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The 1st 2 U.S. PRESIDENTS…FROM 1789-1801
George Washington 1789-1797
John Adams1797-1801
“His Rotundity”
“Father of our Country”
“Finances”
• Inauspicious Beginnings
• Finances Precarious…– Revenue declining– Debt Mountainous…– Paper $$$ worthless…
Precious metals scarce…
• WHAT POTENTIAL!• But…No nation has ever
attempted to erect such a large republic…– The eyes of the world are
on us!...– Imagine what European
Kings & Queens are thinking…
• The First US Census 1790
Total US population: 4 million
Cities:
Philadelphia: 42,000Boston: 18,000Charleston: 16,000Baltimore: 13,000New York 33,00090 % rural95% East of the Appalachians
Foreign visitors looked down at us! (They still do…)
Foreign agents stirring up trouble in the frontier…
• Washington Chosen Unanimously,
“MR. PRESIDENT”
“His Highness, President of the United States, and Protector of their Liberties” --John Adams
• NEVER BEFORE in history…
– IS THIS “EXPERIMENT” GOING TO WORK?
• Self-government• 1st time for a Republican rule with individual rights…
Enlightenment Ideals
• From IDEA….To EXECUTION
– 1st…Build a Federal Court System• Judiciary Act 1789• Supreme Court, 3 circuit courts
"I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution of the United States…"
”So help me God”……. Added by G. Washington
WASHINGTON SET THE PRECEDENT…
THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH
SECRETARY OF STATEThomas Jefferson
ATTORNEY GENERAL Edmund Randolph
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURYAlexander Hamilton
SECRETARY OF “WAR”Henry Knox
PRESIDENTGeorge Washington
PRESIDENT WASHINGTON’S FIRST “CABINET”
VP John Adams
• The Bill of Rights
• Constitution was ratified with the promise of protection of individual rights…
• Basic Rights… Amendments 1-8– Speech, religion, arms, property, seizure, cruel punishment
• Madison assures “States Righters”– 9th Amendment – other rights besides 1-8 are protected– 10th Amendments – Whatever the Fed does not declare, the
rest go to the States…
• Establishmentof the Judicial Branch
• Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Court (John Jay – 1st Chief Justice)– Federal District & Circuit Courts– Attorney General (Executive Branch)
• Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of the Treasury
“Prime Minister” of Washington’s CabinetMonarchical, but brilliantFavored the rich… Hated the poor…Prosperity would “Trickle down” to masses… Improve national creditThe fed will assume all War debts…“Funding at Par” : $54 M in debt plus interestPlus… an additional $22 M in States debts!...Why?
The states debts regarded as a “National Obligation”Politically, it would “tie” the states closer to the Fed!...Great for States with big debts (MA), not for States w small debts
(VA)Negotiates for the location of new national capital!
HAMILTON ESTABLISHES THE “BANK OF THE UNITED STATES”
WASHINGTON, D.C.
(DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA)
THE NEW CAPITAL CITY
Negotiated by Hamilton w/ Jefferson & Madison
RAISING REVENUETAXES& DUTIES
Why is it good for the US to be in SO MUCH debt??The more people that you owe money to, the more
people want to see you succeed!
But… WE DO need to raise money..
THERE IS NO INCOME TAX!!! So…
CUSTOMS DUTIES THROUGH TARIFFSTax on “imported products… Why?To Protect US industry
Loved by… DOMESTIC Manufacturers Hated by… Those that don’t make anything
Southerners hate tariffs why?...
EXCISE TAXES… Taxes on Mfg….Like whiskey in western PA…
$$$$ BANK OF THE UNITED STATES $$$$
GOVT IS THE
MAJOR STOCKHOLDER
WITH RICH INVESTORS
GOVT.TREASURY DEPOSITS
ITS “SURPLUS”
FEDERAL FUNDS STIMULATE BIG
BUSINESS
GOVT.PRINTS
PAPER MONEY
PROVIDES FOR A STABLE CURRENCY $$$$
Th. JEFFERSON vs. A. HAMILTON
14
Limited central government; led by Congress
Strong State Governments.
Favored Planters and Farmers
Supported by the South, and West
Against the Bank of the U.S. (unconstitutional) Only states had the right to charter banks
Unhealthy alliance between rich and the govt.
WHAT THE CONSTITUTION OMITTED, IT PROHIBITED
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
Strong central government, led by a
strong President.
Led by elite & educated,
Commerce & Industry
Supported by New England,
Northern States
Federal debt was good
It kept creditors supporting the new
Federal Government
Bank of the US, funded by both the govt. and wealthy
investors
Tie wealthy investors to the
country’s welfare
WHAT THE CONSTITUTION
OMITTED, IT PERMITTED
FEDERALISTS
HAMILTON WINS OUT, GETS
WASHINGTON’S SUPPORT
• JEFFERSON VS. HAMILTON
VIEWS ON CONSTITUTION
ALPOWER
JEFFERSON– Strict Constructionists
• WHAT THE CONSTITUTION OMITTED, IT PROHIBITED
HAMILTON Loose Constructionists
• Invoked the “Elastic Clause” (Article 1, Section 8, par. 18)
• “Congress may pass any laws deemed “necessary & proper” to carry out Government agency powers
• WHAT THE CONSTITUTION OMITTED, IT PERMITTED – “Implied powers”
“The Whiskey Rebellion”
• Hamilton needs $$$$$ to pay US debts; he proposes– “Protective” tariff on imported goods– Excise tax on goods made in the US
• West. Pennsylvania farmers Furious! WHY?
• The mfg of…WHISKEY!• WHISKEY IS USED AS BARTER!
– Hamilton sees an Opportunity – Washington uses the militia as a “SHOW OF FORCE”…
• What were the similarities of …
• BACON’S REBELLION• SHAY’S REBELLION• WHISKEY REBELLION
• What were the differences?....
WHAT WAS HAMILTON’S VISION OF THE FUTURE? WHAT POLICIES DID HE IMPLEMENT TO ACHIEVE IT? HOW WAS JEFFERSON’S VISION DIFFERENT?
Question #1
EMERGINGPOLITICAL PARTIES
Political rivalry turns into opposing groupsFounding fathers did not envision political
partiesThey became the balance of power in
governmentOriginally, opposition seen as disloyal“Loyal opposition” always balancesSpread by propaganda in newspapers
FEDERALISTS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS
• IMPACT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION– 1789-1793
• FR begins “peacefully”… but descends into chaos
• American “Ultraconservatives” fear “Leveling” and the “Mobocracy”
• Jeffersonians were joyous, until…1792
• Monarchs in Europe trembled…
• France declares war on Austria in 1792…Britain is drawn in…
• Most Americans are rallying to the side of French citizens…but… The “Reign of Terror”…“One cannot be carried from
despotism to liberty in a featherbed”
“The tree of liberty must be watered occasionally with the blood of Patriots”-Thomas Jefferson
France says…BE MY FRIEND!WE HELPED YOU!
Britain says… BE MY FRIEND!YOU ARE OF BRITISH ROOTS!
THE U.S says… NEUTRALITY!!
1793: Washington’s “Proclamation of Neutrality”
NEUTRALITY! • The European War is as much about control of the seas…
• We are a small “player”…US is weak, militarily, economically…
• Politically divided..but this issue held us together
• Washington was playing for time while we “populated for a generation”…
• 1793: Washington’s “Proclamation of Neutrality”– “Self interest is the basic cement of
alliances”– America was a better partner to France if it
remained neutral…
• Trouble With Britain…1790-94
• Britain seizing US sailors at sea (“impressment”)
• Britain still has forts in Ohio Valley, Canada…• Won’t give up the “Fur Trade”• Supply weapons to Indians…• Little Turtle & the “Miami Confederacy” beats US
in 2 battles…BUT…• Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794
– Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne– NA’S SEEK PEACE – Treaty of Greenville 1795– No more NA resistance in Ohio….
Great Britain…
Spain…
US WANTS PEACE…
“Jay’s Treaty” – G. Britain
Hamilton Fears war w BritainSabotages by leaking US strategy to Britain
Bad Deal!... Little concessions from GB!... Only “promise” to evacuate Forts in the Ohio
ValleyAMERICAN’S FURIOUS!... JAY’S A TRAITOR!...Hurts Washington’s popularity too…
“Pinckney’s Treaty” (Treaty/San Lorenzo)
Spain wants US friendshipGrants US Navigation of MississippiDisputed land N. of Florida (map p. 175)
WAS THERE ANYTHING THE WESTERN INDIAN CONFEDERACY COULD HAVE DONE TO LIMIT WHITE EXPANSION AND PRESERVE INDIAN LANDS? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
Question #3
Washington Retires..
Adams ElectedPresident
• ACCOMPLISHMENTS…– Kept us out of war… “Walked that tightrope”– Strong Central Government could work…– Fiscally stronger US…
• LEGACIES OF THE WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY– 2 terms… “Mr. President”… “Temporary
Alliances”…Annual address to Congress…Farewell Address…
• Close Election of 1796… 71 to 68 over T. Jefferson (VP as “runner up”)… 1st Election with Political Parties…
• His “Respectful Irritation”…
• Troubles with France…
“Quasi War”1798-1800
• Adams is now President…• France is ticked off at “Jay’s
Treaty”…• Violation of the 1778 “Franco
American Treaty”…• Adams tries to make nice
– “XYZ Affair”
• War Hysteria in US… “Anti French” Feeling…
• Navy builds new warships…• Mostly naval engagements• US eventually seeks peace
– With the new French Dictator (?)…
• The “Alien & Sedition Acts”
• ADAMS TAKES ADVANTAGE OF “ANTI FRENCH FEELING IN US– To be an American Citizen goes
from 5 to 14 years– All immigrants suspected as
“PRO-JEFFERSON” – Law allowed President to deport
“undesirables”– Many political opponents arrested– Anti- Adams Newspapers closed
• VIRGINIA& KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS
– Compact among the States• The states created the FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT…• So, who has more power?... The
States?... The Federal Government?
– “Nullification” -- Virginia/Kentucky• States have right to ignore laws they
feel are unconstitutional
– Results? Few states joined in agreement, but …
• Stage is set for states to “secede”…
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