STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL INFANTS A. Difference between sensation and...

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STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL

INFANTS

A. Difference between sensation and perception?

B. Techniques

1. Preference method

STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL

INFANTS

A. Difference between sensation and perception?

B. Techniques

1. Preference method

2. Habituation method

STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL

INFANTS

A. Difference between sensation and perception?

B. Techniques

1. Preference method

2. Habituation method

3. Evoked potentials

4. High-Amplitude sucking

INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES

A. Vision in Newborns

1. Least developed of senses

2. Acuity (20/600)

INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES

A. Vision in Newborns

1. Least developed of senses

2. Acuity (20/600)

3. Color Vision

4. Visual Contrast

5. Brightness Discrimination

INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES

A. Vision in Newborns

B. Hearing in Newborns

1. Discrimination

2. Voices

3. Language

4. Hearing loss/Ear infections

INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES

A. Vision in Newborns

B. Hearing in Newborns

C. Taste and Smell

1. Preferences

2. Discrimination

MOM’S SENSORY CAPABILITIES!

INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES

A. Vision in Newborns

B. Hearing in Newborns

C. Taste and Smell

D. Touch, Temperature & Pain

1. Sensitivity

2. Circumcision

INFANT PERCEPTION

Perception: The interpretation of sensory input by the brain.

Activities to illustrate the importance of perception and expectation….

INFANT PERCEPTION

Reality….does an objective reality exist that our senses detect and classify

OR

Is reality what we create to make sense of ambiguous stimuli?

Modern Theories of Perceptual Development

Enrichment Theory

Differentiation Theory

INFANT PERCEPTION

A. Visual Perception

1. Perception of Patterns/Forms

a. 0-2 months

b. 2-12 months

c. Face perception

INFANT PERCEPTION

A. Visual Perception

1. Perception of Patterns/Forms

2. Perception of 3-D Space

Basic Definitions:

Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth

Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues

INFANT PERCEPTION

Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues

INFANT PERCEPTION

A. Visual Perception

1. Perception of Patterns/Forms

2. Perception of 3-D Space

Basic Definitions:

Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth

Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues

Visual looming – object looks bigger as it draws closer to the face

Kinetic cues – created by movements of objects or body

INFANT PERCEPTION

A. Visual Perception

1. Perception of Patterns/Forms

2. Perception of 3-D Space

a. Early use of Kinetic cues

b. Size Constancy

c. Pictorial Cues

d. Depth Perception

INFANT PERCEPTION

Depth Perception

INFANT PERCEPTION

Intermodal Perception: the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality.

When do babies display these abilities?

Neurological Effects of Visual Deprivation

Visual system requires patterned stimulation for normal development

- chimp studies

- cataracts

- kittens

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

Habituation – to stop attending or responding to sensory stimulation that is presented over and over.

- developmental trends- individual differences

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR

(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR

(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR

(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR

(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR

(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning)

Response produces Reinforcement Stimulus

R+

Response (emitted) R+ is rewarding R- is aversive R-

B.F. Skinner

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

Possible Consequences of Behavior

FollowingBehavior, Type of StimulusStimulusIs: Reward(+) Aversive(-)

Presented Positive PunishmentReinforcement

Removed Extinction Negative Reinforcement

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning)

Applications to child development:

- Can infants remember?

- How to punish effectively?

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

Observational Learning – learning that results from observing the behavior of others

- Newborn imitation- Deferred imitation

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