The Human Body Systems

The Human Body Systems

The Nervous System

The Nervous SystemWhat is the nervous system?

o Control Centero Communications Network

Responsibilities:

- Thoughts - Senses - Movement

- Balance - Automatic Responses

The Nervous System The Nervous System Is Divided Into 2 Main Parts

The Central Nervous System (CNS)o The Brain & Spinal Cord

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)o Nerves That Link Body With CNS

Basic Tasks of the Nervous System

Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments.

Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information.

Motor output: If necessary, signal effector organs to make an appropriate response.

Communication Nerves: Bundles of Tissue

Three Parts to a Neurono Cell Body (the brain of a neuron)o Dendrites (receives)o Axon (carries signals)

SynapseSynapse: the joining of two neurons (one sending, one receiving).

Synapse & Neurotransmitters

The axons do not touch.

Separation: synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters: chemicals released by axons that travel through the synaptic cleft.

Synaptic Cleft & Neurotransmitters

Released by Axon

Travels Across Synaptic Cleft

Binds to Receptors on Next Nerve

The Main Control Center (CNS)

Three Major Areaso Cerebrumo Cerebellumo Brain Stem

The Brain

The Brain

The Brain - Cerebrum

Center for thought, imagination, emotion, activity.

Two Halves (Hemispheres)

Each Half: 4 Lobeso Frontal o Temporal o Parietalo Occipital

Cerebrum –Lobes

Frontal Lobe: Speech, Thought, Taste, & Movement

Parietal Lobe: Touch

Temporal Lobe: Hearing

Occipital Lobe: Vision

The Brain - Cerebellum Balance & Coordination

Smooth's Movement for Fine Coordination

Secondary: language, attention, regulating fear & pleasure

The Brain – Brain Stem Guides Signals From Brain & Spinal Cord

Structurally Continuous

Three Partso Midbraino Ponso Medulla Oblongata

Brain Stem - Midbrain Smallest Portion of Brain Relays Information Vision Hearing Motor Control Sleep Arousal Alertness Temperature

The Brain - Pons Latin: bridge

Relays information

Sleep

Arousal

Automatic Functionso Heartbeato Breathingo Digestionso Swallowingo Vomitingo Sneezingo Coughing

The Brain – Medulla Oblongata

Final Link Between Brain & Spinal Cord

Relays Information

Automatic Actionso Heartbeato Breathingo Digestionso Swallowingo Vomitingo Sneezingo Coughing

Spinal Cord & Spine

Spinal Cord: thick cord of nerve tissue

Spine: protective bone structure

Spine Spine: protective bone structure

o 33 vertebraeo 9 fusedo 24 articulating (moving)

Spine Categorized

Lower Bigger Vertebrae

Which 9 vertebrae's are fused? Why?

Naming Vertebrae’s: Categories

Naming Vertebrae’s C1 to C7

T1 to T12

L1 to L5

Sacrum

Coccyx

The Human Body Systems

The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System What is the Skeletal System?

o All 206 Bones in Body

What is the Purpose?o Give Body Shape & Supporto Protection for Vital Organso Produces Blood Cells

Parts of Bones (Long)

Epiphysis: Ends of Bone

Diaphysis: Middle of Bone

Parts of Bones (Long)Articular Cartilage: cartilage covering articular

surfaces (joints)

Purpose: Helps provide support/cushion in joints.

Parts of Bones (Long)Cancellous Bone (Spongy): a highly vascular bone that contains red bone marrow, typically located at the end of bones. It contains high surface area, but less density.

Purpose: makes bone light and strong, while producing red blood cells.

Parts of Bones (Long)Epiphyseal Plate: contains growing bone in pre-adult years. As you age, the bone elongates. Once, you have stopped growing, this plate solidifies.

Parts of Bones (Long)Marrow Cavity: the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow.

Yellow Bone Marrow: soft tissue, made mostly of fat, that stores energy (diaphysis).

Red Bone Marrow: soft tissue that aids in the production of red blood cells (epiphysis).

Parts of Bones (Long)Periosteum: membrane that lines the outer layer of bones.

Purpose: outer layer serves as an attachment point for muscles and bones through tendons and ligaments.

Purpose: inner layer will help breakdown and build bone.

Parts of Bones (Long)Compact Bone: provides support and is made up of living bone cells, minerals, protein fibers, blood vessels, and nerves.

Compact Bone

Joints Joints: the joining of two or more bones.

Types of Joints:o Fixedo Semimovableo Pivoto Ball-and-Socketo Hingeo Ellipsoidal

206 Total Bones = Lots of Joints

Fixed Joint

A fixed joint does not allow movement.

Semimovable Joints

A Semimovable joints allows for little movements.

Pivot Joint

A pivot joint is a joint in which one bone rotates around another bone.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A ball-and-socket joint allows for great movement in any direction.

Hinge Joint

A hinge joint allows for back and forth movement.

Ellipsoidal Joint

An ellipsoidal joint allows for all movement except for rotation.

Identifying Bones 206 Bones

Career Field How Much You Need to Know

Health Class The Basics

Identifying Bones – Skull (Front)

Identifying Bones - Shoulder

Identifying Bones -

Identifying Bones – Arms / Hands

Identifying Bones - Pelvis

Identifying Bones – Legs / Feet

The Human Body Systems

The Muscular System

The Muscular System All Movement of Body

o Running, Walking, Etc.o Breathingo Digesting Foodo Pumping Blood

Protect Joints

Protect Organs

Create Heat

What are muscles made of?

Muscle Fibers: bundles of long Paired Strains of Protein.

Parts of Muscle FiberActin (thin): Protein, Works with Myosin for Contraction.

Myosin (thick): Protein, Works with Actin for Contraction (Motor).

Parts of Muscle FiberSarcomere: the basic unit of a muscle fiber (Z Line to Z Line)

Parts of Muscle FiberM-Line: Middle of Sarcomeres, Anchors the Myosin

Z-Disc: Beginning & End of Sarcomeres, Anchor Actin

Parts of Muscle FiberA Band: the entire length of the myosin.

Parts of Muscle FiberI Band: the zone of actin that is not connected to myosin.

Parts of Muscle FiberH Zone: the zone of myosin that is not connected to actin. (located inside the A Band)

Muscle Fiber - Contraction

How does muscle grow?

Types of Muscle FibersSkeletal Muscle: striated (striped), move voluntarily.

Smooth Muscle: involuntary movements.

Cardiac Muscle: only found in the heart.

Types of Muscle Fibers

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth or Cardiac?How can you tell the difference?

VS

Smooth or Cardiac?They appear similar, but look for the intercalated disks.

Intercalated Disks: connects adjacent cardiac cells, allowing for

faster electric transfer.

Identifying The Muscles of The Body

Approximately 639 to 850 Muscles in Body

Debate

Basics

How are muscles named?o Sizeo Location on Bodyo Relation to Boneo Origin & Insertiono Direction of Fibers

Names started developing in the 1500’s by Greek and Roman Anatomists.

Many words contain Greek and Latin roots.

Identifying Muscles – Upper Body (Front)

Identifying Muscles – Upper Body (Back)

Identifying Muscles – Arms

Identifying Muscles – Arms

Identifying Muscles – Upper Leg (Front)

Many more muscles in the upper leg, but we will focus on the quads.

Identifying Muscles – Quads

Identifying Muscles – Upper Leg (Back)

Many more muscles in the upper leg, but we will focus on the Hamstrings.

Identifying Muscles – Hamstrings

Identifying Muscles – Hamstrings

Identifying Muscles – Biceps Femoris

Identifying Muscles – Semitendinosus

Identifying Muscles – Semimembranosus

Identifying Muscles – The Glutes

Four Total Partso Gluteus Maximuso Gluteus Minimuso Gluteus Mediuso Tensor Fasciae Latae

Identifying Muscles – Gluteus Maximus

Identifying Muscles – Gluteus Medius

Identifying Muscles – Gluteus Minimus

Identifying Muscles – Tensor Fasciae Latae

The Glutes (Three Main Parts)

Identifying Muscles – Lower Leg (Back)

Identifying Muscles – Lower Leg (Back)

Identifying Muscles – Lower Leg (Back)

Identifying Muscles – Lower Leg (Front)

Tibialis Anterior

Identifying Muscles – Lower Leg

The Human Body Systems

The Circulatory System

The Human Body Systems

The Respiratory System

The Human Body Systems

The Digestive System

The Human Body Systems

The Excretory System

The Human Body Systems

The Immune System

The Human Body Systems

The Endocrine System

The Human Body Systems

The Male Reproductive System

The Human Body Systems

The Female Reproductive System