The impact of musical training on musical abilities inschool-aged children
Averil ParkerMarch 15th 2017
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Research QuestionDoes musical training impact different musical abilities uniformly, or differently?
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Melody discrimination (MD)
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Melody discrimination (MD)
4
`
`
Pitch
Melody discrimination (MD)
5
Contour
Melody discrimination (MD)
6
Intervals
7
Transposed melody discrimination (TMD)
8
Transposed melody discrimination (TMD)
Rt superior temporal gyrus
Rt inferior frontal lobe
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MD
Rt superior temporal gyrus
Rt inferior frontal lobe
10Intraparietal sulcus
(IPS)
MDTMD
MD TMD
MusiciansNon-musicians
11Foster & Zatorre, 2010
MDLongitudinal study
Children age 6-7
With training > without training(partialη2 =0.33)
Hyde et al., 2009 12
Adolescents (age 14.5)
Perform at adult levels (56.7% correct)
Non-musicians
13Sutherland, Paus & Zatorre, 2013
TMD
RationaleTwo musical abilities
Musicians > Non-musicians
Objective
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Hypotheses1. Musicians > non-musicians
2. MD > TMD
3. Difference depends on task
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Age Musicians Non-musicians
7 years old 11 15
8 years old 17 14
9 years old 22 15
Total (N = 94) 50 44
MethodCross-sectional design
Tasks: MD, TMD
Child-friendly version
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Melody discrimination
? ?
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Transposed melody discrimination
? ?
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Data Integrity
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Data entry errors
Outliers
Missing data
Internal consistency
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Task KR-20MD .67TMD .53
Power calculation
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N Power94 .75
2 × 2 × 3 ANOVABS Factor 1: Group
WS Factor 2 : Task
BS Factor 3 : Age
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Assumptions✔ Independence
✔ Normality
⚠ Homogeneity of variance
✔ Sphericity24
η2 = .28p < .001
26.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Musician Non-Musician
Prop
ortio
n co
rrect
η2 = .34p < .001
25.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
MD TMD
Prop
ortio
n co
rrect
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η2 = .02p = .54
MD
TMD
.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Musician Non-musician
Prop
ortio
n co
rrect
η2 = .05p = .04
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Musicians
Non-Musicians
.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
7 8 9
Prop
ortio
n co
rrect
Age in years
*
z-scores
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Like IQ
Non-musicians reference
z-score = 3.1
r = .27p = .033*
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MD
z-s
core
s
Lessons z-scores
*one-tailed
r = .25p = .045*
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TMD
z-s
core
s
Lessons z-scores
*one-tailed
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SummaryMusicians > non-musicians
MD > TMD
No group by task interaction
Discussion✘ Group by task
Too similar
Melody vs rhythm
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Discussion✔ Age by group
Increased training
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Discussion
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✔ Age by group
Brain development
Pre-existing differences
Future directionsLongitudinal
Random Assignment
Active control
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LimitationsConfound
Selection bias
Reliability
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ImplicationsMusic education
z-scores
Identify high/low ability
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AcknowledgementsDr. Virginia Penhune, supervisor
Kierla Ireland, PhD candidate
Thanya Iyer and Genvieve Salendres, lab members
Laboratory for motor learning and neuroplasticity
National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Sacha Engelhardt, moral support40