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The History of American Police
Sir Robert Peel
1829 – Metropolitan PoliceHesitant approval . . .Concern over use of police as a
mechanism for political tyrannyShould we sacrifice or limit
INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY to improve the ability of the police to prevent or detect crime?
Influence of English Heritage
Limited Police AuthorityLocal ControlDecentralization
Pre-Political Era
Birth of the nation to 1870Diverse, uncoordinated attempts
to develop police to meet the unique needs of a community
e.g. Texas Rangers…cattle rustling
Sheriffs & Marshals…maintaining order in towns
Political EraMid-19th CenturyPolitical machines recruited cops to
encourage citizens to vote for the “right” candidates
Thugs were hired to intimidate, intrude, and to exert political influence
Lots of corruption, payoffs, organized crime, etc…
Reform…replacing “his” cops with “mine”
Professional Era
20th CenturyThree forces for change:
Organized move for professionalismModern communications technologyCivil rights movement
August Vollmer
Chief of Police, Berkley, 1905-1932Principles of police administrationHigher educationHiring college graduatesBetter training
Reform Agenda
Eliminate political influenceAppoint qualified chiefsNonpartisan public serviceRaise personnel standardsScientific management
(centralized command and control)Develop specialized units
Community Policing Era
1970’sWilson, Kelling, TrojanowiczDecentralizedGeneralist
Bayley’s Development of PolicePublic
Paid by & directed by communities
SpecializedDesigned to perform one
particular task (applying force)Professional
Explicit attention given to quality
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