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The Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array: Status & Plans
Mike McPhadenOCO Review3-5 Sept 2008
RAMA
PIRATA
TAO/TRITON
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array:A coordinated, sustained, multi-national effort to develop and implement moored buoy observing systems for climate research and forecasting throughout the global tropics
A contribution to GOOS, GCOS, and GEOSS
Indian OceanRAMA
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are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.DJF
JJA
The MonsoonThe Monsoon
Half the world’s population depends on monsoon rainfall for agriculture
ITCZ
Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers Seasonal monsoons
Cyclones and synoptic scale events
Intraseasonal Madden Julian Oscillation ( ENSO, west coast US weather, hurricanes)
Interannual variations: the Indian Ocean Dipole
Decadal variability
Warming trends since the 1970s
Complex ocean circulation
Poorly understood biogeochemistryIndian Ocean Dipole
Plan developed by the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel in 2004 as part of IndOOS
Basin scale, upper ocean (~500 m) focus.
Design supported by numerical model observing system simulation studies.
RAMA
McPhaden et al, 2008: RAMA. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., accepted.
RAMA: Present Status
47% of sites occupied by end of 2008 (22 of 46; 15 involve PMEL)
Resource Formula:
Partners provide ship time(~150-200 days)
NOAA provides most equipment
2006 Indian Ocean Dipole
Neutral=±0.5°C
Comparison of Oct-Nov 2004 (Normal) & Oct-Nov 2006 (Dipole)
Normal Dipole
Subsurface Temperature leads SST:A Source of Indian Ocean Dipole Predictability?
Horii et al, 2008, GRL
Thermocline temperature anomalies mediated by wind forced upwelling Kelvin waves.
Dynamics of Wyrtki JetsDynamics of Wyrtki Jets
€
ut = −pxρ + τ0x( )−τ−Hx( )
ρ + R
Overbar: depth integral from surface to H=175 m
~0
Use RAMA, Argo, QuikSCAT data to assess linear dynamical balance at 0°, 80.5°E (f=0):
Nagura & McPhaden, 2008, GRL
Oct 2004 Sept 2006
Zonal velocity
Zonal transport
Cyclone NargisCyclone Nargis
Qscat Wind 28 Apr 2008
TMI/AMSR SST 2 May 2008
15°N, 90°E
Spot Hourly Data (~ 8 per day)
International Cooperation
• USA (NOAA) and Indonesia (DKP and BPPT) sign MOU in 2007
• China (SOA) and Indonesia (DKP) sign MOU in 2007
• USA (NOAA) and Japan (JAMSTEC) sign MOU in 2008
• USA (NOAA) and India (MoES) sign MOU in 2008
• U. Paris and U. Capetown are committing ship time to expand RAMA into SW Indian Ocean/MOU’s under discussion
Tsunami/RAMA cruise RV Baruna Jaya III
Sept 2007
RAMA Field Work 2008
7 cruises, 6 ships, 5 countries ~100 sea days
In 2009: 130 sea days available (73 from India), enough to add
9 more ATLAS moorings31 or 46 sites (67% complete)
Atlantic OceanPIRATA
PIRATA
Courtesy, P. Chang
Partners
Brazil (INPE & DHN) & France (IRD & Meteo-France) provide logistic support & most ship time: ~300 sea days during 2004-08
USA (NOAA) provides most mooring equipment & data processing
Focus: Tropical Atlantic Climate Focus: Tropical Atlantic Climate Variability--Variability--1)1) Atlantic meridional modeAtlantic meridional mode2)2) Atlantic warm eventsAtlantic warm events3)3) Climatic conditions in Climatic conditions in
“hurricane alley”“hurricane alley”
NE Extension begins 2006-7
SW Extension begins 2005
SE Extension begins 2006
Status in 2008Status in 2008Status in 2004Status in 2004
CLIVAR/GOOS Review of PIRATA, 2006: “..the main backbone of the Tropical Atlantic Observing System”
Pilot ResearchMoored Array in the
Tropical Atlantic
PIRATA Introduced October 1998
Pilot ResearchMoored Array in the
Tropical Atlantic
PIRATA Introduced October 1998
Prediction and Research Moored Array in the
Tropical Atlantic
PIRATA Redefined August 2008
Pacific OceanTAO/TRITON
TAO/TRITON Array & the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Cycle
Implemented 1985-94 as part of TOGA
Presently a U.S./Japan collaboration
Transition to operations at NDBC underway
Current ConditionsCurrent Conditions
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/
Status--
FY 05: NDBC assumes responsibility for TAO management
FY 06: TAO DAC transferred to NDBC
FY 07: TAO field operations transferred to NDBC
FY 07-08 Initial tests of NDBC prototype ATLAS refresh mooring system (COTS)
FY 09: If prototypes work, parallel testing next FY 09: If prototypes work, parallel testing next to legacy ATLAS in Pacific for 1 yrto legacy ATLAS in Pacific for 1 yr
FY 10: Evaluation and verification of refresh FY 10: Evaluation and verification of refresh ATLAS system performanceATLAS system performance
FY 11-12: capitalization and replacement of all FY 11-12: capitalization and replacement of all 55 legacy ATLAS with refreshed ATLAS55 legacy ATLAS with refreshed ATLAS
TAO TransitionThe Plan: 3-year transition starting in FY 05 and
ending in FY 07CONCLUSION: TAO Transition will take at least 8 years to complete, not 3.
QUESTIONS:
1) What went wrong with the original plan?
2) Will the transition be successful?
3) Is TAO transition a good model for future transitions?
4) Should the climate community be concerned?
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