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Tel AvivTel Aviv’’s Urban Water system ; s Urban Water system ; from Source to Reusefrom Source to Reuse
AviAvi AharoniAharoni
SWITCH Project:SWITCH Project:Workshop on Learning Workshop on Learning AllianceAllianceDecember 10December 10--11, 200611, 2006Tel Tel –– Aviv, IsraelAviv, Israel
less than 100100 to 200200 to 400400 to 6006 00 to 1,000
more than 1,000
RAINFALL
Annual Rainfall in Israel – Desert BorderAnnual Rainfall in Israel – Desert Border
Water Sources
Surface WaterGround WaterRain Enhancement by Cloud SeedingDesalinated Sea and Brackish WaterWastewater treatment and Effluent reuse
The National Water SupplyThe National Water SupplyThe National Water Supply
Annual Water Consumptionin million m3 (m.c.m.)
Based on 2004 figures
Western Galilee BasinsKinneret andGolan Basins
Carmel Basin
Coastal Basin Eastern Basins
Mountain Basin(Yarkon-Taninim)
Negev Basins
Arava BasinsWatershed
Total 806 119 1072 1987
65880 673 1401
14839 399 586
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
OthersMekorot
Others 148 39 399 586Mekorot 658 80 673 1401
Residential Industry Agriculture Total
Natural WaterBrackish Water DesalinationSea Water DesalinationBrackish WaterTreated Waste Water
2020
22%
3%
20%5%
2005
71%
15%8%
5%
1%
Water Sources in 2005 and 2020
50%
Water ChallengesWater Challenges
Supply water to the growing demand in an arid region.
Dealing with a vast array of water quality and security issues
Copping with security issues
Water Supply – Main GoalsWater Supply – Main Goals
Maintaining and improving water supply reliability, efficiency and quality. Developing the water system for sustainability and future needs.Maintaining water sources and developing additional water sources.Decreasing water loss.Decreasing operational costs.
Decision support system for Integrated water systems
Decision support system for Integrated water systems
Mekorot developed computerized Decision support systems such as:- Operation of Lake Kinneret under conditions of uncertainty (on daily and
monthly basis)- Operation of the Mountain Aquifer- Water Quality modeling for the National Water System- Desalinated Water Integration Simulator- Hydrological models of the Lake Kinneret Watershed- Design of the seasonal operation of the Dan Region Reuse Project- A model for the operation of the Coastal Aquifer- A model for the integration of desalinated seawater into the National
Water Supply System- Statistical models for the analysis of changes and trends in water supply
systems
Israel’s National Water Supply System
Israel’s National Water Supply System
Jerusalem
Haifa
Tel Aviv Sea of Galilee
Eilat
8
Control SystemControl System
8
Control roomsControl rooms
Optimization Models for Water Management
• Optimization of water resources exploitation and raising the level of reliability of supplies through conjunctive use of surface, ground water, reused effluent and desalinated water
• Flood control
• Drought management
מפת אגן ההיקוות
1983ודובינסקיעל פי ברמן
THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
TTA
ESHKOL
TZALMON
SAPIR
FLOCCULATION and SEDIMENTATION
COMP.DISINFECTION
DISINFECTIONClO2 + NH2Cl
PRE-CHLORINATION Cl2
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
The Jordan Canal
Amud Siphon
ESHKOL MAIN TREATMENT FACILITY
FUTURE FILTRATION
PLANT
SEDIMENTATION BASIN
1.5 Million m3OPERATIONAL RESERVOIR
4.5 Million m3
ט יפול ביו לו ג י
THE ESHKOL RESERVOIR
CHLORINE DIOXIDESOLUTION
108” PIPE
DISINFECTION IN THE INWSS
CHLORINESOLUTION
+ AQUA AMMONIA
108” valve
85 Km LONG108” PIPE LINE 1.7 Mm3/day
Water Resource ManagementThe national network combines fourmain water sources that provideunique operational flexibility.Supplying water reliably for various uses.Operational planning with unique and advanced models.
Rain EnhancementRain Enhancement
Online MonitoringOnline Monitoring
- Using rain enhancement under professional guidance of the rain committee.
- 3 seeding aircrafts and 35 ground generators.
- Researches show an increase of 18% in precipitation in the Sea of Galilee Drainage Basin
Rain EnhancementRain Enhancement
Rain Enhancement (continued)Rain Enhancement (continued)
Meteorological Radar
WellsWells
1,150 wells nation wide.Drilling to depths of up to 1,500 meters –to different aquifers.Producing water from depths of up to 450 meters –different water qualities.Advanced drilling technologies and equipment installation .Advanced rehabilitation techniques –overcome of clogging of wells .
Water QualityWater Quality
In the last 10 years, Mekorot has constructed:1,000 chlorination plants100 fluoridation plants16 filtration plants (including the Central Filtration Plant at a cost of 100 million US$)
Identification
Preventionwater Security Policy
Detection
Mitigation and rehabilitation
Treatment
Back to routine
Pro
cedu
res
and
orga
niza
tiona
l pr
epar
edne
ss
Threat
IntelligenceIntelligence
EvaluationEvaluation
The ThreatsThe Threats
Intentional contamination of water systems with the following:
Chemical agents
Biological agents
Radiological agents
Disruption of water supply
Employees security
Information security
DesalinationDesalination
29 Desalination plantsOver 30 years of experience. Continuing implemental of new technologies for:reducing energy and chemical Consumption boron removal
Desalination SitesHaifa
Tel Aviv
Ashdod
Eilat
Jerusalem
BeerSheva
Ceasarea
PILOT PLANTS
NAHAL TANINIM ( 1997 ) BRACKISH (SURFACE) WATER
ASHDOD ( 1988 ) MEDITERRANEAN SEA
EILAT ( 1994 )RED SEA
RO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
KFAR DAROM ( 1989 ) 50 m3/day
NAHAL MORAG ( 1991 ) 50 m3/day
BEER ORA ( 1983 )50 m3/day
EILOT ( 1986 ) 50 m3/day
RO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER SUPPLY
MAAGAN MICHAEL ( 1994 ) 1,200 m3/day
BW - SABHA "A" ( 1978 ) 25,500 m 3/day
BW - SABHA "B" ( 1993 ) 10,000 m 3/day
SW - SABHA "C" ( 1997 ) 10,000 m 3/day
RO DESALINATION PLANTSFOR WATER QUALITYIMPROVEMENT
MIZPE SHALEM ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day
EIN BOKEK ( 1988 ) 50 m 3/day
NEVE ZOHAR ( 1986 ) 50 m3 /day
NEOT HAKIKAR ( 1982 ) 50 m 3/day
EIDAN ( 1983 ) 50 m 3/day
EIN YAHAV ( 1992 ) 50 m 3/day
LOTAN ( 1983 ) 50 m 3/day
YAHEL ( 1979 ) 50 m3/day
KTURA ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day
GROFIT ( 1974 ) 50 m3/day
MAALE SHACHARUT (1985 ) 50 m 3/day
YOTVATA ( 1973 ) 50 m3/day
ELIPAZ ( 1983 ) 50 m3/day
SAMAR ( 1979 ) 50 m3/day
SDE UVDA 1 (1979 ) 250 m3/day (RESERV.)
SDE UVDA 2 (1980 ) 500 m3/day (RESERV.)
Large plants:
Shomrat
Hadera
Palmachim
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Lahat-Granot
NEVE ZOHAR13,000 m3/day
Brackish Water
GRANOT7,600 m3/day
Effluent Desalination
The Goal:Reuse of the effluent that not be able to recharge ( 16 Mm3 in 2020), and upgrade the effluent quality for unrestricted irrigation.
Effluent not be able to rechrge(Mm3/Year)
02468
1012141618
2005 2008 2010 2013 2015 2017 2020
Mekorot is operating in “Shafdan” a pilot plant for effluent desalination to produce a capacity to desalinate effluent in such this amounts.
Water Supply to Tel Aviv
Water supply to Tel Aviv
: צירים ראש יי ם 4אספקת המי ם למרכז גוש ד ן תתבסס ע ל .60" קו פי גלילות בקוט ר -. 42" קו אם המו שבות בקוטר -.60" קו אלוף שדה בקוטר -. 40" קו לדרום תל אביב בקוטר -
Dan Region WWTP and Reclamation
2.0 million p.e.
SAT basins – Each are divided to sub-basins
Soil Aquifer TreatmentSoil Aquifer TreatmentView from a sub-basin at the beginning of the filling cycle and a soil treatment machine
Cross Section of the Soil and Aquifer under the Recharge Area
Detention time: 3Detention time: 3--12 months12 months
Reclamation Aims• Supply of 160 MCM/Year for irrigation and replace of fresh water with reclaimed water for agricultureMekorot’s Activities• Operation of the “Shafdan” WWTP( treats 125 MCM/Year and serves 15 cities with up to 2 million population equivalent )• Effluent recharge to the aquifer• Operation of the reuse project: Draw water from 150 recovery wells, seasonal storage, supply to the Negev for unrestricted irrigation• Vast water quality monitoring program , and strong connection with the farmers to solve operation and other problems
The Third Line to the Negev
Agriculture with Reclamation
OrangesCarrotsPotatoesLettuceFlowersWheat
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed WaterCrops Irrigated by Reclaimed Water
Reused effluent in Israel in relationwith another countries
Reused effluent in Israel in relationwith another countries
0%
10%
Israel Spain Australia Italy Greece C. Europe
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
<1%5%8%9%12%
72%
Effluent Reuse Projects in Mekorot
operationכרמיאל
צפת
כפר התבור ואיכסאל
ש לוחה מערביתאל רוחה
פרדס חנה
הרצליה
נשר
עציוןגוש עדולם ור'עג
שוקת
חדרהחפר. ע
ג לג ל
פרדסי תענך
גאולת הירקוןספרייה
חולדה -נען
לטרוןגזר
ן"שפד
קישון. ת
planning
Water Price (Mekorot)
cent/m3
0
10
20
30
Fresh water - Agricultureuse
treated water -Agriculture use
drinking water
0.640.40 0.31
0.16
0.22
0.1100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
Sea
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Brac
kish
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Trea
ted
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Trea
ted
Wat
er
Nat
ural
Wat
er
US$/m3 29Rupee
18Rupee
14Rupee
5Rupee
Cost production
0.640.40 0.31
0.16
0.22
0.1100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
Sea
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Brac
kish
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Trea
ted
Wat
erD
esal
inat
ion
Trea
ted
Wat
er
Nat
ural
Wat
er
7 Rupee
Water consumption by segments Water consumption by segments 19891989-- 20102010Mekorot Mekorot
200400600800
1989 1995 2000 2005 2010
Agriculture use drinking water M m3/year
Algae in effluent reservoirsAlgae in effluent reservoirs
Zooplankton control by fishZooplankton control by fishZooplankton control by fish
Algal blooms control by ultrasound
Monitoring Clogging Irrigation Systems
