World War IWorld War IThe Great WarThe Great War

StartsStarts: August, 1914: August, 1914EndsEnds: November, 1918: November, 1918

25 million people lost 25 million people lost their livestheir lives

WWI quotes...WWI quotes...

““The war to end all wars”The war to end all wars”- Woodrow Wilson- Woodrow Wilson

–““The war fought to make the The war fought to make the world safe for democracy”world safe for democracy”-- Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Important dates for Important dates for WW I.WW I.

June, 1914June, 1914 --The Archduke Franz The Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinatedFerdinand is assassinated

August, 1914August, 1914 - World War I starts - World War I startsMarch, 1917- March, 1917- Russian RevolutionRussian RevolutionApril, 1917April, 1917 - - U.S. enters the warU.S. enters the warNov, 1918Nov, 1918 - The armistice - The armistice

(Cease-fire)(Cease-fire)

Essential Questions:Essential Questions: 1. What were the causes of WWI?1. What were the causes of WWI? 2. How did the US respond?2. How did the US respond? 3. Why did the US eventually declare 3. Why did the US eventually declare

war?war? 4. How did the US mobilize for the war?4. How did the US mobilize for the war? 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post

war world? Which ideas were included in war world? Which ideas were included in the Treaty of Versailles?the Treaty of Versailles?

6. What effects did US involvement have 6. What effects did US involvement have at home?at home?

7.What repressive actions by the gov. 7.What repressive actions by the gov. were taken during the war?were taken during the war?

The The M.A.I.N.M.A.I.N. causes of causes of WWIWWI......

MMilitarism…Weaponsilitarism…Weapons

AAlliances…Secretlliances…Secret

IImperialism…Economicmperialism…EconomicNNationalism…Prideationalism…Pride

June, 1914 -June, 1914 - “The torch that set “The torch that set the world afire with war”...the world afire with war”...

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand heir to heir to the Austro-the Austro-Hungarian Hungarian Empire is Empire is assassinated in assassinated in Sarajevo, BosniaSarajevo, Bosnia

The assassin…The assassin…

Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo PrincipA Serbian A Serbian

nationalist nationalist trained in Serbiatrained in Serbia

The “Black The “Black Hand”…Hand”…

The assassinationThe assassination

Princip is capturedPrincip is captured

The funeral of Archduke Franz The funeral of Archduke Franz & Sofia Ferdinand& Sofia Ferdinand

The chain of eventsThe chain of events……AFF assassinated in BosniaAFF assassinated in BosniaAH blames SerbiaAH blames SerbiaAH makes harsh demands of AH makes harsh demands of

SerbiaSerbiaAH asks Germany for AH asks Germany for

supportsupportcontinued >>>continued >>>

The chain of events...The chain of events...

Germany responds with Germany responds with the the “blank check”“blank check” … …

Russia is allied with SerbiaRussia is allied with Serbia and mobilizesand mobilizes

Fearing a two front war Fearing a two front war Germany launches a planGermany launches a plan

The Von Schlieffen PlanThe Von Schlieffen PlanGermany’s plan was to Germany’s plan was to hold the line against hold the line against Russia (Dec. of War)Russia (Dec. of War)

Germany was then to Germany was then to attack Franceattack France

Germany marches through Germany marches through Belgium which brings Belgium which brings Great Britain into the warGreat Britain into the war

Central Powers v. Central Powers v. Allied Powers Allied Powers

Austro-Austro-Hungarian Hungarian EmpireEmpire

GermanyGermanyOttoman Ottoman

EmpireEmpire

RussiaRussiaSerbiaSerbiaBelgiumBelgiumFranceFranceGreat BritainGreat BritainItalyItalyJapanJapanUnited StatesUnited States

America’s responseAmerica’s response……

President Wilson’s message…President Wilson’s message…Preparedness Movement-Preparedness Movement- US should US should

be ready for anything (Civilian be ready for anything (Civilian Training)Training)

Factors encouraging American Factors encouraging American sympathy for the Allies – sympathy for the Allies – Trade, Trade, Money in Loans, and Cultural TiesMoney in Loans, and Cultural TiesEx. Great BritainEx. Great Britain

Why did some Americans support Why did some Americans support Germany?…Germany?…

America’s response…America’s response… The factors encouraging The factors encouraging

contempt for Germany…contempt for Germany…

–Allied PropagandaAllied Propaganda

–Cutting of the Trans- Atlantic Cutting of the Trans- Atlantic Cable by Great BritainCable by Great Britain

–They were an Autocracy under They were an Autocracy under Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Violation of Violation of “freedom of the seas”“freedom of the seas”

Germany’s violation of Germany’s violation of “freedom of the seas” “freedom of the seas”

U-Boat blockade of GBU-Boat blockade of GB Great Britain’s violation of Great Britain’s violation of

“freedom of seas”“freedom of seas”GB blockade of GermanyGB blockade of Germany

HMS DreadnoughtHMS Dreadnought

““Unrestricted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”...Submarine Warfare”...

• The sinking of the Lusitania The sinking of the Lusitania May, 1915…May, 1915…

• The Uncivilized U-BoatsThe Uncivilized U-Boats

Wilson’s diplomatic Wilson’s diplomatic response…Harsh Wordsresponse…Harsh Words

Burying the dead from the Burying the dead from the LusitaniaLusitania

The election of 1916The election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson (D) vs Woodrow Wilson (D) vs

Charles Evan Hughes (R)Charles Evan Hughes (R)Wilson has pushed for US Wilson has pushed for US

neutrality, but were we neutral?neutrality, but were we neutral?

“ “He kept us out of war”He kept us out of war”Wilson Wins!Wilson Wins!

Reasons for American Reasons for American entry into WW Ientry into WW I … …

Germany Resumes Germany Resumes Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine Warfare...Warfare...

The Zimmerman NoteThe Zimmerman Note (March,1917) German Letter to (March,1917) German Letter to MexicoMexico

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution (1917)(1917)

The Russian government The Russian government under Tsar Nicholas…under Tsar Nicholas…

Bolshevik Revolution (March, Bolshevik Revolution (March, 1917)... Reds1917)... Reds

Alexander Kerensky...WhitesAlexander Kerensky...WhitesLenin, Stalin and Trotsky Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky

(Nov, 1917)...(Nov, 1917)...

President Wilson delivers his War President Wilson delivers his War Message to Congress April 2, 1917Message to Congress April 2, 1917

The U.S. Declares WarThe U.S. Declares WarApril 6, 1917April 6, 1917

President Wilson requests a President Wilson requests a declaration of wardeclaration of war–Senate approves 82 - 6 to Senate approves 82 - 6 to

declare wardeclare war–The House votes 373 - 50 to The House votes 373 - 50 to

declare wardeclare war

Raising the ManpowerRaising the Manpower““Woefully unprepared”… Woefully unprepared”… The Selective Service Act- DraftThe Selective Service Act- DraftAmerican Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force

(AEF)(AEF) “ “Doughboys”- US Troops Doughboys”- US Troops

nicknamenickname General John Pershing led the General John Pershing led the

AEFAEF

WWI: WWI: African AmericansAfrican Americans

Many were forced to work Many were forced to work behind the lines jobsbehind the lines jobs

The 369The 369thth Harlem Hellfighters Harlem Hellfighters fought with the Frenchfought with the French

US Troops were segregated US Troops were segregated black and whiteblack and white

A.E.F. – “Doughboys”A.E.F. – “Doughboys”

The Convoy SystemThe Convoy System

General “Blackjack” PershingGeneral “Blackjack” Pershing

Alvin YorkAlvin York Conscientious Conscientious

ObjectorObjectorMeuse-Meuse-

ArgonneArgonneKilled 25 Killed 25

GermansGermansWith help With help

captured 32 captured 32 moremore

Fighting on the western front Fighting on the western front 1914 to 1917...1914 to 1917...

““the most gigantic, the most gigantic, tenacious, grim, tenacious, grim, futile and bloody futile and bloody fight ever waged in fight ever waged in the history of war.”…the history of war.”… David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George

The Western Front The Western Front FranceFrance

Trench- WarfareTrench- WarfareNo man’s landNo man’s landStalemateStalemateNew and more New and more powerful weaponspowerful weapons

In the trenches…In the trenches…

Manfred Von RichtohofenManfred Von Richtohofen“The Red Baron”“The Red Baron”

American Ace –Eddie American Ace –Eddie RickenbackerRickenbacker

Flame ThrowerFlame Thrower

WW I TankWW I Tank

Significant battles… Significant battles… US InvolvementUS Involvement

Chateau ThierryChateau ThierryBelleau WoodBelleau WoodMueuse-ArgonneMueuse-ArgonneVerdunVerdun

Fighting the war on the Fighting the war on the eastern front (Russia)eastern front (Russia)

What were the results of What were the results of fighting on the eastern front fighting on the eastern front between 1914 and 1917?…between 1914 and 1917?…

Russia exits under Lenin Russia exits under Lenin when the USSR is establishedwhen the USSR is established

Dead & Wounded Dead & Wounded StatsStats

Allied Powers: Mobilization, Allied Powers: Mobilization, Dead, Wounded & CasualtiesDead, Wounded & Casualties

CountryCountry DeadDead Tot. Casual./ % ofTot. Casual./ % of

MobilizedMobilized WoundedWounded

RussiaRussia 12m 1.7m 5.0m 9.2m/ 76% 12m 1.7m 5.0m 9.2m/ 76%

FranceFrance 8.4m 1.4m 4.3m 6.2m/ 73% 8.4m 1.4m 4.3m 6.2m/ 73%

BritainBritain 8.9m 900k 2.1m 3.2m/ 36% 8.9m 900k 2.1m 3.2m/ 36%

ItalyItaly 5.6m 650k 947k 2.2m/ 39% 5.6m 650k 947k 2.2m/ 39%

USAUSA 4.4m 126k 234k 350k/ 8% 4.4m 126k 234k 350k/ 8%

Central Powers Mobilization, Central Powers Mobilization, Dead, Wounded & CasualtiesDead, Wounded & Casualties

CountryCountry DeadDead Tot. Casual./ % Tot. Casual./ %

MobilizedMobilized WoundedWounded

Germany Germany 12M 1.7m 4.2m12M 1.7m 4.2m

Aust-HAust-H 7.8m 1.2m 3.6m 7m/ 90% 7.8m 1.2m 3.6m 7m/ 90%

TurkeyTurkey 2.8m 325k 400k 1m/ 34% 2.8m 325k 400k 1m/ 34%

BulgariaBulgaria 1.2m 87.5k 152k 267k/ 1.2m 87.5k 152k 267k/ 22%22%

WWI – The US Home WWI – The US Home front 1917-1918front 1917-1918

Mobilizing hearts and Mobilizing hearts and minds with propaganda…minds with propaganda…

George CreelGeorge Creel head of the CPI head of the CPI

Committee for Public Information Committee for Public Information (CPI)…(CPI)…US Gov. PropagandaUS Gov. Propaganda

Various “Creel Committee” Various “Creel Committee” techniques…techniques…

Anti –German hysteria…Anti –German hysteria…No German in schoolsNo German in schoolsIncreased alien hostilityIncreased alien hostilityGerman books & music are German books & music are

bannedbannedName changes…Name changes…

–Sauerkraut…Sauerkraut…

–Dauschund…Dauschund…

–Hamburger…Hamburger…

–Frankfurter…Frankfurter…

WW I:WW I:Raising the MoneyRaising the Money

WWI will cost $35 billionWWI will cost $35 billionMoney was raised two Money was raised two ways:1.)Increase in ways:1.)Increase in Taxes and…Taxes and…

2.)WW I Liberty Bond2.)WW I Liberty Bond

Liberty Bond poster..Liberty Bond poster..

Support for Liberty BondsSupport for Liberty BondsSec. of the Treasury William Sec. of the Treasury William

McAdooMcAdoo raised millions selling raised millions selling Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

Liberty Bond Booths were set up Liberty Bond Booths were set up by the Boy/Girl Scoutsby the Boy/Girl Scouts

““Four Minute Men” Gave Four Minute Men” Gave presentations in theaters to sell presentations in theaters to sell bondsbonds

Hollywood stars helped outHollywood stars helped out– EX. D. Fairbanks, C. ChaplinEX. D. Fairbanks, C. Chaplin

Suppressing dissent…Suppressing dissent…Espionage Act 1917-Espionage Act 1917- No aiding No aiding

the enemy ($10,000) 20yrsthe enemy ($10,000) 20yrsSedition Act 1918Sedition Act 1918 – No Anti-US – No Anti-US

Language ($10,000) 20yrs.Language ($10,000) 20yrs.Government actions designed to Government actions designed to

suppress dissent…suppress dissent…Eugene Debs jailed (1,500)Eugene Debs jailed (1,500)Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. – – Free Speech Free Speech

can be limited if it posed a “clear can be limited if it posed a “clear and present danger” to the USand present danger” to the US

Essential Essential Questions IIQuestions II

How did American labor How did American labor mobilizes for World War I?mobilizes for World War I?

What were the consequences of What were the consequences of WW I for WW I for laborlabor, , womenwomen and and African Americans?African Americans?

What was the US’s Economic and What was the US’s Economic and military role?military role?

WW I: MobilizationWW I: Mobilization ““unprecedented control of unprecedented control of

civilian life and the economy”civilian life and the economy” National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board – –

(NWLB) - Improved Wages and (NWLB) - Improved Wages and HoursHours

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board –WIB, –WIB, Headed by Bernard M. Baruch Headed by Bernard M. Baruch – Conversion and Raw – Conversion and Raw MaterialsMaterials

WW I: WW I: Organized LaborOrganized Labor

*The *The AFLAFL boomed and boomed and increased membershipincreased membership

*The *The International Workers of International Workers of the World (IWW)the World (IWW) was a target was a target

WW I: WW I: The Women’s Movement…The Women’s Movement…

National American Women National American Women Suffrage Association Suffrage Association (NAWSA(NAWSA) ) Carrie Chapman Carrie Chapman CattCatt

National Women’s Party –National Women’s Party –Alice PaulAlice Paul

WW I: WW I: American SocietyAmerican Society

The economy…Gov. and The economy…Gov. and Business in partnershipBusiness in partnership

Demographics…Great MigrationDemographics…Great Migration of Blacks from South to the of Blacks from South to the Northern US (Race Riots 1917-19)Northern US (Race Riots 1917-19)

Social behavior…Moral ChangesSocial behavior…Moral ChangesMoral reforms…Prohibition (18Moral reforms…Prohibition (18thth))Civilian life changes.. War effortCivilian life changes.. War effort

The The Food Food AdministrationAdministration ran by ran by

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover

Increasing and Increasing and conserving conserving American American agriculture agriculture output…output…

Government AgenciesGovernment AgenciesFuel Administration-Fuel Administration- Regulated fuel supplies Regulated fuel supplies gas, and heating oilgas, and heating oil

RR Administration-RR Administration- Regulated the RR Regulated the RR system during the warsystem during the war

Influenza EpidemicInfluenza EpidemicFall of 1918, ¼ of the US Fall of 1918, ¼ of the US Population was effectedPopulation was effected

Offices, Factories, Mines Offices, Factories, Mines were shut downwere shut down

Many AEF troops and Many AEF troops and Germans diedGermans died

30 million people died 30 million people died worldwideworldwide

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 PointsHow did Wilson’s attempt to How did Wilson’s attempt to

forge a peace based on the forge a peace based on the Fourteen Points?Fourteen Points?

Freedom of the seas, Self-Freedom of the seas, Self-Determination, A League of Determination, A League of Nations, Free Trade, Low Nations, Free Trade, Low Tariffs, No Secret AlliancesTariffs, No Secret Alliances

Wilson’s forced compromiseWilson’s forced compromise

Making peace…Making peace…

Three phases…Three phases…The armistice…11/11/18The armistice…11/11/18The Paris Peace Conference…The Paris Peace Conference…The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles……

Wilson’s political mistake prior to Wilson’s political mistake prior to the Paris Peace Conference…the Paris Peace Conference…

The Hall of MirrorsThe Hall of Mirrors

The Hall of MirrorsThe Hall of Mirrors

The Big FourThe Big Four

The Big Four…The Big Four…Great Britain- David Lloyd Great Britain- David Lloyd

GeorgeGeorge

France- Georges France- Georges ClemenceauClemenceau

Italy – Vittorio OrlandoItaly – Vittorio Orlando

United States -WilsonUnited States -Wilson

Great Britain:Great Britain:David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George

France: France: George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau

Italy: Vittorio OrlandoItaly: Vittorio Orlando

The United States:The United States:President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson

Wilson arrives…Wilson arrives…

Wilson’s concerns at the Paris Wilson’s concerns at the Paris Peace Conference…Peace Conference…

• Imperialism v. Imperialism v. self determination self determination……

The Germans feel betrayed: The Germans feel betrayed: Loss of Colonies, Land, Armed Loss of Colonies, Land, Armed Forces, and $33 billion in Forces, and $33 billion in ReparationsReparations

Punishment not PeacePunishment not Peace

The positive accomplishments The positive accomplishments of the Treaty of Versailles…Alliesof the Treaty of Versailles…Allies

Essential Ques. IIIEssential Ques. IIIWhat were the reasons for What were the reasons for

Senator Lodge and others Senator Lodge and others objecting to the League of objecting to the League of Nations? Nations?

How Wilson’s refusal to How Wilson’s refusal to compromise doomed the compromise doomed the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles??

Opposition to the TreatyOpposition to the TreatyIsolationist Senators Isolationist Senators refused to accept the refused to accept the Treaty in any form “The Treaty in any form “The Irreconcilables”Irreconcilables”

Senator Henry Cabot Senator Henry Cabot Lodge rejected the Lodge rejected the Treaty for Article X or Treaty for Article X or The League of NationsThe League of Nations

Senator Henry Cabot LodgeSenator Henry Cabot Lodge

Wilson’s DemiseWilson’s DemiseWilson refuses to compromise on Wilson refuses to compromise on

the Treaty and the League of the Treaty and the League of Nations issue (Article X)Nations issue (Article X)

He travels the nation looking for He travels the nation looking for supportsupport

Suffers a stroke and becomes Suffers a stroke and becomes bitterbitter

Edith Wilson takes overEdith Wilson takes overThe US never ratifies the TreatyThe US never ratifies the Treaty