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STATES OF MATTER
•The Four States of Matter
•Solid
•Liquid
•Gas
•Plasma
STATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
which are in continual random
motion.
• The word “Kinetic”, means motion.
• TEMPERATURE = The amount of kinetic
energy that the particles in a substance
have.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are
tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.
•Solids have a definite
shape and a definite
volume. Heat
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one another.
Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume.
Heat
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
Particles of
gases are very far
apart and move
freely.
Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume. Heat
Law of Conservation of Mass
• Mass cannot be
created or
destroyed.
• So what happens
when matter
changes (ex:
melting, boiling,
freezing)?
MELTING
BOILING
PHASE CHANGESDescription of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Melting
Heat goes into
the solid as it
melts.
Liquid to
solidFreezing
Heat leaves the
liquid as it
freezes.
PHASE CHANGESDescription of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to
gas
Vaporization,
boiling, and
evaporation
Heat goes into the
liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid CondensationHeat leaves the gas
as it condenses.
Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the
solid as it sublimates.
Exit Question
Define Temperature. Describe it in the best way
you can, relating to the particles in a substance.
We can calculate the exact amount of heat that
takes place in a transfer between a system and
its surroundings, as long as we have:
1.The mass of the substance in question
2. Its initial and final temperatures
3. Its specific heat capacity
How much heat is needed to
raise 12 g of Ammonia from 25
K to 40 K? The C = 4.70 J/g*K
How much heat is needed to
raise 12 g of Ammonia from 25
K to 40 K? The C = 4.70 J/g*K
What about the flat parts of the
graph where there are no
changes in T?
Q = m*L
This equation is used for the flat sections of
the heating curve, where there is a PHASE
CHANGE.
Q = Heat (J)
m = mass (g)
L = Latent Heat (J/g)
There are two types of Latent Heat: Heat of Fusion (SOLID LIQUIDS)
Heat of Vaporization (LIQUID GAS)
What is HEAT?
A transfer of energy between some system and
its surroundings.
There are 2 Types of Chemical
Reactions
• Exothermic Reaction-a Chemical Reaction that
releases energy as light or heat into its surroundings.
Ex: Making Ice Cubes
• Endothermic Reaction-a Chemical Reaction that
absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually as heat
Ex: Melting Ice Cubes
Endothermic
Heat
Heat
Heat
When ice is melting into water.
ExothermicHeat
Heat
Heat
When water is freezing…
Methods of Heat Transfer
• Convection: the transfer of heat through the
LARGE COLLECTIVE movements of particles in
gases and liquids.
EX: Wind being created from differences in
temperatures in the air
• Conduction: the transfer of heat
through the COLLISIONS of particles
amongst one body or between two
bodies.
EX: Touching a stove and burning your
hand.
• Radiation: the transfer of heat from
traveling electromagnetic waves.
EX: Getting Sun burned.
How much energy would be needed to heat
450 grams of copper metal from a
temperature of 25.0ºC to a temperature of
75.0ºC? The specific heat of copper at
25.0ºC is 0.385 J/g ºC.
How much energy would be needed to heat
450 grams of copper metal from a
temperature of 25.0ºC to a temperature of
75.0ºC? The specific heat of copper at
25.0ºC is 0.385 J/g ºC.
What is heat required to cause
33 g of ice to melt into liquid?
The latent heat of ice is 334 J/g.
It takes 828 J of heat energy to raise the
temperature of 55.0g of some material
from 25.0oC to 28.6oC? What is the specific
heat of this material?
It takes 487.5 J to heat 25
grams of copper from 25 °C to
75 °C. What is the specific heat
of copper is 0.36 Joules/g·°C?
#2 on Heat Quiz
Using your knowledge of how
heat moves, explain what will
happen (in terms of energy) if a
block of HOT iron is placed in a
glass of cool water. (MUST
use the terms absorb or
release energy)
But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity.
Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
They are the most common state of matter in the universe
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place
to place
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed
of electrical
charged particles
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
COLD PLASMA
COLD PLASMA PEN
Kinetic Theory of Matter
The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is composed of a
large number of small particles—individual atoms or molecules—that
are in constant motion.
Temperature
The amount of “energy due to
movement” (kinetic energy) that the
particles in a substance have.
Temperature
The amount of “energy due to
movement” (kinetic energy) that the
particles in a substance have.
KELVIN = 273 + CELCIUS
What about when the
Temperature is so cold that the
particles are almost not
moving?
Kelvin Scale
Absolute Zero, which is 0 Kelvin, is the
theoretically possible temperature in which
the atoms are practically motionless.
Absolute Zero, which is 0 Kelvin, is the
theoretically possible temperature in which
the atoms are practically motionless.
Technically even at absolute zero, there is still at
least some movement energy.
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): T = 273 K,
and P = 1 atm
Charles’ Law
KELVIN MUST BE USED FOR
TEMPERATURE
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
V and T are
directly
proportional
A gas that is initially at a volume of 12 L and a
temperature of 293 K. If the temperature goes up to 373
K, how much does the volume increase?
Pressure
Units: Pascals, atmospheres, or lb per square inch.
The number of collisions of particles per unit
area.
The more collisions there are per area,
the higher the pressure.
Pressure is also defined as
Force per unit Area
Units
Boyles’s Law
Boyle’s Law: PiVi = PfVf
P and V are inversely proportional
A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. What is the
pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L?
A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. What is the
pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L?
GL Law
Joseph-Louis Gay-LussacExperimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
P and T are directly proportional
Determine the pressure change when a
constant volume of gas at 2.00 atm is heated
from 50.0 °C to 60.0 °C.
𝑃𝑖𝑇𝑖
=𝑃𝑓
𝑇𝑓2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
323 𝐾=
𝑃𝑓
333 𝐾2 333 = (323)𝑃𝑓𝑃𝑓 = 2.06 𝑎𝑡𝑚
AVOGADRO’s LAW
If two gases have the same volume, and are at equal
temperature and pressure, then they also have the
same number of molecules.
How many moles are in 45.0 L of a gas if the gas
was originally at 42 L and had 2.3 moles?
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖
=𝑉𝑓
𝑛𝑓42 𝐿
2.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙=45 𝐿
𝑛𝑓
42𝐿 𝑛𝑓 = 45 2.3
𝑛𝑓 = 2.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously
learned about into one equation.
Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously
learned about into one equation.
P V = n R T
Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously
learned about into one equation.
P V = n R T
This is called the IDEAL GAS LAW
Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously
learned about into one equation.
P V = n R T
This is called the IDEAL GAS LAWWe look at all the ways that these variables affect each
other, when none of them are held constant.
Ideal Gas Properties
Gases will typically behave like an ideal gas at
High temperature and low Pressure.
1. An ideal gas consists of a large number of
identical molecules.
2. The volume occupied by the individual
molecules is tiny, compared to the volume
occupied by the whole gas.
3. The molecules obey Newton’s laws
of motion, and move in random motion.
4. The molecules experience forces
only during collisions with each other or
the walls of their container. There is no
energy loss due to collisions.
At what temperature will 0.654 mol of neon gas
occupy at 12.30 L and at 1.95 atm?
Van der Waals Equation of state
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
In a mixture of non-reacting gases, the
total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the individual gases.
Partial Pressure of a gas:
Nitrogen
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and the Noble Gases will
behave like Ideal Gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure.
Combined Gas Law
At what temperature will 0.654 moles of
neon gas occupy 12.30 L at 1.95 atm?
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