STATES OF MATTER

•The Four States of Matter

•Solid

•Liquid

•Gas

•Plasma

STATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangement

Based upon energy of particles

Based upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles

which are in continual random

motion.

• The word “Kinetic”, means motion.

• TEMPERATURE = The amount of kinetic

energy that the particles in a substance

have.

STATES OF MATTER

SOLIDS

•Particles of solids are

tightly packed, vibrating

about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite

shape and a definite

volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER

LIQUID

Particles of liquids are

tightly packed, but are

far enough apart to

slide over one another.

Liquids have an

indefinite shape and a

definite volume.

Heat

STATES OF MATTER

GAS

Particles of

gases are very far

apart and move

freely.

Gases have an

indefinite shape

and an indefinite

volume. Heat

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Mass cannot be

created or

destroyed.

• So what happens

when matter

changes (ex:

melting, boiling,

freezing)?

MELTING

BOILING

PHASE CHANGESDescription of

Phase Change

Term for Phase

Change

Heat Movement During

Phase Change

Solid to

liquid

Melting

Heat goes into

the solid as it

melts.

Liquid to

solidFreezing

Heat leaves the

liquid as it

freezes.

PHASE CHANGESDescription of

Phase Change

Term for Phase

Change

Heat Movement During

Phase Change

Liquid to

gas

Vaporization,

boiling, and

evaporation

Heat goes into the

liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid CondensationHeat leaves the gas

as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the

solid as it sublimates.

Exit Question

Define Temperature. Describe it in the best way

you can, relating to the particles in a substance.

We can calculate the exact amount of heat that

takes place in a transfer between a system and

its surroundings, as long as we have:

1.The mass of the substance in question

2. Its initial and final temperatures

3. Its specific heat capacity

How much heat is needed to

raise 12 g of Ammonia from 25

K to 40 K? The C = 4.70 J/g*K

How much heat is needed to

raise 12 g of Ammonia from 25

K to 40 K? The C = 4.70 J/g*K

What about the flat parts of the

graph where there are no

changes in T?

Q = m*L

This equation is used for the flat sections of

the heating curve, where there is a PHASE

CHANGE.

Q = Heat (J)

m = mass (g)

L = Latent Heat (J/g)

There are two types of Latent Heat: Heat of Fusion (SOLID LIQUIDS)

Heat of Vaporization (LIQUID GAS)

What is HEAT?

A transfer of energy between some system and

its surroundings.

There are 2 Types of Chemical

Reactions

• Exothermic Reaction-a Chemical Reaction that

releases energy as light or heat into its surroundings.

Ex: Making Ice Cubes

• Endothermic Reaction-a Chemical Reaction that

absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually as heat

Ex: Melting Ice Cubes

Endothermic

Heat

Heat

Heat

When ice is melting into water.

ExothermicHeat

Heat

Heat

When water is freezing…

Methods of Heat Transfer

• Convection: the transfer of heat through the

LARGE COLLECTIVE movements of particles in

gases and liquids.

EX: Wind being created from differences in

temperatures in the air

• Conduction: the transfer of heat

through the COLLISIONS of particles

amongst one body or between two

bodies.

EX: Touching a stove and burning your

hand.

• Radiation: the transfer of heat from

traveling electromagnetic waves.

EX: Getting Sun burned.

How much energy would be needed to heat

450 grams of copper metal from a

temperature of 25.0ºC to a temperature of

75.0ºC? The specific heat of copper at

25.0ºC is 0.385 J/g ºC.

How much energy would be needed to heat

450 grams of copper metal from a

temperature of 25.0ºC to a temperature of

75.0ºC? The specific heat of copper at

25.0ºC is 0.385 J/g ºC.

What is heat required to cause

33 g of ice to melt into liquid?

The latent heat of ice is 334 J/g.

It takes 828 J of heat energy to raise the

temperature of 55.0g of some material

from 25.0oC to 28.6oC? What is the specific

heat of this material?

It takes 487.5 J to heat 25

grams of copper from 25 °C to

75 °C. What is the specific heat

of copper is 0.36 Joules/g·°C?

#2 on Heat Quiz

Using your knowledge of how

heat moves, explain what will

happen (in terms of energy) if a

block of HOT iron is placed in a

glass of cool water. (MUST

use the terms absorb or

release energy)

But what happens if you raise the

temperature to super-high levels…

between

1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything

just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER

PLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

They are the most common state of matter in the universe

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in

a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not

move from place

to place

Close together

with no regular

arrangement.

Vibrate, move

about, and slide

past each other

Well separated

with no regular

arrangement.

Vibrate and move

freely at high

speeds

Has no definite

volume or shape

and is composed

of electrical

charged particles

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its

plasma state

COLD PLASMA

COLD PLASMA PEN

Kinetic Theory of Matter

The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is composed of a

large number of small particles—individual atoms or molecules—that

are in constant motion.

Temperature

The amount of “energy due to

movement” (kinetic energy) that the

particles in a substance have.

Temperature

The amount of “energy due to

movement” (kinetic energy) that the

particles in a substance have.

KELVIN = 273 + CELCIUS

What about when the

Temperature is so cold that the

particles are almost not

moving?

Kelvin Scale

Absolute Zero, which is 0 Kelvin, is the

theoretically possible temperature in which

the atoms are practically motionless.

Absolute Zero, which is 0 Kelvin, is the

theoretically possible temperature in which

the atoms are practically motionless.

Technically even at absolute zero, there is still at

least some movement energy.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): T = 273 K,

and P = 1 atm

Charles’ Law

KELVIN MUST BE USED FOR

TEMPERATURE

Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2

V and T are

directly

proportional

A gas that is initially at a volume of 12 L and a

temperature of 293 K. If the temperature goes up to 373

K, how much does the volume increase?

Pressure

Units: Pascals, atmospheres, or lb per square inch.

The number of collisions of particles per unit

area.

The more collisions there are per area,

the higher the pressure.

Pressure is also defined as

Force per unit Area

Units

Boyles’s Law

Boyle’s Law: PiVi = PfVf

P and V are inversely proportional

A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. What is the

pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L?

A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. What is the

pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L?

GL Law

Joseph-Louis Gay-LussacExperimentalist

Limoges, France

December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850

P and T are directly proportional

Determine the pressure change when a

constant volume of gas at 2.00 atm is heated

from 50.0 °C to 60.0 °C.

𝑃𝑖𝑇𝑖

=𝑃𝑓

𝑇𝑓2 𝑎𝑡𝑚

323 𝐾=

𝑃𝑓

333 𝐾2 333 = (323)𝑃𝑓𝑃𝑓 = 2.06 𝑎𝑡𝑚

AVOGADRO’s LAW

If two gases have the same volume, and are at equal

temperature and pressure, then they also have the

same number of molecules.

How many moles are in 45.0 L of a gas if the gas

was originally at 42 L and had 2.3 moles?

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖

=𝑉𝑓

𝑛𝑓42 𝐿

2.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙=45 𝐿

𝑛𝑓

42𝐿 𝑛𝑓 = 45 2.3

𝑛𝑓 = 2.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously

learned about into one equation.

Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously

learned about into one equation.

P V = n R T

Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously

learned about into one equation.

P V = n R T

This is called the IDEAL GAS LAW

Chemists have combined the gas laws we’ve previously

learned about into one equation.

P V = n R T

This is called the IDEAL GAS LAWWe look at all the ways that these variables affect each

other, when none of them are held constant.

Ideal Gas Properties

Gases will typically behave like an ideal gas at

High temperature and low Pressure.

1. An ideal gas consists of a large number of

identical molecules.

2. The volume occupied by the individual

molecules is tiny, compared to the volume

occupied by the whole gas.

3. The molecules obey Newton’s laws

of motion, and move in random motion.

4. The molecules experience forces

only during collisions with each other or

the walls of their container. There is no

energy loss due to collisions.

At what temperature will 0.654 mol of neon gas

occupy at 12.30 L and at 1.95 atm?

Van der Waals Equation of state

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

In a mixture of non-reacting gases, the

total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial

pressures of the individual gases.

Partial Pressure of a gas:

Nitrogen

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and the Noble Gases will

behave like Ideal Gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure.

Combined Gas Law

At what temperature will 0.654 moles of

neon gas occupy 12.30 L at 1.95 atm?