The Battle in Cattle: Intro to Immunity Adapted from Dr. Greg Quakenbush Pfizer Animal Health

The Battle in Cattle:Intro to Immunity

Adapted from Dr. Greg QuakenbushPfizer Animal Health

• Get color stick box• Get a copy of the Breed Book page (up front)

Intro to Immunity

• Recall everything you know about immunity…

Intro to Immunity

• What is immunity?– Latin for “exemption”

or “safety”– Exemption from

foreign invasion

Intro to Immunity

• The Invasion– How large could the invasion be?– A single bacteria replicating every thirty minutes

would be….?

Intro to Immunity

• The Invasion– A single bacteria replicating every thirty minutes

would be 100 trillion in one day!• Perspective? 1 trillion seconds = 31,546 years• After 3 days, mass would equal human population on

Earth

– A gram of viral diarrheafeces will contain 100 millionvirus particles.

Intro to Immunity

• Who are the invaders? Put them down!

Intro to Immunity

• Who are the invaders? – Prions– Viruses– Bacteria– Rickettsia– Mycoplasma– Protozoa– Fungi– Worms– Cancer

Intro to Immunity

• An elaborate, complex, and living security system

• Basic strategy:– recognize, mobilize, attack

• Very complex...– communicates, learns, remembers

Overview of Immunity

• Immune system is huge– At least the size of the liver

• Has its own organs– Bone marrow, lymph nodes– Thymus, spleen– Tonsils, adenoids, etc.

Overview of Immunity

• Bone Marrow– What do we know?

Overview of Immunity

• Bone Marrow– Red blood cells (RBCs)• All alike

– White blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes)• Several different types• Monocytes; Macrophages• Neutrophils• Lymphocytes (“B” & “T”)

Overview of Immunity

• Bone Marrow– All cells come from stem cells– Monocytes tissues macrophages– Neutrophils blood tissues– “B” lymphocytes lymph nodes– “T” lymphocytes thymus lymph nodes

Overview of Immunity

• Lymph System– Drainage system… sewer– Much like the plumbing on

a shower or sink• Waste water & excess fluid

from tissue spaces goes back via lymph system• Going to go through the

bodies “filter” system and back to blood

The Battle In Cattle

• Who’s Involved?– Bone marrow Industrial complex– Thymus Military academy– B cells Munitions factory– T cells Commanders– Neutrophils Grunts– Lymph nodes Airport security, Singles bar, Dating

service…

The Battle In Cattle

• Who’s Involved?– Spleen MASH Unit, recycling center, giant

lymph node– Macrophages FBI, Undercover as Overweight

Garbage Collectors…sentinels, reconnaissance– Blood vessels Supply lines– Lymph vessels Drainage system, sewer lines

The Battle In Cattle

• Who’s Involved?– Natural killer cells Mercenaries– Cytokines Messengers, angels– Complement “C-4” explosive, hand grenades– Antibodies Handcuff, handles, ID badges– Inflammation Heat (ordered via cytokines)

The Battle In Cattle

• Three Levels of Defense– Secure borders– Police/sheriff– Military

The Battle In Cattle

• Three Levels of Defense– Secure borders = Barriers– Police/sheriff = Innate– Military = Acquired

The Battle In Cattle

• Barriers– First line of defense– What barriers?

The Battle In Cattle

• Barriers– Skin• Dry, dead cells• Lactic acid, fatty acids• Covers ~2 square

meters for most people

The Battle In Cattle

• Barriers– Mucous Membranes• Covers ~ 400 sq. meters in people• Mucous is sticky… traps organisms, foreign substances• Blocks adherence• Most passages into/out of the body are MM

– Respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, G.I. tract.

The Battle In Cattle

• Barriers– Other Mechanical, Chemical, Cleansing• Tears (lysozyme)• Saliva• Stomach acid• Urine flow• Cilia movement• Sneezing, coughing• Diarrhea, vomiting

The Battle In Cattle

• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– First: Draw in the barriers to prevent invasion– Leave the inside available to add the second and

third levels of defense

The Battle In Cattle

• Level Two: Innate Immunity– Present at birth– Non specific• Immunity does not improve with contact• Fast acting (on site)

The Battle In Cattle

• Innate Team Rosters– Macrophages– Neutrophils– Dendritic cells– NK cells– Complement– Interferon– Cytokines– Inflammation– Fever

The Battle In Cattle

• Macrophages– “Macro”= large; “phage” = to eat.– Possibly the most famous innate player, critical.– Process information (antigen) & assist in directing

the specific immune response.

The Battle In Cattle

• Macrophages– Part of military intelligence…• Sentinel/reconnaissance/assassin…

– Hangs out in strategic tissue locations.– After making contact with the enemy (i.e., eating)

numerous signals and instructions via cytokines are sent to rest of the immune team

The Battle In Cattle

• Macrophages– Long living

phagocyte• Months to years

– Born in bone marrow, grows up in blood stream (monocyte), resides in the “tissues”

The Battle In Cattle

• Neutrophils– “Hired Guns” “Macrophage’s posse”– Reside in blood stream– Professional phagocytes• See (smell), eat, destroy

The Battle In Cattle

• Neutrophils– Another type of WBC (leukocyte)• Make up ~ 15 - 45% of a cows WBCs

– Short lived• ~ 5 days

The Battle In Cattle

• Neutrophils– Back up macrophages...• MPs report a fight in

progress.• Release chemicals

(cytokines) that recruit neutrophils to the scene of the invasion.

– Dead neutrophils are a component of pus

The Battle In Cattle

• Fever and Inflammation– Why?

The Battle In Cattle

• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– NOW: Draw in the innate immunity components– Leave space for the third level of defense

The Battle In Cattle

• Acquired Immunity: Third Line of Defense– Acquired after birth (need exposure).– Attack is targeted to a specific foreign agent:• Lepto pomona vs. Lepto hardjo:

– More complicated than innate defenses.

The Battle In Cattle

• Acquired Immunity: Third Line of Defense– Dependent upon “lymphocytes”.– Has unique feature of creating “memory”.– Stimulated via exposure or “vaccination”.

The Battle In Cattle

• Acquired Immunity– Lymphocytes• B-cells–Plasma cells Humoral

• T-cells Immunity–Helper T cells–Killer T cells–Suppressor T cells Cell

Mediated Immunity

Antibodies

The Battle In Cattle

• Review

The Battle in Cattle

• Antibodies– Protein structures in blood & lymph

fluid.– Secreted by ‘B’ Lymphocytes

(Plasma cells)– Antibodies work outside the cell in

the “fluid” compartments. (Navy).– “Humor” = Fluid• Humoral Immunity

The Battle in Cattle

• Antibodies work by…– Prevent attachment to host

cells– Helping phagocytosis• “opsonize” (to prepare for

eating).

– Clump or agglutinate microbes.

The Battle in Cattle

• Antibodies work by…– Cause inflammation– Attach to microbial

weapon (e.g. toxin) and inactivate it.

The Battle in Cattle

• Cell Mediated Immunity– “CMI” involves the production of cytotoxic T cells

(“killer cells”) that destroy abnormal cells such as cancer cells and virus infected cells

– “CMI” is dependent upon “T” lymphocytes– “CMI” attacks the

pathogens hiding inside of a cell (e.g. viruses)

The Battle In Cattle

• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– FINALLY: Draw in the acquired immunity

components• Include how we help the body develop acquired

immunity