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SUPERALLOYS718, 625, 706AND DERIVATIVES
SUPERALLOYS 718, 625, 706 AND DERIVATIVES 2005
TMS Member Price: $124 TMS Student Member Price: $98 List Price: $177
Related Titles
• Superalloys 2004
Edited by K.A. Green, T.M. Pollock, H. Harada, T.E. Howson, R.C. Reed,
J.J. Schirra, and S. Walston
• Superalloys Collection
• Superalloys 1968-2000
• Superalloys 718, 625, 406 and Derivatives 1989-2001
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SUPERALLOYS718, 625, 706AND DERIVATIVES
Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Derivatives sponsored by the Structural Materials Division (SMD) of TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society). Held October 2-5, 2005.
Edited by E.A. Loria
A Publication of TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
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v
Table of Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................................................... xi
Dedication .................................................................................................................................................xiii
Organizing Committee .............................................................................................................................. xv
Allvac® 718plus™, Superalloy for the Next Forty Years ............................................................................ 1
R.L. Kennedy
Extending the Size of Alloy 718 Rotating Components ............................................................................ 15
R. Schwant, S. Thamboo, L. Yang, and M. Morra
Alloy 718 Large Ingots Studies ................................................................................................................. 25
C. Malara, and J. Radavich
Metals Affordability Initiative: Application of Allvac Alloy 718Plus® for Aircraft Engine Static
Structural Components ............................................................................................................................. 35
E.A. Ott, J. Groh, and H. Sizek
Advancing Alloy 718 Vacuum Arc Remelting Technology Through Developing Model-Based
Controls..................................................................................................................................................... 47
R.L. Williamson, J.J. Beaman, F.J. Zanner, and J.J. DeBarbadillo
Alloy 718 Forging Development for Large Land-Based Gas Turbines ..................................................... 57
J.F. Uginet, and J.J. Jackson
Clean Metal Nucleated Casting of Superalloys ........................................................................................ 69
W.T. Carter, J.J. Jackson, R.M.F. Jones, and R.S. Minisandram
Modification of Alloy 706 for High Temperature Steam Turbine Rotor Application .................................. 77
S. Imano, H. Doi, K. Kajikawa, and T. Takahashi
Optimizing the Forging of Critical Aircraft Parts by the Use of Finite Element Coupled
Microstructure Modeling............................................................................................................................ 87
M. Stockinger, and J. Tockner
Probabilistic Life of DA718 for Aircraft Engine Disks ................................................................................ 97
S. Deyber, F. Alexandre, J. Vaissaud, and A. Pineau
Processing of Rolling Technologies for Alloy 718................................................................................... 111
M. Walter, and A. Tatschl
Mechanical Properties of Counter-Gravity Cast IN718........................................................................... 123
S. Shendye, B. King, and P. McQuay
The Role of Niobium in Wrought Precipitation-Hardened Nickel-Base Alloys........................................ 135
G.D. Smith, and S.J. Patel
vi
Structure and Property Comparison of Allvac® 718Plus™ Alloy and Waspaloy Forgings .................... 155
I. Dempster, W.-D. Cao, R. Kennedy, B. Bond, J. Aurrecoechea,
and M. Lipschutz
Solidification and Solid State Phase Transformation of Allvac® 718plus™ Alloy .................................. 165
W.-D. Cao
Structure Stability Study on a Newly Developed Nickel-Base Superalloy – Allvac®
718plus™................................................................................................................................................ 179
X. Xie, G. Wang, J. Dong, C. Xu, W.-D. Cao, and R. Kennedy
Press Forging of Alloy 718Plus™ (abstract only) ................................................................................... 709
J. Lemsky, K. Kloske, T. Bayha, and H. Sizek
IsoCon Processing of Alloy 718Plus™ (abstract only) ........................................................................... 711
J. Lemsky, K. Kloske, and T. Bayha
TTT Diagram of a Newly Developed Nickel-Base Superalloy – Allvac® 718plus™............................... 193
X. Xie, C. Xu, G. Wang, J. Dong, W.-D. Cao, and R. Kennedy
Evaluation of Allvac® 718Plus™ Alloy in the Cold Worked and Heat Treated
Condition ................................................................................................................................................. 203
B.J. Bond, and R.L. Kennedy
Application of Direct Aging to Allvac® 718plus™ Alloy for Improved Performance ............................... 213
W.-D. Cao, and R.L. Kennedy
Investment Casting of Allvac® 718Plus™ Alloy ..................................................................................... 223
T.D. Bayha, M. Lu, and K.E. Kloske
Effect of Thermal-Mechanical Treatment on the Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of
Newly Developed Allvac® 718plus™ Alloy............................................................................................. 233
X. Liu, J. Xu, N. Deem, K.-M. Chang, E. Barbero, W.-D. Cao,
R.L. Kennedy, and T. Carneiro
Properties and Microstructure of Allvac® 718plus™ Alloy Rolled Sheet................................................ 243
D.S. Bergstrom, and T.D. Bayha
Characteristics of VIM/VAR-Processed Alloy 718 Ingot and the Evolution of Microstructure
During Cogging ....................................................................................................................................... 253
N.-K. Park, J.-T. Yeom, J.-H. Kim, and X.-X. Cui
Modeling Microstructure Evolution in 718 Ingot to Billet Conversion (abstract only).............................. 713
W. Carden
Analysis of Microstructural Properties of IN718 After High Speed Forging............................................ 261
L. Renhof, C. Krempaszky, E. Werner, and M. Stockinger
vii
Effects of Large Reductions and Heating Temperature-Times on Grain Size Control of
Alloy 718 Rolled Rings............................................................................................................................ 679
J. Cardenas, H. Guajardo, C. Hardwood, and J.A. Manriquez
The Use and Performance of Wrought 625 Alloy in Primary Surface Recuperators for Gas
Turbine Engines...................................................................................................................................... 271
J.M. Rakowski, C.P. Stinner, M. Lipschutz, and J.P. Montague
The Effect of Nb, Ti, Al on Precipitation and Strengthening Behavior of 718 Type Superalloys............ 287
X. Xie, J. Dong, G. Wang, and W. You
The Precipitation of Primary Carbides in IN718 and Its Relation to Solidification Conditions ................ 299
A. Mitchell
The Effect of Cold Rolling on the Creep Behavior of INCONEL® Alloy 718 .......................................... 311
C.J. Boehlert, D.S. Dickmann, and N.C. Eisinger
Predicting Microstructural Transitions Via Computer Modeling and the Importance of Strain
and Temperature in IN718 Forging Design (abstract only) .................................................................... 715
A. Haynes, and T. Howson
Metallurgical Evaluation of Spray Deposited and Ring Rolled IN718..................................................... 321
G. Zhang, Z. Li, S. Tian, H. Yuan, R. Yao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao,
L. Guo, and M. Yan
A Microstructural Study of Alloy 718 Plus™ ........................................................................................... 329
J.F. Radavich, and T. Carneiro
Carbides and Their Influence on Notched Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Fine-Grained
IN718 Gas Turbine Disk Material............................................................................................................ 341
P.R. Bhowal, and A.M. Wusatowska-Sarnek
Effect of δ-Phase on the Weldability and The Hot Ductility of Alloy 718................................................. 351
G. Sjöberg, T. Antonsson, S. Azadian, R. Warren, and H. Fredriksson
High Temperature Hold Time Effects on Fine Grain Processed 718 Fatigue Properties
(abstract only) ......................................................................................................................................... 717
D. Greving, H. Kington, D. Rice, and B. Hann
Microstructure Development and Thermal Response of Delta Processed Billet and Bar for
Alloy 718 ................................................................................................................................................. 363
J.L. Russell, M.L. Lasonde, and L.A. Jackman
The Dynamic and Metadynamic Recrystallisation of IN718 ................................................................... 373
R.P. Guest, and S. Tin
Modelling Microstructural Transformations of Nickel Base Superalloy IN718 During Hot
Deformation............................................................................................................................................. 385
R.P. Guest, and S. Tin
viii
Influence of Phosphorus on Creep Performance of DA IN718............................................................... 687
J. Heaney, W. Buttrill, J. Russell, and P. Mrowczynski
Influence of Phosphorus on Deformation Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of IN718
Alloy ........................................................................................................................................................ 399
W.R. Sun, H.R. Guan, M. Wang, Z.G. Wang, L.F. Huang, and Z.Q. Hu
Alloys 625 and 725: Trends in Properties and Applications ...................................................................409
L.E. Shoemaker
Design of Alloy’s Concentrations for Optimized Strength, Temperature, Time-to-Rupture,
Cost and Weight...................................................................................................................................... 419
G.S. Dulikravich, and I.N. Egorov-Yegorov
Spray Forming and Post Processing of Superalloy Rings...................................................................... 429
M. Walter, M. Stockinger, J. Tockner, N. Ellendt, and V. Uhlenwinkel
A Unified Computer Model of the Spray Forming Process of Inconel 718 Rings................................... 441
I. Garmendia, A. Landaberea, T. Vicario, U. Fritsching, O. Belkessam,
P.S. Grant, and J. Mi
Sprayforming Optimisation of Superalloy Aeroengine Components ...................................................... 453
O. Caballero, D. Fournier, and W. Smarsly
Thermophysical Properties of IN738LC, MM247LC and CMSX-4 in the Liquid and High
Temperature Solid Phase ....................................................................................................................... 467
R.E. Aune, L. Battezzati, R. Brooks, I. Egry, H.-J Fecht, J.-P. Garandet,
M. Hayashi, K.C. Mills, A. Passerone, P.N. Quested, E. Ricci,
F. Schmidt-Hohagen, S. Seetharaman, B. Vinet, and R.K. Wunderlich
Microstructural Investigations of Electron Beam Welded Alloy 718 ....................................................... 477
M. Sundararaman, and P.J. Potdar
A Comparison of the Precipitation Kinetics of γ” Particles in Virgin and Re-Solutioned
Alloy 625 ................................................................................................................................................. 487
H.C. Pai, and M. Sundararaman
Notched Low Cycle Fatigue of Alloy 718 ................................................................................................ 497
A. Sridhar, V. Kumar, and A.K. Gogia
Properties of Bulk and Sheet Micro-, Submicro-, and Nanocrystalline Alloy 718................................... 507
S. Mukhtarov, V. Valitov, and N. Dudova
Characterization of Residual Stresses in Compressor Discs for Aeroengines:
Neutron Diffraction and Finite Element Simulations ............................................................................... 517
U. Cihak, M. Stockinger, P. Staron, J. Tockner, and H. Clemens
Residual Stresses in IN718 Turbine Disks ............................................................................................. 527
C. Krempaszky, E.A. Werner, and M. Stockinger
ix
Effect of Grain Size for the Tensile Strength and the Low Cycle Fatigue at Elevated
Temperature of Alloy 718 Cogged by Open Die Forging Press ............................................................. 539
Y.S. Song, M.R. Lee, and J.T. Kim
Influence of Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect on Rupture Mode of Alloy 718 Specimens ............................ 551
V. Garat, J-M. Cloue, B. Viguier, and E. Andrieu
High Temperature Intergranular Oxidation of Alloy 718 ......................................................................... 559
V. Garat, J. Deleume, J-M. Cloué, and E. Andrieu
Modelling the Material Properties and Behaviour of Ni- and NiFe-Based Superalloys .......................... 571
N. Saunders, Z. Guo, A.P. Miodownik, and J-Ph. Schillé
Effects of Cyclic Solution Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of
Alloy 718 ................................................................................................................................................. 581
J. Hong, J. Park, N. Park, S. Kim, and C. Kang
The Role of Oxygen-Grain-Boundary Diffusion During Intercrystalline Oxidation and
Intergranular Fatigue Crack Propagation in Alloy 718............................................................................ 591
E.-G. Wagenhuber, V.B. Trindade, and U. Krupp
A New Alloy Designed for Superheater Tubing in Coal-Fired Ultra Supercritical Boilers....................... 601
B.A. Baker
Material Properties Affecting the Machinability of Inconel 718 ............................................................... 613
M. Krook, V. Recina, and B. Karlsson
Design and Manufacture of a Very Large Hot-Gas Expander Impeller in Alloy 718 for
Highly Corrosive Off-Gas ........................................................................................................................ 629
S. Chandra, K.D. Mohr, and V. Schulte
HAZ Microfissuring in EB Welded Allvac 718 Plus™ Alloy..................................................................... 637
K.R. Vishwakarma, N.L. Richards, and M.C. Chaturvedi
Mixed Inconel® Alloy 718 Inertia Welds for Rotating Applications –
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties............................................................................................ 649
O. Roder, D. Helm, S. Neft, J. Albrecht, and G. Luetjering
Mechanical Properties of 718 Inertia Weld and Its Comparison with EBW............................................ 699
P.V. Neminathan, and T. Mohandas
Single Point Turning Process Optimization of Fine Grain Processed 718 (abstract only) ..................... 719
B. Hann, D. Greving, H. Kington, and D. Rice
Development of Forgeable Ni-Base Alloys for USC Steam Turbine Applications by Use of
Microstructure Simulation and Formability Testing................................................................................. 659
X. Li, R. Kopp, and M. Wolske
x
A Method of Optimizing Chemical Composition to Obtain Both Higher Strength and Higher
Plasticity for Alloy IN718C....................................................................................................................... 669
J. Zhao, and P. Yan
Creep-Testing Foils and Sheets of Alloy 625 for Microturbine Recuperators (abstract only)................. 721
N.D. Evans, P.J. Maziasz, and J.P. Shingledecker
Author Index............................................................................................................................................ 723
Subject Index .......................................................................................................................................... 727
xi
Preface
This Sixth International Symposium on Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Derivatives
continues the great interest and activity in these most important materials for industrial
application. The First Symposium, held in 1989, was devoted to Alloy 718 and the
Second Symposium, held in 1991, extended the scope to include Alloy 625 from which
Alloy 718 was derived. Then, the Third Symposium, held in 1994, added Alloy 706, a
natural derivative of Alloy 718 which gained acceptance for land-based turbine rotors.
Finally, the Fourth and Fifth Symposia, held in 1997 and 2001, provided the recent
technology on the subject alloys.
The Sixth Symposium, held in 2005, covers the recent innovations in production,
processing, physical and mechanical metallurgy, and computer modeling. As seen in
the 2001 Proceedings, there were a large number of papers on processing, in particular,
forging practice. The trend continues in these Proceedings, with the latest information
on computer modeling as an added feature.
The tradition of having two invited overviews to begin the technical program continues
with the presentations by Richard L. Kennedy, Vice President, ATI Allvac, on the
newly developed Allvac 718 Plus, an improvement of Alloy 718. Indeed, the
considerable number of papers in the Proceedings can be considered a feature of the
Symposium. The second overview by Robin C. Schwant, Manager, Material
Engineering, GE Power Generation, provides the present status in developing Alloys
718 as an extension of Alloy 706 for heavy-duty turbine rotors in land-based turbines.
Seventy-five papers were accepted for the three day technical program and listed in the
familiar sequence. Noteworthy examples are probabilistic life of Alloy 718 for aircraft
engine disks, and modification of Alloy 706 for high temperature steam turbine rotors.
Also, recent information on Alloy 625 and 725 are presented which includes the use of
wrought 625 in primary surface recuperation for gas turbine engines.
Starting in 1989, the Editor initiated and organized each Symposium which included
program plan and publication of the Proceedings. It has been an arduous but engaging
task that I must relinquish because of my advanced age. I do hope that the effort will
continue in providing the latest technology on these most important superalloys.
E.A. Loria
Editor
xiii
Dedication
Edward A. Loria
All six Symposia on Superalloy 718, 625, 706 and Derivatives were organized by
Edward A. Loria over a sixteen year period, 1989-2005 and these Proceedings are
dedicated in honor of this achievement.
xv
Organizing Committee
E.A. Loria, Chairman
Consultant
G.D. Smith
Special Metals
R.E. Schafrik
GE Aircraft Engines
D.F. Paulonis
Pratt & Whitney
J.C. Schaeffer
GE Gas Trubine Operations
J.R. Groh
GE Aircraft Engines
J.J. Schirra
Pratt & Whitney
S.J. Balsone
GE Gas Trubine Operations
R.L. Kennedy
Allvac
B. Mueller
Howmet
S.J. Patel
Special Metals
D. Furrer
Ladish
G.E. Maurer
Carpenter Tech.
A. Mitchell
University of British Columbia
L.A. Jackman
Allvac
Corresponding Members
J-Y. Guedou
SNECMA
X. Xie
UST Beijing
J-F. Uginet
Aubert & Duval Holding
T. Carneiro
CBMM
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