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The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program
We are developing Fusion Energy with lasers, based primarily on direct drive targets and dry wall chambers
Spherical targetGas turbine
Dry wall (passive) chamber
Targetfactory
Modular LaserArray
Final optics
PreCap
We like this approach because it leads to an attractive power plant.
We are following an integrated “systems” approach….Coordinated, focused, multi-lab, programAddresses science and technology at the same time
We have established a three phase programMust meet specific goals before going to next phase
We have formulated a phased program to develop Fusion Energy
Phase I:Mission Oriented R&D 2001
Phase IIIntegrated Research Expts(IRE)start 2005
Phase IIIEngineering Test FacilityETFstart 2014, operating 2020
Engineering Test Facility (ETF) 2-3 MJ, 60 laser beam lines High gain target implosions Optimize chamber materials & components. Generate 300 MW electricity from fusion
Laser facility – full energy beam line hit injected targets Target facility inject IFE targets in chamber env R & D on other components Power Plant Design
Target Design Modeling Laser/Target Experiments
Develop Viable: Target designs, scalable laser tech, target fab/ injection, final optics, chamber concept
Establish: Target physics, Full scale Laser technology, Power Plant design
?
Lasers Electra KrF Mercury DPPSL
Other Comp target fabrication target injection final optics chamber
?
We arehere
NIF Implosions 1.5 MJ laser Demonstrate ignition & gain
Objectives: Develop science and technology needed for an ETF by 2014
•Assumes Phase I subscale DPSSL and/or KrF lasers are technical successes
•Assumes Phase I develops credible technologies for other components
Suggested Plan for Phase II
Laser
• Main line: Full scale power-plant size beam line • Laser/Target facility• Preserve alternate technology for potential long term
advantages, or merge into one approach
Target facility • Mass production of targets in batch mode• Inject IFE-Class targets into chamber environment
Other R & D
• Target Design/Experiments • Chamber designs/experiments Some on Laser Expt• Materials and optics research• Detailed power plant design
}
Phase II Laser IFE Program
~$150M/yrFY2005-2013
Propagation bayTurningArrays
Chamber
Targetinjector
Example --KrF Laser Facility
Driver Amp(Electra)
Front End
300 ft
MainAmplifier
(50-100 kJ) 100 ft
Snowmass
Expect “End product” is identification of “Next Step” for each Fusion Concept a) What is the Next Step for that concept?
b) What will it achieve?c) What goals must be met to start it?
Recognize that each Fusion Concept is on its own development path
Get community input (consensus?) on a-c above
For Laser IFE; next step is the Phase II of our plan
Snowmass
HAPL Program web site: http://aries.ucsd.edu/HAPL
•Brief description of program•Presentations at meetings:
NRL March 1999General Atomics September 1999
ARIES June 2000 NRL Feb 2000 NRL May 2001
Pleasanton (LLNL) Nov 2001
• Upcoming meeting Agendas and Logistics
• One pagers
• Research Plans (e.g. Chambers development plan)
NRL “Electra”Krypton Fluoride
(KrF) Laser
LLNL “Mercury”Diode Pumped Solid State (DPPSL) Laser
An Integrated Program for Fusion EnergyBased on lasers, direct drive targets, solid wall chambers
SphericaltargetGas turbine
Chamber
Targetfactory
Modular LaserArray
Final optics
Key components developed together--”systems approach”
Modular architecture Lowers development costs (Single beam line validates laser)
Allows multiple options for laser, chamber, optics, and targets
Significant progress recently made in all key areas; Lasers, target design, target fabrication/injection, power plant optics,
materials, chamber designs
Three-phase program:. I: “Proof of Principle” R & D ($25 M/yr; completed by 2006) II: Integrated research experiment with reactor laser module (2006- 2012) III: Power plant laser-fusion test facility (operational approximately 2020)
March 20, 2002
A coordinated, focussed, multi-lab effort to developthe science and technology for Laser Fusion Energy
Scientific Research AreasLaser science (excimer and solid state)Pulsed power, electron beam physics High power laser optics, diodes and crystalsLow density foam polymer chemistryMaterials at low temperaturesMaterials response to intense radiationMulti-dimensional chamber clearing codes
Defense Applications for HAPL S&TNext generation large scale lasers for NNSA (high energy, repetitively pulsed)Compact advanced pulsed power for DoD systemsSolid state laser technology for Directed EnergyTarget tracking and laser guidance systemsHigh damage-threshold laser optics
Participants:DoD/DoD Labs: Naval Research Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory,Oak Ridge National Lab, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Industry: General Atomics, Titan-Pulse Sciences Division, Schafer Corp, Science Applications International Corp, Northrop-Grumman, Coherence, Inc.Commonwealth Technology, Inc. University: UC San Diego, University of Wisconsin, UCLA, and University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics
The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program
March 30, 2002
Chambers
An integrated research program to develop fusion energy with lasers and direct drive targets. Over 15 institutions contribute to this program. A few of the highlights from the past year are summarized here.
Targets
Thin gold (Au) and/or palladium (Pd) coatings on spherical shells.
Established chemistry for low densityfoam shells
Target Injection
Begun fabrication of target injection and tracking system.
Krypton Fluoride Laser Diode Pumped Solid StateLaser (DPPSL)
Final Optics
Demonstrated concept for high laser damage threshold aluminum mirror.
General Atomics
Developing code to study chamber“clearing” between shots.
UC San Diego
UC San Diego
•Developed 160,000 Watt power laser diode arrays. •Demonstrated gas cooling of laser•Fabricated large, high quality crystals.•Half of the system complete
Mercury Laser (LLNL)
•First generation pulsed power system: 5 pulses per second for five hours, Makes 500,000 Volt electron beams. •Theoretical modeling guided mitigation of electron beam instability.•Demonstrated solid state laser triggered pulsed power switch.
Electra Laser (NRL)
“Operating window” for target injection, wall survival, and high efficiency.
Wisconsin
Target Coating
Schafer Corp
Aluminum coatingon cooled substrate
85°40 cmdia Laser
Pumps
Barrel PositionDetectors
Sabot Deflector
RevolverChamber
ExpansionTanks
General Atomics
Recent Advances in the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program
Technical progress is the key to our success
Last Meeting:
1. Aluminum mirror at grazing incidence
2. Au-Pd alloy has high DT permeation and high reflectivity
3. High Z coating significantly reduces laser imprint, hence mitigates instability growth (Nike Program).
This meeting…….
THURSDAY, APRIL 4, 2002
INTRODUCTION
8:00 - 8:30 Coffee, pastries, bagels, etc All
8:30 - 8:40 Welcome GA hosts
8:40 - 9:00 Introduction John Sethian (NRL)
LASERS (Session chairman TBD)
9:00 - 9:30 Mercury Diode Pumped Solid State Laser C. Bibeau (LLNL)
9:30 - 10:00 Electra KrF Laser J. Sethian (NRL)
10:00-10:15 LASER DISCUSSION
10:15-10:30 BREAK
TARGET DESIGN (Session chairman TBD)
10:30 –10:50 High Gain Target Designs (NRL) D. Colombant (NRL)with A. Schmitt (NRL)
11:50 –11:10 High Gain Target Designs, threat spectra (LLNL) M. Herrmann,J. Perkins (LLNL)
11:10 - 11:30 TARGET DESIGNS DISCUSSION All
TARGET FABRICATION & INJECTION-1 (Session chairman TBD)
11:30 - 11:45 Initial Production of Divinyl Benzene (DVB) shells J. Streit (Schafer)
11:45 –12:00 Surface Roughness of Hydrogen Ice C. Halvorsen(Schafer)
Agenda, Thursday April 4
12:00 - 1:00 LUNCH
TARGET FABRICATION & INJECTION (Session chairman TBD)
1:00 - 1:45 GA Target Fabrication Effort D. Goodin (GA)
1:45 - 2:05 LANL target fabrication effort A. Nobile, (LANL)W. Steckle (LANL)
2:05 – 2:35 Solid DT Studies J. Hoffer (LANL)
2:35 – 3:00 Status of Target Injector, In-Chamber Tracking, R. Petzoldt (GA)
3:00 – 3:30 TARGET FAB & INJECTION DISCUSSION
POSTER SESSION #1 : GA Cafeteria
3:30 – 4:30 Posters on the day’s topicsRefreshments served
All
FINAL OPTICS (Session chairman TBD)
4:30 – 5:00 Dust & LIDT threat modeling and planned expts M. Tillack (UCSD)
5:00 - 5:15 Transmissive Final optics for Laser IFE S. Payne (LLNL),J. Latkowski (LLNL)
5:15 – 5:30 OPTICS DISCUSSION
RECEPTION: Building 07, Room 215
5:30 - 7:30 Lots of stimulating discussions All
Agenda, Friday April 5
FRIDAY, APRIL 5, 2002
INTRODUCTION
8:00 - 8:30 Coffee, pastries, bagels, etc All
CHAMBERS-1 (Session chairman TBD)
8:30 – 8:45 Chambers Development Plan TBD
8:45 – 9:00 Ion Driven Fireballs: Calculations and Experiments G. Moses (Wisc)
9:00 - 9:15 Chamber Gas density requirements for ion stopping D. Haynes (Wisc)
9:15 - 9:45 LLNL Chambers Work J. Latkowski (LLNL)W. Meier (LLNL)
9:45-10:15 Chamber Dynamics Modeling R. Raffray (UCSD)Z. Dragojlovic
10:15-10:30 BREAK
10:30 –10:45 Chamber Experiments F Najmabadi (UCSD)
10:45 - 11:00 Ion irradiation issues for IFE chambers G. Lucas (UCSB)
11:00- 11:20 Graphite wall safety issues D. Petti (INEEL)
11:20-11:40 Tritium Retention in graphite and co-depositedcarbon soot
R. Causey (SNL)
11:40–12:00 CHAMBER DISCUSSIONS
12:00 – 1:00 LUNCH
MATERIALS-1 (Session chairman TBD)
1:00 - 1:45 Materials Studies on Z (x-rays) and RHEPP (ions) C. Olson (SNL)T. Tanaka (SNL)T. Renk (SNL)
1:45-2:00 Carbon fiber modeling R. Raffray (UCSD)
2:00-2:25 1.Fidelity of RHEPP and Z expts to study wall response2.Bucky Simulations of Z and RHEPP experiments
R. Peterson, Wisc
POSTER SESSION #2 : GA Cafeteria
2:25 – 3:00 Posters on the day’s topicsRefreshments served
All
MATERIALS-2 (Session chairman TBD)
3:00 - 3:15 Planned materials work, FY 2002 L. Snead (ORNL)
3:15 – 3:30 Fatigue thermomechanics N. Ghoniem (UCLA)
3:30 – 4:00 MATERIALS DISCUSSION
Poster SessionsDay Poster Presenter Affiliation Topic Poster Title
1 Gentile, Charles PPPL Lasers The Development of a HibachiWindow Employing NovelComponents
1 Hassanein, Ahmed ANL Targets HEIGHTS Modeling of DifferentStages of Target Filling with DT
1 Hegeler, Frank NRL/CTI Lasers Studies of Enhanced Edge Emission ofa Large Area Cathode (place next toMatt Myers
1 Kowbel, Witold MERCorp Optics SiC mirrors for IFE laser optics1 Kubota, Alison LLNL Optics Neutron irradiation damage in Fused
Silica Optics(Computer/Table)
1 Mau, Tak Kuen UCSD Optics Status of Modeling of Damage Effectson Final Optics Mirror Performance
1 Myers, Matt NRL Lasers Suppression of the Transit-TimeInstability in Large-Area Diodes
1 Reyes, Susana LLNL Targets Update on Laser-IFE Fast IgnitionActivities
1 Rickman, Bill GA Targets Cost Modeling of IFE Direct DriveTarget Fabrication
1 Schaffers, Kathleen LLNL Lasers Crystal Growth of Yb:S-FAP[Yb3+:Sr5(PO4)3F] for the MercuryLaser
2 Anderson, Mark UW Chambers Experimental Investigation ofImpulsive shock loading
2 Hassanein, Ahmed ANL Chambers Comprehensive Integrated Models forIFE Cavity Dynamics
2 Knowles, Tim ESLI, SanDiego
Chambers Carbon Velvet Chamber Wall
2 Kubota, Alison LLNL Chambers Molecular dynamics simulations ofRadiation Damage in Graphite.
2 Santarius, John UW Chambers A Consideration of the Two-StreamInstability in Debris Ion Stopping
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