Stephen E. Lucas C H A P T E R McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Speaking...

Stephen E. LucasStephen E. Lucas

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

Speaking to PersuadeSpeaking to Persuade

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PersuasionPersuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

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Ethics and PersuasionEthics and Persuasion

• Make sure your goals are ethically sound

• Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas

• Make sure your goals are ethically sound

• Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas

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Degrees of PersuasionDegrees of Persuasion

Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to rightPersuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right

Strongly Opposed

ModeratelyOpposed

SlightlyOpposed

Neutral Slightlyin Favor

Moderatelyin Favor

Strongly in Favor

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Mental Dialogue with the Audience

The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

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Target AudienceTarget Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

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Types ofPersuasive Speeches

• Speeches on questions of fact

• Speeches on questions of value

• Speeches on questions of policy

• Speeches on questions of fact

• Speeches on questions of value

• Speeches on questions of policy

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Question of FactQuestion of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

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Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on

the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake.

II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen

III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on

the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake.

II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen

III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.

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Question of ValueQuestion of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

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Persuasive Speech on aQuestion of Value

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatcapital punishment is morally and legally wrong.

Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.”

II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatcapital punishment is morally and legally wrong.

Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.”

II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”

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Question of PolicyQuestion of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

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Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatour state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.

Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.

II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatour state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.

Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.

II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.

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Fact, Value, or Policy?Fact, Value, or Policy?

• To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.

• To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.

• To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.

• To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.

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Fact, Value, or Policy?Fact, Value, or Policy?

• A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.

• If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.

• A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.

• If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.

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Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy

• Speeches to gain passive agreement

• Speeches to gain immediate action

• Speeches to gain passive agreement

• Speeches to gain immediate action

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Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

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Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement

• To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides.

• To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.

• To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides.

• To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.

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Speech to Gain Immediate ActionSpeech to Gain

Immediate Action

The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

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Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action

• To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.

• To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

• To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.

• To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

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Basic Issues of Policy Speeches

• Need

• Plan

• Practicality

• Need

• Plan

• Practicality

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NeedNeed

Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

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Demonstrating NeedDemonstrating Need

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Demonstrating NeedDemonstrating Need

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PlanPlan

If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

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PracticalityPracticality

• Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?

• Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?

• Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?

• Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?

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Demonstrating PracticalityDemonstrating Practicality

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Organizing Speeches (and Essays) on Questions of Policy

• Introduction

• NEED:

Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable)

• PLAN:

Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work)

Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem)

Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable)

• PRACTICALITY:

Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section)

• Conclusion

• Introduction

• NEED:

Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable)

• PLAN:

Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work)

Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem)

Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable)

• PRACTICALITY:

Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section)

• Conclusion

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Stephen E. Lucas C H A P T E R McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Speaking...

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