The Battle in Cattle: Intro to Immunity Adapted from Dr. Greg Quakenbush Pfizer Animal Health

The Battle in Cattle:Intro to Immunity

Adapted from Dr. Greg QuakenbushPfizer Animal Health

• Get color stick box• Get a copy of the Breed Book page (up front)

Intro to Immunity

• Recall everything you know about immunity…

Intro to Immunity

• What is immunity?– Latin for “exemption”

or “safety”– Exemption from

foreign invasion

Intro to Immunity

• The Invasion– How large could the invasion be?– A single bacteria replicating every thirty minutes

would be….?

Intro to Immunity

• The Invasion– A single bacteria replicating every thirty minutes

would be 100 trillion in one day!• Perspective? 1 trillion seconds = 31,546 years• After 3 days, mass would equal human population on

Earth

– A gram of viral diarrheafeces will contain 100 millionvirus particles.

Intro to Immunity

• Who are the invaders? Put them down!

Intro to Immunity

• Who are the invaders? – Prions– Viruses– Bacteria– Rickettsia– Mycoplasma– Protozoa– Fungi– Worms– Cancer

Intro to Immunity

• An elaborate, complex, and living security system

• Basic strategy:– recognize, mobilize, attack

• Very complex...– communicates, learns, remembers

Overview of Immunity

• Immune system is huge– At least the size of the liver

• Has its own organs– Bone marrow, lymph nodes– Thymus, spleen– Tonsils, adenoids, etc.


• Bone Marrow– What do we know?


• Bone Marrow– Red blood cells (RBCs)• All alike

– White blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes)• Several different types• Monocytes; Macrophages• Neutrophils• Lymphocytes (“B” & “T”)


• Bone Marrow– All cells come from stem cells– Monocytes tissues macrophages– Neutrophils blood tissues– “B” lymphocytes lymph nodes– “T” lymphocytes thymus lymph nodes


• Lymph System– Drainage system… sewer– Much like the plumbing on

a shower or sink• Waste water & excess fluid

from tissue spaces goes back via lymph system• Going to go through the

bodies “filter” system and back to blood

The Battle In Cattle

• Who’s Involved?– Bone marrow Industrial complex– Thymus Military academy– B cells Munitions factory– T cells Commanders– Neutrophils Grunts– Lymph nodes Airport security, Singles bar, Dating

service…


• Who’s Involved?– Spleen MASH Unit, recycling center, giant

lymph node– Macrophages FBI, Undercover as Overweight

Garbage Collectors…sentinels, reconnaissance– Blood vessels Supply lines– Lymph vessels Drainage system, sewer lines


• Who’s Involved?– Natural killer cells Mercenaries– Cytokines Messengers, angels– Complement “C-4” explosive, hand grenades– Antibodies Handcuff, handles, ID badges– Inflammation Heat (ordered via cytokines)


• Three Levels of Defense– Secure borders– Police/sheriff– Military


• Three Levels of Defense– Secure borders = Barriers– Police/sheriff = Innate– Military = Acquired


• Barriers– First line of defense– What barriers?


• Barriers– Skin• Dry, dead cells• Lactic acid, fatty acids• Covers ~2 square

meters for most people


• Barriers– Mucous Membranes• Covers ~ 400 sq. meters in people• Mucous is sticky… traps organisms, foreign substances• Blocks adherence• Most passages into/out of the body are MM

– Respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, G.I. tract.


• Barriers– Other Mechanical, Chemical, Cleansing• Tears (lysozyme)• Saliva• Stomach acid• Urine flow• Cilia movement• Sneezing, coughing• Diarrhea, vomiting


• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– First: Draw in the barriers to prevent invasion– Leave the inside available to add the second and

third levels of defense


• Level Two: Innate Immunity– Present at birth– Non specific• Immunity does not improve with contact• Fast acting (on site)


• Innate Team Rosters– Macrophages– Neutrophils– Dendritic cells– NK cells– Complement– Interferon– Cytokines– Inflammation– Fever


• Macrophages– “Macro”= large; “phage” = to eat.– Possibly the most famous innate player, critical.– Process information (antigen) & assist in directing

the specific immune response.


• Macrophages– Part of military intelligence…• Sentinel/reconnaissance/assassin…

– Hangs out in strategic tissue locations.– After making contact with the enemy (i.e., eating)

numerous signals and instructions via cytokines are sent to rest of the immune team


• Macrophages– Long living

phagocyte• Months to years

– Born in bone marrow, grows up in blood stream (monocyte), resides in the “tissues”


• Neutrophils– “Hired Guns” “Macrophage’s posse”– Reside in blood stream– Professional phagocytes• See (smell), eat, destroy


• Neutrophils– Another type of WBC (leukocyte)• Make up ~ 15 - 45% of a cows WBCs

– Short lived• ~ 5 days


• Neutrophils– Back up macrophages...• MPs report a fight in

progress.• Release chemicals

(cytokines) that recruit neutrophils to the scene of the invasion.

– Dead neutrophils are a component of pus


• Fever and Inflammation– Why?


• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– NOW: Draw in the innate immunity components– Leave space for the third level of defense


• Acquired Immunity: Third Line of Defense– Acquired after birth (need exposure).– Attack is targeted to a specific foreign agent:• Lepto pomona vs. Lepto hardjo:

– More complicated than innate defenses.


• Acquired Immunity: Third Line of Defense– Dependent upon “lymphocytes”.– Has unique feature of creating “memory”.– Stimulated via exposure or “vaccination”.


• Acquired Immunity– Lymphocytes• B-cells–Plasma cells Humoral

• T-cells Immunity–Helper T cells–Killer T cells–Suppressor T cells Cell

Mediated Immunity

Antibodies


• Review

The Battle in Cattle

• Antibodies– Protein structures in blood & lymph

fluid.– Secreted by ‘B’ Lymphocytes

(Plasma cells)– Antibodies work outside the cell in

the “fluid” compartments. (Navy).– “Humor” = Fluid• Humoral Immunity


• Antibodies work by…– Prevent attachment to host

cells– Helping phagocytosis• “opsonize” (to prepare for

eating).

– Clump or agglutinate microbes.


• Antibodies work by…– Cause inflammation– Attach to microbial

weapon (e.g. toxin) and inactivate it.


• Cell Mediated Immunity– “CMI” involves the production of cytotoxic T cells

(“killer cells”) that destroy abnormal cells such as cancer cells and virus infected cells

– “CMI” is dependent upon “T” lymphocytes– “CMI” attacks the

pathogens hiding inside of a cell (e.g. viruses)


• Draw a Battle Plan for BoxCowia– FINALLY: Draw in the acquired immunity

components• Include how we help the body develop acquired

immunity

Documents

The Battle in Cattle: Intro to Immunity Adapted from Dr. Greg Quakenbush Pfizer Animal Health