The Bacteria Kingdoms

THE BACTERIA KINGDOMS

The Two Kingdoms1. ARCHAEBACTERIA 2. EUBACTERIA Live in harsh

conditions More normal and

common bacteria

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are: single celled without a

nucleus organisms and are the smallest and simplest forms of life.

Archaebacteria are found in anaerobic and extreme conditions (high salt, high temperature, and/or very acidic.) These are believed to be the conditions on the

early Earth. Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen, therefore the earliest organisms were anaerobic.

Anaerobic can live in the absence of oxygen

Halobacterium salinarum

Lives in extremely salty places. Picture on the right shows a salty pond in

the Arabian desert that has turned red due to the presence of Halobacterium salinarum

Thermus thermophilus Thermus

thermophilus is an archaean which can withstand very high temperatures.

Often lives in hot springs like those found at Yellowstone.

EUBACTERIA

Eubacteria Eubacteria are also prokaryotes. Eubacteria is made up of more traditional

bacteria and is a larger kingdom than archaebacteria.

They are found in almost all habitats. Eubacteria are unicellular and have no

membrane-bound organelles. ie: no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER,

or Golgi apparatus.

ALL BACTERIAArchaebacteria

andEubacteria

3 Shapes of Bacteria 1. Cocci spherical2. Bacilli rod shaped3. Spirilla spiral shaped

Cilia and Flagella Cilia and Flagella allow a bacterium to

move.

Cilia are hair-like and work like oars in a boat. Repetitive beating allows the cell to move. If a bacteria cannot move cilia can also move

water across the cell’s surface. Flagella are whip-like and wave back and

forth to move the cell.

Nutrition Most bacteria are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs feed on other organisms.

These include parasites which live and feed off of a living host

and decomposers that feed on dead and decaying organisms

Some bacteria are autotrophs. Autotrophs use chemicals or

photosynthesis as a form of energy.

Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Prokaryotes

reproduce by splitting in two in a process called binary fission.

The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two identical cells.

Combines genes from two different individuals.

Prokaryotes that do not technically reproduce sexually can still mix genes with one another.

Bacteria reproduce either asexually or sexually.

Mixing Genes Cells that do not reproduce sexually can still

mix genes through three processes:1. Conjugation- Two cells briefly join and one

cell donates DNA to the other.2. Transformation – Bacteria pick up pieces

of DNA from the environment. 3. Transduction- viruses can transfer pieces

of DNA from one cell to another These processes add genetic diversity to

bacteria. Mutation is also a large source of genetic

diversity in bacteria.

Bacteria and Disease Bacteria cause disease in two ways:1. By damaging tissues and breaking down

cells for food2. By releasing toxins that interfere with

the normal bodily functions of the host.

Treating Bacterial Disease To treat diseases caused by bacteria we

use:1. Vaccines small doses of live bacteria,

killed bacteria, or parts of bacterial cells which cause an immune response.

Vaccines allow your body to learn how to kill a bacteria without getting sick.

2. Antibiotics drugs that interfere with the growth of bacteria