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Sport Books Publisher 1
Substance Use and Abuse
Chapter 13
Sport Books Publisher 2
Outline
Drugs versus dietary supplements Drugs and exercise
– Everyday drugs– Illegal drugs
Ergogenic aids and exercise– Allowed ergogenic aids– Banned ergogenic aids
3Sport Books Publisher
Drugs Versus Dietary Supplements
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Drugs
Defined:1. Substances used as medications or in the
preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act}
2. Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness
Addiction: compulsive physiological need Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects
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Dietary Supplements
Ingredients found in food
Processed to provide one or more micro and macronutrients
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Drugs and Exercise
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Every Day Drugs
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CAFFEINECAFFEINECAFFEINECAFFEINE
NICOTINENICOTINENICOTINENICOTINE
ALCOHOLALCOHOLALCOHOLALCOHOL
•Addiction
•Habituation
•Changes in consciousness
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Caffeine Found in:
– Coffee beans– Tea leaves– Cocoa beans– Cola nuts– Energy drinks
400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not associated with adverse effects
12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee)
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Caffeine
CNS stimulant
Increases alertness
Non-user side effects
•Insomnia•Headaches•Irritability•Nervousness•Elevated HR•High BP
Increases fat burning
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Alcohol
Depressant No ergogenic effect
12 ounces = 5 ounces = 1 ounce
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Alcohol
Psychological Effects
•Reduced tension
•Reduced anxiety
•Enhanced self-confidence
•Promotion of aggression
•Reduced tension
•Reduced anxiety
•Enhanced self-confidence
•Promotion of aggression
Negative Side Effects
•Motor coordination
•Hand and eyecoordination
•Reaction time•Information
processing•Decision
making
•Motor coordination
•Hand and eyecoordination
•Reaction time•Information
processing•Decision
making
Anti-tremor Effects
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Nicotine
Stimulant No ergogenic effects Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL
levels of body functioning
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Nicotine
Decreases oxygen carrying capacity
Restricts oxygen supply
Increases oxygen demand
Increases HR & BP
Alters blood and airflow
Decreases temperature
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Nicotine: IRRITANT AND
CARCINOGENIC
HEALTHY LUNG SMOKER’S LUNG
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Illegal Drugs
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ILLEGAL DRUGS
ILLEGAL DRUGS
StimulantsStimulants DepressantsDepressants HallucinogensHallucinogens Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic Steroids OpiatesOpiates CannabisCannabis
+ _
Cocaine, crack, ecstasy, etc.
Barbiturates, anavar, dianabol, etc.
LSD, PCP, mushrooms etc.
Heroin, morphine, codeine etc.
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Cannabis
Types: – Marijuana– Hashish– Hash oil– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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Cannabis
Psychological Effects
Psychological Effects
•Feelings of calm and relaxation
•Talkativeness
Cognitive Effects
Cognitive Effects
•Impairs Concentration
•Impairs short-termMemory
•More vibrant sensory perception
•Alters sense oftime and space
PhysicalEffects
PhysicalEffects
•Impairs coordination and balance
•Increases appetite
•Rapid HR
•Red eyes
•Dry mouth and throat
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Ergogenic Aids and Exercise
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Ergogenic Aids
Substances that enhance work output, Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic particularly as it relates to athletic
performanceperformance
Include drugs and dietary supplementsInclude drugs and dietary supplements
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Basic Ergogenic
Mechanisms
CNS stimulation
Increase substratestorage
Supplemental energy source
Facilitation of recovery
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Allowed Ergogenic Aids
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Vitamins and Minerals
Reasons for supplementation:– Athletes’ beliefs:
1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake
2. “supercharging” elevates performance and training
– Scientific evidence:1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those
athletes who are deficient
2. Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced diet
3. “supercharging” maybe harmful to health
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Carbohydrate Loading
“Super”- loading of muscle glycogen stores
GLYCOGEN STORES
ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
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Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s Done Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days)
– Training = heavy– Diet = mixed
Starving glycogen stores (2-5days)– Training = reduced– Diet = fat and protein
Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days)– Training = light/taper– Diet = high carbohydrate content
Race/performance (day 8)– Super-increased glycogen stores
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Carbohydrate Loading: Side Effects Gastrointestinal discomfort Sluggishness Increased body weight
Experiment first before using for Experiment first before using for performance enhancement !performance enhancement !
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Creatine Natural compound created from three amino acids
Sources:– Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish– Endogenous: liver and kidneys
Used by muscles during explosive, powerful movements
Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder, tablet, capsule and liquid)
Not banned by any sports governing body
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Creatine: Ergogenic Actions
Increases lean body mass (2wks)
Improves high-intensity performance
Speeds up recovery rates
•Better performance in strength andpower activities
•Greater overload
•Increased muscular endurance
•Better performance in strength andpower activities
•Greater overload
•Increased muscular endurance
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Creatine: Side Effects
Dehydration Diarrhea Stomach cramps Muscle and
ligament tears
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Banned Ergogenic Aids
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Steroids
Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of testosterone
Injected or orally Taken in cycles vs. continually Stacking:
– Combining multiple types– Maximizes effectiveness– Minimizes negative effects
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Steroids: Ergogenic Actions
Increase lean body mass
Increase strength
Increase the ability to train longer and harder
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Steroids: Negative Effects
FEMALES Growth of facial hair Deepened voice Menstrual cycle
disturbances
MALES Baldness Development of breasts Shrinking of testicles Reduced sperm counts
Infertility
BOTH Paranoid jealousy Extreme irritability Delusions Feelings of invincibility Liver tumors Jaundice Fluid retention High blood pressure
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Ephedra
Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting,
and bodybuilding products Banned by most sports bodies
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Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions
+
+
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Ephedra: Negative Effects
Elevated BP Cardiac arrhythmias Heart palpitations Heart attacks
Psychosis Seizures
DEATH
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Blood Doping
RBC oxygen delivery Performance
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Blood Doping: How is it done?
Removing and storing body’s RBC
Re-establishment of normal RBC count
Administering EPO
Stimulation of bone marrow
OR
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Blood Doping: Negative Effects
Increase blood viscosity
Increases loads on heart
Heart damage
Death
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Blood Doping: Issue
Provides truly unfair performance advantage
Has serious health risks
Almost impossible to detect
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Other drugs and dietary supplements used by athletes
Table 13.2 in the text