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STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
2. Habituation method
STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
2. Habituation method
3. Evoked potentials
4. High-Amplitude sucking
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
1. Least developed of senses
2. Acuity (20/600)
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
1. Least developed of senses
2. Acuity (20/600)
3. Color Vision
4. Visual Contrast
5. Brightness Discrimination
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
1. Discrimination
2. Voices
3. Language
4. Hearing loss/Ear infections
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
C. Taste and Smell
1. Preferences
2. Discrimination
MOM’S SENSORY CAPABILITIES!
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
C. Taste and Smell
D. Touch, Temperature & Pain
1. Sensitivity
2. Circumcision
INFANT PERCEPTION
Perception: The interpretation of sensory input by the brain.
Activities to illustrate the importance of perception and expectation….
INFANT PERCEPTION
Reality….does an objective reality exist that our senses detect and classify
OR
Is reality what we create to make sense of ambiguous stimuli?
Modern Theories of Perceptual Development
Enrichment Theory
Differentiation Theory
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
a. 0-2 months
b. 2-12 months
c. Face perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
Basic Definitions:
Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues
INFANT PERCEPTION
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
Basic Definitions:
Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues
Visual looming – object looks bigger as it draws closer to the face
Kinetic cues – created by movements of objects or body
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
a. Early use of Kinetic cues
b. Size Constancy
c. Pictorial Cues
d. Depth Perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
Depth Perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
Intermodal Perception: the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality.
When do babies display these abilities?
Neurological Effects of Visual Deprivation
Visual system requires patterned stimulation for normal development
- chimp studies
- cataracts
- kittens
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Habituation – to stop attending or responding to sensory stimulation that is presented over and over.
- developmental trends- individual differences
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogsMeat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning)
Response produces Reinforcement Stimulus
R+
Response (emitted) R+ is rewarding R- is aversive R-
B.F. Skinner
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Possible Consequences of Behavior
FollowingBehavior, Type of StimulusStimulusIs: Reward(+) Aversive(-)
Presented Positive PunishmentReinforcement
Removed Extinction Negative Reinforcement
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning)
Applications to child development:
- Can infants remember?
- How to punish effectively?
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Observational Learning – learning that results from observing the behavior of others
- Newborn imitation- Deferred imitation
