The Third Republic

7/21/2019 The Third Republic

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The Third Republic

Annaliza Avanzado Gando


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Birth of a Republic

First Republic: Gen. EmilioAguinaldo ( 1899-1901)

Second Philippine Republic:President Laurel ( 1942-1945)

Third Philippine Republic: July 4,1946

Presidents:

Manuel A. Roxas( 1946-48)

Elpidio Quirino ( 1948-53)

Ramon Magsaysay ( 1954-57)

Carlos P. Garcia ( 1958-61)

Diosdado Macapagal ( 1962-65)

Ferdinand E. Marcos (1966-86)


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Problems of the new Republic

1. Reconstruction. Government

buildings and records. Schools,factories, roads, private house andproperty.

2. Poor Government and poorpeople. No money in the national

treasury, millions of jobless andhomeless Filipinos.

3. Peace and order. Criminals,rebels, Huks terrorized cities andcountryside.

4. Moral and spiritual decline. Poormoral and spiritual values, crimes,vices, illegal activities, prostitution, juvenile delinquents.


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Roxas Administration He died early during his administration

(1948).

Pro-American policy. Made many treaties with the US on

special relations, military bases and oneconomic aid.

Parity Amendment (1947). TheAmendment gave American the right to

develop our natural resources andpublic utilities. ( telephone company,mining companies etc.)

Parity Rights ended in the 1973constitution.

Military Bases ( Camp John Hay, Clark

Air base, Subic Naval base). Americanproperty on Philippine soil.

Law 70/30 share of rice harvest toimprove conditions of poor farmers inthe provinces.


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Quirino Administration

He continued policies of

President Roxas. He gave special radio talks like

Pres. Quezon.

Rural banks in the provinces

were started. Huks or Red communists

nearly brought thegovernment down, terrorizedand took over parts of the

country, killed even Ms.Aurora Quezon and her partyon their way to Baler.


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Magsaysay Administration

Former Defense secretary under Pres. Quirino

who stop the communist and became popularwith the masses.

He saved democracy by stopping Luis Taruc,Huk Supremo who surrendered to him.

Magsaysay was called Savior of Democracy.

Magsasay is our guy. He made presidency closer to the common

tao.

Made surprise visits to govt. offices to checkon employees.

Improved barangay conditions by building

artesian wells.

First president to wear Barong Tagalog insteadof Western coat and tie.


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Magsaysay Administration He also spoke in Tagalog and patronized

Philippine products.

Philippines enjoyed good relations withforeign countries.

SEATOSoutheast Asia TreatyOrganization 1954 internationalconference was hosted at Manila . Thiswas a military organization of anti-

communist countries in Southeast Asia. Japan began to pay the 800 million war

reparation.

Free trade with US was extended until1974.

Philippine economic conditions

improved and we were ahead of otherAsian countries.

Pres. Magsaysay died early when hisplane crashed at Mt. Manunggal inCebu.


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Macapagal Administration

5th President who promised a new erafor the Philippines.

He used the national language inpassports, stamps, traffic signs andtyphoon names.

Change the date of Phil. Independence

Day from July 4th to June 12th.

He claimed North Borneo as part ofPhilippine Territory.

He helped start MAPHILINDO a group

to bring Malaysia, Indonesia and Phils.closer.

He asked Congress to pass the first landreform law in 1963.


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Marcos Administration

6th and the longest serving Presidentof the third Republic (1966-86).

First and only president to declaremartial law.

First president to be ousted in abloodless revolution called PeoplePower of 1986

This nation can be great again! Built the most number of roads and

bridges , schoolhouses, governmentbuildings and irrigation systems.

Example: San Juanico bridge, Pan-

Philippine Highway from Aparri toJolo, Cultural Center, PhilippineInternational conventionCenter(PICC), Folk Arts Theatre, andFilm Center in Manila.


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Film Center

PICCCCP


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Marcos Administration

Technocrats were hired by Marcos tohelp run the economy. They were gifted

young experts. He borrowed billions ofdollars from foreign banks and foreigngovernment.

Filipinos went to Vietnam War asengineers and medical helpers.

He was the only president who won his2nd term in office.

Pope Paul VI became the first pope tovisit the Philippines.

People voted for a new constitutionalconvention ( con-com) to draft the newconstitution.( 1970)


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The Marcos Dictatorship ( 1972-1986)

Marcos was the 2nd President who was a

dictator. Dictator: is a ruler who has total power.

He controls the government and canrule or decide on anything or againstanyone.

Nobody in the country is higher thanhe is.

He does not have to share powerwith other officials.

He can appoint or change any officialin the government or military.

His word is the law and he can makedecrees.

A dictatorship is the opposite ofdemocracy.


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Martial Law declared.

September 21, 1972.

Philippine democracy died.

Proclamation 1081: Law

placing the entire Philippines

under Martial Law.

Martial law: is a military junta

( group of military officers)

who rules the country.

Philippine martial law was

different for there was nomilitary leader but President

Marcos.


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Changes under Martial Law

New Constitution

Death of democracy

Reorganization of government

Control by the Marcos family

and cronies; and

Stronger military power.


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1973 constitution

Con-com finished their work November

30, 1972. Referendum was organized at barangay

assemblies to approve the constitution.

Voters include children aged 15 years oldand above.

Oral approval of constitution was made

Jan. 10-15, 1973. 95% of voters approved of the

Constitution.

January 17, 1973 a new constitution wassigned by President Marcos.

22 Amendments to this constitution were

made during Marcos dictatorship ( 1973,1976, 1981 and 1984).

Pres. Marcos can ignore it and be abovethe law.


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Death of Democracy.

Arrest and detention (imprisonment) of 50,000

Marcos opponents and protesters against

government.

Closing down of all newspapers, radio and

television stations, printing presses. They are only

allowed to reopen if they agreed to censorship.

Government control of all public utilities and

important industries.. ( PLDT, Meralco, Manila

Hotel, Iligan Steel Mill etc.)

Travel ban abroad.

Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations,

labor strikes.

Ban on Private weapon.

Torture and murder of political prisoners.


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Government Reorganization

Marcos closed down Congress

Lawmaking body at the time. Members were arrested.

Rubberstamp parliament was installed.(Batasang Pambansa).

Local government units were re-organized. Barrios were changed tobarangays.

Country was divided into 13administrative regions ( Region 1-RegionXII).

Marcos became President and PrimeMinister of the Philippines.


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Control by Marcos Family and Cronies

Family and friends were given

important positions ngovernment.

He took care of many

business friends cronies.

Mrs. Imelda Marcos was givenseveral positions in

government including

Governor of Metro Manila,

Minister of HumanSettlements.


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Strong Military Power.

Marcos created special military courts totry even civilians. Senator Aquino was

tried by such courts that he protestedthe unfair trial.)

Maj. Gen. Fabian C. Ver, a close aide,headed the powerful (NISA) NationalIntelligence and Security Agency.

Military got the highest share of

government budget allocation for thefirst time.

Military increased four times in size from60,000 to 250,000 men from (1972-1976).

Members of the military abused power,became corrupt and got rich illegally.

RAM ( Reform the Armed ForcesMovement) wanted to sopped abuses inthe military and helped toppled theMarcos dictatorship.


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The Fourth Republic.

Jan. 17, 1981 Martial law wasended. Marcos retain his strong

power.

June 16, 1981 First presidentialelections were held after martiallaw.

Marcos won under the KBL Party( Kilusang Bagong Lipunan).Opposition party boycotted thecampaign and elections.

Marcos became the onlypresident of the FourthPhilippine Republic. This wasstill under his dictatorship.


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Aquino Assassination

August 21, 1983. Ninoy Aquino

was assassinated upon his return.

Philippines and the world wasshocked by the brutality of thekillings.

After his funeral on August 31,1983 demonstrations rocked theland with protesters wearingyellow ribbons, shirts anddropping yellow confetti.

Corazon Aquino, the widow ledsome of the demonstrations.


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People Power Revolution and Democracy Again

Special Snap Election was called on Feb. 7,

1986.

KBL party slogan Marcos Pa Rin ( Marcos

Tolentino tandem)

Opposition slogan Tama na, Sobra Na,

Palitan na ( Aquino-Laurel tandem)

Historic election

First time for a woman to run and won

the presidency.

Most expensive and dirtiest election in

our history. Government used guns,

goons and gold to buy and scare voters. Most Filipinos honestly voted without

bribe nor were scared.

Most confusing election. Both sides

claimed they won.


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People Power Revolution February 22-25, 1986. Filipinos united in

a peaceful, prayerful and successful

revolution to bring back democracy inthe Philippines. It was a bloodlessrevolution.

Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA. DefenseSecretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy

Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos calleda press conference to announce they nolonger supported Pres. Marcos.

They admitted Mrs. Aquinos winning the

election and the government cheated. They asked Pres. Marcos to resign for the

good of the country.

They also ask for support and protectionfrom the people against troops loyal toMarcos.


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People Power Revolution

Political and religious leaders

inspired people to go to EDSAand formed human barricades.

Government tanks and trucks

came to arrest the rebels only tobe softened by the show of love

and kindness by the people.

Feb. 25, Marcos, his family and

some friends left the country.

His family lived in exile in

Honolulu, Hawaii.


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The Importance of People Power Revolution.

Significance includes:

1. The courage , sacrifices and faith ofthe Filipino people won theadmiration of the whole world.

2. It peacefully ousted a dictator andbrought back a democratic

government ;

3. Other Asians were inspired by thePhilippine example to fight and wonpolitical reforms in their owncountries; and

4. It showed that God answers theunited prayers of Christians and madea miracle in our country.


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The Aquino Government Feb. 25, 1986 : President Corazon C.

Aquino was inaugurated as President at

Club Filipino, Greenhills and became thefirst woman president of the Philippines.

She restored democracy, appointed newCabinet officials, set free politicalprisoners and proclaimed a temporary

Freedom Constitution.

She visited other countries and wonnew aids and investments for thePhilippines ( Singapore, Indonesia,Japan, US, etc.)

She gave a speech before the USCongress Sept. 18, 1986. her sinceritymoved the audience to applaud hermany times and eventually gave us$200million dollar in aid.


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Achievements of the Aquino Government

Return of Democracy, freedom

and justice in the Philippines.

Partial recovery of the big sumsof money stolen by Marcos, hisfamily and cronies.

Stability of government despitesix successive military coups ledby Honasan and Noble.

Easier credit terms and betterconditions for repayment of outnational debt.


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Achievements of the Aquino Government

Pushed back of Communist

rebels and arrest of many topleaders.

Passed best Agrarian reformLaw.

Improved image of thePhilippines

Mobilized international aid forvictims of calamities esp. 1990-91.

Natural calamities included theBaguio and Central Luzon

earthquake (July, 1990),Typhoon Ruping Nov. 1990,Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo June1991, Ormoc floods andtyphoon Uring in Nov. 1991


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First Protestant President

May 11, 1992 : First General Elections under

the 1986 Constitution was held.

80,000 candidates ran for the 17,000 post frompresidency down to municipal councilors.

US for the first time had little influence on the

results.

COMELEC, for the first time, took over

command of the of the entire AFP, the police, all

official and volunteer organization personnel

involved in the election.

COMELEC Chairman Monsod: became the most

powerful man during that election.

President Aquino left her position and obeyed

the constitution by not running again.


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Fidel Valdez Ramos

June 30, 1992: Fidel V. Ramos

was inaugurated 12thPresident.

First Protestant President.


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Achievements of Ramos Administration

Philippines 2000 Policy: aimedto make the Philippines a newly

industrialized country by year2000.

Philippines became one of thenew tiger economies of Asia.

Democracy in the Philippines

was assured by peacefultransition of power.

Settlement of 30-yearcommunist insurgency andMuslim separatist movements.

Government Amnesty for rebel

military officers led by Col.Gringo Honasan.

Holding the 4th APEC (Asiapacific Economic Cooperation)


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Achievements of Ramos Administration

Generating $20billion worth ofinvestments with numerous

foreign trips abroad. He becamethe most travelled President.

Dismantlement of monopolies andputting key industries to privatehands.

End of IMF assistance(International Monetary Fund) byMarch 1998.

Govt. intensified operation againstorganized crimes, private armedgroup and terrorists.

Creation of national CentennialCommission.

Passage of Migrant Workers andOverseas Filipino Act of 1995


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Centennial President

President Joseph Ejercito

Estrada won by plurality of votes(30%) over numerous candidates.

First Lady Vice President Gloria

Macapagal Arroyo won by a

huge majority.

Erap Para sa Mahirap was his

slogan.

His main concern was to alleviate

poverty and to take a firm action

against corruption.

He was ousted by People Power

II.

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The Third Republic