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The Animal Kingdom
What is an animal?
• Heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes
• No cell walls
• 2 types of tissue that are only found in animals: nervous and muscle tissue
• most reproduce sexually
• diploid stage is dominant
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Simple Invertebrates
• First division in animal kingdom is between animals with no nerves and animals with nervous tissue.
• The only non nervous tissue animals are the Phylum Porifera
• Porifera are commonly known as sponges• Stay in a fixed place, have asymmetric
body plan• Have specialized types of cells
Phylum Cnidaria
• The next division is between radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
• Cnidaria have symmetrical bodies (radial) and have cells that are organized into tissues.
• Include hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea fans, and corals.
Other Invertebrates• The other invertebrates include the phyla:
– Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)• Unsegmented worms• Single opening• Parasites usually• No circulatory or respiratory systems
– Rotifera• Aquatic, freshwater• No circulatory or respiratory systems
– Mollusca• Clams, snails, octopus, squid• 3 main body parts: foot, mantle (shell) and visceral mass• Digestive system, circulatory system, gills
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– Annelida (segmented worms)• Earthworm• Digestive system• Bodies are segmented
– Nematoda (roundworms)• Pinworms, heartworms• Unsegmented bodies, complete digestive tract• Many are parasites• Soil and aquatic
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– Arthropoda (have an exoskeleton made of chitin)
• Most abundant• Segmented body parts that are more specialized• Jointed legs, body cavity• Complete digestive, excretory, circulatory,
respiratory• Many different classes. Some include:
– Arachnida (scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks)– Crustacea (shrimp, lobster, crayfish, crabs)– Insecta – Diplopoda and Chilopoda (millipede)
– Echinodermata• Same pattern of embryonic development as the
vertebrates• Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers• Immature stages are free swimming and bilaterally
symmetrical but as they grow, they develop radial symmetrical bodies.
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Vertebrates• Phylum Chordata have at one point in their
development a hollow nerve cord and gill slits.• Bilaterally symmetrical, tails.• Have 7 classes:
– Jawless fish• Lamprey• Skeletons made of cartilage• No paired appendages
– Cartilaginous fish• Shark, ray, skate• Skeletons made of cartilage• Paired appendages
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– Bony Fish• Bass, trout, salmon• Skeletons are bony• Swim bladder (for buoyancy)
– Amphibians• Frogs, salamanders• Adults have 4 limbs for land, aquatic larval stage• Breathe through lungs or skin
– Reptiles• Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles• Most are terrestrial tetrapods with dry scaly skin• Breathe with lungs
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– Class Aves (Birds)• 2 legs and 2 arms for wings• Most are capable of flight• Feathers• Warm blooded
– Class Mammalia• Tetrapods• Hair• Nurse young with milk• Warm blooded• Most give birth to live young
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