Sports, Recreation, And Tourism London 2012

8/9/2019 Sports, Recreation, And Tourism London 2012

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Standard 11

Sports, Recreation, and Tourism

Examine the physical and human geographic factors associated withsports, recreation, and tourism along with the local and global

consequences of these activities.


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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport,

Recreation, and Tourism (in select locations)

11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation11.5 Impacts of Tourism (environmental)


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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

Points of Origin Golf (Scotland) Tennis (Europe) Skiing (Scandinavia) Soccer/Football (Europe, Latin America) Baseball/Basketball (USA) Olympics (Greece)


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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Soccer/Football

Modern version originated in England around the mid-19 th Century Several locations claimed as place of origin Ancient Greeks and Romans played a game with their feet and a ball,

observed by Herodotus to be the head of the defeated teams captain 3 rd Century BC Soldiers during the Han Dynasty played a game where

a ball would be kicked into a small net Football was played in England as early as the 8 th Century, with the

ball being the head of a defeated Danish Prince The game became so violent in England that King Edward III tried to

abolish the game

The Football Association established in England in 1863 (1 set of rules)


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Soccer/Football Early Egyptian ball made of linen from 2500 BC Greek game called Episkyros, approximately 2000 BC Romans later changed the name to Harpastum


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Diffusion of modern sport British workmen went to South America to build railroads (econ. dev.) Mass emigration from Italy to South America (political influence) British troops brought the game to India American Civil War soldiers played the game to relax

Global Sport - International competition

International competition began in Europe near the turn of the 20th

Century FIFA founded in 1904 First World Cup in 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay 1932 World Cup final was the first to be broadcast on radio Attendance at World Cup events is enormous (Germany, approx. 635,000) Viewership (1 billion viewers of Germany World Cup)

11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Soccer/Football


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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Skiing

Believed to have originated inScandinavia Means of transportation and a

military skill in Scandinavia Skis approximately 4,500 years old were

discovered in Sweden Skiing was introduced to Central

Europe at the end of the 16 th Century Americans learned skiing either from natives or

Scandinavian immigrants in the mid-19 th Century Skiing was included in the first Winter Olympics in 1924

Source: B. Jonas and S. Masia, Ski Magazines Total Skiing (1987)


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Skiing

Recent debate regarding its true place of origin (csmonitor.com, March 15, 2006) Altay Mountains bordering China, Mongolia,

Kazakhstan, and Russia Skis used to this day for subsistence hunting

and transportation Believed that Altaic peoples may have

introduced skiing in Scandinavia Also a belief that skiing concept arose

independently Skis made of spruce or white pine, wrapped

in hairy, horse-shank skin


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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports Originsof Skiing


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Olympic Games (change over time) First modern Olympic Games held in 1896

241 athletes 14 countries 43 events 9 sports

2004 Olympic Games 10,500 athletes 202 countries 300 events 28 sports


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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation

Italy Formerly a religious, political, commercial center Popular tourist centers (Florence, Venice, Rome)

United States Parks developed in response to increased urbanization Millenium Park, Chicago, IL Need for recreation/green space Formerly blighted areas redeveloped


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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation South Africa

Apartheid policies implemented in 1948 Institutionalization of racial discrimination Government did not develop tourism during apartheid End of apartheid policies in 1994 (first all-race election in 1994)

New government saw important role of tourism in economic revival Dramatic increase in tours/lodges, etc. (Tourism up 100% since 1994) From 3.6 million visitors in 1994 to 7.3 million in 2005 (8% of S.A. GDP)

South Africa to host the FIFA World Cup in 2010 9 cities will host games and events 10 new venues being constructed for the games Billions of dollars to be injected into local economy


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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation

China Won bid for 2008 Olympic Games (benefits) International attention

China will likely ease restrictions during the Games to appear more open Promises have been made regarding freedom of media

Promote human rights advocacy and democracy People have increased personal freedom but political freedom nonexistent

Negative is government accused of increasing arrests of dissidents Destroying houses without owners permission

Construction of many new facilities for Olympics and beyond


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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation Germany - 2006 World Cup and healing image from WWII

Olympics Physical/Cultural landscapes changed Atmosphere of increased nationalism (national character) Infrastructure, sport venues, lodging, future tourism, international focus

United States Continued growth/development of ski resorts and golf resorts

Job creation, alteration of physical/human landscape, loss of habitat United Kingdom

Hosted the 2007 Tour De France South Africa

Heal its image from apartheid; Development of National Parks andRefuges to preserve (character preservation)


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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation

China Leisure time includes dining out (Hong Kong = 1 restaurant/20 people) Increase in paid holidays for workers promotes tourism Worlds largest golf course planned Entire country has approximately 30,000 golf club members

Government envisions golf courses as new revenue possibility Resort destinations created


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China Hangzhou, China West Lake development

completed Jan. 2007 10% growth in GDP/year for

13 successive years

30 million visitors (2 millioninternational) each year

21-block district in a blightedarea to be redeveloped for international tourism

Canal, manmade canyon,

shopping, restaurants



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11.3 Human andPhysical Impacts of

Sport and Recreation

Overview of entire WestLake Developmentin Hangzhou, China

Architectural canyon andcanal attached to West Lakein Hangzhou, China

Source: Jerde Partnership


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11.3 Human and Physical Impacts of Sport and Recreation Dubai

Worlds largest indoor ski resort Snow park equivalent to 3 football fields Mountain resort theme Restaurants, shopping, lodging Skiing, snowboarding, tobogganing 30 tons of fresh snow made daily Connected to The Mall of the Emirates

Climate as a determining factor

Diversified economy


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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation

Indianapolis, Indiana Urban renewal using sports, recreation, and tourism Change over time - Major sporting venues, Victory Field, NCAA Headquarters,

White River Gardens and State Park, Indiana State Museum, Eiteljorg Museum Spatial organization - Recreational opportunities in downtown Canal Walk

leading to museums and the NCAA Hall of Champions, and connected to theIndianapolis Zoo

Military Park (hosts several festivals per year), IUPUI Campus, and RCATennis Center

Spatial interaction - Monon Trail (former railway) developed as a recreationalcorridor stretching 15.5 miles from 10 th Street in downtown Indianapolis north toCarmel, Indiana (146 th Street).


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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation Monon Trail

Offers a recreational/spatial link between urban/suburban areas Spatial interaction, alteration of physical landscape


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11.4 Local Impacts of Sport and Recreation

Indianapolis, Indiana $319.5 million Circle Centre, successful urban shopping andentertainment centers $2.7 billion in construction and redevelopment efforts by 2010 (change

over time) Major Sports and Convention Venues (Lucas Oil Stadium, new

Convention Center)

3,000 hotel rooms connected to Indiana Convention Center via skywalk Planned Market Square District redevelopment Vibrant urban center with lodging, shopping, sports, arts, and other

entertainment all within walking distance (spatial organization andinteraction)

Source: Downtown Indianapolis, Inc.


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11.5 Impacts of Tourism

Brazil Tourism Amazon River Basin Rainforest tours (human-environment interactions) Ecotourism

Lodges, landing strips, fuel in waterways (alteration of physical systems) Greater exposure of native peoples and animals to disease/infection

(changes in cultural landscape)


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11.5 Impacts of Tourism Kenya

Nearly 1 million visitors to Kenya per year ($500 million) More popular spots: Mombasa, Nairobi, Game Reserves Tourism believed to contribute to preservation of dance/traditions Local population and employees learn foreign languages

Sources: IDRC, Moi University Research, Kenya Tourism


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Kenya Divide in benefits of tourism

Only 2% of revenue at Maasai Mara Reservegoes to local Maasai

Remainder goes to lodges,transportation/travel agencies, Govt.

Human-Environment Interaction

Conversion of traditional grazing land to Park Impacts on wildlife

Off-road driving damaging habitat Lodges/restaurants affecting food intake Researchers discovered traces of lead in

roadside vegetation


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Arctic Regions Dramatic increase in tourism during the last 15 years Up to one million tourists each year (Scandinavia, Canada, Greenland,

Russia, Alaska) Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic

Use of Tundra Buggies Fuel emissions Disturbance of animals


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Possible Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism Tourism depends on condition of environment (complex relationship) Destruction or disturbance of wildlife habitat for construction of lodges,

infrastructure, etc. Removal of vegetation contributes to increased soil erosion,

sedimentation of waterways, increased risk of flooding (physical and

human impacts) Water quality risks associated with sewage, fuel for tour operations Localized air quality impacts from exhaust emissions Hunting tours may reduce wildlife populations depended upon by local

human population

Source: IUCN, www.iucn.org


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Infrastructure Improvements Governments offer tax incentives to developers Expensive infrastructure improvements divert money from other social

benefits (health care)

All-Inclusive Packages such as cruise ships

Very little local involvement/benefit

Leakage: Amount of direct income to an area from tourism Majority of income goes to foreign-owned businesses, airlines, hotels,

travel/tour operators, and imported food, etc. Thailand example (70% of money spent ended up leaving the country)

Documents

Sports, Recreation, And Tourism London 2012