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TEST # 1• Next Week : Monday, 9 July 2012 (8:00 am)• Bring Scantrons & pencils• Picture ID & know your PID (or be penalized)• Covers anything assigned to date:
- Textbook: Intro & chapter 1- Class Lectures (including songs on YouTube links)- Podcasts (Publisher web site)
• Approximately 50-75 multiple-choice or T/F questions; some related to sound examples
• My review sheets have been posted on course web site• Counts 10% of course grade
What can you organize?
• The 4 Parameters of Sound• Pitch = the frequency of vibration (heard as
“high” vs. “low”)• Duration = the length of time a sound lasts
(heard as aspects of rhythm)• Timbre = tone color (the source of the sound, i.e., instrument, voice, other)
• Dynamics = Loudness/Softness
Musical Form
• The basic organizing principal in music
• “What comes next?”
• Three basic elementsRepetition – the same thingContrast – something newVariation – a mix of old and new
Melodic Structure
• Similar to Speech (words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc.)
• Musical PHRASE – coherent subdivision of a larger unit (similar to sentences or clauses in speech)
• CADENCE – resting point at the end of a phrase (full or partial, cf. punctuation marks, periods, commas, etc.)
Some Formal Patterns• Alternating sections
- Verse (same music, but changing words)- Chorus (same music & words; “refrain”)
• “Song Form” – usually 4 equal phrases - A A B A or A A’ B A” or AABC, ABCD, etc.- Bridge (3rd phrase) often contrasts harmonically
• 12-Bar Blues – 3 phrases repeated over and overA - statementA’ - restatement (intensification)B – conclusion
• Call-Response
Les Paul (1915-2009) &Mary Ford (1924-1977)
• Popular duo (1950-54)- 16 Top Ten Hits- 6 mil. records sold (1951)
• He – experience in all styles- country, jazz, etc.- radio & studio musician- guitar, banjo, etc.
• She – family of preachers- singer in many styles- gospel, country, etc.
• Divorced 1964
Gibson “Les Paul Studio” model
Solid Body Electric Guitar(invented in 1930s/40s & marketed from 1950s on)
Les Paul in Studio
• Home recording studio• Complete control of Sound• “Overdubbing” or
“multi-track” recording• ½ speed recording =
“Chipmunk” effect• Electronic effects• Ex. YouTube - Les Paul &
Mary Ford - I'm Sitting on top of the World (Textbook Listening Guide, p. 56-67)
Other Electric Guitars
Leo Fender (1909-1991)
1949 Telecaster
Rickenbacker “300” series (1958- )
Adolph Rickenbacker
w/ original electric guitar
(c. 1932)
“Popular”• “Tin Pan Alley” songwriting and selling• European “classical” instruments & ensembles
in written arrangements (technically advanced) • Trained vocalists (emphasis on ‘correct”
singing techniques, precise pitches, etc.) • Classical harmonies and melodies
(often complex or colorful)• Verse-chorus format• Song forms (A A B A)• Northern, educated white audiences
“Country & Western”• “Traditional” songs (or emulation of the style & type)• Emphasis on “string band” (often no drums); guitar,
fiddle, mandolin, autoharp, etc.; smaller ensembles in unwritten (improvised?) arrangements (simpler)
• “Natural” vocalists (unschooled singing techniques, nasal sound, Southern accent, etc.)
• Simplified harmonies and melodies, generally limited to fewer chords, pentatonic, etc.
• Verse-chorus format• Song forms (A A B A)• Southern rural white audiences
“Rhythm and Blues”• “Blues,” Gospel, Doo-Wop, etc.• Mixes some European “classical” instruments w/ a
few instruments of African origin, often in unwritten (oral) arrangements w/ improvisation, call & response
• Untrained vocalists (almost shouting or speaking for some performers, but not Gospel & Doo-Wop)
• Harmonies and melodies often reduced to pentatonic or just a few chords, e.g., Blues only uses I, IV, V
• “Circular forms” (open-ended) • Can include song forms (A A B A) and others• Black audiences
Jukebox(“juke” = disorderly, wicked”
in Gullah language)
Rockola (1948 model)
Seeburg M100C
“Select-o-matic”
(1952 model)
Seeburg“Wall-o-matic”
1950s
• Dwight Eisenhower• Return to “Normalcy”• Move to the Suburbs• Car Culture• “Baby Boomers”• “Cold War”
McCarthyism• Race Relations
1950s TV
Father Knows Best (1954-60)
Ex. Father Knows Best, "Season 1
Original Opening" – YouTube (1954)
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952-1966)
Ex. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Ricky Goes to a Dance –
YouTube (1952)
Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963)
Ex. Leave it to Beaver classic clip
season 3 – YouTube (1959)
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