THE GREAT WAR

THE GREAT

WAR

“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”

Bellwork #1 – ½ pg response• Should you always

support a friend no matter what he or she does? What is the risk of not supporting a friend?

• Read over the activity instruction sheet.

• Prepare for the press conference by generating a list of questions you would need to ask to write a descriptive sensational newspaper article. You should be able to generate a list of at least 5.

This War Shocked the

World• Destruction• Involved more

nations• Advanced

weapons• More deaths• Empires fell

• New nations created

• Some nations became powerful

• Other became weak

• Many civilians killed

1. The Alliance SystemTriple Entente: Triple Alliance:

• Study the map of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups.

• What problems might arise with all these groups being joined into one empire?

Balkan Crisis

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & Family

• Heir to the throne of Austria -Hungary Empire

• Nephew of current leader

• Wife – Sophia• Going to visit

Sarajevo– Arrive by train 10

am.– Speech at City

Hall– Observe Military

Drills– Lunch with Mayor

Sarajevo, Bosnia June 28, 1914 – It was a sunny, warm day

Lead Investigator Vlaw Andordervic

Street Corner in Sarajevo where the Archduke was Assassinated

7 Terrorist of the Black Hand

1. Mehmed Mehmedbasic – 27 yrs - escaped2. Vaso Cubrilovic – 17 yrs - captured3. Nedjelko Cabrinovi – 20 yrs - captured4. Cvijetko Popovic – 18 yrs - captured5. Danilo Ilic – 24 yrs - captured6. Trifka Grabez – 19 yrs - captured7. Gavrilo Princip - 19 yrs – captured

Funeral of Archduke

Trial of Gavrilo Principe

•Princip underage only sentenced to 20 yrs in prison

Temper of WarISN Work

• Go to the next clean section of your ISN and create the Unit 7-5 Title Page

• On the next right hand section cut and glue the guided notes sheet for WWI

• On the left hand side answer the question at the bottom of the Temper of War reading.

• After reading the article try to identify the M.A.I.N. of WWI. Identify each letter, what it means, and how it lead to war.

• M – Militarism = power of military (Arms Race

• A – Alliances = agreements among nations to help each other

• I – Imperialism = race for empires and increased competition

• N – Nationalism = extreme pride in your country – want to be most powerful

Bellwork• Judging by the photo what

do you think life in the trenches was like? What might have been some of the hardships of fighting out of trenches. Why would they be beneficial?

Bellwork• As the leader of Austria-Hungary

you have a major decision to make. The heir to your throne has been assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group. What do you do next? Do you blame the Serbian government and declare war? Do you try to find more members of the black hand? Or since you caught the assassin do you drop it and move on. Think about how this decision could affect all of Europe.

• M – Dangerous to let other country surpass u – protect yourself – everybody was doing it

• A – My friends & I are stronger than u & ur friends – bring countries into conflict that aren't involved

• I – Continued expansion leads to competition, rivalry then conflict

• N – mixed cultures leads to conflict – want to break away from empires and form their own country (Black Hand trying to unite Slavic ppl)

Immediate Cause of WWI• Balkan Crisis –

Ethnic Slavs want their own country

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Starts a chain reaction of events

How did the Alliance system lead to war?

Triple Entente

Triple Alliance

BritainRussiaFrance& Serbia

GermanyAustria-HungaryItaly

Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaRussia mobilises its army & declares war on Austria-HungaryGermany helps its ally, Austria-Hungary & declares war on RussiaFrance & Britain help their allies and declare war on Germany & Austria-Hungary ….

Bellwork #2 – Put these events in the order they happened1. France enters war on side of Russia2. Serbia refuses ultimatum3. Russia Mobilizes to protect Serbia4. Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for

Archdukes death – send ultimatum5. Austria Declares on Serbia6. Germany declares war on Russia7. Britain pledges to help neutral Belgium

and enter war on France’s side8. Germany invades neutral Belgium

1. A-H blames Serbia for assassination

2. Serbia refuses ultimatum3. AH declares war on Serbia4. Russia mobilizes to protect

Serbia5. Germany declares war on Russia6. France enters war on Russia side7. Germany invades neutral

Belgium8. Britain pledges to help neutral

Belgium enters war on France’s side

Chain Reaction of Events• A/H blames Serbia• Send ultimatum• Russia begins to

mobilize• Germany declares

war on Russia• France declares

war on Germany• Britain declares

war on Germany

Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Italy changed sides

Ottoman Empire replaces Italy

Hands On WWI Map QuestionsCopy & Answer on the left side of

ISN1. What was the Schlieffen Plan?2. What role did the taxi’s play in the

Battle of Marne?3. Summarize the following battles.4. Why was the British blockade bad for

Germany? How did they get around it?5. How did the European colonies around

the world help the war effort?6. What happened to Russia in 1917?7. How did America contribute to the allies

during the beginning of World War I?

Schlieffen Plan

• Alfred von Schliefeen

Germany - Schlieffen Plan• Did not want a 2 front war – Russia &

France• Attack France by going thru. Neutral

Belgium.• A quick victory and then fight Russia

(before they could mobilize)• Belgium had a secret treaty w/ Britain –

made it hard on Germany• Britain mobilized more quickly than

Germany thought they could

“Belgium is a country, not a road”• King Albert I of

Belgium denied permission

• August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France

• August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

Illusion - Over by Christmas• Most people thought the

war would be over by Christmas

• Schleiffen Plan worked well – Germany was 25 miles from Paris by Sept 3, 1914

• France got intelligence that led them to attack at the Marne River

• Russia then attacked and Germany had to splits its forces

• The stalemate began -

Battle of MarneSept 6-12 1914

• Fr & Br been retreating for 12 straight days

• Launched a counteroffensive

• Attacked German’s right flank spliting the forces

• Germany still pushed to France

Marne River

Aided by the Taxi Cabs• 600 Taxis

brought soldiers from Paris to the front

• 6,000 soldiers• Halted the

German advance• Germany began

to retreat

The Western Front

Funk Holes

John Nash, Over the Top (1918)

No Man’s Land• British poet Wilfred Owens, later killed in

action during the war, wrote in a couple of letters:– "No Man's Land is pocket marked like the

body of foulest disease and its odor is the breath of cancer...No Man's Land under snow is like the face of the moon, chaotic, crater-ridden, uninhabitable, awful, the abode of madness."

– "Hideous landscapes, vile noises....everything unnatural, broken, blastered; the distortion of the dead, whose unburiable bodies sit outside the dug-outs all day, all night, the most execrable sights on earth.“

– What do these quotes tell you about life in the trenches? How would this affected you, if you were a soldier?

Typical Soldier’s Trench Life

• 15% front line • 10% support line • 30% reserve line • 20% rest • 25% other (hospital,

travelling, leave, training courses, etc.)

Virtual TourLife in the TrenchesDug Out Virtual TourTrench Warfare Game

• Debut of Tanks, 1916–Crew of 4–30 ton weapons–3 mph–Two cannons

mounted on each side

–Hot, dusty, noisy, & filled with the stench of gas fumes

Australian soldiers walking on duck-boards

German Sniper

“Studying French in the Trenches." Cover, The Literary Digest, October 20, 1917.

Bellwork #4• Read “A New Kind of War” on pgs

785-786 in Journey Across Time stop at “America enters the War.”

1. List 3 things that made World War I a new kind of war?

2. What made World War I a “total war?”

3. What do you think is meant by the statement “the human cost of mechanization of war”?

Why was this a “Total War”?

• War affected everyone not just soldiers

• Gov’t decide what citizens could and could not buy

• Propaganda = Information designed to influence public thoughts and opinions

• Rationing = system of limiting the amount of food and supplies in use – WHY?

Little Willie

British Mark I – Big Willie

• What affect do you think tanks would have on trench warfare?

Zeppelins

Machine Guns

Christmas Truce

• Soldiers after their Christmas Turkey• Photo Courtesy of Imperial War Museum

Russia Drops Out – March 1917

• Russia lost millions of soldiers

• Short of food, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets

• Civil Unrest led to Czar Nicolas II step down

• Later Bolsheviks Revolution shook Russia – became Communist

• New Leader- Vladimir Lenin – signed peace treaty with Germany

U.S. Entry – “He Kept Us Out of War”

• Policy of Isolation (Neutrality) – Pres. Woodrow Wilson re-elected 1916 – “He kept us out of war”

• Did not back one side or another – gave war loans & trade with both sides

• Germany began Unrestricted Submarine Warfare to blockade Britain– Sink any ship without

warning in British waters– Would have a direct effect

on U.S.

American Conflict with Germany

Sinking of LusitaniaStep 1

• May 17, 1915• German U-boat

sank British passenger liner from NY to London.

• 128 Americans Killed

Germany Con’ts Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Step 2– Germany sink

French liner Sussex and Wilson demands they stop

– Signed Sussex Pledge – May 4th 1916

– Pledge to Attack only after warning and knowledge of contraband on board

Zimmerman Telegram

Step 3• Feb. 1917• British intercepted

a Germany telegram to Mexico

• Promised Mexico lost territory of Arizona, New Mexico, & Texas if Mexico became Germanys ally

Telegram Went Public• Americans called for war• Also fueled by stories of

Germany atrocities. • Telegram was the last

straw for U.S.• Declared war on Central

Powers – April 2, 1917• Germany believed U.S.

would not be ready in time to help Allies.– Their blockade would starve

Britain into defeat

Germany is back at itStep 4

• America started to support Britain– Felt more of a connection b/c of ancestry & language

shared• After pledging to stop - Germany began

unrestricted sub.• Sank six merchant American ships Feb/Mar

1917• Germany believed U.S. couldn’t mobilize fast

enough to help the allies

“Make World Safe for Democracy”• President Wilson said to Congress, “ The

world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of public liberty, We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion.”

Recruitment Posters

America arrives just in Time!!• With Russia gone

Germany moved all its forces to the Western Front

• Pushed through France again reaching the Marne River

• They were exhausted and out of supplies

• Allies launched a counterattack with the help of 140,000 fresh American

Marshall Foch led allies troops and place fresh Americans into the front lines at the 2nd Battle of the Marne

Collapse of the Central Powers• Bulgaria surrendered 1st –

Sept 18, 1918• Austria-Hungary (revolution)

2nd – Oct 24, 1918• Ottoman Empire surrendered

3rd – Oct 30, 1918• Whose Left?• Germany losing support at

home– Men and supplies were

exhausted– Strikes and demonstration t/o

Germany– Navy Mutinied– Kaiser flees Nov 9th, 1918 Signed armistice on train near

Paris

The War Comes to An

End• Fresh Americans (2 million to be exact) defeat Germans in the Battle of Argonne & 2nd Marne River

• German emperor forced to step down

• Armistice signed = Nov 11, 1918 @ 11am

• Official Radio from Paris - 6:01 A.M., Nov. 11, 1918. Marshal Foch to the Commander-in-Chief.– 1. Hostilities will be stopped on the entire

front beginning at 11 o'clock, November 11th (French hour).

– 2. The Allied troops will not go beyond the line reached at that hour on that date until further orders.

[signed]           MARSHAL FOCH5:45 A.M. 

Warm-Up Question 7-5.2

• After a fight/argument with a friend, how do you act towards that person? What usually happens afterwards?

President Wilson – wanted a “lasting peace” – Idea of the league of nations – (Peace Keeping Organizations) Russia dropped out and had no say

Other leaders wanted revenge & protection

U.S. – Woodrow WilsonFrance – George ClemenceauGreat Britain – David Lloyd GeorgeItaly – Vittorio Orlando

The Big Four

Woodrow Wilson USA

David Lloyd-George Great Britain

Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy

The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

Peace Negotiations – Jan. 1919Attended by 27 Nations

• Losing nations not allowed to take part• Arguments over how to treat losing

nations ensued – needed to reach a compromise

• President Wilson had a “lasting” peace plan – want winning nations to avoid punishing losing nations–Don’t take too much land–Don’t demand too much reparations

Main Points of the Treaty• B – Blame – Germany had to accept

all blame for the war• R – Reparations – Germany had to

pay 33 billion• A – Army – Reduce Germany military

strength - army limited to 100,000• T – Territory – Germany lost territory

& new nations formed

President Wilson 14 pt Plan1. Abolition of secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Free Trade 4. Disarmament 5. Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-

determination) 6. Russia to be assured independent development and international

withdrawal from occupied Russian territory 7. Restoration of Belgium to antebellum national status 8. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany 9. Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality 10.Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary as a nation, as the Austro-

Hungarian Empire dissolved 11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be granted

integrity, have their territories deoccupied, and Serbia to be given access to the Adriatic Sea

12.Sovereignty for the Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire as the Empire dissolved, autonomous development for other nationalities within the former Empire

13.Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea 14.General association of the nations – a multilateral international association

of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)

Wilson’s 14 Pt. Plan• End Secret Alliance• Reach Peace agreements openly• Limit military build up• Ensure the right to self rule to all

people/nations• Protect freedom of the seas• Eliminate economic barriers to trade• Free territories invaded, or occupied,

during war• Create a “general assembly of nations” to

settle conflicts peacefully

Other Nations Plan• War fought on European soil =

European leaders wanted to prevent future invasions– Create buffer b/w territories

• Make Central Powers pay for war– Especially Germany

• Wilson back off on some of demands but stay tough on Peace Keeping Organization

The Treaty of Versailles

June 1919

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What did France want from the treaty?

Security

Revenge

Reparations

Clemenceau : The Tiger

Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies.

David Lloyd-George

In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war.

In private he realised that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner.

He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.

What did Britain Want?

Woodrow Wilson

What did America Want?

Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points

He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful

Wilson wanted to set up an international organisation called The League of Nations which would settle disputes

The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

To do with Germany’s armed forces :

The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks.Germany was not allowed an airforce

The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised

The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years

The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships

100,000 De-militarised

The Military Clauses

Territorial Losses

Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies

Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium

North-Schleswig was given to Denmark

Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

The Rhineland was to be de-militarized

The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years

The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

Article 231

The War Guilt Clause

GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

REPARATIONS

Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

How did Germans React to the Treaty?

Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it.

The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would.

Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war

The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.

Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that

it was a major cause of the 2nd World War.Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty.

There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for

revenge for the humiliation of Versailles.However anger was also directed against the government in

Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by

politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace.

The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.

1. Rasputin was a wandering holy man & faith healer brought into to help Czar’s sick son, he began to get jobs for his friends in the gov’t and was murdered by the Duma

2. The didn’t end it they joined in3. The provisional government was the

temporary government and Maria gathered 2,000 women to go fight in the war

4. Murdered royal family, pulled Russia out of WWI, made Russia communist, Soviet Union, banned all political parties, siezed all farms and factories

1. Rigid government, unindustrialized, large gap b/w rich and poor

2. Troops & police opened fire on a peaceful protest killing 130 people. Czar Nicholas gave the people a Duma (elected representatives)

3. “Do you think it could have been avoided” He was out of touch with how bad things are and did not do enough to fix his country

4. The were imprisoned and later murder by the Bolsheviks

5. Opinion

Europe after World War I

1.Label all countries2.Color all new countries

(color of your choice – make a key)

3.Complete 1-7 (be careful, it can be tricky)

Bellwork #7• Complete the 3 boxes on the

bottom of your Treaty of Versailles notes from last class using your red workbook

• The pages are listed by each question.

• Make you put a copy of your photostory on the shared drive.

o o oo

o ???

Annexed by other countries

Run by League of Nations

Weimar, Germany

Middle EastBorder were

redrawn.• Ottoman

Empire broke up – Turkey formed

• Ibn Saud united Arabs into Saudi Arabia

• British control Iraq, Trans Jordan,

• French controlled Lebanon & Syria

Mandates• Many areas of

Middle East became mandates

• League of Nations governed territory but allowed member territory to run it

• Fueled nationalism among Arabs

• Arabs especially resented British control of Palestine

Balfour Declaration

• Britain had control of Palestine

• Promised Jews a homeland in Palestine

• Problem = angered Arabs who lived in Palestine – Conflicts continues to this day b/w the two

The League of Nations• Purpose = Aid Nations in settling disputes

peacefully

Failure of the League of NationsReasons

1.U.S. never joined the league

2.Lacked true leader – hard to make decisions

3.Didn’t have power to enforce its rules

Bitter Legacy• U.S.

– Became a very powerful nations– Citizens became fearful of foreigners

(xenophobia)• Slavs

– Still didn’t get their own nation• Defeated Nations

– Weak economies– Angered by Treaty of Versailles– People were open to leaders who appealed

to their emotion rather than reason – leading harsh dictators