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The Canadian ForcesThe Canadian Forcesand and
Peace Support OperationsPeace Support Operations
Colonel Paul Morneault on behalf of Colonel Paul Morneault on behalf of Col Mike HanrahanCol Mike Hanrahan Director of Peacekeeping PolicyDirector of Peacekeeping PolicyDepartment of National DefenceDepartment of National Defence
March, 2007
Legacy of the 1990’s
• Somalia, Rwanda, and Srebrenica (Bosnia)
• Brahimi Panel ReportNeed for robust, cohesive unitsEnhanced UNNY thru Situation
Centre, Mission Planning and Force Generation Services, Best Practices Unit
Greater roles of civilian experts and gender considerations
Strategic Deployment Stocks and pre-commitment authority
Armed Non-State Actors
Fragile States
Transnational actors
Global ThreatsGlobal ThreatsGlobal ThreatsGlobal Threats
Information Security
Peace Support Operations
A Growth Industry• More missions and more intra-state conflict
– 1991 to 1996: 24 new PSO missions established
– Preceding 43 years total: 18 missions
– 2006: 19 UN + 18 non-UN Military & Observer missions
• UN Peacekeepers: – 12,500 in 1995; - 77,000 in 2006
• All peacekeepers UN, other (excl Iraq):– 120,000
• 110 UN troop/police contributors today– Top 10 TCCs provide 78% of UN requirements
Peace Operations = Complexity
• Mandates with over 90 tasks
• Diversity in skills required to do human rights, DDR, rule of law, etc.
• Mission “integration”
• Expensive due to size of missions
• More troop contributors demand standards
• National caveats decrease effectiveness
New Peacekeeping Partners
• NATO (Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan)• OSCE (Balkans, Caucasus)• EU (Bosnia, DRC Ituri and elections)• ECOWAS (Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire)• AU (Burundi, Darfur)• Coalitions of the Willing:
– Australian (INTERFET)– UK (Sierra Leone)– France (Cote d’Ivoire)– US (Liberia, Haiti)
Foreign Policy Context
• Multilateral rather than unilateral• Peacekeeping is fundamental to the principle of collective security• “All of government”
Range of Tools
• Development aid• Confidence building measures• Good governance, assistance• Control / Reform of the security forces• Preventive diplomacy• Sanctions, Control of weapons flows,
Embargoes• Police contributions• Military personnel, equipment, training
Defence PolicyDefence Policy
• The Canadian Defence Policy Key Tenets:
• World is highly unstable and unpredictable
• Canadian Forces mandate: (a) protect Canadians; (b) defend North America with US; and (c) contribute to international peace and security
• Maintenance of multi-purpose, combat- capable maritime, land and air forces
• Terrorism, “fragile/failing” states key challenges• All of government interaction• Increasing military professionalism world-wide
CF DEPLOYED STRENGTH
SOUTH AMERICA0 PERS
CARIBBEAN4 PERS
NORTH AMERICA4 PERS
EUROPE321 PERS
ASIA2009 PERS
MIDDLE EAST546 PERS
AFRICA64 PERS
TOTAL: 2948
Effective 20 Nov 06
OUTCAN - 1269
Pers depl with our allies - 15
Determinants
CF Campaign Plan
ANDS
Canada Strategy
RC (S) Campaign Plan
NATO OPLANs
Whole-of-Gov’t
Assessment
Evaluation
Measures of Effectiveness
Campaign Assessment Framework
Afghanistan Compact
Progress Reporting
Campaign Adjustment
Strategic Lines of Operations3D Approach – One Equal Team
• To strengthen and enhance the architecture of governance, in cooperation with Canadian governmental departments as well as international organizations.
• To facilitate the delivery of programs and projects in support of the economic recovery and rehabilitation of Afghanistan. Focusing on supporting Canadian governmental organizations, and NGOs whose efforts meet our national objectives.
• To conduct full spectrum operations in support of Afghan National Security Forces in order to create an environment which is secure and conducive to the improvement of Afghan life.
GOVERNANCE
DEVELOPMENT
SECURITY
Canadian Forces Campaign Plan
CDS INTENT
The CF commitment to Afghanistan is all about helping Afghans: help them move towards self-sufficiency in security, stabilize their country, develop their government and build a better future for their children. Our commitment, as part of a wider Government of Canada and International Community commitments, will aim to achieve effects at three levels: at the national level, by providing mentoring and advisory capabilities; at the regional level, by taking the lead of the multinational brigade; and provincially in Kandahar, by providing a robust battle group and a capable Provincial Reconstruction Team.
TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN
INDIAINDIAINDIAINDIA
IRANIRANIRANIRAN
TURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTAN
JALALABADHERAT
PAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTAN
ISLAMABAD
BAGRAM AFLD
MAZAR-E SHARIF
KHOWSTAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN
KABUL
KANDAHAR
Strategic Advisory Team
CA Afghan National Training Centre (ANTC)
ISAF & CSTC-A Staff Officers
NSE Det (Kabul)
Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTF-AFG)
1 RCR BG
Provincial Reconstruction Team
Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team
Theatre Support Element (TSE)
The Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)
• A civil-military organisation, task organised to the province.
• The Canadian PRT will conduct interdepartmental operations to assist the Government of Afghanistan in extending its authority in order to facilitate the development of a stable, secure environment in the province of Kandahar.
• Personnel from MoD, MFA & Development, Police, Corrections (soon) agencies
Afghanistan Today• Current Perspective
– Whole of Government Approach (3D)– Coalition Operations with Canada in the Lead– All about support to GoA and the Afghan People
• Challenges in Afghanistan– Classic Counter-Insurgency Op
• Insurgents adapt• Takes time• Can’t do it alone
– Partnering
• Canadian Forces– Best Equipped in Afghanistan– Well Trained– Well Led
TrendsMechanism Government Security
United Nations -Legitimacy
-Cost sharing
-Reimbursement
-Lack of robustness
-Slow deployment
Alliances -Multinational but restricted charters
-Long-term commitment
-Cost-sharing, high over time
-Rapid Response
-Interoperability
-Crisis planning
-Trusted partners
Coalitions -Immediate response
-Short duration
-Modest total cost
-Ad hoc
-Strong lead nation
-Trusted partners
-Not sustainable over time
Capacity
Building
-Total control over activity
-Controllable cost over time
-Small investment of specialists
Conclusions• New security environment = More complex
PSOs
• Militaries & peace operations also changing
• All of Government/Integrated approaches required for success
• Full range of mechanisms necessary: choose the right mechanism for the specific task
• Canada remains a significant peace and security contributor
Questions?
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