Sport Books Publisher1 Substance Use and Abuse Chapter 13

Sport Books Publisher 1

Substance Use and Abuse

Chapter 13

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Outline

Drugs versus dietary supplements Drugs and exercise

– Everyday drugs– Illegal drugs

Ergogenic aids and exercise– Allowed ergogenic aids– Banned ergogenic aids

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Drugs Versus Dietary Supplements

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Drugs

Defined:1. Substances used as medications or in the

preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act}

2. Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness

Addiction: compulsive physiological need Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects

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Dietary Supplements

Ingredients found in food

Processed to provide one or more micro and macronutrients

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Drugs and Exercise

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Every Day Drugs

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CAFFEINECAFFEINECAFFEINECAFFEINE

NICOTINENICOTINENICOTINENICOTINE

ALCOHOLALCOHOLALCOHOLALCOHOL

•Addiction

•Habituation

•Changes in consciousness

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Caffeine Found in:

– Coffee beans– Tea leaves– Cocoa beans– Cola nuts– Energy drinks

400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not associated with adverse effects

12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee)

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Caffeine

CNS stimulant

Increases alertness

Non-user side effects

•Insomnia•Headaches•Irritability•Nervousness•Elevated HR•High BP

Increases fat burning

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Alcohol

Depressant No ergogenic effect

12 ounces = 5 ounces = 1 ounce

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Alcohol

Psychological Effects

•Reduced tension

•Reduced anxiety

•Enhanced self-confidence

•Promotion of aggression

•Reduced tension

•Reduced anxiety

•Enhanced self-confidence

•Promotion of aggression

Negative Side Effects

•Motor coordination

•Hand and eyecoordination

•Reaction time•Information

processing•Decision

making

•Motor coordination

•Hand and eyecoordination

•Reaction time•Information

processing•Decision

making

Anti-tremor Effects

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Nicotine

Stimulant No ergogenic effects Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL

levels of body functioning

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Nicotine

Decreases oxygen carrying capacity

Restricts oxygen supply

Increases oxygen demand

Increases HR & BP

Alters blood and airflow

Decreases temperature

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Nicotine: IRRITANT AND

CARCINOGENIC

HEALTHY LUNG SMOKER’S LUNG

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Illegal Drugs

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ILLEGAL DRUGS

ILLEGAL DRUGS

StimulantsStimulants DepressantsDepressants HallucinogensHallucinogens Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids OpiatesOpiates CannabisCannabis

+ _

Cocaine, crack, ecstasy, etc.

Barbiturates, anavar, dianabol, etc.

LSD, PCP, mushrooms etc.

Heroin, morphine, codeine etc.

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Cannabis

Types: – Marijuana– Hashish– Hash oil– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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Cannabis

Psychological Effects

Psychological Effects

•Feelings of calm and relaxation

•Talkativeness

Cognitive Effects

Cognitive Effects

•Impairs Concentration

•Impairs short-termMemory

•More vibrant sensory perception

•Alters sense oftime and space

PhysicalEffects

PhysicalEffects

•Impairs coordination and balance

•Increases appetite

•Rapid HR

•Red eyes

•Dry mouth and throat

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Ergogenic Aids and Exercise

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Ergogenic Aids

Substances that enhance work output, Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic particularly as it relates to athletic

performanceperformance

Include drugs and dietary supplementsInclude drugs and dietary supplements

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Basic Ergogenic

Mechanisms

CNS stimulation

Increase substratestorage

Supplemental energy source

Facilitation of recovery

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Allowed Ergogenic Aids

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Vitamins and Minerals

Reasons for supplementation:– Athletes’ beliefs:

1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake

2. “supercharging” elevates performance and training

– Scientific evidence:1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those

athletes who are deficient

2. Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced diet

3. “supercharging” maybe harmful to health

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Carbohydrate Loading

“Super”- loading of muscle glycogen stores

GLYCOGEN STORES

ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

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Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s Done Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days)

– Training = heavy– Diet = mixed

Starving glycogen stores (2-5days)– Training = reduced– Diet = fat and protein

Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days)– Training = light/taper– Diet = high carbohydrate content

Race/performance (day 8)– Super-increased glycogen stores

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Carbohydrate Loading: Side Effects Gastrointestinal discomfort Sluggishness Increased body weight

Experiment first before using for Experiment first before using for performance enhancement !performance enhancement !

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Creatine Natural compound created from three amino acids

Sources:– Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish– Endogenous: liver and kidneys

Used by muscles during explosive, powerful movements

Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder, tablet, capsule and liquid)

Not banned by any sports governing body

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Creatine: Ergogenic Actions

Increases lean body mass (2wks)

Improves high-intensity performance

Speeds up recovery rates

•Better performance in strength andpower activities

•Greater overload

•Increased muscular endurance

•Better performance in strength andpower activities

•Greater overload

•Increased muscular endurance

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Creatine: Side Effects

Dehydration Diarrhea Stomach cramps Muscle and

ligament tears

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Banned Ergogenic Aids

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Steroids

Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of testosterone

Injected or orally Taken in cycles vs. continually Stacking:

– Combining multiple types– Maximizes effectiveness– Minimizes negative effects

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Steroids: Ergogenic Actions

Increase lean body mass

Increase strength

Increase the ability to train longer and harder

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Steroids: Negative Effects

FEMALES Growth of facial hair Deepened voice Menstrual cycle

disturbances

MALES Baldness Development of breasts Shrinking of testicles Reduced sperm counts

Infertility

BOTH Paranoid jealousy Extreme irritability Delusions Feelings of invincibility Liver tumors Jaundice Fluid retention High blood pressure

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Ephedra

Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting,

and bodybuilding products Banned by most sports bodies

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Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions

+

+

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Ephedra: Negative Effects

Elevated BP Cardiac arrhythmias Heart palpitations Heart attacks

Psychosis Seizures

DEATH

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Blood Doping

RBC oxygen delivery Performance

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Blood Doping: How is it done?

Removing and storing body’s RBC

Re-establishment of normal RBC count

Administering EPO

Stimulation of bone marrow

OR

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Blood Doping: Negative Effects

Increase blood viscosity

Increases loads on heart

Heart damage

Death

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Blood Doping: Issue

Provides truly unfair performance advantage

Has serious health risks

Almost impossible to detect

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Other drugs and dietary supplements used by athletes

Table 13.2 in the text