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Primary funding is provided by
The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe
The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers
Additional support provided by AIME
2
Ways to Successfully Reduce WellBlowout Events
Otto Luiz Alcantara Santos
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
3
Motivation for the Lecture
Before 1988 After 1988
Blowouts in Brazil DuringDrilling Operations
1980 1990 2000 2010Year
1
3
5
0
2
4
6
Num
ber o
f Blo
wou
ts
1
3
5
0
2
4
6
4
To show how a major oil
company can act to preserve its
personnel, assets and image
from the consequences of a
well blowout in drilling and
production operations
Lecture Objective
5
• Introduction
• Well Control Training and CertificationProgram
• Well Control in Drilling and ProductionOperations
• Well Control in Deep and Ultra-Deep Waters
• Research and Development in Well Controlin Ultra-Deep Waters
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
6
• Kicks – Undesirable flow from the
formation into the well that happens
when the pressure inside the well
becomes less than the pressure of that
formation.
• Blowouts – Uncontrolled flow from the
formation into the well and then to the
atmosphere, sea bottom or other uncased
formations.
Kicks and Blowouts Definitions
7
Blowouts Classification
Surface Blowout Underground Blowout Cratering
8
Examples of Blowouts
9
• Loss of Human Lives
• Loss of Reserves
• Loss of Equipment
•Production Discontinued
• Environmental Aggression
Consequences of a Blowout
10
Human Factors Review for Offshore Blowouts
Source: Aberdeen Drilling School HPHT Manual
11
• Introduction
• Well Control Training and Certification Program
• Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
• Well Control in Deep and Ultra-Deep Waters
• Research and Development in Well Control in Ultra-Deep Waters
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
12
• Well control training starts in 1971
• In 1993, the Well Control Certification and Training Program is created and conducted by Petrobras University
• The program is accredited by WellCAP of IADC in July, 1996
Certification and Training Program in Well Control
13
WellCAP Certificates Issued Until 31 December, 2009
5937319714681272TOTAL
27632003494266
COMBINED (SURFACE/
SUBSEA)
31741194 9741006SURFACE
TOTALSUPERVISIONFUNDAMENTALINTRODUCTORYLEVEL
14
Trained/Certified People
1980 1990 2000 2010Year
100
300
500
0
200
400
600
Num
ber
of C
ertif
ied/
Tra
ined
Peo
ple
100
300
500
0
200
400
600
15
Cumulative Blowouts in Brazil per 1000 Drilled Wells
Blowouts in Brazil per 1000 Drilled Wells X Traine d/Certified People
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Year
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Tra
ined
/Cer
tifie
d P
eopl
e
Blo
wou
ts p
er 1
000
Dril
led
Wel
ls
Cumulative Blowouts/1000 Drilled Wells
Trained/Certified People
16
• Introduction
• Well Control Training and Certification Program
• Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
• Well Control in Deep and Ultra-Deep Waters
• Research and Development in Well Control in Ultra-Deep Waters
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
17
• Rig inspections upon receiving it
• Monitoring of well control equipment and kick detection tests
Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
Personnel (Well Control Team)
Well Control Equipment (Well Control Team)
• Monitoring of well control certificates• Drills at the rig site
18
Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
Development of Well Safety Standards
• Creation of a committee to review, elaborate and approve internal well safety standards
• There are 17 standards approved and in use
Operations (Well Control Team)
• Elaboration and approval of operational procedures especially in deep waters
• Reinforcement of the use of these operational well safety procedures and standards
19
• Introduction
• Well Control Training and Certification Program
• Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
• Well Control in Deep and Ultra-Deep Waters
• Research and Development in Well Control in Ultra-Deep Waters
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
20
• Low fracture gradients
• Excessive frictional pressure inside the choke line
• Low temperatures
• Hydrate formation
• Gas in riser
Peculiarities of deepwater and ultra-deepwater well control
21
Subsea Configuration
22
• Fracture pressures in deep waters are lower than those found onshore or in shallow waters
• The overburden pressure is lower due the seawater
• Narrow operational window for the mud weight
Low Fracture Gradients
23
Low Fracture Pressure
11,61580289012
10,01580194011
14,11940463010
10,8194026709
10,8177026508
10,8138024707
104138017406
9,8153026005
11,0158044004
10,4158029003
9,3158021002
11,4159023901
Fracture Pressure (lb/gal)
Water Dept (m)
Shoe Depth (m)
Well
24
Pore Pressure
Fracture Pressure
SeaFloor
Shallow Water
Deep Water
....Sea Level
Narrow Operational Window
25
• The frictional pressure losses inside the choke line can be excessive during a kick circulation
• Small inside diameter of the choke line and its long length
• The problem is aggravated by the low seawater temperature
Excessive Frictional Pressure Losses Inside the Choke Line
26
• High pressure and low temperature at the wellhead are favorable for hydrate formation
• Hydrate can plug the kill and choke lines, the annulus space and the BOP cavities.
• Hydrate formation can be prevented using inhibitors such as salt and glycol.
Hydrate Formation
27
• In ultra-deep waters, there are chances of the gas has passed through the BOP and into the riser before well closure
• The use of synthetic oil based mud increases these chances
Gas Inside the Riser After BOP Closure
28
• Introduction
• Well Control Training and Certification Program
• Well Control in Drilling and Production Operations
• Well Control in Deep and Ultra-Deep Waters
• Research and Development in Well Control in Ultra-Deep Waters
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
29
• A strategic in-house corporate research program dedicated to ultra-deepwater exploitation systems has been created
• Important research projects portfolio in well safety:
Drilling Hydraulics and Gas MigrationGas Solubility in Synthetic Oil Based Mud Kick Simulator for Field Application Study of Ultra-Deepwater Blowouts
Research and Development
30
• Objective: to obtain downhole pressures and temperatures during simulated drilling operations
• Issues Addressed: riser hydraulics and temperatures; critical pressure effects (surge and swab); and gas migration
• Results: comparison of gathered data with computer models
Drilling Hydraulicsand Gas Migration
31
• Research conducted through a JIP coordinated by RF - Rogaland Research that used a drillship Campos Basin (Brazil) in a water depth of 2714 m
• The drilling string was equipped with six sensors for recording pressures and temperatures
• Gas migration experiments were done through nitrogen injection with the bit just above the BOP
Drilling Hydraulicsand Gas Migration
32
Bit @ 4370 m
Sensor # 1 - 1 acquisition/s - 4368 m
Sensor # 2 - 1 acquisition/s - 4254 m
4 DC Stands
1 DC Stand
Bit Sub+X-over
2 DP Stands (19.5) Sensor # 3 - 1 acquisition/s - 4166 m
Sensor # 4 - 1 acquisition/s - 4135 m
Sensor # 5 - 1 acquisition/3s - 2596 m
Sensor # 6 - 1 acquisition/3s - 1706 m
1 DP Stand (19.5)
54 DP Stands (19.5)
3 DP Stands (19.5)
28 DP Stands (25.6)
Bit @ 4370 m
Sensor # 1 - 1 acquisition/s - 4368 m
Sensor # 2 - 1 acquisition/s - 4254 m
4 DC Stands
1 DC Stand
Bit Sub+X-over
2 DP Stands (19.5) Sensor # 3 - 1 acquisition/s - 4166 m
Sensor # 4 - 1 acquisition/s - 4135 m
Sensor # 5 - 1 acquisition/3s - 2596 m
Sensor # 6 - 1 acquisition/3s - 1706 m
1 DP Stand (19.5)
54 DP Stands (19.5)
3 DP Stands (19.5)
28 DP Stands (25.6)
Drilling Hydraulicsand Gas Migration
33
Drilling Hydraulicsand Gas Migration
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 7206900
6950
7000
7050
7100
7150
7200
7250
7300
7350
Time (s)
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Measuered valuesFilteredSimulated
Measured ValuesFilteredSimulation
34
• Objective: to understand the interaction between a gas kick and a synthetic oil based mud
• Issues Addressed: experimental determination and modeling of thermodynamic properties
• Results: experimental data of gas solubility (methane), density and formation volume factor for n-paraffin, ester, emulsions and drilling fluids
Gas Solubility in Synthetic Oil Based Mud
35
• Research conducted at UNICAMP (Campinas State University) in a PVT cell with an operating capacity of 177 ºC and 10000 psi
• The current experiments aim at expanding the ranges of pressure and temperature using a new PVT cell with an operating capacity of 200 ºC and 15000 psi
Gas Solubility in Synthetic Oil Based Mud
36
The New PVT Cell
37
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 10 20 30 40
Pressure [MPa]
Rs
[m³s
td/m
³]
63% NP no additives
78% NP no additives
63% NP with additives
78% NP with additives
Gas Solubility in the Unweighted Drilling Fluid at 70ºC
10 MPa => 1450 psi
38
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
0 10 20 30 40Pressure [MPa]
ρρ ρρ[g
/cm
³]
63% NP no additives
78% NP no additives
63% NP with additives
78% NP with additives
Density of the UnweightedDrilling Fluid at 70ºC
10 MPa => 1450 psi
39
• Objective: to develop a software to assist the drilling engineer in well control issues on an ultra-deepwater drilling rig
• Issues Addressed: estimation of pressure behavior inside an ultra-deepwater well during a gas kick circulation and calculation of kill sheets
• Result: a software to be used by the drilling personnel at rig site
Development of a Kick Simulator
40
Kick Simulator Output
41
• Objective: to study ultra-deepwater blowouts and their control through the dynamic kill method using relief wells
• Issues Addressed: pressure behavior and gas flow rate during blowouts and the application of the dynamic kill method
• Products: two simulators, one for blowout events and the other for dynamic kill method
Study of Ultra-deepwater Blowouts
42
Subsea Blowout
43
Bot
tonh
ole
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Time (s)0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
T I ME (s)
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
PRES
SÃO
NO
F UND
DOPO
Ç O( p
s i)
200 md
400 md
600 md
BO
TT
OM
HO
LE P
RE
SS
UR
E
(psi
)
Subsea Blowout
44
0 400 800 1200 1600TIME (s)
0
50
100
150
200
250
VAZÃ
Ode
GÁS
(mm
scf /
dia )
1000 gpm
1500 gpm2000 gpm
GA
S F
LOW
RA
TE
(m
msc
f/day
)
Dynamic Kill froma Relief Well
45
• Effective preventive actions make onshore and
offshore drilling and production operations safer
• Training, well control equipment tests and
elaboration of safety standards are some of these
actions that were responsible for the decrease of
the number of blowouts in Brazil
• Research projects enhanced the understanding of
the well safety processes
Conclusions
46
Questions?
47
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
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