The Renaissance Cultural Awakening & Church Response

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Cultural Awakening&

Church Response

Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts

• Name: Renaissance– Implies a rebirth

• Locus– Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe

– Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy

• Name: Renaissance– Implies a rebirth

• Locus– Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe

– Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy

Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts

Theo-centric concentration Anthropocentric view of life

Corporate-sacred focus Individualistic-secular focus

Pessimistic(fearful/superstitious)

Optimistic way of living (experimental/hypothesizing)

Futuristic thinking Present thinking

• Nature

Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts• Sources

1. Economic transformation

2. Centralizing governments

3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics

4. Proliferation of written materials

5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation

• Sources1. Economic transformation

2. Centralizing governments

3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics

4. Proliferation of written materials

5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation

Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance and Humanism

• Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the

center of the universe

• In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary

methodology

• Term evolved to mean “the study of the

humanities”

• Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the

center of the universe

• In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary

methodology

• Term evolved to mean “the study of the

humanities”

Expressions/forms of Humanism Expressions/forms of Humanism

• Literary

• Scientific

• Classical

• Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)

• Literary

• Scientific

• Classical

• Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)

Contributions of Humanism Contributions of Humanism 1. New curriculum in universities

2. Preserved classical literature

3. Textual criticism emerged as important science(Lorenzo Valla)

4. Historical Awareness

5. Literary form and style

6. Revolutionized science (Galileo)

7. Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)

1. New curriculum in universities

2. Preserved classical literature

3. Textual criticism emerged as important science(Lorenzo Valla)

4. Historical Awareness

5. Literary form and style

6. Revolutionized science (Galileo)

7. Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)

Figures of Italian RenaissanceFigures of Italian Renaissance• Petrarch (1304-1374)

– Founder of Renaissance humanism

• Boccaccio (1313-1375) – Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron)

• Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)– Director of Platonic Academy in Florence

• Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)– Wrote The Dignity of Man

• Petrarch (1304-1374)– Founder of Renaissance humanism

• Boccaccio (1313-1375) – Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron)

• Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)– Director of Platonic Academy in Florence

• Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)– Wrote The Dignity of Man

Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts

• Giotto (1266-1336)

– The Death of St. Francis

• Giotto (1266-1336)

– The Death of St. Francis

• Giotto (1266-1336)

– The Lamentation of Christ

• Giotto (1266-1336)

– The Lamentation of Christ

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

– Last Supper

– Mona Lisa

• Raphael (1483-

– Julian Apartments

at St. Peter’s

• Raphael (1483-

– Julian Apartments

at St. Peter’s

• Michelangelo (1475-1564)

– Sculptures:

• David, Moses, Pieta

– Sculptures:

• David, Moses, Pieta

– Paintings:

• Sistine Chapel

– Paintings:

• Sistine Chapel

– Structures:

• St. Peter’s Basilica

– Structures:

• St. Peter’s Basilica

– Clothing:

• Papal Swiss Guard

– Clothing:

• Papal Swiss Guard

• Bernini (1598-1680)

– St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino

– St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades

– Palazzo Senatorio

– Ecstasy of St. Teresa

• Bernini (1598-1680)

– St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino

– St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades

– Palazzo Senatorio

– Ecstasy of St. Teresa

BaldacchinoSt. Peter’s Cathedra

Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Renaissance – Papal AmbitionsRenaissance – Papal Ambitions

• Nine Infamous Popes of the

Renaissance

1. Nicholas V (1447-55)

2. Calixtus III (1455-58)

3. Pius II (1458-64)

4. Paul II (1464-71)

5. Sixtus IV (1471-84)

6. Innocent VIII (1484-92)

7. Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503)

8. Julius II (1503-1513)

9. Leo X (1513-1521)

• Nine Infamous Popes of the

Renaissance

1. Nicholas V (1447-55)

2. Calixtus III (1455-58)

3. Pius II (1458-64)

4. Paul II (1464-71)

5. Sixtus IV (1471-84)

6. Innocent VIII (1484-92)

7. Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503)

8. Julius II (1503-1513)

9. Leo X (1513-1521)

Renaissance Adaptation: Northern HumanismRenaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism

• Links bridging two expressions of

humanism

– Foreign correspondence of Italian

humanists

– Printed books, originating in places like

Aldine press in Venice

– European scholars

• Links bridging two expressions of

humanism

– Foreign correspondence of Italian

humanists

– Printed books, originating in places like

Aldine press in Venice

– European scholars

Renaissance Adaptation: Northern HumanismRenaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism

• Three Ideals

1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine

literature)

2. Emphasized religious program directed

towards revival of the Christian church

3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas

• Three Ideals

1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine

literature)

2. Emphasized religious program directed

towards revival of the Christian church

3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas

Key Figures: Northern HumanismKey Figures: Northern Humanism

• John Colet (1467-1519)

• Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

• Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)

• Erasmus (1466-1536)

– Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503) – Praise of Folly (1511)

– Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516)

– Colloquies (1518)

– On Free Will (c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched”

• John Colet (1467-1519)

• Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

• Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)

• Erasmus (1466-1536)

– Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503) – Praise of Folly (1511)

– Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516)

– Colloquies (1518)

– On Free Will (c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched”

Renaissance Resistance: Mystical AlternativeRenaissance Resistance: Mystical Alternative

• Quest– Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of

• Two Forms– Psychological – emotional union– Philosophical – essential union

• Causes– Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism – Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of

reason – Protest against troubled times in the church and

society

• Quest– Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of

• Two Forms– Psychological – emotional union– Philosophical – essential union

• Causes– Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism – Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of

reason – Protest against troubled times in the church and

society

Influential MysticsInfluential Mystics

• John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327)

– Father of German mysticism

• Julian of Norwich (1342-1423)

– Greatest woman mystic of middle ages

• Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

– Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best

• John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)

– Influenced mystical movement in Holland

• Gerard Groote (1340-1384)

– Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life

• Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471)

– Imitation of Christ

• John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327)

– Father of German mysticism

• Julian of Norwich (1342-1423)

– Greatest woman mystic of middle ages

• Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

– Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best

• John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)

– Influenced mystical movement in Holland

• Gerard Groote (1340-1384)

– Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life

• Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471)

– Imitation of Christ

Consequences of MysticismConsequences of Mysticism

1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message

2. Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine)

3. Could become too passivistic --

no outward action to match

inward reflection

1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message

2. Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine)

3. Could become too passivistic --

no outward action to match

inward reflection

I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying. The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus (1515-1582)

Renaissance Resistance:Ultra-ConservativesRenaissance Resistance:Ultra-Conservatives

Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background

• Ministry Career

• Political entanglements

• Penitential city of Florence

– Burning of the Vanities

• Downfall and death (May 23, 1498)

• Message in his life and death

Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background

• Ministry Career

• Political entanglements

• Penitential city of Florence

– Burning of the Vanities

• Downfall and death (May 23, 1498)

• Message in his life and death

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[Select Photos via Public Domain & Wikipedia]

Published Photos Via“Sacred Destinations”

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The Renaissance Cultural Awakening & Church Response

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