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Standard 11
Sports, Recreation, and Tourism
Examine the physical and human geographic factors associated withsports, recreation, and tourism along with the local and global
consequences of these activities.
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport,
Recreation, and Tourism (in select locations)
11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation11.5 Impacts of Tourism (environmental)
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports
Points of Origin Golf (Scotland) Tennis (Europe) Skiing (Scandinavia) Soccer/Football (Europe, Latin America) Baseball/Basketball (USA) Olympics (Greece)
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Soccer/Football
Modern version originated in England around the mid-19 th Century Several locations claimed as place of origin Ancient Greeks and Romans played a game with their feet and a ball,
observed by Herodotus to be the head of the defeated teams captain 3 rd Century BC Soldiers during the Han Dynasty played a game where
a ball would be kicked into a small net Football was played in England as early as the 8 th Century, with the
ball being the head of a defeated Danish Prince The game became so violent in England that King Edward III tried to
abolish the game
The Football Association established in England in 1863 (1 set of rules)
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports
Soccer/Football Early Egyptian ball made of linen from 2500 BC Greek game called Episkyros, approximately 2000 BC Romans later changed the name to Harpastum
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Diffusion of modern sport British workmen went to South America to build railroads (econ. dev.) Mass emigration from Italy to South America (political influence) British troops brought the game to India American Civil War soldiers played the game to relax
Global Sport - International competition
International competition began in Europe near the turn of the 20th
Century FIFA founded in 1904 First World Cup in 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay 1932 World Cup final was the first to be broadcast on radio Attendance at World Cup events is enormous (Germany, approx. 635,000) Viewership (1 billion viewers of Germany World Cup)
11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Soccer/Football
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Skiing
Believed to have originated inScandinavia Means of transportation and a
military skill in Scandinavia Skis approximately 4,500 years old were
discovered in Sweden Skiing was introduced to Central
Europe at the end of the 16 th Century Americans learned skiing either from natives or
Scandinavian immigrants in the mid-19 th Century Skiing was included in the first Winter Olympics in 1924
Source: B. Jonas and S. Masia, Ski Magazines Total Skiing (1987)
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports
Skiing
Recent debate regarding its true place of origin (csmonitor.com, March 15, 2006) Altay Mountains bordering China, Mongolia,
Kazakhstan, and Russia Skis used to this day for subsistence hunting
and transportation Believed that Altaic peoples may have
introduced skiing in Scandinavia Also a belief that skiing concept arose
independently Skis made of spruce or white pine, wrapped
in hairy, horse-shank skin
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Originsof Skiing
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports
Olympic Games (change over time) First modern Olympic Games held in 1896
241 athletes 14 countries 43 events 9 sports
2004 Olympic Games 10,500 athletes 202 countries 300 events 28 sports
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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation
Italy Formerly a religious, political, commercial center Popular tourist centers (Florence, Venice, Rome)
United States Parks developed in response to increased urbanization Millenium Park, Chicago, IL Need for recreation/green space Formerly blighted areas redeveloped
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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation South Africa
Apartheid policies implemented in 1948 Institutionalization of racial discrimination Government did not develop tourism during apartheid End of apartheid policies in 1994 (first all-race election in 1994)
New government saw important role of tourism in economic revival Dramatic increase in tours/lodges, etc. (Tourism up 100% since 1994) From 3.6 million visitors in 1994 to 7.3 million in 2005 (8% of S.A. GDP)
South Africa to host the FIFA World Cup in 2010 9 cities will host games and events 10 new venues being constructed for the games Billions of dollars to be injected into local economy
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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation
China Won bid for 2008 Olympic Games (benefits) International attention
China will likely ease restrictions during the Games to appear more open Promises have been made regarding freedom of media
Promote human rights advocacy and democracy People have increased personal freedom but political freedom nonexistent
Negative is government accused of increasing arrests of dissidents Destroying houses without owners permission
Construction of many new facilities for Olympics and beyond
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation Germany - 2006 World Cup and healing image from WWII
Olympics Physical/Cultural landscapes changed Atmosphere of increased nationalism (national character) Infrastructure, sport venues, lodging, future tourism, international focus
United States Continued growth/development of ski resorts and golf resorts
Job creation, alteration of physical/human landscape, loss of habitat United Kingdom
Hosted the 2007 Tour De France South Africa
Heal its image from apartheid; Development of National Parks andRefuges to preserve (character preservation)
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation
China Leisure time includes dining out (Hong Kong = 1 restaurant/20 people) Increase in paid holidays for workers promotes tourism Worlds largest golf course planned Entire country has approximately 30,000 golf club members
Government envisions golf courses as new revenue possibility Resort destinations created
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China Hangzhou, China West Lake development
completed Jan. 2007 10% growth in GDP/year for
13 successive years
30 million visitors (2 millioninternational) each year
21-block district in a blightedarea to be redeveloped for international tourism
Canal, manmade canyon,
shopping, restaurants
11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation
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11.3 Human andPhysical Impacts of
Sport and Recreation
Overview of entire WestLake Developmentin Hangzhou, China
Architectural canyon andcanal attached to West Lakein Hangzhou, China
Source: Jerde Partnership
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation Dubai
Worlds largest indoor ski resort Snow park equivalent to 3 football fields Mountain resort theme Restaurants, shopping, lodging Skiing, snowboarding, tobogganing 30 tons of fresh snow made daily Connected to The Mall of the Emirates
Climate as a determining factor
Diversified economy
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation
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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation
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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation
Indianapolis, Indiana Urban renewal using sports, recreation, and tourism Change over time - Major sporting venues, Victory Field, NCAA Headquarters,
White River Gardens and State Park, Indiana State Museum, Eiteljorg Museum Spatial organization - Recreational opportunities in downtown Canal Walk
leading to museums and the NCAA Hall of Champions, and connected to theIndianapolis Zoo
Military Park (hosts several festivals per year), IUPUI Campus, and RCATennis Center
Spatial interaction - Monon Trail (former railway) developed as a recreationalcorridor stretching 15.5 miles from 10 th Street in downtown Indianapolis north toCarmel, Indiana (146 th Street).
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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation Monon Trail
Offers a recreational/spatial link between urban/suburban areas Spatial interaction, alteration of physical landscape
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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation
Indianapolis, Indiana $319.5 million Circle Centre, successful urban shopping andentertainment centers $2.7 billion in construction and redevelopment efforts by 2010 (change
over time) Major Sports and Convention Venues (Lucas Oil Stadium, new
Convention Center)
3,000 hotel rooms connected to Indiana Convention Center via skywalk Planned Market Square District redevelopment Vibrant urban center with lodging, shopping, sports, arts, and other
entertainment all within walking distance (spatial organization andinteraction)
Source: Downtown Indianapolis, Inc.
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism
Brazil Tourism Amazon River Basin Rainforest tours (human-environment interactions) Ecotourism
Lodges, landing strips, fuel in waterways (alteration of physical systems) Greater exposure of native peoples and animals to disease/infection
(changes in cultural landscape)
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism Kenya
Nearly 1 million visitors to Kenya per year ($500 million) More popular spots: Mombasa, Nairobi, Game Reserves Tourism believed to contribute to preservation of dance/traditions Local population and employees learn foreign languages
Sources: IDRC, Moi University Research, Kenya Tourism
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism
Kenya Divide in benefits of tourism
Only 2% of revenue at Maasai Mara Reservegoes to local Maasai
Remainder goes to lodges,transportation/travel agencies, Govt.
Human-Environment Interaction
Conversion of traditional grazing land to Park Impacts on wildlife
Off-road driving damaging habitat Lodges/restaurants affecting food intake Researchers discovered traces of lead in
roadside vegetation
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism
Arctic Regions Dramatic increase in tourism during the last 15 years Up to one million tourists each year (Scandinavia, Canada, Greenland,
Russia, Alaska) Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic
Use of Tundra Buggies Fuel emissions Disturbance of animals
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism
Possible Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism Tourism depends on condition of environment (complex relationship) Destruction or disturbance of wildlife habitat for construction of lodges,
infrastructure, etc. Removal of vegetation contributes to increased soil erosion,
sedimentation of waterways, increased risk of flooding (physical and
human impacts) Water quality risks associated with sewage, fuel for tour operations Localized air quality impacts from exhaust emissions Hunting tours may reduce wildlife populations depended upon by local
human population
Source: IUCN, www.iucn.org
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11.5 Impacts of Tourism
Infrastructure Improvements Governments offer tax incentives to developers Expensive infrastructure improvements divert money from other social
benefits (health care)
All-Inclusive Packages such as cruise ships
Very little local involvement/benefit
Leakage: Amount of direct income to an area from tourism Majority of income goes to foreign-owned businesses, airlines, hotels,
travel/tour operators, and imported food, etc. Thailand example (70% of money spent ended up leaving the country)
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