Tel Aviv’s Urban Water system ; from Source to Reuse Avi

Tel AvivTel Aviv’’s Urban Water system ; s Urban Water system ; from Source to Reusefrom Source to Reuse

AviAvi AharoniAharoni

SWITCH Project:SWITCH Project:Workshop on Learning Workshop on Learning AllianceAllianceDecember 10December 10--11, 200611, 2006Tel Tel –– Aviv, IsraelAviv, Israel

less than 100100 to 200200 to 400400 to 6006 00 to 1,000

more than 1,000

RAINFALL

Annual Rainfall in Israel – Desert BorderAnnual Rainfall in Israel – Desert Border

Water Sources

Surface WaterGround WaterRain Enhancement by Cloud SeedingDesalinated Sea and Brackish WaterWastewater treatment and Effluent reuse

The National Water SupplyThe National Water SupplyThe National Water Supply

Annual Water Consumptionin million m3 (m.c.m.)

Based on 2004 figures

Western Galilee BasinsKinneret andGolan Basins

Carmel Basin

Coastal Basin Eastern Basins

Mountain Basin(Yarkon-Taninim)

Negev Basins

Arava BasinsWatershed

Total 806 119 1072 1987

65880 673 1401

14839 399 586

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

OthersMekorot

Others 148 39 399 586Mekorot 658 80 673 1401

Residential Industry Agriculture Total

Natural WaterBrackish Water DesalinationSea Water DesalinationBrackish WaterTreated Waste Water

2020

22%

3%

20%5%

2005

71%

15%8%

5%

1%

Water Sources in 2005 and 2020

50%

Water ChallengesWater Challenges

Supply water to the growing demand in an arid region.

Dealing with a vast array of water quality and security issues

Copping with security issues

Water Supply – Main GoalsWater Supply – Main Goals

Maintaining and improving water supply reliability, efficiency and quality. Developing the water system for sustainability and future needs.Maintaining water sources and developing additional water sources.Decreasing water loss.Decreasing operational costs.

Decision support system for Integrated water systems

Decision support system for Integrated water systems

Mekorot developed computerized Decision support systems such as:- Operation of Lake Kinneret under conditions of uncertainty (on daily and

monthly basis)- Operation of the Mountain Aquifer- Water Quality modeling for the National Water System- Desalinated Water Integration Simulator- Hydrological models of the Lake Kinneret Watershed- Design of the seasonal operation of the Dan Region Reuse Project- A model for the operation of the Coastal Aquifer- A model for the integration of desalinated seawater into the National

Water Supply System- Statistical models for the analysis of changes and trends in water supply

systems

Israel’s National Water Supply System

Israel’s National Water Supply System

Jerusalem

Haifa

Tel Aviv Sea of Galilee

Eilat

8

Control SystemControl System

8

Control roomsControl rooms

Optimization Models for Water Management

• Optimization of water resources exploitation and raising the level of reliability of supplies through conjunctive use of surface, ground water, reused effluent and desalinated water

• Flood control

• Drought management

מפת אגן ההיקוות

1983ודובינסקיעל פי ברמן

THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

TTA

ESHKOL

TZALMON

SAPIR

FLOCCULATION and SEDIMENTATION

COMP.DISINFECTION

DISINFECTIONClO2 + NH2Cl

PRE-CHLORINATION Cl2

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

The Jordan Canal

Amud Siphon

ESHKOL MAIN TREATMENT FACILITY

FUTURE FILTRATION

PLANT

SEDIMENTATION BASIN

1.5 Million m3OPERATIONAL RESERVOIR

4.5 Million m3

Filtration Project of Surface Water

ט יפול ביו לו ג י

THE ESHKOL RESERVOIR

CHLORINE DIOXIDESOLUTION

108” PIPE

DISINFECTION IN THE INWSS

CHLORINESOLUTION

+ AQUA AMMONIA

108” valve

85 Km LONG108” PIPE LINE 1.7 Mm3/day

Water Resource ManagementThe national network combines fourmain water sources that provideunique operational flexibility.Supplying water reliably for various uses.Operational planning with unique and advanced models.

Rain EnhancementRain Enhancement

Online MonitoringOnline Monitoring

- Using rain enhancement under professional guidance of the rain committee.

- 3 seeding aircrafts and 35 ground generators.

- Researches show an increase of 18% in precipitation in the Sea of Galilee Drainage Basin

Rain EnhancementRain Enhancement

Rain Enhancement (continued)Rain Enhancement (continued)

Meteorological Radar

WellsWells

1,150 wells nation wide.Drilling to depths of up to 1,500 meters –to different aquifers.Producing water from depths of up to 450 meters –different water qualities.Advanced drilling technologies and equipment installation .Advanced rehabilitation techniques –overcome of clogging of wells .

Water QualityWater Quality

In the last 10 years, Mekorot has constructed:1,000 chlorination plants100 fluoridation plants16 filtration plants (including the Central Filtration Plant at a cost of 100 million US$)

Identification

Preventionwater Security Policy

Detection

Mitigation and rehabilitation

Treatment

Back to routine

Pro

cedu

res

and

orga

niza

tiona

l pr

epar

edne

ss

Threat

IntelligenceIntelligence

EvaluationEvaluation

The ThreatsThe Threats

Intentional contamination of water systems with the following:

Chemical agents

Biological agents

Radiological agents

Disruption of water supply

Employees security

Information security

DesalinationDesalination

29 Desalination plantsOver 30 years of experience. Continuing implemental of new technologies for:reducing energy and chemical Consumption boron removal

Desalination SitesHaifa

Tel Aviv

Ashdod

Eilat

Jerusalem

BeerSheva

Ceasarea

PILOT PLANTS

NAHAL TANINIM ( 1997 ) BRACKISH (SURFACE) WATER

ASHDOD ( 1988 ) MEDITERRANEAN SEA

EILAT ( 1994 )RED SEA

RO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

KFAR DAROM ( 1989 ) 50 m3/day

NAHAL MORAG ( 1991 ) 50 m3/day

BEER ORA ( 1983 )50 m3/day

EILOT ( 1986 ) 50 m3/day

RO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER SUPPLY

MAAGAN MICHAEL ( 1994 ) 1,200 m3/day

BW - SABHA "A" ( 1978 ) 25,500 m 3/day

BW - SABHA "B" ( 1993 ) 10,000 m 3/day

SW - SABHA "C" ( 1997 ) 10,000 m 3/day

RO DESALINATION PLANTSFOR WATER QUALITYIMPROVEMENT

MIZPE SHALEM ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day

EIN BOKEK ( 1988 ) 50 m 3/day

NEVE ZOHAR ( 1986 ) 50 m3 /day

NEOT HAKIKAR ( 1982 ) 50 m 3/day

EIDAN ( 1983 ) 50 m 3/day

EIN YAHAV ( 1992 ) 50 m 3/day

LOTAN ( 1983 ) 50 m 3/day

YAHEL ( 1979 ) 50 m3/day

KTURA ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day

GROFIT ( 1974 ) 50 m3/day

MAALE SHACHARUT (1985 ) 50 m 3/day

YOTVATA ( 1973 ) 50 m3/day

ELIPAZ ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day

SAMAR ( 1979 ) 50 m3/day

SDE UVDA 1 (1979 ) 250 m3/day (RESERV.)

SDE UVDA 2 (1980 ) 500 m3/day (RESERV.)

Large plants:

Shomrat

Hadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Lahat-Granot

NEVE ZOHAR13,000 m3/day

Brackish Water

GRANOT7,600 m3/day

Effluent Desalination

The Goal:Reuse of the effluent that not be able to recharge ( 16 Mm3 in 2020), and upgrade the effluent quality for unrestricted irrigation.

Effluent not be able to rechrge(Mm3/Year)

02468

1012141618

2005 2008 2010 2013 2015 2017 2020

Mekorot is operating in “Shafdan” a pilot plant for effluent desalination to produce a capacity to desalinate effluent in such this amounts.

Water Supply to Tel Aviv

Water supply to Tel Aviv

: צירים ראש יי ם 4אספקת המי ם למרכז גוש ד ן תתבסס ע ל .60" קו פי גלילות בקוט ר -. 42" קו אם המו שבות בקוטר -.60" קו אלוף שדה בקוטר -. 40" קו לדרום תל אביב בקוטר -

Dan Region WWTP and Reclamation

2.0 million p.e.

SAT basins – Each are divided to sub-basins

Soil Aquifer TreatmentSoil Aquifer TreatmentView from a sub-basin at the beginning of the filling cycle and a soil treatment machine

Cross Section of the Soil and Aquifer under the Recharge Area

Detention time: 3Detention time: 3--12 months12 months

Reclamation Aims• Supply of 160 MCM/Year for irrigation and replace of fresh water with reclaimed water for agricultureMekorot’s Activities• Operation of the “Shafdan” WWTP( treats 125 MCM/Year and serves 15 cities with up to 2 million population equivalent )• Effluent recharge to the aquifer• Operation of the reuse project: Draw water from 150 recovery wells, seasonal storage, supply to the Negev for unrestricted irrigation• Vast water quality monitoring program , and strong connection with the farmers to solve operation and other problems

The Third Line to the Negev

Agriculture with Reclamation

OrangesCarrotsPotatoesLettuceFlowersWheat

Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water

Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water

Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water

Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water

Reused effluent in Israel in relationwith another countries

Reused effluent in Israel in relationwith another countries

0%

10%

Israel Spain Australia Italy Greece C. Europe

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

<1%5%8%9%12%

72%

Effluent Reuse Projects in Mekorot

operationכרמיאל

צפת

כפר התבור ואיכסאל

ש לוחה מערביתאל רוחה

פרדס חנה

הרצליה

נשר

עציוןגוש עדולם ור'עג

שוקת

חדרהחפר. ע

ג לג ל

פרדסי תענך

גאולת הירקוןספרייה

חולדה -נען

לטרוןגזר

ן"שפד

קישון. ת

planning

Water Price (Mekorot)

cent/m3

0

10

20

30

Fresh water - Agricultureuse

treated water -Agriculture use

drinking water

0.640.40 0.31

0.16

0.22

0.1100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

Sea

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Brac

kish

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Trea

ted

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Trea

ted

Wat

er

Nat

ural

Wat

er

US$/m3 29Rupee

18Rupee

14Rupee

5Rupee

Cost production

0.640.40 0.31

0.16

0.22

0.1100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

Sea

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Brac

kish

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Trea

ted

Wat

erD

esal

inat

ion

Trea

ted

Wat

er

Nat

ural

Wat

er

7 Rupee

Water consumption by segments Water consumption by segments 19891989-- 20102010Mekorot Mekorot

200400600800

1989 1995 2000 2005 2010

Agriculture use drinking water M m3/year

Algae in effluent reservoirsAlgae in effluent reservoirs

Zooplankton control by fishZooplankton control by fishZooplankton control by fish

Algal blooms control by ultrasound

Monitoring Clogging Irrigation Systems