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The Third Republic
Annaliza Avanzado Gando
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Birth of a Republic
First Republic: Gen. EmilioAguinaldo ( 1899-1901)
Second Philippine Republic:President Laurel ( 1942-1945)
Third Philippine Republic: July 4,1946
Presidents:
Manuel A. Roxas( 1946-48)
Elpidio Quirino ( 1948-53)
Ramon Magsaysay ( 1954-57)
Carlos P. Garcia ( 1958-61)
Diosdado Macapagal ( 1962-65)
Ferdinand E. Marcos (1966-86)
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Problems of the new Republic
1. Reconstruction. Government
buildings and records. Schools,factories, roads, private house andproperty.
2. Poor Government and poorpeople. No money in the national
treasury, millions of jobless andhomeless Filipinos.
3. Peace and order. Criminals,rebels, Huks terrorized cities andcountryside.
4. Moral and spiritual decline. Poormoral and spiritual values, crimes,vices, illegal activities, prostitution, juvenile delinquents.
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Roxas Administration He died early during his administration
(1948).
Pro-American policy. Made many treaties with the US on
special relations, military bases and oneconomic aid.
Parity Amendment (1947). TheAmendment gave American the right to
develop our natural resources andpublic utilities. ( telephone company,mining companies etc.)
Parity Rights ended in the 1973constitution.
Military Bases ( Camp John Hay, Clark
Air base, Subic Naval base). Americanproperty on Philippine soil.
Law 70/30 share of rice harvest toimprove conditions of poor farmers inthe provinces.
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Quirino Administration
He continued policies of
President Roxas. He gave special radio talks like
Pres. Quezon.
Rural banks in the provinces
were started. Huks or Red communists
nearly brought thegovernment down, terrorizedand took over parts of the
country, killed even Ms.Aurora Quezon and her partyon their way to Baler.
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Magsaysay Administration
Former Defense secretary under Pres. Quirino
who stop the communist and became popularwith the masses.
He saved democracy by stopping Luis Taruc,Huk Supremo who surrendered to him.
Magsaysay was called Savior of Democracy.
Magsasay is our guy. He made presidency closer to the common
tao.
Made surprise visits to govt. offices to checkon employees.
Improved barangay conditions by building
artesian wells.
First president to wear Barong Tagalog insteadof Western coat and tie.
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Magsaysay Administration He also spoke in Tagalog and patronized
Philippine products.
Philippines enjoyed good relations withforeign countries.
SEATOSoutheast Asia TreatyOrganization 1954 internationalconference was hosted at Manila . Thiswas a military organization of anti-
communist countries in Southeast Asia. Japan began to pay the 800 million war
reparation.
Free trade with US was extended until1974.
Philippine economic conditions
improved and we were ahead of otherAsian countries.
Pres. Magsaysay died early when hisplane crashed at Mt. Manunggal inCebu.
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Macapagal Administration
5th President who promised a new erafor the Philippines.
He used the national language inpassports, stamps, traffic signs andtyphoon names.
Change the date of Phil. Independence
Day from July 4th to June 12th.
He claimed North Borneo as part ofPhilippine Territory.
He helped start MAPHILINDO a group
to bring Malaysia, Indonesia and Phils.closer.
He asked Congress to pass the first landreform law in 1963.
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Marcos Administration
6th and the longest serving Presidentof the third Republic (1966-86).
First and only president to declaremartial law.
First president to be ousted in abloodless revolution called PeoplePower of 1986
This nation can be great again! Built the most number of roads and
bridges , schoolhouses, governmentbuildings and irrigation systems.
Example: San Juanico bridge, Pan-
Philippine Highway from Aparri toJolo, Cultural Center, PhilippineInternational conventionCenter(PICC), Folk Arts Theatre, andFilm Center in Manila.
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Film Center
PICCCCP
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Marcos Administration
Technocrats were hired by Marcos tohelp run the economy. They were gifted
young experts. He borrowed billions ofdollars from foreign banks and foreigngovernment.
Filipinos went to Vietnam War asengineers and medical helpers.
He was the only president who won his2nd term in office.
Pope Paul VI became the first pope tovisit the Philippines.
People voted for a new constitutionalconvention ( con-com) to draft the newconstitution.( 1970)
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The Marcos Dictatorship ( 1972-1986)
Marcos was the 2nd President who was a
dictator. Dictator: is a ruler who has total power.
He controls the government and canrule or decide on anything or againstanyone.
Nobody in the country is higher thanhe is.
He does not have to share powerwith other officials.
He can appoint or change any officialin the government or military.
His word is the law and he can makedecrees.
A dictatorship is the opposite ofdemocracy.
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Martial Law declared.
September 21, 1972.
Philippine democracy died.
Proclamation 1081: Law
placing the entire Philippines
under Martial Law.
Martial law: is a military junta
( group of military officers)
who rules the country.
Philippine martial law was
different for there was nomilitary leader but President
Marcos.
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Changes under Martial Law
New Constitution
Death of democracy
Reorganization of government
Control by the Marcos family
and cronies; and
Stronger military power.
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1973 constitution
Con-com finished their work November
30, 1972. Referendum was organized at barangay
assemblies to approve the constitution.
Voters include children aged 15 years oldand above.
Oral approval of constitution was made
Jan. 10-15, 1973. 95% of voters approved of the
Constitution.
January 17, 1973 a new constitution wassigned by President Marcos.
22 Amendments to this constitution were
made during Marcos dictatorship ( 1973,1976, 1981 and 1984).
Pres. Marcos can ignore it and be abovethe law.
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Death of Democracy.
Arrest and detention (imprisonment) of 50,000
Marcos opponents and protesters against
government.
Closing down of all newspapers, radio and
television stations, printing presses. They are only
allowed to reopen if they agreed to censorship.
Government control of all public utilities and
important industries.. ( PLDT, Meralco, Manila
Hotel, Iligan Steel Mill etc.)
Travel ban abroad.
Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations,
labor strikes.
Ban on Private weapon.
Torture and murder of political prisoners.
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Government Reorganization
Marcos closed down Congress
Lawmaking body at the time. Members were arrested.
Rubberstamp parliament was installed.(Batasang Pambansa).
Local government units were re-organized. Barrios were changed tobarangays.
Country was divided into 13administrative regions ( Region 1-RegionXII).
Marcos became President and PrimeMinister of the Philippines.
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Control by Marcos Family and Cronies
Family and friends were given
important positions ngovernment.
He took care of many
business friends cronies.
Mrs. Imelda Marcos was givenseveral positions in
government including
Governor of Metro Manila,
Minister of HumanSettlements.
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Strong Military Power.
Marcos created special military courts totry even civilians. Senator Aquino was
tried by such courts that he protestedthe unfair trial.)
Maj. Gen. Fabian C. Ver, a close aide,headed the powerful (NISA) NationalIntelligence and Security Agency.
Military got the highest share of
government budget allocation for thefirst time.
Military increased four times in size from60,000 to 250,000 men from (1972-1976).
Members of the military abused power,became corrupt and got rich illegally.
RAM ( Reform the Armed ForcesMovement) wanted to sopped abuses inthe military and helped toppled theMarcos dictatorship.
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The Fourth Republic.
Jan. 17, 1981 Martial law wasended. Marcos retain his strong
power.
June 16, 1981 First presidentialelections were held after martiallaw.
Marcos won under the KBL Party( Kilusang Bagong Lipunan).Opposition party boycotted thecampaign and elections.
Marcos became the onlypresident of the FourthPhilippine Republic. This wasstill under his dictatorship.
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Aquino Assassination
August 21, 1983. Ninoy Aquino
was assassinated upon his return.
Philippines and the world wasshocked by the brutality of thekillings.
After his funeral on August 31,1983 demonstrations rocked theland with protesters wearingyellow ribbons, shirts anddropping yellow confetti.
Corazon Aquino, the widow ledsome of the demonstrations.
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People Power Revolution and Democracy Again
Special Snap Election was called on Feb. 7,
1986.
KBL party slogan Marcos Pa Rin ( Marcos
Tolentino tandem)
Opposition slogan Tama na, Sobra Na,
Palitan na ( Aquino-Laurel tandem)
Historic election
First time for a woman to run and won
the presidency.
Most expensive and dirtiest election in
our history. Government used guns,
goons and gold to buy and scare voters. Most Filipinos honestly voted without
bribe nor were scared.
Most confusing election. Both sides
claimed they won.
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People Power Revolution February 22-25, 1986. Filipinos united in
a peaceful, prayerful and successful
revolution to bring back democracy inthe Philippines. It was a bloodlessrevolution.
Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA. DefenseSecretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy
Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos calleda press conference to announce they nolonger supported Pres. Marcos.
They admitted Mrs. Aquinos winning the
election and the government cheated. They asked Pres. Marcos to resign for the
good of the country.
They also ask for support and protectionfrom the people against troops loyal toMarcos.
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People Power Revolution
Political and religious leaders
inspired people to go to EDSAand formed human barricades.
Government tanks and trucks
came to arrest the rebels only tobe softened by the show of love
and kindness by the people.
Feb. 25, Marcos, his family and
some friends left the country.
His family lived in exile in
Honolulu, Hawaii.
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The Importance of People Power Revolution.
Significance includes:
1. The courage , sacrifices and faith ofthe Filipino people won theadmiration of the whole world.
2. It peacefully ousted a dictator andbrought back a democratic
government ;
3. Other Asians were inspired by thePhilippine example to fight and wonpolitical reforms in their owncountries; and
4. It showed that God answers theunited prayers of Christians and madea miracle in our country.
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The Aquino Government Feb. 25, 1986 : President Corazon C.
Aquino was inaugurated as President at
Club Filipino, Greenhills and became thefirst woman president of the Philippines.
She restored democracy, appointed newCabinet officials, set free politicalprisoners and proclaimed a temporary
Freedom Constitution.
She visited other countries and wonnew aids and investments for thePhilippines ( Singapore, Indonesia,Japan, US, etc.)
She gave a speech before the USCongress Sept. 18, 1986. her sinceritymoved the audience to applaud hermany times and eventually gave us$200million dollar in aid.
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Achievements of the Aquino Government
Return of Democracy, freedom
and justice in the Philippines.
Partial recovery of the big sumsof money stolen by Marcos, hisfamily and cronies.
Stability of government despitesix successive military coups ledby Honasan and Noble.
Easier credit terms and betterconditions for repayment of outnational debt.
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Achievements of the Aquino Government
Pushed back of Communist
rebels and arrest of many topleaders.
Passed best Agrarian reformLaw.
Improved image of thePhilippines
Mobilized international aid forvictims of calamities esp. 1990-91.
Natural calamities included theBaguio and Central Luzon
earthquake (July, 1990),Typhoon Ruping Nov. 1990,Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo June1991, Ormoc floods andtyphoon Uring in Nov. 1991
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First Protestant President
May 11, 1992 : First General Elections under
the 1986 Constitution was held.
80,000 candidates ran for the 17,000 post frompresidency down to municipal councilors.
US for the first time had little influence on the
results.
COMELEC, for the first time, took over
command of the of the entire AFP, the police, all
official and volunteer organization personnel
involved in the election.
COMELEC Chairman Monsod: became the most
powerful man during that election.
President Aquino left her position and obeyed
the constitution by not running again.
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Fidel Valdez Ramos
June 30, 1992: Fidel V. Ramos
was inaugurated 12thPresident.
First Protestant President.
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Achievements of Ramos Administration
Philippines 2000 Policy: aimedto make the Philippines a newly
industrialized country by year2000.
Philippines became one of thenew tiger economies of Asia.
Democracy in the Philippines
was assured by peacefultransition of power.
Settlement of 30-yearcommunist insurgency andMuslim separatist movements.
Government Amnesty for rebel
military officers led by Col.Gringo Honasan.
Holding the 4th APEC (Asiapacific Economic Cooperation)
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Achievements of Ramos Administration
Generating $20billion worth ofinvestments with numerous
foreign trips abroad. He becamethe most travelled President.
Dismantlement of monopolies andputting key industries to privatehands.
End of IMF assistance(International Monetary Fund) byMarch 1998.
Govt. intensified operation againstorganized crimes, private armedgroup and terrorists.
Creation of national CentennialCommission.
Passage of Migrant Workers andOverseas Filipino Act of 1995
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Centennial President
President Joseph Ejercito
Estrada won by plurality of votes(30%) over numerous candidates.
First Lady Vice President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo won by a
huge majority.
Erap Para sa Mahirap was his
slogan.
His main concern was to alleviate
poverty and to take a firm action
against corruption.
He was ousted by People Power
II.
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