The Canadian ForcesThe Canadian Forcesand and

Peace Support OperationsPeace Support Operations

Colonel Paul Morneault on behalf of Colonel Paul Morneault on behalf of Col Mike HanrahanCol Mike Hanrahan Director of Peacekeeping PolicyDirector of Peacekeeping PolicyDepartment of National DefenceDepartment of National Defence

March, 2007

Legacy of the 1990’s

• Somalia, Rwanda, and Srebrenica (Bosnia)

• Brahimi Panel ReportNeed for robust, cohesive unitsEnhanced UNNY thru Situation

Centre, Mission Planning and Force Generation Services, Best Practices Unit

Greater roles of civilian experts and gender considerations

Strategic Deployment Stocks and pre-commitment authority

Armed Non-State Actors

Fragile States

Transnational actors

Global ThreatsGlobal ThreatsGlobal ThreatsGlobal Threats

Information Security

Peace Support Operations

A Growth Industry• More missions and more intra-state conflict

– 1991 to 1996: 24 new PSO missions established

– Preceding 43 years total: 18 missions

– 2006: 19 UN + 18 non-UN Military & Observer missions

• UN Peacekeepers: – 12,500 in 1995; - 77,000 in 2006

• All peacekeepers UN, other (excl Iraq):– 120,000

• 110 UN troop/police contributors today– Top 10 TCCs provide 78% of UN requirements

Peace Operations = Complexity

• Mandates with over 90 tasks

• Diversity in skills required to do human rights, DDR, rule of law, etc.

• Mission “integration”

• Expensive due to size of missions

• More troop contributors demand standards

• National caveats decrease effectiveness

New Peacekeeping Partners

                                

                               

• NATO (Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan)• OSCE (Balkans, Caucasus)• EU (Bosnia, DRC Ituri and elections)• ECOWAS (Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire)• AU (Burundi, Darfur)• Coalitions of the Willing:

– Australian (INTERFET)– UK (Sierra Leone)– France (Cote d’Ivoire)– US (Liberia, Haiti)

Foreign Policy Context

• Multilateral rather than unilateral• Peacekeeping is fundamental to the principle of collective security• “All of government”

Range of Tools

• Development aid• Confidence building measures• Good governance, assistance• Control / Reform of the security forces• Preventive diplomacy• Sanctions, Control of weapons flows,

Embargoes• Police contributions• Military personnel, equipment, training

Defence PolicyDefence Policy

• The Canadian Defence Policy Key Tenets:

• World is highly unstable and unpredictable

• Canadian Forces mandate: (a) protect Canadians; (b) defend North America with US; and (c) contribute to international peace and security

• Maintenance of multi-purpose, combat- capable maritime, land and air forces

• Terrorism, “fragile/failing” states key challenges• All of government interaction• Increasing military professionalism world-wide

CF DEPLOYED STRENGTH

SOUTH AMERICA0 PERS

CARIBBEAN4 PERS

NORTH AMERICA4 PERS

EUROPE321 PERS

ASIA2009 PERS

MIDDLE EAST546 PERS

AFRICA64 PERS

TOTAL: 2948

Effective 20 Nov 06

OUTCAN - 1269

Pers depl with our allies - 15

Determinants

CF Campaign Plan

ANDS

Canada Strategy

RC (S) Campaign Plan

NATO OPLANs

Whole-of-Gov’t

Assessment

Evaluation

Measures of Effectiveness

Campaign Assessment Framework

Afghanistan Compact

Progress Reporting

Campaign Adjustment

Strategic Lines of Operations3D Approach – One Equal Team

• To strengthen and enhance the architecture of governance, in cooperation with Canadian governmental departments as well as international organizations.

• To facilitate the delivery of programs and projects in support of the economic recovery and rehabilitation of Afghanistan. Focusing on supporting Canadian governmental organizations, and NGOs whose efforts meet our national objectives.

• To conduct full spectrum operations in support of Afghan National Security Forces in order to create an environment which is secure and conducive to the improvement of Afghan life.

GOVERNANCE

DEVELOPMENT

SECURITY

Canadian Forces Campaign Plan

CDS INTENT

The CF commitment to Afghanistan is all about helping Afghans: help them move towards self-sufficiency in security, stabilize their country, develop their government and build a better future for their children. Our commitment, as part of a wider Government of Canada and International Community commitments, will aim to achieve effects at three levels: at the national level, by providing mentoring and advisory capabilities; at the regional level, by taking the lead of the multinational brigade; and provincially in Kandahar, by providing a robust battle group and a capable Provincial Reconstruction Team.

TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN

INDIAINDIAINDIAINDIA

IRANIRANIRANIRAN

TURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTAN

JALALABADHERAT

PAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTAN

ISLAMABAD

BAGRAM AFLD

MAZAR-E SHARIF

KHOWSTAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN

KABUL

KANDAHAR

Strategic Advisory Team

CA Afghan National Training Centre (ANTC)

ISAF & CSTC-A Staff Officers

NSE Det (Kabul)

Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTF-AFG)

1 RCR BG

Provincial Reconstruction Team

Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team

Theatre Support Element (TSE)

The Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)

• A civil-military organisation, task organised to the province.

• The Canadian PRT will conduct interdepartmental operations to assist the Government of Afghanistan in extending its authority in order to facilitate the development of a stable, secure environment in the province of Kandahar.

• Personnel from MoD, MFA & Development, Police, Corrections (soon) agencies

Afghanistan Today• Current Perspective

– Whole of Government Approach (3D)– Coalition Operations with Canada in the Lead– All about support to GoA and the Afghan People

• Challenges in Afghanistan– Classic Counter-Insurgency Op

• Insurgents adapt• Takes time• Can’t do it alone

– Partnering

• Canadian Forces– Best Equipped in Afghanistan– Well Trained– Well Led

TrendsMechanism Government Security

United Nations -Legitimacy

-Cost sharing

-Reimbursement

-Lack of robustness

-Slow deployment

Alliances -Multinational but restricted charters

-Long-term commitment

-Cost-sharing, high over time

-Rapid Response

-Interoperability

-Crisis planning

-Trusted partners

Coalitions -Immediate response

-Short duration

-Modest total cost

-Ad hoc

-Strong lead nation

-Trusted partners

-Not sustainable over time

Capacity

Building

-Total control over activity

-Controllable cost over time

-Small investment of specialists

Conclusions• New security environment = More complex

PSOs

• Militaries & peace operations also changing

• All of Government/Integrated approaches required for success

• Full range of mechanisms necessary: choose the right mechanism for the specific task

• Canada remains a significant peace and security contributor

Questions?