Systems Neuroscience 2021 Brain Anatomy Overview and ......Jan 11, 2021  · Figure A7 The locations...

Systems Neuroscience 2021

Brain Anatomy Overview

and

Ascending and Descending Pathways

Daniel J. Felleman, Ph.D.

Dept. of Neurobiology and Anatomy

MSB 7.168

713-500-5629

Daniel.felleman@uth.tmc.edu

Objectives

• Organization of the nervous system: central vs. peripheral, autonomics, axes

• Spinal cord

• Meninges

• Overview: organization of cortex: functional divisions of lobes

• Architectonics

• Blood supply

• Brain stem and cranial nerves

• Diencephalon: thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei

• Gustatory/Olfactory systems: ascending pathways and cortical targets

• Visual system: eye and primary retinal pathways

• Vestibular system: ascending pathways and cortical targets

• Auditory system: ascending pathways and cortical targets

• Somatosensory system: ascending pathways and cortical targets

• Motor system(s): descending pathways and cortical/subcortical origins

• Limbic system: organization and basic pathways

Figure A1 (A) Anatomical terminology of the brain and brainstem; (B) Major planes of section

Axis Conventions in Human Neuroanatomy

Figure A2 The subdivisions and components of the central nervous system

Primary and Secondary Vesicles: Early Neuroembryology

Embryological derivation of internal structure in the brainstem (Part 1)

Meninges, Dural Sinuses and CSF Circulation

CSF

Meninges, superficial veins, diploic vessels and arachnoid granulations

Dural sinuses

Arterial Supply including the Circle of Willis

Cerebral artery

distribution

Figure A16 The major arteries of the brain

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy and Meninges

Figure A4 Relationship of the spinal cord and spinal nerves to the vertebral column

Internal structure of the spinal cord

Somatosensory Pathways

Cranial Nerves and Nuclei in Brainstem

Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia

III

VII

IX

VII

Post-ganglionic Sympathetic axons

pass thru (do not synapse) in theses

Parasympathetic ganglia

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

1. Pupillary sphincter

2. Pupillary dilator

3. Ciliary body

4. Zonular fibers

5. Iridocorneal angle

6. Trabecular meshwork

7. Schlemm’s canal

Parasympathetic

Contraction of ciliary muscle

results in release of tension

of zonular fibers.

Normally the lens will become

more round, to focus more

closely

Blockage causes

Glaucoma

Figure A7 The locations of the cranial nerves as they enter or exit the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Figure A8 Brainstem cranial nerve nuclei locations that are the target or source of cranial nerves

Cranial Base Fossae, Foramina and Contents

Anterior Cranial Fossa

Middle Cranial Fossa

Posterior Cranial Fossa

CRANIAL FOSSA FORAMINA CONTENTS

Anterior Fossa Foramen cecum Nasal emissary vein

Foramina of cribriform plate Axons of CN I

Anterior and posterior ethmoid

foramina

Vessels and nerves of the anterior

and posterior ethmoid.

Middle Fossa Optic canals CN II and ophthalmic a.

Superior orbital fissure CN V1, CN III, IV, VI, ophthalmic

veins, sympathetic fibers

Foramen rotundum CN V2

Foramen ovale CN V3 and accessory meningeal a.

Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal artery and vein

and meningeal branch of CN V3.

Foramen lacerum Filled with cartilage in life. Internal

carotid artery with sympathetic and

venous plexuses passes over its

superior aspect

Hiatus of greater petrosal n. Greater petrosal n. and petrosal

branch of middle meningeal artery

Posterior Fossa Foramen magnum Medulla and meninges, vertebral

arteries, CN XI, spinal art., dural

veins

Jugular foramen CN IX, X, XI, sup. bulb of internal

jugular v., inferior petrosal and

sigmoid sinuses, meningeal

branches of occipital and

pharyngeal a.

Hypoglossal canal CN XII

TABLE A3 Classification and Location of the Cranial Nerve Nucleia

BOX A Thalamus and Thalamocortical Relations (Part 1)

Diencephalon: Hypothalamic Nuclei

Human Head MRI

Lateral view of the human brain

Figure A11 Views of the human brain

Figure A12 Midsagittal view of the human brain

Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri

Frontal lobe major sulci and gyri

Motor System I: Cortico-spinal

Motor System II: vestibulo-spinal and rubro-spinal pathways

Motor System III: reticulo-spinal pathways

Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri IIIParietal lobe major sulci and gyri

Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri II

Temporal lobe major sulci and gyri

Limbic System I

Figure A14 Internal structures of the brain seen in coronal section

Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Architectonics

circa 1900

Global architectonics

Principles of cortical lamination

Laminar Patterns

Reciprocal Cortico-cortical Connections

The Human Connectome: Multi-modal Parcellation of Human Cortex190+ multi-modally defined areas vs. Brodmann (44) and other architectonic

maps

Partially inflated cortical surface to aid the visualization of cortex within sulci

Full unfolded, 2D cortical maps

Human Connectome Project

190 areas on partially inflated cortical hemisphere- Left

Unfolded Cortical Hemisphere- Left

PLATE 5 (1) Diffusion Tensor Imaging

PLATE 5 (2) Diffusion Tensor Imaging

PLATE 5 (3) Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Ascending Pathways:

Sensory Systems

Gustatory Pathways

Taste Pathways: CN VII, IX, X

Olfactory Pathways

Visual System II: Optic Nerve Afferents and Efferents

Vestibular Ascending and Descending Pathways

Auditory Ascending Pathway

Limbic System I

Limbic System II

• ATLAS PLATES

Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 1)

Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 2)

Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 3)

Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 4)

Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 1)

Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 2)

Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 3)

Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 4)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 1)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 2)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 3)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 4)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 5)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 6)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 7)

Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 8)

Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 1)

Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 2)

Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 3)

Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 4)

Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 1)

Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 2)

Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 3)

Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 4)

Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 1)

Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 2)

Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 3)

Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 4)

PLATE 6 (1) Brainstem Atlas

PLATE 6 (2) Brainstem Atlas

PLATE 6 (3) Brainstem Atlas

PLATE 6 (4) Brainstem Atlas

PLATE 7 (1) Spinal Cord Atlas

PLATE 7 (2) Spinal Cord Atlas

PLATE 7 (3) Spinal Cord Atlas

PLATE 7 (4) Spinal Cord Atlas