The Legacy of Спутникand “Friendly” Competition between

Human and Robotic Approach

Roald Sagdeev

University of Maryland

Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky1857-1935

Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky)

VROCKET /VFUEL == Ln M1 /M2

From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond

• Late 19th century – 1920th (Early romanticism of the Pioneers)

• 1924 – 1945 (small scale experimentation and engineering, first mass production of military rockets /“Katyusha”)

• Werner von Braun (WWII): V-2• 1945 – 1957 (Build up of rocket industry)• Call of International Geophysical Year 1957-1958• October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)

October 4, 1957 – SPUTNIK –1 opened

the Space Age.

It was a byproduct of military rocketry.

How much Soviets got from Germans after WWII ?

The secrecy around Sputnik;

The name of Korolev was kept confidential;

Official publications praised two anonymous persons:

The Chief Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics;

(Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)

Sputnik-3 (April, 1958) was promised as the first scientific satellite;

It carried a package of particle detectors to study cosmic rays in space;

If successful it was well equipped to run on Van Allen radiation belts

Almost a year after Sputnik-1

Korolev opened a series of launches of small probes

In direction of Moon, Mars and Venus.

Luna-3 reached the surface of Moon (1959)

From Sputnik to Lunar race

• 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space)

• Early 1960th (rapid development of manned flights, followed by Tereshkova flight)

• 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure)

• 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)

Second unsuccessful launch of N-1 (1969);

Terminated after 50+ seconds.

LUNAR MISSIONSLUNAR MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

Landing vehicles("Luna”-9,-13,-15,-16,-17,-18,-20,-21,-23,-24)

Artificial Moon satellites("Luna”-10,-11,-12,-14,-19,-22)

Vehicles for the lunar sample return"Luna”-15,-16,-18,-20,-23,-24)

Mobile lunar laboratories - "Lunokhod-1,2“("Luna"-17,-21)

1966-1976

1967-1984

Descent vehicle

Landing vehicles("Venera”-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,-

11,-12,-13,-14)

Venus artificial satellites("Venera”-9,-10,-15,-16)

Fly-by vehicles (“Venera”-11,-12,-13,-14)

VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

VEGA (1984-1986)

Balloonprobe

Multipurpose interplanetary stations for studying Venus (balloon probes and landing vehicles) and Halley’s comet fly-by vehicles ("Vega”-1,-2)

VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

MARS MISSIONSMARS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

1971-1974

Landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7) Orbiters ("Mars"-4,-5)Spacecraft with landers("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7)

PROGNOZ-1,..-10, INTERBALL (1972 – 1996)

Earth satellites designed for studying the processes of solar activitiy, their influence on interplanetary space

and the Earth's magnetosphere

EARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESEARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

ASTRON (1983 – 1989 )

Orbital astro-physical UV-spacecraft

GRANAT (1989 – 1999)

International orbital astro-physical X-ray and gamma spacecraft

ASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFTASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFT

HISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

The peak of Soviet success in a deep space exploration –

-Encounter with the Halley’s comet (following release of atmospheric balloons on Venus / VEGA mission)

Soyuz

• Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights;

• Launch Site: Baikonur (510)– ESA commissioned Soyuz for Science Missions /

Cluster & Mars Express;

– Reliable transport to International Space Station.

Geopolitical

International Co-operation

Societal

Economic

Market

Technology

SPACE

Security Civil

Commercial

World Space activity in Global terms

 

World economic activity U$ 30 x 1012

 Space Economic activity U$ 90 x109

 

$1 in $330 of economic activity spent on space

Space Revenues (U$109) in 2000Source: International Space Business Council

• Infrastructure 53.6

• Telecom 28.9

• Use of Space Data and Assets 9.6

• Support Services 3.9

• Total 96.0

Government is largest customer of infrastructure at about

$34 billion (Military $15 B, Civil $19 B)

U.S. Use of Space: Air-to-Ground Munitions (approximate; excluding HARM)

9,251

7,000 32%GPS-guided

32%UnguidedIraq, 03

68%19,948Guided(Iraqi Freedom)

27%

41%

3%

31%

66%

8%92%

6,000Laser/EO-guided(Enduring Freedom)

9,000UnguidedAfghanistan, 01-02

700GPS-guided

7,000Laser/EO-guided(Allied Force): 78 Days

16,000UnguidedSerbia, 1999

20,450Laser/EO-guided(Desert Storm): 37 Days245,000UnguidedKTO, 1991

НИЦ им. ГН БАБАКИНА

МАРС-ВОЛНАМАРС-ВОЛНА

2003

ИКИ РАН

Moon will soon become a busy place for robotic spacecraft.

•    Europe's SMART-1 mission, a technology test of low-thrust ion propulsion, is currently on a 16-month journey to the Moon.  SMART-1 will measure the chemical composition of the lunar surface, including the polar regions. 

• Japan is developing two missions: Lunar-A, an orbiter that will fire penetrators into the surface, and SELENE, an orbiter with two sub-satellites.   

• India also is planning a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1. NASA

agreed to participate with its science instruments.

• China introduces its lunar program Cheng'e with two missions - an orbiter and a lander.

Supernova as a “Standard Candle”

SN 030410 02 (HUBBLE)

The “Younger Sister” of Crab Nebula / Supernova Cassiopeya A / exploded in 1680/ in X-Rays by Chandra