Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks. Life magazine cover (1926), John Held, Jr. NEXT The Roaring...

Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks. Life magazine cover (1926), John Held, Jr.

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The Roaring Twenties,1919–1929

Advances are made in American technology that strongly affect U.S. business and culture.

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The Business of America

Changes in Society

The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance

The Roaring Twenties,1919–1929

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The government supports business and keeps a hands-off policy in othermatters.

Section 1

The Business of America

Harding and the “Return to Normalcy”

The Business of America

• President Warren G. Harding promises to return U.S. to “normalcy”

1SECTION

• Wants to reduce taxes, regulations, increase tariffs on foreign goods

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• Chooses a pro-business cabinet, including:- Andrew W. Mellon as secretary of the treasury- Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce

Continued . . .

Warren Harding

Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover

• President Harding appoints unqualified, corrupt men, cabinet positions

1SECTION

• In the Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall:- takes bribes- makes illegal deals with oil executives

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• Harding depressed about scandals, dies suddenly (1923)

continued Harding and the “Return to Normalcy”

•

In U.S. history, oil reserve

scandal that began during

the administration of President

Harding.

Coolidge Takes Over

• Vice-President Calvin Coolidge becomes president after Harding’s death

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• Tries to clean up scandals, elected president in his own right (1924)

• Laissez faire—business unregulated by government benefits the nation

• Coolidge supports laissez faire, U.S.business prospers

• Against government helping people with social, economic problems

• Refuses to help farmers

Continued . . .

• President Coolidge is an isolationist:- U.S. stays out of other nations’ affairs except for

self-defense

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• Helps set up the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):- 15 nations agree not to make war on each other,

only self-defense

continued Coolidge Takes Over

Summarizing, briefly summarize the business policies of

Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

President Harding wanted to lift burden of taxes andgovernment regulations from the shoulders of Americans

and help American businesses. So he proposed lowertaxes, less regulation, and higher tariffs.

President Coolidge believed that business would act in away to benefit the nation if left unregulated. Also, he

believed that the chief business of the American peoplewas business.

Technology Changes American Life

• Average annual income per person rises 35 percent in 1920s

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• Americans have more money to buy goods, spend on leisure

• Using assembly lines, Henry Ford makes cars most people can afford

• Assembly line—product moves along conveyor belt across the factory

Continued . . .

Ford Model A (1928) on assembly line at the Ford Rouge Plant in Dearborn,

Michigan.

Assembly Line

Manufacturing technique in which a product is passed along a line of

workers and put together in stages.• Henry Ford in Car factory• Example= Model T or “Tin Lizzie”• Made cars affordable• Made booms in glass, steel, rubber,

gasoline industries

Ford Racer in 1901

Model T

Automobiles• 400,000 miles of new roads were built in the

‘20s• Gas Stations, drive in restaurants, tourist

cabins, & billboards alongside roads• Linked rural areas to urban areas• Helped to depopulate inner cities• New social opportunities• Pollution, traffic jams, parking problems,&

accidents were problems

• Once-costly items now cheaper, consumers use installment buying

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• Installment buying—repay borrowed amount in small monthly payments

• National advertising begins, promotes new products• Cheap fuel powers new inventions that make life

easier

• Mostly only white middle class can afford new products

continued Technology Changes American Life

Abundant Supplies of Energy

• Coal, oil, natural gas, & waterpower

• Vast network of electrical power plants

• By 1930 over two thirds of all U.S. homes had electricity

New Industries• Electrical appliances=

washing machines, sewing machines, cake mixers, food grinders…

• Chemical companies offering synthetic materials

Advertising• Became big business in the ‘20s• Magazines, newspapers,

billboards, & radio• Most targeted women• Used slogans, jingles, & famous

people

Credit• People started to buy on credit

• Mid 20’s 75% of cars were bought with credit

The Air Age Begins

• Former WW I pilots work as:- crop-dusters, stunt fliers, flight instructors

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• U.S. Post Office Department begins air mailservice (1918)

• Charles A. Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart fly acrossthe Atlantic

• Transatlantic flights promote commercial air transportation

• Pan American Airways becomes first U.S. passenger airline (1927)

fill in the second column with a description of the effect on American life of the inventions and trends listed in column one

helped the economy to boom; had the greatest impact on life during the 1920s

airplanes had all kinds of new uses; brought distant cities

closer together

cheap electricity and petroleum becamewidely available; made possible new

inventions and advances in technology

got its start at this time; helpedto promote new products

consumers could buy newproducts that were available

because of credit

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Changes in society in the 1920s bring new attitudes and lifestyles but also cause divisions and conflict.

Section 2

Changes in Society

Youth in the Roaring Twenties

Changes in Society

• 1920s celebrates youth, young people rebel against tradition, authority

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• Youth stay in school longer, wear daring clothes, follow silly fads

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• Dance marathons are popular, Charleston is a favorite dance

New Roles for Women

• The symbol of 1920s American women isthe flapper:- wears bobbed hair, makeup- dresses fall just below the knee- eager to try something new

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• Women take more active roles, have morepersonal freedom

• New job opportunities for women, 2 women elected governor (1924)

• View marriage more as equal partnership, women still do domestic work

• 19th Amendment assures women have the rightto vote

Four dancers performing the Charleston.

FlapperTerm used to

describe a 1920’s woman

rebelled against values of the past and authority of

their elders; experimented with

new fashions, attitudes, and

ways of behavior

took more active roles in their

own lives than ever before; had new job

opportunitiesand the right to vote

Prohibition and Lawlessness

• 18th Amendment—Prohibition—bans making, selling alcohol (1920)

2SECTION

• Volstead Act (1919) enforces Prohibition, people get alcohol illegally

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• Speakeasies sell alcohol, bootleggers transport, sell liquor illegally

• Organized crime gangs battle for control of bootlegging operations

• Crime boss Al Capone seizes control of 10,000 speakeasies in Chicago

• Prohibition fails, 21st Amendment repeals Prohibition (1933)

Alphonse "Scarface" Capone after having been arrested in Miami, Florida (about 1930).

Changes for African Americans

• In 1920s, many African Americans move North, get better jobs

2SECTION

• Gain some economic, political power:- still face discrimination, jobs, housing, racial

tensions lead to riots

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• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP):- tries to protect constitutional rights of African

Americans- unable to get Congress to pass anti-

discrimination law• Marcus Garvey calls blacks to return to Africa, form

separate nation

Many people who did not consider drinking harmful or

sinful disregarded the law. Also, organized crime grew out of

Prohibition.

many moved north;gained some economic and

political power; still faceddiscrimination in jobs and

housing

A Divided Society

• Divisions between groups cause conflict

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• Fundamentalism—believe in literal interpretation of the Bible

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• Fundamentalists get teaching evolution in schools banned in 13 states

• John Scopes breaks evolution ban, found guilty, decision reversed

• Ku Klux Klan gains strength, tries toinfluence politics

• Uses violence against blacks, others, group’s power lessens, late 1920s

1:30

conflicts developed over ideas and values; between African Americans and whites, the

native-born and immigrants, urban and rural communities,

scienceand religion.

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Popular culture was influenced by the mass media, sports, and the contributionof African Americans.

Section 3

The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance

More Leisure Time for Americans

The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance

• Laborsaving appliances, shorter work hours increase leisure time

3SECTION

• People get higher wages, spend more on leisure activities:- go to movies, reading, listening to radio, talking

on phones

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• African Americans’, Hispanic Americans’ choices limited by income, race

2:32

Mass Media and Popular Culture

• Mass media—communication to large audience—takes hold in 1920s

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• 1st radio broadcast (1920), household radios increase rapidly

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• Movies strongly influence U.S. culture, offer escape, glamour, thrills

• People flock to movies to see favorite actors and actresses such as:- Charlie Chaplin- Mary Pickford- Rudolph Valentino

• Popular culture includes songs, dances, movies, fashions, slang

• Films silent, most of 1920s, 1st talking movie The Jazz Singer (1927)

Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in a

silent movie called The Kid (about 1921).

John Barrymore

Clara Bow

Charlie Chaplin

Douglas Fairbanks

Lillian Gish & Sister

Greta Garbo

William S. Hart

Buster Keaton

Laurel & Hardy

Tom Mix

Mary Pickford

A Search for Heroes

• Sporting events of all types enjoy rising attendance

3SECTION

• Boxing is very popular, many fans listen to fightson radio

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• Baseball teams draw huge crowds, also popularon radio

• Sports figures give people hope for better life, heroes such as:- Babe Ruth, baseball player- Bobby Jones, golfer- Gertrude Ederle, swimmer

• Aviators Charles A. Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart become national heroes

Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer, and the first woman to swim the English Channel in 1926.

Gertrude Ederle1st woman to swim the English Channel and

won several medals at the 1924 Olympics

Babe Ruth• Dominated Baseball from

1920- 1935

• Led NY Yankees to 4 World Series Championships

• 60 homeruns in 1927

Helen WillsTennis star that captured more major tennis championships than any other woman in the

world.

Charles LindberghFirst pilot to fly

nonstop from New York to Paris.

• Spirit of St. Louis

• 33 1/2 hours

Charles Lindbergh standing with his monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, ten days after his solo flight over the Atlantic Ocean (1927).

1928-- Became the first woman to cross the Atlantic

more than 100 million Americans were

weekly moviegoers; motion pictures were the most

powerful influence of the 1920s

Americans spent leisure timereading books and magazines;

sales rose by 50percent

broadcast news, sports, music, comedy, and

commercials; 10 million households had radios in

1929

sporting events of all kinds enjoyed rising

attendance; sports figures became American heroes

The Harlem Renaissance

• In 1920s, Harlem in NYC becomes world’s largest black urban community

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• Harlem Renaissance—burst of black cultural activity, Harlem 1920s, 30s

• Artists develop, exchange ideas, artists include:- Langston Hughes—poet- Zora Neale Hurston—novelist

• Jazz—combines African rhythms, blues, ragtime, musicians include:- Louis Armstrong- Duke Ellington

• Starts in New Orleans, spreads through U.S. into Harlem nightclubs

Langston Hughes (1902—1967), American writer and poet.

"Harlem" What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry uplike a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore -And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over -like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sagslike a heavy load. Or does it explode? - Langston Hughes

Jazz• Originated in New Orleans• Blend of West African, Latin

American, African Spirituals, blues, & European harmonies

• Spread through records, radio, & movies

• Charleston-- dance of the 20s

jazz became widely popular; jazz spread from

New Orleans to other parts of the country, includingthe nightclubs of Harlem

Categorizing As you read this section about how America’s popular culture developed in the 1920s, give examples in each

area of popular culture.

The Lost Generation

• Lost Generation—artists, writers resent WW I, see little hope for future

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• Many go to Paris, see city as a place offreedom, tolerance

• Become expatriates—people who live in a country other than their own

• Ernest Hemingway’s novels reflect mood of despair following WW I

• F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby shows dark side, Roaring 20s

• Sinclair Lewis novel Babbitt satirizes materialistic U.S. middle class

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