Nov 8 2002
India
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Carbazole violet pigment 23 Dec 29 2004
Prestressed concrete steel wire strand Feb 4 2004
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film July 1 2002
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Sulfanilic acid Mar 2 1993
Indonesia
Certain lined paper school supplies Sept 28 2006
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Iran
Roasted in-shell pistachios Oct 7 1986
Raw in-shell pistachios Mar 11 1986
Italy
Stainless steel bar Mar 8 2002
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Pasta July 24 1996
Korea
DRAMs and DRAM modules Aug 11 2003
Carbon steel plate Feb 10 2000
Stainless steel sheet and strip Aug 6 1999
Corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products Aug 17 1993
Top-of-the-stove stainless steel cooking ware Jan 20 1987
Norway
Fresh and chilled Atlantic salmon Apr 12 1991
South Africa
Stainless steel plate in coils May 11 1999
Thailand
Hot-rolled carbon steel flat products Dec 3 2001
Turkey
Pasta July 24 1996
Welded carbon steel pipe Mar 7 1986
Source US International Trade Commission
A-15
TABLE A8 Reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders completed in 2007 by date of
completionUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
731-TA-678 Stainless steel bar Brazil 010507 Continued731-TA-679 Stainless steel bar India 010507 Continued731-TA-681 Stainless steel bar Japan 010507 Continued731-TA-682 Stainless steel bar Spain 010507 ContinuedAA1921-197 Certain carbon steel products Taiwan 012507 Revoked701-TA-319 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked701-TA-320 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked701-TA-325 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked701-TA-326 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked701-TA-327 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked701-TA-348 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked701-TA-350 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-573 Certain carbon steel products Belgium 012507 Revoked731-TA-574 Certain carbon steel products Brazil 012507 Revoked731-TA-576 Certain carbon steel products Finland 012507 Revoked731-TA-578 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Revoked731-TA-582 Certain carbon steel products Mexico 012507 Revoked731-TA-583 Certain carbon steel products Poland 012507 Revoked731-TA-584 Certain carbon steel products Romania 012507 Revoked731-TA-585 Certain carbon steel products Spain 012507 Revoked731-TA-586 Certain carbon steel products Sweden 012507 Revoked731-TA-587 Certain carbon steel products United Kingdom 012507 Revoked731-TA-612 Certain carbon steel products Australia 012507 Revoked731-TA-614 Certain carbon steel products Canada 012507 Revoked731-TA-615 Certain carbon steel products France 012507 Revoked731-TA-616 Certain carbon steel products Germany 012507 Continued731-TA-617 Certain carbon steel products Japan 012507 Revoked731-TA-618 Certain carbon steel products Korea 012507 Continued731-TA-739 Clad steel plate Japan 030107 Continued731-TA-895 Pure magnesium China 030107 Continued731-TA-706 Canned pineapple fruit Thailand 032907 Continued731-TA-921 Folding gift boxes China 043007 Continued731-TA-707 Seamless pipe Argentina 050207 Revoked731-TA-708 Seamless pipe Brazil 050207 Revoked731-TA-709 Seamless pipe Germany 050207 Continued731-TA-711 Oil country tubular goods Argentina 061807 Revoked731-TA-713 Oil country tubular goods Italy 061807 Revoked731-TA-714 Oil country tubular goods Japan 061807 Revoked731-TA-715 Oil country tubular goods Korea 061807 Revoked731-TA-716 Oil country tubular goods Mexico 061807 Revoked731-TA-894 Ammonium nitrate Ukraine 061907 Continued701-TA-402 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-892 Honey Argentina 062907 Continued731-TA-893 Honey China 062907 Continued731-TA-873 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Belarus 072607 Continued731-TA-874 Steel concrete reinforcing bar China 072607 Continued731-TA-875 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Indonesia 072607 Continued731-TA-877 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Korea 072607 Revoked731-TA-878 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Latvia 072607 Continued731-TA-879 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Moldova 072607 Continued731-TA-880 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Poland 072607 Continued731-TA-882 Steel concrete reinforcing bar Ukraine 072607 Continued701-TA-365 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued701-TA-366 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-734 Pasta Italy 092707 Continued731-TA-735 Pasta Turkey 092707 Continued731-TA-932 Folding metal tables and chairs China 092807 Continued731-TA-919 Welded large diameter line pipe Japan 101607 Continued731-TA-920 Welded large diameter line pipe Mexico 101607 Revoked
A-16
Table A8ndashContinuedUSITCinvestigationnumber Product Country of origin Completion date Actiona
701-TA-404 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked701-TA-405 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued701-TA-406 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued701-TA-407 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked701-TA-408 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-898 Hot-rolled steel products Argentina 102507 Revoked731-TA-899 Hot-rolled steel products China 102507 Continued731-TA-900 Hot-rolled steel products India 102507 Continued731-TA-901 Hot-rolled steel products Indonesia 102507 Continued731-TA-902 Hot-rolled steel products Kazakhstan 102507 Revoked731-TA-904 Hot-rolled steel products Romania 102507 Revoked731-TA-905 Hot-rolled steel products South Africa 102507 Revoked731-TA-906 Hot-rolled steel products Taiwan 102507 Continued731-TA-907 Hot-rolled steel products Thailand 102507 Continued731-TA-908 Hot-rolled steel products Ukraine 102507 Continued731-TA-929 Silicomanganese India 112807 Continued731-TA-930 Silicomanganese Kazakhstan 112807 Continued731-TA-931 Silicomanganese Venezuela 112807 Continued731-TA-909 Low-enriched uranium France 121307 ContinuedSource US International Trade Commission
The completion date shown is the date of the USITC notification of Commercea
TA
BL
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9
Se
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37
in
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7-T
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7-T
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7-T
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7-T
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7-T
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7-T
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59
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64
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33
7-T
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85
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33
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90
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De
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33
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91
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33
7-T
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92
Cert
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33
7-T
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94
Cert
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33
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99
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33
7-T
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33
7-T
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14
Cert
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Wir
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33
7-T
A-4
87
Cert
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Ag
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A-26
TABLE A10 Outstanding Section 337 exclusion orders as of December 31 2007
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-55 Certain Novelty Glasses Hong Kong Nonpatent
337-TA-69 Certain Airtight Cast-Iron Stoves Taiwan Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-87 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-105 Certain Coin-Operated Audio-Visual Games andComponents Thereof
Japan Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-112 Certain Cube Puzzles Taiwan Japan Canada Nonpatent
337-TA-114 Certain Miniature Plug-In Blade Fuses Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-118 Certain Sneakers With Fabric Uppers and Rubber Soles
Korea Nonpatent
337-TA-137 Certain Heavy-Duty Staple Gun Tackers Taiwan Hong KongKorea
Nonpatent
337-TA-152 Certain Plastic Food Storage Containers Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-167 Certain Single Handle Faucets Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-174 Certain Woodworking Machines Taiwan South Africa Nonpatent
337-TA-195 Certain Cloisonne Jewelry Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-197 Certain Compound Action Metal Cutting Snips and Components Thereof
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-229 Certain Nut Jewelry and Parts Thereof Philippines Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-231 Certain Soft Sculpture Dolls Popularly Known as Cabbage Patch Kids RelatedLiterature and Packaging Therefore
No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-266 Certain Reclosable Plastic Bags and Tubing Singapore TaiwanKorea Thailand HongKong
Nonpatent
337-TA-279 Certain Plastic Light Duty Screw Anchors Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-285 Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and Components Thereof and Methods ofUsing and Products Incorporating theSame
France Nonpatent
337-TA-287 Certain Strip Lights Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-295 Certain Novelty Teleidoscopes Hong Kong Taiwan Nonpatent
A-27
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
337-TA-319 Certain Automotive Fuel Caps and Radiator Caps and Related Packaging andPromotional Materials
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-321 Certain Soft Drinks and Their Containers Colombia Nonpatent
337-TA-365 Certain Audible Alarm Devices For Divers Taiwan Oct 12 2008c
337-TA-376 Certain Variable Speed Wind Turbines and Components Thereof
Germany Feb 1 2011c
337-TA-378 Certain Asian-Style Kamaboko Fish Cakes Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-380 Certain Agricultural Tractors Under 50 Power Take-Off Horsepower
Japan Nonpatent
337-TA-383 Certain Hardware Logic Emulation Systems andComponents Thereof
France Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Oct 5 2008Apr 28 2009Apr 28 2009
337-TA-406 Certain Lens-Fitted Film Packages China Hong Kong Korea Apr 5 2008Nov 5 2008Mar 7 2009Aug 10 2010Aug 13 2010Nov 1 2011Jan 10 2012Apr 18 2012July 25 2012
337-TA-413 Certain Rare-Earth Magnets and Magnetic Material and Articles Containing Same
China Taiwan June 7 2015
337-TA-416 Certain Compact Multipurpose Tools China Taiwan July 1 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011Oct 21 2011
337-TA-422 Certain Two-Handle Centerset Faucets and Escutcheons and Components Thereof
Taiwan China May 31 2008
337-TA-424 Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Thereof No foreign respondents Nonpatent
337-TA-440 Certain 4-Androstenediol China July 13 2018
337-TA-446 Certain Ink Jet Cartridges and ComponentsThereof
Taiwan Nov 3 2007Dec 22 2008Apr 25 2012
337-TA-448 Certain Oscillating Sprinklers Sprinkler Components and Nozzles
Taiwan Israel Germany July 8 2014July 8 2014
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-28
337-TA-473 Certain Video Game Systems Accessories andComponents Thereof
No foreign respondents Dec 18 2015Dec 25 2015
337-TA-474 Certain Recordable Compact Discs and Rewritable Compact Discs
No foreign respondents June 11 2008Nov 1 2008May 23 2012
337-TA-481491 Certain Display Controllers with Upscaling Functionality and Products ContainingSame and Certain Display Controllersand Products Containing Same
Taiwan Feb 24 2017
337-TA-482 Certain Compact Disc and DVD Holders Denmark Hong KongTaiwan
May 1 2015
337-TA-486 Certain Agricultural Tractors Lawn Tractors Riding Lawnmowers and ComponentsThereof
China Nonpatent
337-TA-489 Certain Sildenafil or Any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereof Such asSildenafil Citrate and Products ContainingSame
Belize Israel NicaraguaSyria United KingdomIndia China
40711
337-TA-492 Certain Plastic Grocery and Retail Bags Thailand ChinaSingapore Hong Kong
Dec 6 2010
337-TA-494 Certain Automotive Measuring Devices Products Containing Same and Bezels forSuch Devices
Taiwan Nonpatent
337-TA-498 Certain Insect Traps No foreign respondents Jan 30 2018
337-TA-500 Certain Purple Protective Gloves Malaysia Nonpatent
337-TA-505 Certain Gun Barrels Used in Firearms Switzerland Netherlands Sept 25 2015Aug 25 2017
337-TA-511 Certain Pet Food Treats China Sept 23 2011
337-TA-512 Certain Light-Emitting Diodes And ProductsContaining Same
Malaysia July 27 2018July 27 2018July 27 2018Jan 18 2015
337-TA-514 Certain Plastic Food Containers China Oct 19 2013Dec 23 2017Dec 23 2017
337-TA-518 Certain Ear Protection Devices China Taiwan June 2 2015
337-TA-522 Certain Ink Markers and Packaging Thereof China India Korea Nonpatent
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-29
337-TA-528 Certain Foam Masking Tape Spain NetherlandsPortugal CanadaFrance Germany
May 10 2011
337-TA-533 Certain Rubber Antidegradants Components Thereof and Products Containing Same
China Korea June 21 2011June 21 2011
337-TA-538 Certain Audio Processing Integrated Circuits and Products Containing Same
China Nov 20 2020Nov 20 2020
337-TA-539 Certain Tadalafil or Any Salt or Solvate Thereof and Products Containing Same
India Panama HaitiNicaragua MexicoAustralia
June 12 2016
337-TA-541 Certain Power Supply Controllers and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Sept 24 2019Sept 24 2019
337-TA-543 Certain Baseband Processor Chips andChipsets Transmitter and Receiver(Radio) Chips Power Control Chips andProducts Containing Same IncludingCellular Telephone Handsets
No foreign respondents June 8 2010
337-TA-545 Certain Laminated Floor Panels Canada China MalaysiaKorea
June 10 2017
337-TA-549 Certain Ink Sticks for Solid Ink Printers Korea Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022Apr 29 2022
337-TA-551 Certain Laser Bar Code Scanners and Scan Engines Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
China Oct 30 2009Nov 16 2010
337-TA-556 Certain High-Brightness Light Emitting Diodes and Products Containing Same
Taiwan Jan 18 2009
337-TA-557 Certain Automotive Parts Taiwan Feb 4 2017June 22 2018July 27 2018Sept 28 2018Oct 5 2018Oct 26 2018Mar 1 2019Mar 22 2019
337-TA-563 Certain Portable Power Stations and Packaging Thereof
China Feb 4 2017
337-TA-564 Certain Voltage Regulators ComponentsThereof and Products Containing Same
No foreign respondents Mar 23 2013
Table A10ndashContinued
Investigation No Article Country Date patent expiresa b
A-30
337-TA-565 Certain Ink Cartridges and Components Thereof Hong Kong ChinaGermany Korea
Apr 1 2014Oct 1 2013Jan 30 2103May 18 2019May 18 2019Apr 3 2022Aug 26 2023Aug 17 2023
337-TA-575 Certain Lighters China Nonpatent
337-TA-590 Certain Coupler Devices for Power SupplyFacilities Components Thereof andProducts Containing Same
Taiwan Germany China Aug 5 2024
Source US International Trade Commission
This column lists the countries of the foreign respondents named in the investigationa
Multiple dates indicate the expiration dates of separate patents within the investigationb
Patent term extended pursuant to 35 USC 154(c)c
A-31
TABLE A11 US imports for consumption of leading GSP duty-free imports 2007
(Million dollars)
HTS No Description Total importsGSP
eligibleGSP duty
free
27090020 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals crude testing 25 degrees API or more 1073856 127108 79043
71131950 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of precious metal except silver except necklacesand clasps 62652 31555 19365
Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals 27090010
crude testing under 25 degrees API 688250 26257 9045
71131929 Gold necklaces and neck chains other than rope or mixed link 11449 7034 5932
76061230 Aluminum alloy plates sheets and strip of a thickness exceeding 02 mm rectangular(including square) not clad 23657 5859 4169
71131150 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof of silver nesoi valued over $18 per dozen pieces orparts 11918 4740 4138
85443000 Ignition wiring sets other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles aircraft or ships 65577 7387 3963
72024100 Ferrochromium containing more than 3 percent of carbon 3981 3937 3897
29051120 Methanol (methyl alcohol) nesoi 17002 15454 3457
40111010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on motor cars 43956 6465 3071
72023000 Ferrosilicon manganese 4892 2970 2925
39076000 Polyethylene terephthalate in primary forms 11210 2765 2650
40112010 New pneumatic radial tires of rubber of a kind used on buses or trucks 29517 2784 2065
Zinc unwrought not alloyed other than casting-79911250
grade containing by weight less than 9999percent zinc 5545 2019 2007
Fatty substances of animal or vegetable origin 38249040
and mixtures thereof 4469 2001 1848
87089981 Parts and accessories of motor vehiclesnesoi 65706 2130 1742
17011110 Raw sugar not containing added flavoring or coloring 5340 3007 1674
Plywood each ply not over 6 millimeters thick 44123140
with at least one outer ply of specified tropicalwoods not surface-covered beyond clear 4160 1800 1674
Ferroniobium by weight more than 002 percent72029380
of phosphorus or sulfur or more than 04 percentsilicon 1646 1512 1504
27101905 Distillate and residual fuel oil (including blends) derived from petroleum or oils from bituminousminerals testing under 25 degrees API 307044 4417 1483
Top 20 items 2441834 261198 1 55649
All other 16877577 248883 1 52840
Total 19319412 510081 3 08490
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Figures do not include US Virgin Island imports The abbreviation ldquonesoi stands for not elsewherespecified or included
TA
BL
E A
12
U
S
imp
ort
s f
or
co
ns
um
ptio
n a
nd
im
po
rts
elig
ible
fo
r G
SP
tre
atm
en
t b
y im
po
rt c
ate
go
rie
s u
nd
er
the
Ha
rmo
niz
ed
Ta
riff
Sc
he
du
le
20
07
(Mill
ion d
olla
rs)
HT
S S
ecto
rR
an
kD
escri
ptio
nT
ota
lim
po
rts
GS
Pe
ligib
leG
SP
d
uty
fre
e
Se
ctio
n I
1L
ive
an
ima
ls
an
ima
l pro
du
cts
2
07
77
65
47
Se
ctio
n I
I2
Ve
ge
tab
le p
rod
ucts
2
29
81
11
20
32
2
Se
ctio
n I
II3
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
fa
ts
oils
a
nd
wa
xes
33
93
19
81
87
Se
ctio
n I
V4
Pre
pa
red
fo
od
stu
ffs
be
vera
ge
s sp
irits to
bacco
3
92
97
20
48
13
99
Se
ctio
n V
5M
ine
ral pro
du
cts
33
82
75
15
87
99
016
Se
ctio
n V
I6
Ch
em
ica
l pro
du
cts
1
47
08
63
721
17
45
Se
ctio
n V
II7
Pla
stics a
nd
ru
bb
er
5
28
02
31
83
22
13
Se
ctio
n V
III
8R
aw
hid
es a
nd
skin
s
lea
the
r f
urs
kin
s sa
ddle
ry
ha
nd
bag
s
1
11
21
51
74
69
Se
ctio
n I
X9
Wo
od
ch
arc
oa
l c
ork
str
aw
an
d o
the
r p
latin
g m
ate
rials
1
93
50
12
31
95
6
Se
ctio
n X
10
Wo
od
pu
lp
pa
pe
r an
d p
ap
erb
oa
rd
2
71
92
00
Se
ctio
n X
I1
1T
ext
iles a
nd
te
xtile
art
icle
s
9
91
15
50
83
40
Se
ctio
n X
II1
2F
oo
twe
ar
he
ad
gea
r u
mb
rella
s a
rtific
ial f
low
ers
22
75
73
12
2
Se
ctio
n X
III
13
Sto
ne
pla
ste
r c
em
en
t a
sb
esto
s c
era
mic
an
d g
lass a
rtic
les
17
38
22
025
86
8
Se
ction
XIV
14
Pe
arl
s p
recio
us o
r se
mi-p
recio
us s
ton
es im
itatio
n je
welry
47
53
94
772
32
52
Se
ctio
n X
V1
5B
ase m
eta
ls a
nd
art
icle
s o
f ba
se
meta
l
11
57
11
60
26
38
89
Se
ctio
n X
VI
16
Ma
ch
inery
an
d a
pplia
nces
ele
ctr
ica
l e
qu
ipm
en
t
4
98
07
06
178
36
61
Se
ctio
n X
VII
17
Ve
hic
les
aircra
ft ve
sse
ls
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
men
t
24
14
10
18
51
13
02
Se
ctio
n X
VII
I1
8O
ptical p
ho
tog
rap
hic
m
ed
ica
l a
nd
mu
sic
al i
nstr
um
en
ts
clo
cks
5
92
12
10
47
66
8
Se
ctio
n X
IX1
9A
rms a
nd a
mm
unitio
n
pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
21
91
93
90
Se
ctio
n X
X2
0M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
75
71
25
14
40
3
Se
ctio
n X
XI
21
Wo
rk o
f art
co
llecto
rsrsquo pie
ce
s a
nd
an
tiq
ue
s
8
719
00
Se
ctio
n X
XII
22
Sp
ecia
l cla
ssific
atio
n p
rovi
sio
ns
61
85
00
0
To
tal
19
31
941
51
00
83
08
49
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
A-33
TABLE A13 US imports for consumption under AGOA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
PercentChange 2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Nigeria 22460052 25823091 30137133 167
2 Angola 4216469 4532941 4767934 52
3 Gabon 2487326 1290031 1673605 297
4 Republic of the Congo 571419 774536 1604868 1072
5 Chad 1028954 1531433 1487552 -29
6 Republic of South Africa 455316 717439 1076985 501
7 Lesotho 388344 384452 379592 -13
8 Madagascar 273193 229541 281443 226
9 Kenya 272131 265051 250352 -55
10 Cameroon 100910 152394 169173 110
11 Swaziland 160462 135425 135838 03
12 Mauritius 146807 145843 112347 -230
13 Ghana 49927 34874 56151 610
14 Democratic Rep of the Congo 0 0 39478 NA
15 Botswana 30044 28225 31331 110
16 Namibia 53058 33019 28579 -134
17 Malawi 32375 29901 27568 -78
18 Ethiopia 3646 5000 4741 -52
19 Tanzania 2812 3022 2815 -69
20 Uganda 4854 1490 1189 -201
21 Mozambique 2828 940 825 -122
22 Zambia 0 8 73 7968
23 Guinea 0 0 27 NA
24 Niger 24 1 27 38400
25 Senegal 9 14239 14 -999
26 Mali 0 3 9 1992
27 The Gambia 0 0 ( ) NAa
28 Cape Verde 2115 85 0 -1000
29 Burkina Faso 0 6 0 -1000
30 Rwanda 1 0 0 NA
31 Benin 0 0 0 NA
32 Burundi ( ) 0 0 NAb
33 Djibouti 0 0 0 NA
34 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 NA
35 Liberia ( ) ( ) 0 NAb b
36 Mauritania 0 ( ) 0 NAb
37 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe 0 0 0 NA
38 Seychelles 0 0 0 NA
39 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 NA
Total 32743077 36132990 42269649 170
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown
US value is less than $500a
Not AGOA-eligibleb
TA
BL
E A
14
U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsum
ption
of le
ad
ing
imp
ort
s u
nd
er
AG
OA
2
005
ndash0
7
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
10
00 d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
28
01
39
30
31
161
47
33
71
16
78
81
91
27
09
00
10
Petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
26
99
22
17
22
91
71
77
19
46
28
27
10
19
05
Dis
tilla
te a
nd
re
sid
ua
l fu
el oil
(in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
trole
um
or
oils
fro
m
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
1
10
57
36
870
67
66
65
35
2-2
36
27
10
11
25
Na
ph
tha
s
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s
min
era
ls
min
imu
m 7
0 p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
38
04
40
318
06
44
92
84
35
50
87
03
23
00
Passen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
spa
rk-i
gn
itio
n in
tern
al com
bustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
15
00
-30
00
cc
1
21
08
23
28
80
74
38
48
93
34
62
04
62
40
Wo
me
ns
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s
an
d s
ho
rts
no
t knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
28
46
33
267
69
92
54
49
04
96
11
02
02
0S
we
ate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tco
ats
a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
ne
so
i
2
85
66
42
27
53
72
25
37
3-1
06
20
34
24
0M
ens
or
boys t
rou
se
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t co
nta
inin
g
15
pe
rce
nt
or
mo
re d
ow
n
2
53
97
22
25
84
92
01
09
2-1
10
720
21
15
0F
err
om
ang
an
ese
con
tain
ing b
y w
eig
ht
mo
re t
han
4 p
erc
en
t ca
rbon
62
78
597
83
31
49
73
65
31
620
52
02
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
t ce
rtifie
d h
an
d-l
oom
ed a
nd f
olk
lore
p
rod
uct
7
65
63
64
87
18
00
63
23
42
71
01
11
5L
igh
t m
oto
r fu
el 7
0 p
erc
en
t o
r m
ore
by
we
igh
t fr
om
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
o
the
r th
an
cru
de
2
00
28
17
65
47
81
26
34
25
610
46
22
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
5
85
05
57
45
67
10
18
23
66
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
98
86
49
01
76
58
35
34
361103
03
0S
weate
rs
pullo
vers
sw
eats
hirts
w
ais
tcoats
and s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cr
ochete
d
of
man-
ma
de
fib
ers
ne
so
i
87
62
066
50
86
57
4-1
16
10
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
52
98
451
36
65
04
47
-18
382
37
06
0In
du
str
ial fa
tty a
lcoh
ols
oth
er
than
deri
ved
fro
m f
att
y s
ub
sta
nce
s o
f a
nim
al o
r ve
ge
tab
le
ori
gin
3
26
93
46
09
14
81
18
44
08
05
10
00
Ora
ng
es
fre
sh
or
dri
ed
31
42
046
17
13
77
94
-18
16
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
02
82
23
37
72
91
90
24
92
20
42
15
0N
on
-sp
ark
ling w
ine o
f fr
esh
gra
pe
s
oth
er
than
To
ka
y n
ot
ove
r 14
perc
en
t a
lcoh
ol in
co
nta
iners
not
ove
r 2 lite
rs
2
73
56
27
46
72
84
07
34
22
07
10
60
Un
de
na
ture
d e
thyl
alc
oh
ol fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
94
09
29
22
82
59
52
-11
26
20
46
33
5W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
tro
use
rs
bre
ech
es
and
sh
ort
s
not
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
of
syn
the
tic
fib
ers
ne
so
i
1
93
08
15
90
32
37
81
49
56
10
46
32
0W
om
ens
or
gir
ls t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
32
98
030
40
72
34
45
-22
92
71
01
90
5D
istilla
ter
esid
ua
l fu
el o
il (i
nclu
din
g b
len
ds)
de
rive
d f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
r oils
or
oils
of
bitu
min
ou
s m
inera
ls
testin
g
25
de
gre
es A
PI
or
mo
re
17
48
94
93
22
40
14
44
46
61
03
43
15
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s a
nd
sho
rts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
29
98
420
41
02
10
46
31
27
10
11
45
Mix
ture
s o
f h
ydro
carb
ons n
es
oi
no
ne
com
pri
sing
ove
r ha
lf o
f p
rod
uct
70
or
mo
re b
y w
eig
ht
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
1
02
09
44
78
03
201
05
-57
92
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
3
24
36
76
43
58
15
07
74
20
07
60
21
73
All
oth
er
3
06
31
33
17
91
32
62
04
7-1
76
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
32
74
30
77
36
132
99
04
22
69
64
91
70
Sou
rce
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
A-35
TABLE A15 US imports for consumption under ATPA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percent change
2006ndash07Million dollars
1 Ecuador 43707 53252 46138 -134
2 Colombia 46532 47912 45277 -553 Peru 22827 32019 30172 -584 Bolivia 1574 1662 1481 -109
Total 114639 134844 123068 -87Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to the totals shown
TA
BL
E A
16
US
im
po
rts fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
AT
PA
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Perc
en
t C
ha
ng
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
01
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
18
21
58
73
05
84
03
-06
27
09
00
20
Pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
17
70
32
16
59
16
44
9-2
41
74
03
11
00
Re
fin
ed
cop
pe
r cath
od
es a
nd
sectio
ns o
f cath
od
es
5
56
49
93
09
89
1-0
42
71
01
90
5D
istilla
te a
nd r
esid
ual fu
el o
il (in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
deri
ved
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
or
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
te
sting
u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
5
41
54
58
84
08
7-1
09
06
03
11
00
Ro
se
s
fre
sh
a
26
31
28
84
32
72
NA
61
10
20
20
Sw
ea
ters
p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts
an
d s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
2
95
23
18
22
97
4-6
62
71
01
12
5N
ap
hth
as
no
t m
oto
r fu
elb
len
din
g s
tock
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
06
26
13
02
94
1-5
20
060
31
90
0A
nth
uri
um
s
als
troe
me
ria
gypso
phili
a
lilie
s
sn
ap
dra
gon
s a
nd o
ther
flo
we
rs
ne
so
i
fre
sh
b1
59
41
72
01
87
8N
A6
10
51
00
0M
ens
or
boys s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
1
93
81
90
71
65
4-1
33
07
09
20
90
Asp
ara
gu
s
fre
sh
or
ch
ille
d
ne
so
i
87
11
26
61
59
32
59
610
91
00
0T
-shirts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
16
42
16
88
15
55
-79
62034
24
0M
ens
or
boys
tro
users
bre
eches
and s
hort
s
not
knitt
ed o
r cr
ochete
d
of
cott
on
not
conta
inin
g 1
5 p
erc
ent
or
mo
re d
ow
n
15
64
14
08
98
6-2
99
16
04
14
30
Tun
as a
nd
skip
jack
no
t in
oil
in a
irtig
ht
con
tain
ers
n
es
oi
47
86
49
67
94
60
60
31
40
0C
hry
sa
nth
em
um
s
fre
sh
c
63
56
34
65
5N
A7
11
31
95
0A
rtic
les o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l e
xcep
t silv
er
exc
ep
t n
eckla
ces a
nd
cla
sps
8
01
85
65
77
-32
66
10
61
00
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
blo
use
s a
nd s
hirts
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
6
42
66
65
24
-21
43
90
41
00
0P
oly
vinyl
chlo
ride
n
ot
mix
ed
with
an
y oth
er
sub
sta
nces
in p
rim
ary
fo
rms
45
03
38
42
82
65
06
03
12
10
Ca
rna
tio
ns
oth
er
tha
n m
inia
ture
fr
esh
d3
32
37
44
22
NA
200
59
98
0A
rtic
ho
ke
s
pre
pa
red o
r p
rese
rved
oth
erw
ise
th
an
by
vin
eg
ar
or
ace
tic a
cid
n
ot
fro
zen
e1
66
35
93
91
NA
261
39
00
0M
oly
bde
nu
m o
res a
nd c
once
ntr
ate
s
not
roaste
d
1
49
41
13
88
-57
071
08
09
7V
eg
eta
ble
s n
es
oi
unco
oked
or
co
oke
d b
y ste
am
ing o
r b
oili
ng
in
wa
ter
fro
zen
re
duce
d in
siz
e
1
91
27
53
48
26
72
61
10
06
0T
un
gste
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
s
0
61
75
33
29
05
080
45
04
0G
uavas
ma
ng
oe
s
an
d m
an
goste
ens
fre
sh
if e
nte
red
duri
ng t
he
peri
od S
epte
mb
er
1 t
hro
ugh
Ma
y 31
of
the
follo
win
g y
ea
r in
clu
siv
e
27
33
15
30
0-4
60
60
31
23
0M
inia
ture
(spra
y) c
arn
atio
ns
fre
sh
29
33
16
27
7N
Af
76
10
10
00
Do
ors
w
ind
ow
s
an
d t
he
ir f
ram
es a
nd
th
resh
old
s f
or
do
ors
of
alu
min
um
1
77
45
52
71
-40
5T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
02
35
01
20
91
41
11
27
6-2
9A
ll oth
er
1
22
89
13
93
01
17
92
-41
7T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
11
46
39
13
48
44
12
30
68
-87
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
60
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
10
70
40
A
nd
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
80
b
T
rad
e in
20
05
an
d 2
00
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
sta
tistical lin
e 0
60
31
07
01
0 a
nd
06
03
10
70
20
c
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S s
tatistica
l lin
e 0
603
70
30
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 2
005
90
80
e
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
HT
S t
ariff
lin
e 0
603
10
30
e
A-37
TABLE A17 US imports for consumption under CBERA provisions by source 2005ndash07
Rank Source 2005 2006 2007
Percentchange
2006ndash07
1000 dollars
1 Trinidad and Tobago 2734524 3677726 2832296 -230
2 Costa Rica 1157763 1382065 1417864 26
3 Haiti 303390 379321 430389 135
4 Dominican Republic 2483579 2481035 310104 -875
5 Jamaica 152163 245755 235947 -40
6 Bahamas 111345 125056 137351 98
7 Belize 54749 72221 54460 -246
8 Panama 40751 33828 31191 -78
9 St Kitts and Nevis 25211 24750 16189 -346
10 Guyana 6721 5098 10099 981
11 St Lucia 6353 7076 8594 214
12 Barbados 3859 4765 7100 490
13 Netherlands Antilles 6763 2157 3598 669
14 Aruba 30 171 295 721
15 St Vincent and the Grenadines 521 210 216 29
16 Antigua 34 23 132 4663
17 British Virgin Islands 198 223 65 -710
18 Dominica 79 66 45 -319
19 Grenada 9 56 25 -563
20 El Salvador 1226033 154121 0 -1000
21 Guatemala 1246183 652845 0 -1000
22 Honduras 2372315 555925 0 -1000
23 Montserrat 0 0 0 NA
24 Nicaragua 403798 110981 0 -1000
Total 12336372 9915473 5495960 -446
Source Compiled from official statistics of the US Department of Commerce
Note Because of rounding figures may not add to totals shown Data for 2006 include US imports from ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua only for the period during which those countries were eligible forCBERA benefits before CAFTA-DR entered into force
TA
BL
E A
18 U
S
imp
ort
s fo
r co
nsu
mp
tion
of
lea
din
g im
po
rts u
nd
er
CB
ER
A
20
05
ndash07
HT
S N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs2
70
90
02
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
te
stin
g 2
5 d
eg
ree
s A
PI
or
mo
re
10
76
01
69
38
13
09
5-2
27
29
05
11
20
Me
tha
no
l (m
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l)
ne
so
i
7
00
61
02
97
10
04
2-2
50
80
43
04
0P
ine
ap
ple
s
fre
sh o
r dri
ed
n
ot
red
uced
in
siz
e
in c
rate
s o
r oth
er
pa
ckag
es
22
28
24
56
37
79
53
92
20
71
06
0U
nd
en
atu
red
eth
yl a
lco
ho
l fo
r no
nb
eve
rag
e p
urp
ose
s
1
83
62
77
22
63
4-5
02
71
01
12
5N
ap
hth
as
not
mo
tor
fue
lble
nd
ing
sto
ck
from
pe
tro
leu
m o
ilso
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls
min
imu
m 7
0 p
erc
en
tb
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
1
93
57
15
22
72
21
76
610
91
00
0T
-shir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tank t
ops
and
sim
ilar
garm
en
ts
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
13
01
46
07
31
95
7-6
78
61
10
20
20
Sw
ea
ters
p
ullo
vers
sw
ea
tshir
ts
wa
istc
oa
ts
an
d s
imila
r art
icle
s
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f cott
on
n
es
oi
1
03
32
39
30
13
98
-64
43
90
31
10
0P
oly
sty
ren
e
exp
an
da
ble
in
pri
ma
ry f
orm
s
10
75
12
15
13
32
97
62034
24
0M
ens
or
boys
tro
users
bre
ech
es
and s
hort
s
not
knitt
ed o
r cr
ochete
d
of
cott
on
not
conta
inin
g 1
5 p
erc
ent
or
mo
re d
ow
n
73
01
44
95
12
63
-71
92
00
91
10
0F
roze
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
d o
ran
ge
ju
ice
4
56
53
71
00
38
69
271
01
14
5M
ixtu
res o
f hydro
ca
rbon
s n
es
oi
no
ne
co
mp
risin
g o
ver
half o
f pro
duct
70 p
erc
en
t o
r m
ore
by w
eig
ht
from
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
bitu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
1
82
22
45
38
04
-67
24
01
11
01
0N
ew
pn
eu
ma
tic
rad
ial tire
s
of
rub
be
r o
f a
kin
d u
sed
on
mo
tor
cars
in
clu
din
g s
tatio
n w
ag
on
s a
nd
ra
cin
g c
ars
5
87
63
77
96
25
02
71
01
90
5D
istilla
te a
nd r
esid
ual fu
el o
il (in
clu
din
g b
len
ds)
deri
ved
fro
m p
etr
ole
um
or
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
te
sting
u
nd
er
25
de
gre
es A
PI
4
74
65
17
77
66
-85
26
11
59
59
0S
tockin
gs
so
cks
oth
er
ho
sie
ry n
es
oi
an
d f
oo
twe
ar
with
ou
t a
pp
lied s
ole
s
knitte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
no
tla
ce
or
ne
t
()
()
68
6N
Aa
a
220
72
00
0E
thyl
alc
oho
l a
nd
oth
er
sp
irits
den
atu
red
of
an
y str
eng
th
02
12
16
50
-43
79
61
09
90
10
T-s
hir
ts
sin
gle
ts
tan
k t
op
s
an
d s
imila
r ga
rme
nts
knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f m
an-m
ade
fib
ers
21
35
12
75
64
6-4
93
610
82
10
0W
om
en
s o
r g
irls
bri
efs
an
d p
antie
s
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
2
03
89
28
46
8-4
96
71
13
19
50
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l e
xcep
t silv
er
exc
ep
t n
eckla
ces a
nd
cla
sps
1
92
92
34
14
14
-82
30
80
71
92
0C
an
talo
up
es
fre
sh
no
t en
tere
d A
ug
1-S
ep
t 1
5
1
00
79
53
39
1-5
90
62
03
43
40
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
sers
b
ree
che
s
an
d s
ho
rts
no
t knitte
d o
r cro
che
ted
o
f syn
the
tic f
ibe
rs
ne
so
i
30
67
16
01
38
0-7
63
610
71
10
0M
ens
or
boys u
nd
erp
ants
and
brie
fs
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tton
4
00
51
71
13
69
-78
440169
35
0N
onauto
motiv
e g
askets
w
ash
ers
and s
eals
of
vulc
aniz
ed r
ubber
50
05
13
34
9-3
20
17
01
11
20
Oth
er
su
ga
r to
be
use
d f
or
the
pro
du
ctio
n (
oth
er
tha
n d
istilla
tio
n)
of
po
lyh
ydri
c a
lco
ho
ls
7
49
19
83
13
58
11
70
11
11
0R
aw
su
ga
r no
t co
nta
inin
g a
dde
d f
lavori
ng o
r co
lori
ng
1
44
31
40
33
10
-77
98
53
63
08
0E
lectr
ica
l a
pp
ara
tus f
or
pro
tectin
g e
lectr
ica
l circuits
for
a v
olta
ge
no
t e
xcee
din
g 1
00
0 v
olts
ne
so
i
22
81
22
28
21
30
8T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
88
40
67
59
91
46
40
0-3
26
All
oth
er
3
49
58
23
16
48
56
0-7
17
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
23
36
49
91
55
54
96
0-4
46
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sh
ow
n
Th
e a
bbre
via
tion
n
es
oi
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lsew
here
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
ded
D
ata
fo
r 20
06
in
clu
de U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
El S
alv
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A-39
TABLE A19 W TO dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS27 European Communities ndashRegime for the ImportationSale and Distribution ofBananas
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras MexicoUnited States
Ecuador requests consultations under Article 215(111606)Ecuador submits revised request for consultations(112806)Colombia (11292006) Belize Cocircte dIvoireDominica the Dominican Republic Saint Lucia StVincent and the Grenadines and Suriname(113006) Cameroon (120406) Jamaica(120606) and Panama and the United States(121106) request to join the consultations TheEuropean Communities accept their requestsEcuador requests establishment of an Article 215panel (022307)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (032007)Panel composed (061507)The United States request establishment of a 215panel (062907)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (071207)Panel composed (081307)
DS267 United States ndash Subsidies onUpland Cotton
Brazil DSB adopts Appellate Body report and panel report(as modified by Appellate Body report) (032105)After the reasonable period of time forimplementation expires (092105) Brazil seeksauthorization to suspend concessions and the UnitedStates seeks arbitration The parties subsequentlyseek suspension of arbitration proceedings(112105)Brazil requests the establishment of a panel(081806)DSB defers the establishment of a panel (090106)DSB agrees if possible to refer the matter raised byBrazil to the original panel (092806)Panel is established (102506)Compliance panel report circulated (121807)
DS268 United States ndash SunsetReviews of Anti-DumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods fromArgentina
Argentina The United States informs DSB it has implementedearlier DSB recommendations and rulings in thecase Argentina expresses doubts (122005)Argentina requests consultations (012606)Argentina requests the establishment of a panel (030606)DSB refers the matter raised by Argentina to theoriginal panel (031706)Compliance panel composed (032006)Panel report circulated (113006)Appellate Body report circulated (041207)DSB adopts Appellate Body report (051107)
DS281 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Cement fromMexico
Mexico Mexico asks the panel to suspend its proceedings inthe context of negotiations to find a mutually agreedsolution and the panel agrees (011606)
A-40
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
DS282 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasures on Oil CountryTubular Goods from Mexico
Mexico Appellate Body report circulated (110205)The United States issues statement of intent toimplement the recommendations and rulings of theDSB (122005)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (021506)Statement by Mexico of non-conformity regardingagreed timelimits (053006)Mexico requests consultations under DSU Article215 (082106)Mutually agreed solution is reached (051607)
DS285 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Cross-BorderSupply of Gambling andBetting Services
Antigua andBarbuda
Parties agree to procedures under DSU Articles 21and 22 (052406)Antigua and Barbuda request consultations(060806)Antigua and Barbuda request establishment of apanel (070606)DSB refers matter to original panel if possible(071906)Panel composed (081606)Panel report circulated (033007)DSB adopts panel report (052207)Antigua and Barbuda seeks authorization to suspendconcessions (062107)The United States objects and seeks arbitration(072307)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (072408)Arbitratorrsquos decision circulated (122107)
DS291 European Communities ndashMeasures Affecting theApproval and Marketing ofBiotech Products
United States Panel reports circulated (092906)DSB adopts the panel reports (112106)The European Communities announce its intention toimplement recommendations and rulings andannounce intent to discuss appropriate timeframepursuant to DSU Article 213(b) with ArgentinaCanada and the United States (121906)The United States and European Communities agreeon a reasonable period of time for implementation(062107)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-41
DS294 United States ndash LawsRegulations andMethodology for CalculatingDumping Margins (Zeroing)
EuropeanCommunities
Panel report circulated (103105)The European Communities notify its decision toappeal (011706)The United States notifies its decision to appeal(013006)Appellate Body report circulated (041806)DSB adopts the Appellate Body report and the panelreport as modified by the Appellate Body report(5906)The United States announces that it intends toimplement the DSB recommendations and rulings(053006)The United States and the European Communitiesagree pursuant to DSU Article 213(b) to thereasonable period of time for implementation(072806)The United States and the European Communitiesreach an Understanding on Article 21 and 22procedures (050407)The European Communities request Article 215consultations (070907)Brazil and Korea request to join the consultations(072007)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (091307)
DS295 Mexico ndash DefinitiveAntidumping Measures onBeef and Rice
United States DSU adopts Appellate Body report and panel reportas modified by the Appellate Body report (122005)Mexico states that it will implement therecommendations and rulings of the DSB but needsagreement on the reasonable period of time forimplementation Mexico agrees to consult with theUnited States (012006)Mexico and the United States inform DSB that theyhave reached agreement on the reasonable period oftime for implementation Mexico will comply in August2006 (in part) and in December 2006 (in part)(051806)Parties reach an Understanding on procedure forArticles 21 and 22 (011607)
DS322 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Zeroing andSunset Reviews
Japan Panel report circulated (092006)Japan notifies decision to appeal certain issues of law(101106)The United States notifies its decision to appealcertain issues of law (102306)Appellate Body report circulated (01907)DSB adopts appellate body report (012307)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (050407)Japan seeks authorization to suspend concessions(011008)The United States seeks arbitration (011808)DSB agrees to conduct arbitration (012108)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-42
DS334 Turkey ndash Measures Affectingthe Importation of Rice
United States Th United States requests establishment of a panel(020606)Panel established (031706)Panel composed (073106)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (013107)Panel report circulated (092107)DSB adopts panel report (102207)
DS335 United States ndash AntidumpingMeasure on Shrimp fromEcuador
Ecuador Ecuador requests establishment of a panel(060806)Panel established (071906)Panel composed (092606)Panel report circulated (013007)DSB adopts panel report (022007)Agreement reached on the reasonable period of timefor implementation (032607)
DS340 China ndash Measures AffectingImports of Automobile Parts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(033006)The United States requests establishment of a panel(091506)DSB establishes a single panel pursuant to DSUArticle 91 to consider similar complaints againstChina made by the European Communities (DS339)the United States (DS340) and Canada (DS342)(102606)Panel composed (012907)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (071607)
DS343 United States ndash MeasuresRelating to Shrimp fromThailand
Thailand Thailand requests consultations (042406)Thailand requests establishment of a panel(091506)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072107)Panel report circulated (022908)
DS344 United States ndash FinalAntidumping Measures onStainless Steel from Mexico
Mexico Mexico requests consultations (052606)Japan requests to join the consultations (060906)Mexico requests establishment of a panel (101206)Panel established (102606)Panel composed (122006)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (052107)Panel report circulated (122007)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-43
DS345 United States ndash CustomsBond Directive forMerchandise Subject toAnti-DumpingCountervailingDuties
India India requests consultations (060606)Brazil China and Thailand request to join theconsultations (062106)India requests establishment of a panel (101306)Panel established (112106)Panel composed (012607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (072707)
DS347 European Communities andCertain Member States ndashMeasures Affecting Trade inLarge Civil Aircraft (SecondComplaint)
United States The United States requests consultations withFrance Germany Spain the United Kingdom andthe European Communities (013106)The United States requests establishment of a panel(041006)Panel established (050906)Panel composed (071706)The United States requests the panel to suspend itswork in accordance with DSU Article 1212(100606)Panel agrees to suspend work (100906)Authority of the panel lapsed (100707)
DS350 United States ndash ContinuedExistence and Application ofZeroing Methodology
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultations(100206)The European Communities expand their request forconsultations (100906)Japan (101006)Thailand (101206) Brazil andIndia (101306) request to join the consultations TheUnited States accepts their requestsThe European Communities request establishment ofa panel (051007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (052207)Panel established (060407)Panel composed (070607)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (100107)A panelist resigns (110807)New panelist appointed (112707)
DS353 United States ndash MeasuresAffecting Trade in Large CivilAircraft (Second Complaint)
EuropeanCommunities
The European Communities request consultationswith the United States (062705)The European Communities request establishment ofa panel (012006)Panel established (021706)Panel composed (112206)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (051807)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-44
DS357 United States ndash Subsidiesand Other Domestic Supportfor Corn and OtherAgricultural Products
Canada Canada requests consultations with the United States(010807)Australia (011807) Argentina Brazil the EuropeanCommunities Guatemala Nicaragua Thailand(011907) and Uruguay (012207) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts theirrequests Canada requests establishment of a panel(060707)DSB defers establishment of the panel (062007)Canada withdraws its request for establishment of apanel (111507)
DS358 China ndash Certain MeasuresGranting RefundsReductions or Exemptionsfrom Taxes and OtherPayments
United States The United States requests consultations with China(020207)The United States requests establishment of a panel(071207)DSB defers establishment of a panel (072407)Panel established (083107)China and the United States inform the DSB theyhave reached an agreement (121907)
DS360 India ndash Additional andExtra-Additional Duties onImports from the UnitedStates
United States The United States requests consultations with India(030607)The European Communities (031607) and Australia(032107) request to accepts their requestsThe United States request establishment of a panel(052407)DSB defers the establishment of a pane (060407)Panel established (062007)Panel composed (070307)Chairman of panel informs the DSB that panel will notbe able to complete its work within the standard 6-month time frame (121707)
DS362 China ndash Measures Affectingthe Protection andEnforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007) Japan (042007) the EuropeanCommunities Canada (042507) and Mexico(042607) request to join consultations Chinaaccepts their requestsThe United States requests establishment of panel(081307)DSB defers establishment of panel (083107)Panel established (092507)Panel composed (121307)
DS363 China ndash Measures AffectingTrading Rights andDistribution Services forCertain Publications andAudiovisual EntertainmentProducts
United States The United States requests consultations with China(041007)The European Communities request to join theconsultation (042507) China accepts the requestThe United States requests establishment of a panel(101007)DSB defers establishment of a panel (102207)Panel established (112707)
TABLE A19ndashContinued
Case No Title Complainant Action (MonthDayYear)
A-45
DS365 United States ndash DomesticSupport and Export CreditGuarantees for AgriculturalProducts
Brazil Brazil requests consultations with the United States(071107)Canada (072007) Guatemala (072307) CostaRica Mexico (072407) the European Communities(072507) Argentina Australia India Nicaragua(072607) and Thailand (072707) request to jointhe consultations The United States accepts therequestsCanada and Brazil request establishment of a panel(110807)DSB defers establishment of the panel (112707)Panel established (121707)
DS368 United States ndash PreliminaryAnti-Dumping andCountervailing DutyDeterminations on CoatedFree Sheet Paper fromChina
China China requests consultations with the United States(091407)
Source WTO Chronological List of Disputes Caseshttpwwwwtoorgenglishtratop_edispu_edispu_status_ehtm
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
A-46
TABLE A20 NAFTA dispute-settlement cases to which the United States was a party developments in
2007File No Dispute Action (MonthDayYear)
Chapter 19 Binational Panel DecisionsUSA-MEX-2001-1904-03 Oil Country Tubular Goods from
Mexico (Commerce Full SunsetReview of the Antidumping DutyOrder)
Commerce issues third redetermination on remand(081706)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (011707)Commerce issues fourth redetermination on remand(2607)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (060107)Commerce issues fifth redetermination on remand(061107)Panel affirms Commercersquos fifth redetermination(071907)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (Commerce Final Resultsof the 4th Antidumping DutyAdministrative Review)
Panel remands to Commerce (081106)Commerce issues second redetermination onremand (100506)Panel affirms second redetermination on remand(011607)
USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 Oil Country Tubular Goods fromMexico (USITC Five-Year Reviewof the Antidumping Duty)
Oral argument held (082206)Panel affirms Commission determination (032207)
USA-CDA-2002-1904-02 Certain Softwood LumberProducts from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel grants motion to dismiss on grounds thatrevocation of antidumping duty order rendersproceeding moot (010507)
USA-CDA-2006-1904-04 Carbon and Certain Alloy SteelWire Rod from Canada(Commerce Final AffirmativeAntidumping Determination)
Panel constituted (011707)Panel affirms in part and remands in part toCommerce (112807)
Source NAFTA Secretariat Status Report NAFTA amp FTA Dispute Settlement Proceedingshtpwwwnafta-sec-alenaorgDefaultSiteindex_easpxDetailID=9
Note This list includes only cases in which formal action occurred in 2007 pending cases in which little or no formalaction occurred are omitted Where appropriate pre-2007 and post-2007 actions are noted to place the 2007 actionsin context
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41
62
27
11
21
Na
tura
l ga
s
ga
se
ou
s s
tate
27
87
12
04
83
26
27
92
83
87
08
99
Part
s a
nd
accessori
es f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
ne
so
i
45
26
24
37
09
25
52
0-4
16
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itu
min
ou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
16
17
82
00
33
24
80
32
38
880
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
91
04
73
31
18
84
71
57
13
00
49
0C
ert
ain
me
dic
am
ents
pu
t u
p in
me
asure
do
ses o
r in
fo
rms o
r pa
ckin
gs f
or
reta
il sale
n
es
oi
1
51
18
17
27
71
55
06
-10
28
40
99
1P
art
s f
or
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n in
tern
al-
co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
16
02
71
40
78
15
49
81
01
87
08
50
Dri
ve a
xle
s w
ith
diffe
ren
tia
l fo
r m
oto
r
8
57
48
82
61
36
92
55
176061
2R
ect
angula
r pla
tes
shee
ts a
nd s
trip
ove
r 02
mm
thic
k o
f alu
min
um
allo
y
1
19
86
13
69
01
29
85
-51
71
12
91
Gold
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
inclu
din
g m
eta
l cla
d w
ith
gold
bu
t e
xclu
din
g s
we
epin
gs c
on
tain
ing
oth
er
pre
cio
us
me
tals
4
71
61
01
34
12
45
12
29
87
04
22
Mo
tor
veh
icle
s f
or
go
od
s t
ran
spo
rt n
es
oi
with
com
pre
ssio
n-i
gn
itio
n in
tern
al com
bustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
w
eig
hin
g 5
to
20
mt
1
18
35
12
91
41
16
19
10
08
70
83
0B
rakes a
nd
serv
o-b
rakes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f
a
11
44
42
00
33
11
33
9-5
88
47
15
0D
igita
l pro
ce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
71
41
an
d 8
47
14
9
1
05
51
99
43
11
00
81
07
871
61
0T
raile
rs a
nd
se
mi-
traile
rs f
or
ho
usin
g o
r ca
mp
ing
6
47
29
08
01
09
06
20
18
70
42
1T
rucks
ne
so
i
die
sel e
ng
ine
g
ross v
eh
icle
we
igh
t n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
8
25
19
86
91
04
27
57
87
01
20
Ro
ad
tra
cto
rs f
or
se
mi-
tra
ilers
1
55
60
17
44
41
03
42
-40
78
52
34
0
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
(
)(
)1
02
51
NA
bb
49
02
90
Ne
wspa
pe
rs
etc
ap
pe
ari
ng
le
ss t
ha
n 4
tim
es p
er
we
ek
89
77
96
59
10
00
33
62
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d f
rom
bitum
inou
s m
ine
rals
cru
de
6
06
22
00
33
99
35
16
92
71
60
0E
lectr
ica
l en
erg
y
10
39
11
05
20
99
10
-58
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
10
27
35
40
03
65
94
90
61
02
All
oth
er
13
22
07
61
44
22
28
15
36
28
26
5T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
18
32
34
87
71
98
22
64
21
31
18
72
47
5S
ou
rce
C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
708
31
and
870
83
9
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
he
ad
ing
s 8
523
and
852
4
b
TA
BL
E A
26
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m C
an
ad
a
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
S s
ub
-h
ea
din
gD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
ine
rals
cru
de
2
41
19
83
28
89
23
79
28
61
53
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
31
37
37
30
90
48
30
31
20
-19
27
11
21
Na
tura
l ga
s
ga
se
ou
s s
tate
2
68
71
82
42
11
02
23
69
8-7
68
70
43
1M
oto
r ve
hic
les f
or
tra
nsp
ort
ing g
ood
s
with
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
g
ross
veh
icle
we
igh
t no
t exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
78
03
46
648
27
436
81
19
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
49
02
35
588
46
429
41
50
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ration
s fro
m p
etr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils fro
m b
itu
min
ous m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
4
324
85
216
26
264
82
01
440
71
0C
onife
rous w
ood
saw
n o
r ch
ippe
d le
ng
thw
ise
slic
ed
or
pe
ele
d of
thic
kness
exc
ee
din
g 6
mm
6
610
46
038
94
859
7-1
95
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
4
181
94
219
24
830
81
45
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
1
743
32
584
83
650
84
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
377
03
087
63
346
38
48
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
079
54
833
33
197
4-3
38
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
30
59
02
434
02
904
81
93
76
01
10
Un
wro
ug
ht
au
min
um
allo
ys
20
73
82
884
12
717
0-5
82
71
60
0E
lectr
ica
l en
erg
y
24
79
32
518
42
713
37
77
60
11
0A
lum
inu
m
no
t allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
1
709
92
428
52
685
91
06
48
02
61
Unco
ate
d p
ap
er
pa
pe
rbo
ard
fo
r w
ritin
gp
rintin
go
the
r g
rap
hic
pu
rpo
se
s n
es
oi
ove
r 1
0 p
erc
en
t fib
er
by
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in r
olls
22
81
22
215
32
392
88
04
80
10
0N
ew
sp
rin
t in
ro
lls o
r sh
ee
ts
29
79
22
987
02
344
6-2
15
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
2
472
81
828
32
334
4-2
77
71
08
12
Non
mo
ne
tary
go
ld (
inclu
din
g g
old
pla
ted
with
pla
tin
um
) u
nw
roug
ht e
xclu
din
g p
ow
de
r
1
418
91
803
22
073
91
50
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
2
097
41
597
21
992
72
48
75
02
10
Nic
ke
l n
ot
allo
yed
un
wro
ug
ht
7
73
21
105
11
959
87
73
47
03
21
Che
mic
al w
oo
dp
ulp
so
da
or
su
lfate
o
the
r th
an
dis
so
lvin
g g
rad
es se
mib
lea
ch
ed
or
ble
ache
d
co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d
1
680
41
655
71
924
91
63
27
11
12
Pro
pa
ne
liq
ue
fie
d
16
51
51
790
61
915
97
07
40
31
1R
efin
ed
co
pp
er
cath
ode
s a
nd
se
ctio
ns o
f ca
thod
es
8
78
41
315
21
681
02
78
31
04
20
Me
dic
am
en
ts
for
the
rap
eu
tic o
r p
rop
hyl
actic u
se
s in
me
asu
red
do
se
s co
nta
inin
g a
ntib
iotic
s o
the
r th
an
pe
nic
illin
s
12
36
61
191
11
541
92
94
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
1
47
17
94
15
39
75
51
61
80
93
51
All
oth
er
1
40
35
41
14
90
58
51
50
69
53
11
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
28
75
33
53
03
03
40
31
25
04
53
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
27
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ch
ina
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7
SIT
CC
od
e N
oD
escri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
Cha
ng
e2
00
6ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
1
108
31
412
11
934
43
70
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
15
28
11
91
11
23
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
96
93
71
36
30
01
64
18
72
05
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
12
00
20
01
29
13
45
64
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
21
77
21
16
85
13
36
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
53
18
96
153
08
303
03
49
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
3
004
13
606
13
959
19
87
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
16
34
79
22
50
83
25
57
39
13
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
834
43
475
53
718
47
09
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
39
26
48
59
55
48
14
2T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
38
85
67
51
62
41
61
01
32
18
2Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
2
756
63
568
94
195
81
76
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
28
62
97
42
84
43
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
37
81
487
91
578
06
13
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
94
90
10
88
76
40
9-4
11
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
15
82
26
34
25
15
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
51
35
06
191
47
244
61
70
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
80
77
13
62
58
24
01
95
91
09
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
89
47
01
31
22
14
14
80
85
41
29
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
9
24
90
61
03
70
53
11
71
02
11
29
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
29
00
33
478
43
965
81
40
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
24
26
38
02
87
05
24
32
30
85
51
26
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
28
L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ch
ina
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
b-
he
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
715
15
221
56
192
11
86
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
2
253
12
529
84
117
36
28
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
22
94
3N
Aa
a
74
04
00
Co
pp
er
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
67
63
14
39
21
786
12
41
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
70
25
14
84
31
590
57
25
20
10
0C
ott
on
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
13
97
12
059
51
454
3-2
94
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
86
1N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
97
60
NA
aa
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
()
()
88
03
NA
bb
72
04
29
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
no
n-s
tain
less a
lloy
ste
el
28
74
64
81
78
47
21
18
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
51
04
71
57
77
92
89
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
73
38
82
16
98
9-2
08
41
01
50
Wh
ole
ra
w b
ovi
ne
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
16 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh
pic
kle
d o
r p
rese
rve
d b
ut
no
t ta
nn
ed
or
furt
he
r pre
pa
red
4
85
06
35
06
32
2-0
44
70
79
0R
eco
vere
d w
aste
an
d s
cra
p p
ap
er
or
pa
pe
rboa
rd
ne
so
i
in
clu
din
g u
nso
rte
d s
uch
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
1
66
94
33
46
00
23
85
02
07
14
Chic
ke
n c
uts
an
d e
dib
le o
ffa
l in
clu
din
g liv
ers
fr
oze
n
12
23
29
41
54
90
86
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
24
73
37
39
48
98
31
07
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
59
50
49
54
46
94
-52
26
03
00
Co
pp
er
ore
s a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
11
19
21
49
42
42
97
47
20
42
1W
aste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
23
34
23
37
42
13
80
24
70
71
0W
aste
an
d s
cra
p o
f u
nble
ach
ed
kra
ft p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd o
r o
f co
rru
ga
ted p
ape
r o
r p
ap
erb
oa
rd
3
11
73
77
54
10
38
74
70
73
0R
eco
vere
d (
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p)
pa
pe
r o
r p
ape
rbo
ard
m
ain
ly o
f m
ech
an
ica
l pu
lp (
for
exa
mp
le
n
ew
sp
ap
ers
jo
urn
als
an
d s
imila
r p
rin
ted
ma
tte
r)
1
83
32
22
83
74
56
81
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
36
63
NA
cc
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
1
09
92
53
03
52
63
94
28
04
61
Sili
co
n co
nta
inin
g b
y w
eig
ht n
ot le
ss th
an 9
99
9 p
erc
en
t o
f sili
co
n
7
25
17
87
34
49
93
03
90
21
0P
oly
pro
pyl
en
e
in p
rim
ary
fo
rms
19
33
24
23
33
92
40
0T
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
13
04
75
18
93
49
28
41
38
50
1A
ll oth
er
25
80
91
32
68
92
32
59
94
-03
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
38
85
67
51
62
41
61
01
32
18
2S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
54
22
1
85
42
29
a
nd
85
42
60
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B c
ha
pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
73
0
an
d 8
51
75
0
c
TA
BL
E A
29
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m C
hin
a
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
47
13
0P
ort
ab
le d
igital a
uto
ma
ted
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ines n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
10 k
g
with
at
lea
st
a C
PU
ke
ybo
ard
an
d d
isp
lay
10
67
03
12
82
77
17
00
18
32
58
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
()
()
14
02
91
NA
aa
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
9
466
81
13
27
69
712
7-1
43
95
03
00
Tri
cyc
les sco
ote
rs sim
ilar
wh
ee
led
to
ys
do
lls
do
llrsquos c
arr
iag
es a
nd o
the
r to
ys
pu
zzle
s re
du
ce
d
b
sca
le m
ode
ls
8
481
58
545
29
329
3N
A9
50
41
0V
ide
o g
am
es u
se
d w
ith
te
levi
sio
n r
eceiv
er
an
d p
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s
2
356
53
643
57
318
11
00
96
40
39
9F
oo
twe
ar
no
t co
veri
ng
th
e a
nkle
s
with
ou
ter
sole
s o
f ru
bb
er
or
pla
stics o
r co
mp
ositi
on
le
ath
er
an
d
up
pe
rs o
f le
ath
er
5
252
35
703
15
540
3-2
98
52
85
1M
on
ito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
()
()
52
39
3N
Ac
c
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
43
86
0N
Ad
d
85
25
80
Te
levi
sio
n c
am
era
s
dig
ital cam
era
s
an
d v
ide
o c
am
era
re
co
rde
rs
e2
709
43
263
93
975
4N
A8
52
87
2R
ece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus f
or
tele
visio
ns
inco
rpo
ratin
g a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y de
vice
co
lor
()
()
38
97
4N
Af
f
84
71
70
Au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g s
tora
ge
un
its
23
56
32
925
33
571
2 2
21
84
71
50
Dig
ita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
71
41
an
d 8
47
14
9
15
76
11
965
73
225
66
41
64
02
99
Fo
otw
ea
r w
ith
ou
ter
sole
s a
nd
up
pe
rs o
f ru
bb
er
an
d p
lastics
ne
so
i
2
671
72
860
22
972
63
98
52
85
9
Mo
nito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
n
ot d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
()
()
29
46
6N
Ag
g
940
36
0W
ood
en
fu
rnitu
re oth
er
than
of a k
ind
use
d in
th
e b
edro
om
2
612
32
828
52
789
8-1
48
44
39
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f pri
nte
rs co
pyi
ng
an
d f
acsim
ile m
achin
es
ne
so
i
()
()
26
96
6N
Ah
h
85
04
40
Sta
tic c
on
vert
ers
19
93
92
400
42
663
11
09
95
04
90
Ga
me
ma
ch
ine
s e
xce
pt
co
in-o
pe
rate
d
bo
ard
ga
me
s
ma
h-j
og
do
min
oe
s
dic
e
2
292
12
086
72
529
62
12
85
21
90
Vid
eo
re
co
rdin
g o
r p
rod
ucin
g a
ppa
ratu
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t in
clu
din
g a
vid
eo
tu
ner
oth
er
tha
n m
ag
ne
tic
tap
e-t
ype
2
894
73
406
42
525
7-2
59
84
43
31
Ma
ch
ines t
ha
t p
erf
orm
tw
o o
r m
ore
of th
e f
un
ctio
ns o
f pri
ntin
g
co
pyi
ng
fa
csim
ile t
ran
sm
issio
n
ab
le
to c
on
ne
ct
to a
co
mp
ute
r or
ne
two
rk
()
()2
510
2N
Ai
i
42
02
92
Tru
nks
case
s
ba
gs a
nd
sim
ilar
co
nta
ine
rs
with
ou
ter
surf
ace
of p
lastic s
he
etin
g o
r o
f te
xtin
g
ma
teri
als
1
831
52
109
92
252
16
79
40
32
0M
eta
l fu
rnitu
re
oth
er
tha
n o
f a k
ind u
se
d in
off
ice
s
j1
692
21
860
62
131
61
46
84
43
32
Oth
er
prin
ters
co
pyi
ng
an
d f
acis
imile
mach
ine
s ca
pab
le o
f co
nn
ectin
g t
o a
co
mpu
ter
or
ne
two
rk
ne
so
i
43
49
24
478
62
088
6N
A9
50
51
0A
rtic
les f
or
Ch
ristm
as f
estivi
ties a
nd p
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
1
855
81
913
61
979
93
58
51
98
1O
the
r a
ppa
ratu
s u
sin
g m
ag
ne
tic
op
tica
l or
sem
ico
nd
ucto
r m
ed
ia
()
()
18
98
6N
Ak
k
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
65
04
28
74
14
69
11
91
21
01
05
9
TA
BL
E A
29
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsA
ll oth
er
17
75
95
22
12
90
55
20
39
64
4-1
10
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
24
26
38
02
87
05
24
32
30
83
51
26
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 9
50
1
95
02
a
nd
95
03
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
71
60
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
53
0 a
nd
85
25
40
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
28
13
f
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
82
1 a
nd
85
28
22
g
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
47
2
84
73
8
51
7 8
529
a
nd
90
09
h
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
17
60
i
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
47
16
05
1 t
hro
ug
h 8
47
16
06
7 inclu
siv
e
85
17
21
00
a
nd
85
17
22
00
j
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
9 a
nd
85
20
k
TA
BL
E A
30
US
m
erc
han
dis
e tra
de
with
Me
xico
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revi
sio
n 3
) 2
005
ndash0
7
SIT
CC
od
e N
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs
Exp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
66
30
88
009
29
168
91
45
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
11
48
14
40
19
09
32
62
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
3
913
74
568
34
770
94
43
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
53
42
45
701
06
752
91
85
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
40
09
37
45
59
80
59
75
Ch
em
ica
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nd
re
late
d p
rod
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ne
s
1
38
07
11
59
34
21
67
05
34
86
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
63
12
61
85
27
51
87
67
01
37
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
41
37
01
46
22
14
46
95
86
16
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
96
80
91
04
57
31
05
62
41
09
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
40
93
44
625
04
906
26
1T
ota
l exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
10
16
66
71
14
56
23
11
93
81
14
2Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
69
60
17
752
68
517
89
91
Be
vera
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s a
nd
to
ba
cco
20
72
22
463
12
529
92
72
Cru
de
ma
teri
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in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
1
195
31
224
11
293
15
63
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
24
99
76
32
16
14
33
52
98
43
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
47
95
26
67
92
92
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
3
319
43
982
23
800
7-4
66
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
1
37
40
21
49
83
51
59
48
06
47
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
88
33
06
10
44
74
41
13
98
78
91
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
21
75
68
21
85
74
22
07
09
10
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
67
96
08
104
48
412
93
8T
ota
l all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
16
92
16
11
97
05
56
21
01
58
86
6S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
31
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
Me
xic
o
by S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash
07
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
71
01
1L
igh
t o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
32
44
33
219
42
879
3-1
06
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
2
316
52
899
42
758
6-4
92
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
12
92
21
497
42
427
06
21
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
9
99
61
243
81
778
54
30
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
1
751
92
114
01
744
0-1
75
84
08
20
Com
pre
ssio
n-ig
niti
on
in
tern
al-
co
mbu
stion
pis
ton
en
gin
es
15
83
61
493
01
726
21
56
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
17
79
51
520
41
604
85
63
92
69
0A
rtic
les o
f p
lastics a
nd
art
icle
s o
f o
ther
mate
ria
ls o
f h
ea
din
gs 3
90
1 t
o 3
91
4 n
es
oi
1
539
71
598
91
521
0-4
9
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
11
65
21
475
31
507
02
11
00
59
0C
orn
(m
aiz
e)
oth
er
tha
n s
ee
d
65
21
10
79
01
506
53
96
85
38
90
Pa
rts fo
r e
lectr
ica
l a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
ele
ctr
ica
l cir
cu
its
for
ele
ctr
ica
l co
ntr
ol n
es
oi
1
404
81
527
71
439
4-5
81
20
10
0S
oyb
ea
ns
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
84
57
90
68
11
70
22
90
85
29
90
Pa
rts
exc
ep
t an
ten
na
s
for
tra
nsm
issio
n
rad
ar
ra
dio
te
levi
sio
n
etc
n
es
oi
75
62
91
86
10
54
21
48
73
26
90
Art
icle
s o
f iro
n o
r ste
el ne
so
i
8
90
41
064
91
043
1-2
08
53
69
0E
lectr
ica
l ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ica
l cir
cu
its n
es
oi
10
28
31
094
09
87
9-9
78
54
44
9In
su
late
d e
lectr
ic c
on
du
cto
rs
for
a v
oltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 8
0 v
olts n
ot fitt
ed
with
co
nn
ecto
rs
ne
so
i
54
50
67
82
95
67
41
17
40
81
1W
ire
of
refin
ed
co
pp
er
with
a m
axi
mu
m c
ross s
ectio
na
l dim
en
sio
n o
ver
6 m
illim
ete
rs
49
33
92
63
87
43
-56
39
02
10
Po
lyp
rop
yle
ne
in
pri
ma
ry f
orm
s
6
10
17
45
78
53
11
44
39
23
10
Bo
xes
ca
se
s cra
tes a
nd
sim
ilar
art
icle
s
of
pla
stics
71
41
77
48
80
95
45
29
02
43
Pa
ra-x
yle
ne
4
41
76
47
47
26
21
22
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
54
32
53
16
72
46
36
39
50
41
0V
ide
o g
am
es u
se
d w
ith
te
levi
sio
n r
ece
ive
r and
pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s
2
50
15
63
69
51
34
47
02
01
30
Me
at o
f b
ovi
ne
an
ima
ls
bo
ne
less
fre
sh o
r ch
ille
d
52
20
75
46
68
31
-95
76
06
12
Re
cta
ng
ula
r pla
tes she
ets
an
d s
trip
ove
r 0
2 m
m th
ick o
f a
lum
inu
m a
lloy
3
91
65
68
26
32
41
13
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
4
45
84
18
26
31
15
09
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
25
97
29
29
85
39
32
73
36
96
All
oth
er
7
56
93
88
47
08
48
66
47
52
3T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
10
16
66
71
14
56
23
11
93
81
14
2S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
TA
BL
E A
32
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Me
xic
o
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs2
70
90
0P
etr
ole
um
oils
and
oils
obta
ine
d fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
ine
rals
cru
de
22
36
40
29
19
55
29
84
76
22
85
28
72
Re
ce
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus f
or
tele
visio
ns
inco
rpo
ratin
g a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y de
vice
co
lor
(
)(
)1
41
48
7N
Aa
a
87
03
23
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
7
179
41
06
39
01
01
09
7-5
08
70
43
1M
oto
r ve
hic
les f
or
tra
nsp
ort
ing g
ood
s
with
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
g
ross v
eh
icle
we
igh
t no
t exc
ee
din
g 5
mt
3
044
04
694
45
058
57
88
54
43
0In
su
late
d ig
nitio
n w
irin
g s
ets
an
d o
the
r w
irin
g s
ets
of
a k
ind
use
d in
ve
hic
les
air
cra
ft o
r sh
ips
4
339
14
285
04
475
04
48
47
15
0D
igita
l p
roce
ssin
g u
nits o
the
r th
an
th
ose
of
84
71
41
an
d 8
47
14
9
3
654
73
644
43
881
36
585
28
71
Re
cep
tion
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r te
levi
sio
ns n
ot
de
sig
ned
to
incorp
ora
te a
scre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
()
()
35
73
8N
Aa
a
94
01
90
Pa
rts o
f sea
ts (
exc
ep
t m
ed
ica
l b
arb
ers
d
entist
etc
)
2
998
33
111
13
340
77
48
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
32
84
63
039
83
282
58
08
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
(
)(
)2
610
6N
Ab
b
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
573
2N
Ac
c
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
17
53
011
92
462
3-1
82
85
17
70
Pa
rts o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)2
120
7N
Ad
d
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
2
309
52
583
22
120
1-1
79
87
04
22
Mo
tor
veh
icle
s f
or
go
od
s t
ran
sp
ort
ne
so
i
with
co
mp
ressio
n-ig
niti
on
in
tern
al co
mbu
stion
p
isto
n e
ng
ine
w
eig
hin
g 5
to
20
me
tric
to
ns
73
06
80
19
20
91
11
60
88
70
42
1T
rucks n
es
oi d
iese
l en
gin
e
go
rss v
eh
icle
we
igh
t n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
5 m
t
30
75
02
808
52
043
9-2
69
85
37
10
Bo
ard
s p
ane
ls co
nso
les
oth
er
co
mp
on
en
ts in
corp
ora
ting
ap
pa
ratu
s fo
r co
ntr
ol o
r d
istr
ibu
tio
n
of
ele
ctr
icity
fo
r vo
ltag
e n
ot
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
0 v
olts
1
425
41
662
61
976
31
89
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
9
91
01
701
51
904
31
19
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
13
10
61
555
41
833
81
79
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
11
493
01
720
41
52
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
13
55
61
364
51
700
22
46
22
03
00
Be
er
ma
de
fro
m m
alt
13
40
51
600
41
593
1-0
52
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
10
46
21
199
41
444
92
05
84
07
34
Re
cip
roca
ting
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
of
a c
ylin
de
r ca
pa
city
ove
r 10
00
cc
1
821
71
453
51
291
0-1
12
62
03
42
Me
ns
or
bo
ys t
rou
se
rs
bib
an
d b
race o
vera
lls b
ree
ch
es a
nd
sh
ort
s n
ot
kn
itte
d o
r cro
ch
ete
d
of
co
tto
n
14
30
91
327
51
213
1-8
6
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
67
61
36
81
17
26
10
84
26
83
36
TA
BL
E A
32
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
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ge
20
06
ndash0
7
Mill
ion d
olla
rsA
ll oth
er
1
01
60
25
11
58
83
01
01
73
19
-122
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
1
69
21
61
19
70
55
62
10
15
88
66
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
28
13
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
TA
BL
E A
33
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ja
pa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
7
431
07
805
39
063
11
61
1B
eve
rag
es
an
d t
ob
acco
12
10
81
244
31
045
4-1
60
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
29
39
33
566
24
234
11
87
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
68
07
60
08
53
36
-112
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
64
66
51
78
32
02
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
79
07
18
459
59
217
29
06
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
2
815
73
293
43
682
31
18
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
18
79
35
20
63
15
20
60
91
-01
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
7
934
68
571
58
337
6-2
79
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
17
21
41
357
91
295
0-4
6T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
51
49
87
55
59
55
58
09
58
45
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
42
43
44
67
48
32
82
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
16
47
35
31
12
22
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
32
44
27
59
53
34
53
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
19
79
55
91
176
42
31
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
2
60
26
22
69
26
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
82
93
17
826
28
368
46
96
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
79
88
38
796
88
384
7-4
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
04
23
63
11
34
07
91
10
26
48
-28
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
11
81
25
11
40
08
11
22
68
-15
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
156
34
720
44
348
4-7
9T
ota
l all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
1
37
83
13
14
80
70
71
44
92
79
-21
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
34
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
Ja
pa
n
by S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash
07
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
6
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
07
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
3
099
43
440
24
096
91
91
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
15
92
01
981
42
619
73
22
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
1
611
21
904
02
055
88
08
48
62
0M
ach
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d
cir
cu
its
(
)(
)1
240
4N
Aa
a
12
01
00
So
ybe
an
s
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
78
78
63
81
100
22
74
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
76
21
97
92
10
85
71
09
30
04
90
Cert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
5
52
47
63
68
38
99
92
80
46
1S
ilico
n co
nta
inin
g b
y w
eig
ht n
ot le
ss th
an 9
99
9 p
erc
en
t o
f sili
co
n
4
50
95
94
08
05
13
56
28
44
20
Ura
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s e
nri
ch
ed
in u
235
p
luto
niu
m a
nd
its
co
mp
ou
nd
s
4
57
15
51
17
98
94
50
24
02
20
Cig
are
tte
s c
on
tain
ing
to
ba
cco
87
79
93
15
75
87
-185
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
5
06
25
69
17
01
7-2
33
90
18
90
Me
dic
al s
urg
ical d
en
tal or
vete
rin
ary
scie
nce
s instr
um
en
ts a
pplia
nces
an
d p
art
s
ne
so
i
5
09
95
69
96
81
51
96
02
03
19
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i f
resh
or
ch
ille
d
4
93
74
90
75
18
05
63
82
20
0C
om
po
site
dia
gn
ostic
or
labo
rato
ry r
ea
ge
nts
exc
ep
t p
ha
rma
ce
utica
ls
45
42
44
66
49
70
11
38
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
43
64
49
59
44
98
-93
90
18
39
Me
dic
al e
tc
ne
ed
les n
es
oi c
ath
ete
rs ca
nnu
lae
an
d t
he
like
p
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s th
ere
of
4
88
94
08
84
42
38
28
52
99
0P
art
s
exc
ep
t an
ten
na
s
for
tra
nsm
issio
n
rad
ar
ra
dio
te
levi
sio
n
etc
n
es
oi
32
78
67
46
43
67
-353
02
03
29
Me
at
of
sw
ine
ne
so
i
fro
zen
3
94
93
36
24
04
52
03
44
03
20
Co
nife
rou
s w
oo
d in t
he
ro
ug
h
no
t tr
ea
ted
45
84
44
91
40
06
-108
71
13
19
Art
icle
s o
f je
we
lry
an
d p
art
s th
ere
of o
f p
recio
us m
eta
l (e
xclu
din
g s
ilve
r)
3
24
65
04
03
84
9-2
36
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
6
50
96
34
83
73
7-4
11
12
14
90
Ruta
bag
as (
sw
ed
es)
man
go
lds
fod
de
r ro
ots
h
ay
clo
ver
ka
le
vetc
hes
an
d o
the
r fo
rage
pro
du
cts
n
es
oi w
he
the
r or
no
t in
pe
llet
form
34
74
35
35
37
22
53
90
31
41
Op
tical in
str
um
en
ts fo
r in
spe
cting
se
mic
on
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r d
evi
ce
s o
r p
ho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g t
he
se
ite
ms
36
52
31
71
35
77
12
88
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
or
voic
e
ima
ge
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
(
)(
)3
44
8N
Ab
b
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
32
41
NA
cc
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
15
94
87
18
25
90
22
08
99
21
0A
ll oth
er
3
55
49
93
73
36
53
60
05
8-3
6T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
5
14
98
75
55
95
55
80
95
84
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B c
ha
pte
rs 8
4 8
5 a
nd 9
0
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
51
73
0
an
d 8
51
75
0
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
s 8
54
22
1
85
42
29
a
nd
85
42
60
c
TA
BL
E A
35
Le
ad
ing
US
im
po
rts
fro
m J
ap
an
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
87
03
24
Pa
ssen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
1
86
62
12
04
83
52
10
30
22
78
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 15
00
bu
t no
t ove
r 30
00
cc
1
29
32
01
74
59
31
72
62
1-1
18
70
32
2P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
ove
r 10
00
bu
t ove
r 15
00
cc
34
90
95
691
76
024
25
88
44
39
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f pri
nte
rs co
pyi
ng
an
d f
acsim
ile m
achin
es
ne
so
i
(
)(
)a
a4
202
0N
A8
52
58
0T
ele
visio
n c
am
era
s
dig
ital cam
era
s
an
d v
ide
o c
am
era
re
co
rde
rs
b
36
55
73
430
83
450
1N
A
87
08
40
Ge
ar
bo
xes f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
2
924
42
585
52
837
29
78
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
173
53
135
32
034
5-3
51
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
1
038
01
427
71
835
92
86
84
86
20
Ma
ch
ines a
nd a
ppa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f se
mic
on
du
cto
r d
evi
ce
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)c
c1
450
3N
A8
42
95
2S
elf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
17
87
12
004
21
261
4-3
71
84
09
91
Pa
rts fo
r sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
s
12
95
41
202
71
171
0-2
63
00
49
0C
ert
ain
med
ica
me
nts
pu
t u
p in
me
asu
re d
oses o
r in
fo
rms o
r p
ackin
gs fo
r re
tail
sa
le
ne
so
i
12
75
61
034
01
118
58
23
81
80
0C
he
mic
al e
lem
ents
do
pe
d fo
r u
se
in e
lectr
on
ics
in th
e fo
rm o
f d
iscs w
afe
rs
sim
ilar
form
s ch
em
ica
l co
mp
ou
nd
s d
op
ed
fo
r use
in
ele
ctr
on
ics
79
21
88
65
10
63
31
99
84
71
30
Po
rta
ble
dig
ital a
uto
ma
ted
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ines n
ot e
xce
ed
ing
10 k
g
with
at
lea
st
a C
PU
ke
ybo
ard
an
d d
isp
lay
8
41
01
022
49
74
3-4
78
71
15
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
an
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
a r
ecip
roca
tin
g in
tern
al co
mb
ustio
n p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 80
0 c
c
89
84
11
92
19
09
4-2
37
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
57
05
71
42
89
30
25
08
70
19
0T
racto
rs
ne
so
i
10
74
41
069
48
90
4-1
67
27
10
19
Oils
an
d p
repa
ration
s fro
m p
etr
ole
ium
oils
an
d o
ils fro
m b
itu
min
ous m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
pe
rcen
t b
y w
eig
ht o
f su
ch
pro
du
cts
n
ot lig
ht
20
38
64
35
84
97
32
08
71
14
0M
oto
rcyc
les a
nd
cyc
les w
ith
au
xilia
ry m
oto
r w
ith
re
cip
rocatin
g in
tern
al com
bu
stio
n p
isto
n e
ngin
ec
ylin
der
ca
pa
city
500
to
80
0 c
c
9
42
69
65
08
43
3-1
26
85
23
29
Ma
gn
etic
me
dia
o
ther
tha
n c
ard
s in
corp
ora
ting
a m
agn
etic s
trip
e
(
)(
)d
d8
35
8N
A8
54
23
2E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
dd
82
47
NA
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g c
ars
8
39
78
29
07
53
3-9
18
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic m
on
olit
hic
dig
ita
l in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
()
()
ee
74
24
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
91
80
82
05
68
63
-164
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
36
85
73
733
76
64
2-8
22
To
tal of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
6
10
00
87
03
31
07
46
07
41
15
TA
BL
E A
35
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n
do
llars
All
oth
er
76
83
04
77
73
97
70
32
06
-134
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
13
78
31
31
48
07
07
14
49
27
9-2
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
47
2
84
73
8
51
7 8
529
a
nd
90
09
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
53
0 a
nd
85
25
40
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
ch
ap
ters
84
8
5 a
nd
90
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
e
TA
BL
E A
36
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ko
rea
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
17
45
52
478
42
986
82
05
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
25
65
17
61
17
02
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
20
28
02
082
13
002
14
42
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
58
30
87
21
77
87
-107
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
32
46
09
10
09
65
75
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
4
302
64
331
45
251
82
12
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
10
95
61
288
61
479
81
48
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
31
19
51
58
94
71
46
91
9-7
68
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
35
33
281
34
111
62
53
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
41
59
43
92
53
18
21
1T
ota
l all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
23
80
24
58
26
06
60
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
5
96
67
46
93
28
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
34
67
31
71
31
38
-10
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
11
09
11
857
92
332
22
55
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
09
11
12
88
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
704
01
856
81
918
63
36
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
48
78
95
827
75
507
6-5
57
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
3
10
44
03
09
58
33
15
34
21
98
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
28
76
82
697
42
519
8-6
69
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
89
65
88
45
91
11
30
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
43
15
45
44
71
39
45
36
83
15
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
37 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ko
rea
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
80
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
21
22
23
50
82
28
64
-27
84
86
20
Ma
chin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)9
83
8N
Aa
a
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)8
82
9N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
23
74
72
30
82
90
14
78
47
98
9M
achin
es a
nd
me
cha
nic
al a
pp
lian
ces h
avi
ng
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
8
50
21
38
12
76
91
-44
39
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
18
15
10
62
72
17
57
97
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
68
33
NA
cc
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
48
96
84
62
66
30
-21
78
54
12
9T
ran
sis
tors
o
the
r th
an
ph
oto
sen
sitiv
e
with
a d
issip
atio
n r
ate
gre
ate
r th
an
or
eq
ua
l to
1 w
att
24
81
63
62
29
37
25
92
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
3
20
13
16
34
99
85
80
85
41
50
Oth
er
se
mic
on
du
cto
r de
vice
s
ne
so
i
35
31
15
94
84
33
18
17
60
20
0A
lum
inu
m w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
1
60
52
58
43
83
44
84
29
02
50
Sty
ren
e (
vin
ylb
en
zen
e
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
18
92
13
08
36
80
18
13
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
2
15
72
60
93
34
32
81
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
81
11
88
33
24
97
26
848
69
0P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
ach
ines a
nd
app
ara
tus u
se
d in
th
e m
an
ufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
ond
ucto
rs
flat
pa
ne
ls
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
18
8N
Aa
a
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
95
13
83
12
93
0-2
35
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
19
28
74
52
92
42
92
58
54
29
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits a
nd
mic
roa
ssem
blie
s
11
52
12
84
27
35
11
29
271
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ration
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
inou
s m
ine
rals
m
inim
um
70
perc
en
t b
y w
eig
ht
of
su
ch
p
rod
ucts
no
t lig
ht
1
81
12
97
52
31
7-2
21
27
07
30
Xyl
en
es
10
54
27
95
22
91
-18
07
40
70
0C
op
pe
r w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
9
05
18
18
22
83
25
59
30
59
1P
art
s a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
mili
tary
we
ap
on
s
exc
ludin
g r
evo
lve
rs a
nd
pis
tols
an
d s
wo
rds
ba
yone
ts
lance
s
an
d
sim
ilar
arm
s
1
38
24
42
24
08
19
42
60
80
0Z
inc o
res a
nd
co
nce
ntr
ate
s
9
79
14
23
21
79
53
18
70
89
9P
art
s a
nd
accessori
es f
or
mo
tor
veh
icle
s
ne
so
i
2
09
21
61
02
14
73
34
To
tal of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
39
84
83
66
81
33
60
25
97
All
oth
er
2
08
12
02
24
27
11
96
51
4-1
24
To
tal
of
all
co
m
mo
ditie
s
26
21
04
30
79
39
33
01
16
72
So
urc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
The
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
c
TA
BL
E A
38
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ko
rea
b
y H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
5 2
006
20
07
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
70
32
3P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
cap
acity
ove
r 1
500
but
no
t o
ver
30
00
cc
6
138
16
121
46
362
73
98
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s(
)(
)a
a6
178
9N
A8
70
32
4P
assen
ge
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les w
ith
sp
ark
-ig
nitio
n inte
rna
l-co
mb
ustio
n r
ecip
rocatin
g p
isto
n e
ng
ine
cyl
ind
er
ca
pa
city
ove
r 30
00
cc
2
746
72
974
0
24
23
9-1
85
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
17
65
52
073
62
073
6-0
12
71
01
9O
ils a
nd
pre
pa
ratio
ns f
rom
petr
ole
um
oils
an
d o
ils f
rom
bitu
min
ous m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt b
yw
eig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
no
t lig
ht
88
29
14
37
71
821
12
67
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
bb
10
93
5N
A8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
bb
75
27
NA
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
5
82
07
22
66
02
1-1
67
40
11
10
New
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
r ru
bb
er
or
a k
ind u
se
d o
n m
oto
r ca
rs
inclu
din
g s
tation
wa
go
ns a
nd
ra
cin
g
ca
rs
4
18
95
01
65
33
46
38
54
23
1E
lectr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
(
)(
)b
b5
16
5N
A2
90
22
0B
en
zen
e
25
34
43
83
45
69
43
84
18
10
Co
mb
ine
d r
efr
ige
rato
r-fr
ee
zers
fitt
ed
with
se
pa
rate
ext
ern
al do
ors
3
14
04
00
14
44
41
11
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
p
erc
en
t by
we
igh
t of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
11
58
03
83
24
26
81
14
84
50
20
Hou
se
ho
ld-
or
lau
ndry
-typ
e w
ash
ing m
ach
ine
s w
ith
a d
ry lin
en
cap
acity
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
10
09
13
99
40
60
19
03
84
29
52
Se
lf-p
rope
lled m
ech
an
ica
l sh
ove
ls a
nd
exc
ava
tors
w
ith
a 3
60
-de
gre
e r
evo
lvin
g s
up
ers
tructu
re
33
52
43
64
30
86
-293
84
51
29
Dry
ing
ma
chin
es fo
r te
xtile
ya
rns
fab
rics o
r m
ad
e u
p t
ext
ile a
rtic
les w
ith a
dry
line
n c
ap
acity
c
exc
ee
din
g 1
0 k
ilog
ram
s
97
61
71
22
97
17
36
87
08
30
Bra
ke
s a
nd
serv
o-b
rakes f
or
moto
r ve
hic
les
an
d p
art
s t
he
reo
f
1
02
91
78
22
51
4N
A8
80
33
0P
art
s o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r h
elic
op
ters
ne
so
i
18
15
20
95
24
65
17
78
51
77
0P
art
s o
f te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
dd
24
55
NA
84
71
80
Au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ines s
tora
ge
units
28
70
15
47
24
18
56
34
81
01
9W
ritin
gg
rap
hic
pa
pe
r a
nd p
ape
rbo
ard
co
ate
d w
ith
ka
olin
no
t o
ver
10
f
iber
ob
tain
ed
by
a
me
ch
an
ica
l pro
ce
ss
in s
he
ets
ne
so
i
19
72
21
84
24
02
10
04
01
12
0N
ew
pn
eu
ma
tic t
ire
s o
f ru
bb
er
of
a k
ind u
se
d o
n b
use
s o
r tr
ucks
2
29
92
48
02
37
9-4
18
52
56
0T
ransm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n in
corp
ora
ting
re
cep
tion
app
ara
tus
(
)(
)e
e2
34
9N
A8
50
42
3L
iqu
id d
iele
ctr
ic t
ran
sfo
rme
rs h
avi
ng
a p
ow
er
ha
nd
ling
ca
pa
city
exc
ee
din
g 1
00
00
kva
4
85
96
32
26
61
35
38
52
85
1M
on
ito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
()
()
ff
21
98
NA
TA
BL
E A
38
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsT
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
14
79
97
16
90
71
26
84
28
60
5A
ll oth
er
28
35
48
27
80
68
18
52
55
-338
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
4
31
54
54
47
13
94
53
68
31
5S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
70
83
1 a
nd
87
08
39
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
47
33
0 8
51
79
0 a
nd
85
29
10
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
52
52
00
5 t
hro
ug
h 8
52
52
03
0 inclu
siv
e
an
d p
art
of
85
25
20
90
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
71
60
f
TA
BL
E A
39
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
Ta
iwa
n
by S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
1
505
41
564
51
950
72
47
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
70
46
15
49
4-1
97
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
13
17
01
683
02
448
64
55
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
5
21
76
29
61
26
14
An
ima
l an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
70
47
18
12
88
05
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
28
99
63
208
73
684
81
48
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
98
35
11
23
31
209
97
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
10
81
08
10
64
12
12
05
60
13
38
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
2
467
92
581
52
548
5-1
39
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
4
13
44
31
94
79
11
09
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8Im
po
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd liv
e a
nim
als
2
55
22
42
02
58
97
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
98
95
97
13
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
18
25
23
31
29
65
27
23
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
3
32
54
10
36
41
85
64
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
57
60
73
21
65
Ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
re
late
d p
rod
ucts
ne
s
10
14
11
090
21
071
7-1
76
Ma
nu
factu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
54
69
56
454
66
197
6-4
07
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
20
07
76
22
34
31
22
20
03
-06
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
6
114
15
973
45
906
1-1
19
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
1
113
41
323
51
462
61
05
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
38
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
d
TA
BL
E A
40 L
ead
ing
US
e
xpo
rts to
Ta
iwa
n b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash0
7
Sch
edu
le B
su
bhe
ad
ing
Descri
ptio
n
200
5
20
06
2
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
ang
e2
00
6ndash
07
Mill
ion d
olla
rs8
48
62
0M
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s f
or
the
ma
nu
factu
re o
f sem
icon
du
cto
r de
vice
s o
r ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
(
)(
)2
49
07
NA
aa
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
pro
ce
sso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
15
20
8N
Ab
b
880
24
0A
irpla
ne
s a
nd o
ther
aircra
ft
of
an
unla
de
n w
eig
ht
exc
ee
din
g 1
50
00 k
g
1
76
92
98
19
12
87
53
11
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
10
23
6N
Ab
b
85
42
39
Ele
ctr
onic
in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
ne
so
i
(
)(
)9
60
3N
Ab
b
10
05
90
Co
rn (
ma
ize
) o
the
r th
an
se
ed
55
38
56
57
75
46
33
41
20
10
0S
oyb
ea
ns
wh
eth
er
or
no
t bro
ke
n
4
30
04
73
57
14
15
08
903
14
1O
ptica
l in
str
um
en
ts f
or
inspe
cting
se
mic
ond
ucto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
or
pho
tom
asks o
r re
ticle
s u
sed
in
ma
nu
factu
rin
g
the
se ite
ms
3
45
83
40
64
97
74
61
88
03
30
Pa
rts o
f air
pla
ne
s o
r he
lico
pte
rs
ne
so
i
55
21
54
68
38
41
-29
884869
0P
art
s and a
ccessories o
f m
achin
es
and a
ppara
tus u
sed in t
he m
anufa
ctu
re o
f se
mic
onducto
rs
flat
panels
or
ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircu
its
(
)(
)3
57
8N
Ac
c
72
04
49
Fe
rro
us w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
41
01
13
73
23
31
84
470031
9C
ast
gla
ss a
nd r
olle
d g
lass
in n
onw
ired s
heets
not
body
tinte
d
opacifi
ed
flash
ed
nor
havi
ng a
n a
bso
rbent
or
refle
ctin
g la
yer
19
20
25
25
29
92
18
59
03
08
2O
the
r in
str
um
ents
an
d a
pp
ara
tus f
or
me
asuri
ng
or
che
ckin
g s
em
icon
du
cto
r w
afe
rs o
r de
vice
s
29
96
34
80
28
94
16
82
90
25
0S
tyre
ne
(vi
nyl
be
nze
ne
ph
en
yle
thyl
en
e)
12
73
85
32
85
72
35
0
10
01
90
Wh
ea
t an
d m
eslin
exc
lud
ing
du
rum
wh
ea
t
1
72
41
60
22
82
47
62
72
04
21
Wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
of
sta
inle
ss s
tee
l
1
04
11
04
02
81
61
70
72
92
61
0A
cry
lon
itri
le
1
85
32
14
32
43
11
34
900
19
0L
en
se
s
exc
ep
t co
nta
ct
and
sp
ecta
cle
p
rism
s
mir
rors
and
oth
er
op
tical ele
me
nts
un
mo
un
ted
o
the
r th
an o
f gla
ss n
ot
op
tica
lly w
ork
ed
2
44
12
30
02
16
1-6
0
76
02
00
Alu
min
um
wa
ste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
66
61
01
72
11
21
07
78
54
39
0P
art
s f
or
ele
ctr
ica
l m
achin
es a
nd
ap
pa
ratu
s
ha
ving
in
div
idu
al fu
nctio
ns
ne
so
i
12
00
19
70
17
87
-93
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s f
or
au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
03
11
96
81
50
4-2
36
52
01
00
Co
tto
n
no
t ca
rde
d o
r co
mb
ed
1
54
91
96
81
39
9-8
2
853
69
0E
lectr
ica
l a
pp
ara
tus f
or
sw
itch
ing
or
pro
tecting
ele
ctr
ical circu
its
ne
so
i
11
05
55
13
44
14
23
410
15
0W
ho
le r
aw
bo
vine
or
eq
uin
e h
ide
s a
nd
skin
s
we
igh
t e
xcee
din
g 1
5 k
ilog
ram
s
fre
sh p
ickle
d o
r pre
serv
ed
bu
t n
ot
tan
nie
d o
r fu
rth
er
pre
pa
red
1
07
31
29
81
30
70
78
41
11
2T
urb
oje
ts o
f a t
hru
st
exc
ee
din
g 2
5 k
N
8
00
57
21
30
31
28
0T
ota
l of
ite
ms s
ho
wn
5
75
88
53
70
13
28
75
15
04
All
oth
er
1
47
67
31
60
69
41
12
53
5-3
00
To
tal of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
20
52
71
21
37
63
24
54
10
14
8S
ou
rce
C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
Dep
art
me
nt
of
Com
me
rce
No
te
Becau
se o
f ro
un
din
g
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd
to
to
tals
sho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
viatio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nd
s f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
spe
cifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
a
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
sub
he
ad
ing
s 8
542
21
8
54
22
9
an
d 8
542
60
b
T
rade
in
200
5 a
nd 2
006
rep
ort
ed
und
er
part
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in
Sch
edu
le B
cha
pte
rs 8
4
85
a
nd
90
c
TA
BL
E A
41
L
ea
din
g U
S
imp
ort
s f
rom
Ta
iwa
n
by H
TS
su
bh
ea
din
g
20
05
ndash0
7
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs8
54
23
9E
lectr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
ne
so
i
()
()
20
22
3N
Aa
a
84
73
30
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s fo
r a
uto
ma
ted d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s a
nd
un
its
2
520
72
521
51
865
2-2
60
85
26
91
Ra
dio
na
vig
atio
na
l aid
ap
pa
ratu
s
4
70
88
28
31
661
31
00
68
51
71
2T
ele
pho
ne
s f
or
ce
llula
r n
etw
ork
s o
r fo
r o
the
r w
ire
less n
etw
ork
s
()
()
13
23
0N
Ab
b
85
42
32
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
teg
rate
d c
ircuits
me
mo
rie
s
()
()
11
19
2N
Aa
c
85
42
31
Ele
ctr
on
ic in
tegra
ted
cir
cu
its
pro
cesso
rs o
r co
ntr
olle
rs
()
()
88
84
NA
ac
85
28
72
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n in
corp
ora
ting
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
co
lor
()
()
77
48
NA
cc
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
()
()
70
40
NA
dd
85
28
71
Rece
ptio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r te
levi
sio
n n
ot d
esig
ne
d to
in
co
rpo
rate
a s
cre
en
or
vid
eo
dis
pla
y d
evi
ce
(
)(
)6
89
4N
Ac
c
73
18
15
Th
rea
de
d s
cre
ws a
nd b
olts o
f ir
on o
r ste
el n
es
oi
wh
eth
er
or
no
t w
ith
th
eir
nu
ts o
r w
ash
ers
45
93
46
73
49
02
49
27
10
11
Lig
ht o
ils a
nd p
rep
ara
tion
s f
rom
pe
tro
leu
m o
ils a
nd
oils
fro
m b
itum
ino
us m
inera
ls m
inim
um
70
pe
rce
nt
by
weig
ht
of
su
ch
pro
du
cts
1
03
09
44
46
53
39
29
85
23
51
So
lid s
tate
no
nvo
latile
se
mic
on
du
cto
r sto
rage
devi
ce
s
(
)(
)3
99
3N
Ad
d
73
18
14
Se
lf-t
ap
pin
g s
cre
ws o
f iro
n o
r ste
el
41
23
44
71
39
84
-109
85
34
00
Pri
nte
d c
ircuits
36
01
37
81
38
38
15
85
12
20
Ele
ctr
ica
l lig
htin
g o
r vi
su
al s
ign
alin
g e
qu
ipm
en
t f
or
use
on c
ycle
s o
r m
oto
r ve
hic
les
exc
ep
t fo
r u
se
on
b
icyc
les
2
91
23
23
53
64
4
12
68
48
18
0T
ap
s co
cks
valv
es a
nd
sim
ilar
ap
plia
nce
s
ne
so
i
26
71
33
78
34
18
12
87
08
29
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f bo
die
s (
inclu
din
g c
ab
s)
for
moto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
3
13
93
26
63
36
43
08
51
76
2M
ach
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
32
76
NA
ee
85
04
40
Sta
tic c
on
vert
ers
29
44
30
84
29
27
-51
84
71
80
Oth
er
un
its o
f au
tom
ate
d d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
74
58
52
37
28
76
-451
73
18
16
Nu
ts
thre
ad
ed
or
iro
n o
r ste
el
26
06
26
00
27
12
43
87
08
99
Pa
rts a
nd
acce
sso
rie
s o
f m
oto
r ve
hic
les
ne
so
i
26
54
27
58
26
84
-27
85
25
50
Tra
nsm
issio
n a
pp
ara
tus fo
r ra
dio
-bro
ca
sting
or
tele
visio
n
g9
58
17
25
25
84
NA
85
28
59
Mo
nito
rs o
the
r th
an
cath
ode
-ra
y tu
be
n
ot d
esig
ne
d fo
r u
se
with
au
tom
atic d
ata
pro
ce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
(
)(
)2
57
8N
Ag
g
95
06
91
Gym
na
siu
m p
layg
rou
nd
or
oth
er
exe
rcis
e a
rtic
les a
nd e
quip
me
nt p
art
s a
nd a
cce
ssori
es th
ere
of
2
86
62
75
82
56
1-7
2T
ota
l of
ite
ms
sh
ow
n
71
47
37
540
61
64
47
01
23
2
TA
BL
E A
41
ndashC
on
tin
ue
d
HT
Ssu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsA
ll oth
er
27
42
70
30
54
50
21
60
54
29
7T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
34
57
44
38
08
57
39
05
24
-01
So
urc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
54
22
1 8
54
22
9 a
nd
85
42
60
a
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
84
25
20
b
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
81
2 a
nd
85
25
13
c
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
he
ad
ing
s 8
52
3 a
nd
85
24
d
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
51
73
0 8
51
75
0 a
nd
85
25
10
e
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r H
TS
ta
riff
lin
es 8
52
51
01
0 t
hro
ug
h 8
52
51
07
0 inclu
siv
e
f
Tra
de
in 2
005
and
200
6 r
ep
ort
ed
un
de
r p
art
s o
f ite
ms c
on
tain
ed
in H
TS
su
bh
ead
ing
s 8
52
82
1a
nd 8
528
22
g
TA
BL
E A
42
US
m
erc
ha
nd
ise
tra
de
with
In
dia
b
y S
ITC
co
de
s (
revis
ion
3)
20
05
ndash0
7S
ITC
Cod
eN
o
Descri
ptio
n2
00
52
00
62
00
7
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rsE
xpo
rts
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
20
49
26
41
33
27
26
01
Be
vera
ge
s a
nd
to
ba
cco
2
82
64
36
12
2C
rud
e m
ate
ria
ls
ine
dib
le
exc
ep
t fu
els
54
88
59
05
90
86
53
93
Min
era
l fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
36
06
38
98
39
68
18
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
18
01
89
15
3-1
96
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
418
31
772
92
232
52
59
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
50
20
73
85
13
14
87
80
7M
ach
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
2
852
34
070
99
230
71
26
78
Mis
ce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
84
23
97
02
12
19
72
57
9C
om
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
21
52
20
62
65
34
21
70
To
tal all
exp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
69
65
29
024
81
63
08
68
07
Imp
ort
s
0F
oo
d a
nd
liv
e a
nim
als
91
06
89
41
90
45
12
1B
eve
rag
es a
nd
to
ba
cco
1
81
17
52
11
20
82
Cru
de
ma
teri
als
in
ed
ible
exc
ep
t fu
els
32
02
37
33
35
79
-41
3M
ine
ral fu
els
lu
bri
ca
nts
an
d r
ela
ted
mate
ria
ls
59
04
28
40
76
90
17
08
4A
nim
al an
d v
eg
eta
ble
oils
fa
ts a
nd
wa
xes
45
24
59
57
92
62
5C
he
mic
als
an
d r
ela
ted
pro
du
cts
ne
s
1
520
11
996
72
754
93
80
6M
an
ufa
ctu
red
go
od
s c
lassifie
d c
hie
fly
by
ma
teri
al
71
74
98
126
28
829
68
77
Ma
ch
ine
ry a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
eq
uip
me
nt
1
960
52
731
73
049
11
16
8M
isce
llan
eo
us m
an
ufa
ctu
red
art
icle
s
59
47
46
876
56
776
0-1
59
Com
moditie
s a
nd t
ran
sactio
ns
not
classi
fied
els
ew
here
in t
he S
ITC
22
27
32
78
33
70
28
To
tal all
imp
ort
s c
om
mo
ditie
s
18
71
00
21
67
36
23
85
69
10
1S
ourc
e C
om
pile
d f
rom
off
icia
l sta
tistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
eca
use
of
roun
din
g
figu
res m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
s
sta
nd
s f
or
not
els
ew
he
re s
pecifie
drdquo
TA
BL
E A
43
L
ea
din
g U
S
ex
po
rts
to
In
dia
b
y S
ch
ed
ule
B s
ub
he
ad
ing
2
00
5ndash
07
Sch
ed
ule
Bsu
bh
ead
ing
Descri
ptio
n2
00
42
00
52
00
6
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
20
06
ndash0
7M
illio
n d
olla
rs
88
02
40
Airp
lan
es a
nd o
the
r a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t e
xce
ed
ing
150
00 k
g
4
67
51
313
35
682
03
32
63
10
00
0F
ert
ilize
rs
41
32
58
67
77
83
32
77
10
23
9N
on
ind
ustr
ial dia
mo
nd
s
ne
so
i
55
32
32
25
02
51
16
37
10
81
2N
on
mo
ne
tary
go
ld (
inclu
din
g g
old
pla
ted
with
pla
tin
um
) u
nw
roug
ht in
clu
din
g p
ow
de
r
3
44
()
37
32
76
13
328
2a
84
31
43
Pa
rts fo
r b
ori
ng
an
d s
inkin
g m
ach
ine
ry
ne
so
i
86
31
06
91
93
18
07
27
07
99
Oils
an
d p
rodu
cts
of
the
dis
tilla
tio
n o
f h
igh
te
mp
era
ture
co
al ta
r n
es
oi
sim
ilar
pro
du
cts
with
p
red
om
ina
te a
rom
atic c
on
stitu
en
t
9
89
21
56
19
14
-120
85
17
62
Ma
ch
ines f
or
the
re
ce
ptio
n
co
nve
rsio
n
tran
sm
issio
n o
r re
ge
ne
ration
of vo
ice
im
age
s o
r o
the
r d
ata
in
clu
din
g s
witch
ing
ro
utin
g a
pp
ara
tus
()
()
19
08
NA
bb
85
23
40
Op
tica
l m
ed
ia
(
)(
)1
63
4N
Ac
c
71
06
91
Silv
er
oth
er
tha
n p
ow
de
r
()
()
15
73
62
60
35
4a
a
84
11
91
Pa
rts f
or
turb
oje
ts o
r tu
rbo
pro
pe
llers
74
09
68
14
61
50
97
20
44
9F
err
ou
s w
aste
an
d s
cra
p
ne
so
i
12
58
77
71
45
48
72
88
02
30
Airp
lan
es a
nd a
ircra
ft o
f a
n u
nla
den
we
igh
t o
ver
20
00
kg
bu
t n
ot o
ver
15
00
0 k
g
5
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Dig
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l p
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of
84
74
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84
71
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4
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28
71
36
27
20
42
1W
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4
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lmo
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55
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03
30
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ters
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5
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91
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35
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84
11
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Tu
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18
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27
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12
Bitu
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1
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21
01
29
06
-105
47
07
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71
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75
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52
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41
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60
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To
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20
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73
To
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s
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68
07
So
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rom
offic
ial sta
tistic
s o
f th
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De
pa
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om
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Note
B
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figu
res m
ay
no
t a
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wn
T
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bre
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so
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or
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lse
wh
ere
sp
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d o
r in
clu
de
d
US
va
lue
is less t
ha
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a
Tra
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b
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30
79
63
256
13
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41
32
71
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Art
icle
s o
f je
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lry
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of o
f p
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16
76
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308
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6-4
72
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30
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18
83
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25
27
30
30
04
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Cert
ain
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nts
pu
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p in
me
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re d
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12
05
22
41
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98
21
06
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30
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lin
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2
47
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15
33
89
12
34
73
05
19
Lin
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40
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ime
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64
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36
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31
Be
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22
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92
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lectr
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29
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2W
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62
03
42
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13
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61
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1
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89
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1
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12
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9
86
16
15
18
25
13
00
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61
3S
hrim
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ter
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2
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28
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rk m
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07
21
04
9F
lat-
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r no
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ted
6
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or
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re w
ide
p
late
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r co
ate
d w
ith
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c
oth
er
tha
n e
lectr
oly
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lly
24
66
50
99
15
47
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73
05
11
Lin
e p
ipe
fo
r o
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r g
as p
ipe
line
s
ext
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al d
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ete
r o
ver
40
64
mill
ime
ters
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r ir
on o
r ste
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gitu
din
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erg
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we
lde
d
00
87
15
28
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2T
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ow
n
8
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51
03
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01
20
22
51
63
All
oth
er
99
19
51
13
38
61
18
34
44
4T
ota
l of
all
co
mm
od
itie
s
18
71
00
21
67
36
23
85
69
10
1S
ourc
e
Co
mp
iled
fro
m o
ffic
ial s
tatistics o
f th
e U
S
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f C
om
me
rce
Note
B
ecau
se
of
rou
nd
ing
fig
ure
s m
ay
no
t a
dd t
o t
ota
ls s
ho
wn
T
he
ab
bre
via
tio
n
ne
so
i
sta
nds f
or
no
t e
lse
wh
ere
sp
ecifie
d o
r in
clu
de
drdquo
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