The Legacy of Спутник and “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach

The Legacy of Спутникand “Friendly” Competition between

Human and Robotic Approach

Roald Sagdeev

University of Maryland

Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky1857-1935

Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky)

VROCKET /VFUEL == Ln M1 /M2

From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond

• Late 19th century – 1920th (Early romanticism of the Pioneers)

• 1924 – 1945 (small scale experimentation and engineering, first mass production of military rockets /“Katyusha”)

• Werner von Braun (WWII): V-2• 1945 – 1957 (Build up of rocket industry)• Call of International Geophysical Year 1957-1958• October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)

October 4, 1957 – SPUTNIK –1 opened

the Space Age.

It was a byproduct of military rocketry.

How much Soviets got from Germans after WWII ?

The secrecy around Sputnik;

The name of Korolev was kept confidential;

Official publications praised two anonymous persons:

The Chief Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics;

(Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)

Sputnik-3 (April, 1958) was promised as the first scientific satellite;

It carried a package of particle detectors to study cosmic rays in space;

If successful it was well equipped to run on Van Allen radiation belts

Almost a year after Sputnik-1

Korolev opened a series of launches of small probes

In direction of Moon, Mars and Venus.

Luna-3 reached the surface of Moon (1959)

From Sputnik to Lunar race

• 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space)

• Early 1960th (rapid development of manned flights, followed by Tereshkova flight)

• 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure)

• 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)

Second unsuccessful launch of N-1 (1969);

Terminated after 50+ seconds.

LUNAR MISSIONSLUNAR MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

Landing vehicles("Luna”-9,-13,-15,-16,-17,-18,-20,-21,-23,-24)

Artificial Moon satellites("Luna”-10,-11,-12,-14,-19,-22)

Vehicles for the lunar sample return"Luna”-15,-16,-18,-20,-23,-24)

Mobile lunar laboratories - "Lunokhod-1,2“("Luna"-17,-21)

1966-1976

1967-1984

Descent vehicle

Landing vehicles("Venera”-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,-

11,-12,-13,-14)

Venus artificial satellites("Venera”-9,-10,-15,-16)

Fly-by vehicles (“Venera”-11,-12,-13,-14)

VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

VEGA (1984-1986)

Balloonprobe

Multipurpose interplanetary stations for studying Venus (balloon probes and landing vehicles) and Halley’s comet fly-by vehicles ("Vega”-1,-2)

VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

MARS MISSIONSMARS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

1971-1974

Landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7) Orbiters ("Mars"-4,-5)Spacecraft with landers("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7)

PROGNOZ-1,..-10, INTERBALL (1972 – 1996)

Earth satellites designed for studying the processes of solar activitiy, their influence on interplanetary space

and the Earth's magnetosphere

EARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESEARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

ASTRON (1983 – 1989 )

Orbital astro-physical UV-spacecraft

GRANAT (1989 – 1999)

International orbital astro-physical X-ray and gamma spacecraft

ASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFTASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFT

HISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

The peak of Soviet success in a deep space exploration –

-Encounter with the Halley’s comet (following release of atmospheric balloons on Venus / VEGA mission)

Soyuz

• Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights;

• Launch Site: Baikonur (510)– ESA commissioned Soyuz for Science Missions /

Cluster & Mars Express;

– Reliable transport to International Space Station.

Geopolitical

International Co-operation

Societal

Economic

Market

Technology

SPACE

Security Civil

Commercial

World Space activity in Global terms

World economic activity U$ 30 x 1012

 Space Economic activity U$ 90 x109

$1 in $330 of economic activity spent on space

Space Revenues (U$109) in 2000Source: International Space Business Council

• Infrastructure 53.6

• Telecom 28.9

• Use of Space Data and Assets 9.6

• Support Services 3.9

• Total 96.0

Government is largest customer of infrastructure at about

$34 billion (Military $15 B, Civil $19 B)

U.S. Use of Space: Air-to-Ground Munitions (approximate; excluding HARM)

9,251

7,000 32%GPS-guided

32%UnguidedIraq, 03

68%19,948Guided(Iraqi Freedom)

27%

41%

3%

31%

66%

8%92%

6,000Laser/EO-guided(Enduring Freedom)

9,000UnguidedAfghanistan, 01-02

700GPS-guided

7,000Laser/EO-guided(Allied Force): 78 Days

16,000UnguidedSerbia, 1999

20,450Laser/EO-guided(Desert Storm): 37 Days245,000UnguidedKTO, 1991

НИЦ им. ГН БАБАКИНА

МАРС-ВОЛНАМАРС-ВОЛНА

2003

ИКИ РАН

Moon will soon become a busy place for robotic spacecraft.

•    Europe's SMART-1 mission, a technology test of low-thrust ion propulsion, is currently on a 16-month journey to the Moon.  SMART-1 will measure the chemical composition of the lunar surface, including the polar regions. 

• Japan is developing two missions: Lunar-A, an orbiter that will fire penetrators into the surface, and SELENE, an orbiter with two sub-satellites.   

• India also is planning a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1. NASA

agreed to participate with its science instruments.

• China introduces its lunar program Cheng'e with two missions - an orbiter and a lander.

Supernova as a “Standard Candle”

SN 030410 02 (HUBBLE)

The “Younger Sister” of Crab Nebula / Supernova Cassiopeya A / exploded in 1680/ in X-Rays by Chandra