The Renaissance In Italy Renaissance – 1300s-1500s – “Rebirth” Why Italy? – Renewed...

The Renaissance In ItalyRenaissance – 1300s-1500s – “Rebirth”Why Italy? – •Renewed interest in the culture of Ancient Rome.•Artifacts and remains were visible.•Italian cities such as Florence survived the Middle Ages and became very strong trading states.•Powerful merchant/banking families such as the Medici’s became patrons, economic and political leaders and promoted this growth.•Stressed education and individual achievement.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

1478 - 1521

Cosimo de Medici

1517 - 1574

Florence Under the Medici

Medici Chapel

The Medici Palace

The Renaissance In ItalyArt – reflected classical styles, religion, and individual achievement.

Donatello – created life-size sculptures and worked in the perspectiveLeonardo da Vinci – genius in many fields who mixed his knowledge with his art; Ex: Mona LisaMichelangelo – Sistine Chapel and a genius in many fieldsRaphael – blend of Christian and classical styles. Famous for his portrayals of the MadonnaAnguissola & Gentileschi – famous women artists

The Renaissance In ItalyHumanism – focus on worldly subjects rather than spiritual issues•Petrarch•Creative powers of the human mind•Question the classical works•Development of the humanities

1. Realism & Expression

� Expulsion fromthe Garden

� Masaccio

� 1427

� First nudes sinceclassical times.

2. Perspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!

First use of linear

perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!

� The Trinity

� Masaccio

� 1427

What you are, I once was; what I am, you will

become.

3. Classicism

� Greco-Roman influence.

� Secularism.

� Humanism.

� Individualism free standing figures.

� Symmetry/BalanceThe “Classical Pose”

Medici “Venus” (1c)

4. Emphasis on Individualism� Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:

The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

� Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

5. Geometrical Arrangement of

Figures� The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate

� Leonardo da Vinci

� 1469

� The figure as architecture!

� Filippo Brunelleschi1377 - 1436

� Architect

� Cuppolo of St. Mariadel Fiore

Filippo Brunelleschi

• Commissioned to build the cathedral dome.– Used unique

architectural concepts. He studied the ancient

Pantheon in Rome. Used ribs for support.

Brunelleschi’s “Secret”

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Other Famous Domes

Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital

(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

� David by Donatello

� 1430

� First free-form bronze since Roman times!

The Liberation of Sculpture

The Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475

Leonardo da Vinci

� Vitruvian Man

� Leonardo daVinci

� 1492

TheL’uomo

universale

Leonardo, the Artist:From his Notebooks of over 5000

pages (1508-1519)

Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

A Macaroni Mona

ParodyThe Best Form of Flattery?

A Picasso Mona

An Andy Warhol Mona

Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry

horizontal

vert

ical

Perspective!

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

Refractory

Convent of Santa

Maria delle

Grazie

Milan

A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John or Mary Magdalene?

Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy):

Pages from his Notebook

Leonardo, the Inventor:

Pages from his Notebook

� David

� MichelangeloBuonarotti

� 1504

� Marble

� The Pieta

� MichelangeloBuonarroti

� 1499

� marble

The Popes as Patrons of the Arts

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo Buonarroti

1508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling

Michelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel Details

The Creation

of the Heavens

The Sistine Chapel Details

Creation of Man

St. Peter’s Basilica

School of Athens 1511 - Raphael

The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Averroes

Hypatia

Pythagoras

Zoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

Perspective!

Perspective!

Betrothal

of the Virgin

Raphael

1504

The Renaissance In ItalyArchitecture – rejected the Gothic style and used columns, arches, and domes; Ex: Brunelleschi

Literature – poetry, books on politics, “how-to” books

Castiglione – Ideals of a man and woman**Machiavelli – “The Prince” – The Ends Justifies The Means

The Northern Renaissance •Mid 1400s in Flanders.•Albrecht Durer – known as the “German Leonardo” – studied under the Italian masters and spread the ideas of the Renaissance – works featured religious upheavals and a wide range of interests.•Jan & Hubert van Eyck – rich details and the use of oil paints.•Pieter Bruegel – used vibrant colors to depict daily life.•Peter Paul Rubens – realism, classical themes, and artistic freedom.

Adoration of the Trinity - Durer

Dürer

The Last Supper

woodcut, 1510

Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517

The Triumphal Arch, details

Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)• One of the great German artists

who did most of his work in England.

• While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus.– Erasmus Writing, 1523

• Henry VIII was his patron from 1536.

• Great portraitist noted for:– Objectivity & detachment.– Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses

of his subjects.

Artist to the Tudors

Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559

Bruegel’s - The Peasant Dance (1567)

Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565

Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)

• More courtly and aristocratic work.– Court painter to the

Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.

• The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

Van Eyck:

The Crucifixion

&

The Last Judgment 1420-1425

Peter Paul Rubens - The Elevation of the Cross, 1610–11.

The School of Fontainebleau - France

, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio

, 1528-1537

The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting

Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more

medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Cecil

The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

The Northern Renaissance Humanists – •**Erasmus – new edition of the Greek New Testament; translated works into the vernacular; challenged the worldliness of the Church and the immoral behavior of the clergy.•**Sir Thomas More – pressed for social and economic reforms – “Utopia” – describing the ideal society.

The Northern Renaissance Literature – •Rabelais – used comedy, adventures, travel, and war to offer opinions on serious subjects such as religion and education.•**William Shakespeare – enough said!•Cervantes – The Adventures of Don Quixote.•**Johann Gutenberg – the invention of the printing press.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h025a8GFlyI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePwNQ9o03ig&feature=related

The Protestant Reformation Lutheran - 1517 full scale Revolt – mainly against the sale of Indulgences.•95 Theses -Christians could only be saved through faith.•Reject tyranny of Rome.• 1521 he was Excommunicated.•Declared an outlaw but received help from Prince Frederick.

The Protestant Reformation Doctrine –• Salvation through faith - Rejected Church doctrine (good deeds) - All people had equal chance.• Bible was the sole source of truth - Rejected powers of priest/hierarchy etc.•Called for Church modification. He rejected 5 of 7 sacraments.• Banned indulgences, pilgrimages, and prayer (saints), rituals and believed clergy could marry. •Emphasized the Sermon.

The Protestant Reformation Calvin – most important reformer to follow Luther.•God was all-powerful and human were evil.•God alone decided on achievement –belief in Predestination. 2 people – Saints & Sinners. Calvinists tried to live like saints.•Set up a Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland - Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty, and morality - Very Strict in religious and social customs - Urged singing in Church.•Spread to several areas and triggered bloody battles throughout Europe - Faced opposition from Lutherans.•Huguenots (French Calvinists) vs. Catholics.•Scottish Presbyterian Church split from the Calvinists.

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION•Between 1530’s & 1540’s, the Catholic Church, under Pope Paul III set out to revive and reform the church.•Council Of Trent – 1545 – Reaffirmed traditional views:

1. Salvation comes through faith and good deeds.2. Bible was a source of religious truth but not the

only source.3. Looked to end abuses and corruption of the

clergy. Offered stiff penalties.4. Created better schools to teach the clergy to

challenge Protestants.

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION•Had the Inquisition – used testimony, torture, and forbidden books to root out witches, heretics, and get scapegoats.•Ignatius of Loyola – Founded Jesuits and strict moral/spiritual code to combat heretics and spread the Catholic faith.•St. Teresa of Avila – Founded Carmelite Nuns.

PERSECUTION•Targeted outcasts, witches and looked for scapegoats.•Specifically attacked the Jews and removed any lenient laws that helped them.•Forced Jews to live in Ghettos and anti-Semitism increased.•Jewish migration to Eastern Europe.

THE ENGLISH REFORMATION•Henry VIII seeks to end papal control over the English Church.•Seeks an annulment from his wife Catherine of Aragon but is denied by the Pope.•1st He stirs up feelings against the pope, then he takes over the church.•Through Parliament, he passes Acts of Supremacy – Henry is the supreme head of the Church of England.•Shuts down all Convents & Monasteries.

THE ENGLISH REFORMATION•Offers aristocrats power in exchange for lands and wealth.•Allowed use of English Bible and kept some Catholic forms of worship.•Throne inherited by Edward VI but he died. Then came Mary Tudor who feared Elizabeth.•After Elizabeth came to power, she replaced Latin with English and used The Book of Common Prayer. She also kept some rituals and hierarchy and reaffirmed that the monarch was the head of the church.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION•Copernicus proposes heliocentric model, which is rejected by many including the church. His theory contradicts Ptolemy.•Tycho Brahe – set up astronomical observatory to prove Copernicus right.•Kepler – used information to calculate the orbits of the planets.•Galileo – assembled telescope – sees moon and sunspots and moons of Jupiter. He is forced to recant by the church.•The New Scientific Method – observation and experimentation.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION•Isaac Newton – developed the theory of Gravity.•Boyle – elements/compounds – pressure of gases.•Galen & Vesalius – works in anatomy.•Pare – ointment for healing.•Harvey – Heart serves as a pump.•Francis Bacon – stressed experiments/observations and use of practical technologies.•Rene Descartes – human reasoning - best road to understanding. Discover truth through traditional sources. “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM.”All open the door to the Enlightenment of the 1700’s

Credits:

Mike McAndrew – Albertus Magnus High SchoolSusan Pojer – Horace Greeley High School