View
2
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4208
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF OZONE IN IRAQ
Waleed I. AL. Rijabo and Yusra M. Abdullah Department of Physics, College of Education of Pure Science, Mosul University, Iraq
E-Mail: alrijabo@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Ozone data obtained from (TOMS) Instrument and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) have been used to
study the temporary and spatial variabilities of Total Ozone Column (TOC) over 18 different Cities in Iraq ,located from
(Lat. 37.1o - 30.5
o N) and (Long. 42.7
o E - 47.8
o E) during the period (1998 - 2017). The mean monthly values of TOC
show a Maximum values in March and Minimum values in October in all stations. The results showed that the Maximum
values of SD and CV was obtained in winter months and Minimum values were obtained in summer months for all
stations. The Time Series for the monthly values of TOC during the period (1998 - 2017) showed a Negative trend in all
stations except in Nasiriya and Basra. The monthly (TOC) spatial behavior is found to be higher over the Northern part of
Iraq than in the central and Southern part.
Keyword: total ozone column, temporal and spatial ozone variation, OMI, TOMS, time series, SD, CV.
INTRODUCTION
Ozone in atmosphere represents a natural shield
against the harmful solar UV radiation which reaches the
Earth's surface and exerts unfavorable influence on the
human health, on the other biological life, and ecosystem.
Although ozone amount represents as maximum
0.0012% of the total atmosphere composition, it plays
very important role in weather and climate in regional to
global spatial scales, acting as a major greenhouse gas [1,
2, 3].
Distribution of atmospheric ozone and ozone
trends, on regional and global scales are changing as a
result of natural processes and increasing of anthropogenic
activities, and complex dynamical process taking place in
the atmosphere [4]
Analysis of total ozone has focused on trend
analysis due to the clear decreasing stratospheric ozone.
However the full description of variability of total ozone
should also include means, seasonal variations, this
information should be more useful in understanding ozone
dynamics [5]. The daily variation of ozone is related to the
atmospheric conditions, further more over mid-latitude
strongly variability in total ozone occurs by
meteorological variability [6].
The seasonal and geographical factors seem to be
most important in determining ozone amounts in the
atmosphere [7].
The interaction of process such as ozone
production, loss, and transport that governs ozone
variability observed on different time scales helps to
determine the amount of ozone in the stratosphere as well
as its distribution with latitude, longitude and altitude, [8,
9]. This paper studies the spatial temporal variation of
ozone during (1998-2017) over various cities in the
northern, central, and southern part of IRAQ.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The data employed from TOMS instrument to
study the total ozone variation for different cities which
cover the range (30.5o
- 37.1oN) in latitude an (42.7
o -
47.8oE) on longitude from Zakho in the North of Iraq to
Basra in the South of Iraq.
The TOC data set were taken from instrument
developed by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
(TOMS) continue by the Ozone monitoring instrument
(OMI) record for the TOC, the TOC was found for (20)
meteorological stations well distributed throughout Iraq
[Zakho, Dohuk, Mosul, Erbil, Tikrit, Baquba, Ramadi,
Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Hilla, Diwaniya, Najaf, Nukhuyb,
Samara, Nasiriya, Basra] for the period (1998-2017)
Table-1 shows the geographical coordinate of the
different stations.
Figure-1 shows the location of different stations
in Iraq using (GIS_V.9.3) and surfer.V.10) the maps of the
spatial variation of the mean monthly and seasonally
values of TOC were obtained in Iraq.
Tables (2, 3) show the mean monthly, seasonally,
annually values of TOC for different stations. For studying
temporal variation of TOC (9) stations represent the North,
Middle and South of Iraq was selected.
Using (mathlab_V.6.5) and (Microsoft office
Excel 2011), deferent histograms represent the mean
monthly, seasonally values of TOC in (9) stations were
found. SD, CV and Time Series for the monthly values of
TOC in these stations were found.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4209
Table-1. Geographical coordinate of different stations.
Station Latitude Longitude Altitude (m)
Zakho 37.13o 42.69
o 440
Dohuk 36.86o 43
o 565
Mosul 36.34o 43.13
o 223
Erbil 36.19o 44.01
o 420
Sulaimaniya 35.55o 45.43
o 882
Kirkuk 35.46o
44.39o 350
Tikrit 34.6o
43.68o 110
Baquba 33.74o
44.62o 600
Ramadi 33.42o
43.3o 50
Baghdad 33.32o
44.42o 34
30 33.03o
40.28o 645
Kut 32.5o
45.82o 305
Hila 32.48o
44.43o
120
Nukhuyb 32.04o
42.25o
305
Diwaniya 31.98o
44.92o
75
Najaf 31.97o
44.44o
60
Amara 31.83o
47.14o
150
Samawa 31.31o
45.28o
30
Nasiriya 31.05o
46.26o
9
Basra 30.5o
47.81o
5
Figure-1. Location of different stations in Iraq.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4210
Table-2. Mean Monthly values of TOC for different stations.
Month
Station Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Non. Des.
Zakho 327 338 345 341 327 309 295 292 287 282 289 302
Dohuk 319 329 336 334 321 299 294 285 281 278 286 296
Mosul 318 327 334 332 321 299 294 285 281 276 286 298
Erbil 316 326 330 329 317 296 293 282 279 274 285 295
Sulaimaniya 311 322 328 325 315 293 292 282 277 272 282 290
Kirkuk 313 322 329 324 311 294 291 286 280 275 286 295
Tikrit 308 315 324 323 313 293 290 287 282 275 284 290
Baquba 302 309 318 317 306 293 289 286 281 274 282 287
Ramadi 301 310 317 318 308 294 290 287 282 273 284 286
Baghdad 303 309 317 318 307 294 290 287 281 274 283 286
AL Rutba 294 302 313 316 308 292 286 283 277 272 277 280
Kut 296 303 311 311 303 292 289 286 280 272 279 281
Hilla 296 302 311 312 303 292 288 285 280 272 279 281
Nukhuyb 290 294 305 307 300 290 288 285 278 271 276 277
Diwaniya 290 295 306 308 301 290 287 283 277 271 275 277
Najaf 290 295 304 306 300 290 288 285 279 271 276 277
Amara 288 294 303 304 297 290 288 286 279 270 275 277
Samawa 288 295 304 305 298 290 288 285 280 270 278 277
Nasiriya 289 294 303 305 298 290 288 286 279 271 277 278
Basra 282 287 296 299 294 289 288 285 279 270 274 273
Table-3. The Mean seasonally and annually values of TOC for different stations during the period (1998 - 2017).
Station Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual
Zakho 322 337 298 286 311
Dohuk 314 330 291 281 304
Mosul 315 329 291 282 304
Erbil 312 325 288 279 301
Sulaimaniya 308 322 287 277 299
Kirkuk 310 321 290 280 300
Tikrit 304 320 290 280 298
Baquba 299 314 290 279 295
Ramadi 299 315 290 280 295
Baghdad 299 314 290 279 295
AL Rutba 292 312 278 275 291
Kut 294 308 289 277 291
Hilla 293 309 289 277 291
Nukhuyb 278 304 288 275 288
Diwaniya 278 305 286 274 288
Najaf 287 303 288 275 288
Amara 287 301 288 275 287
Samawa 286 302 288 276 288
Nasiriya 287 302 288 276 288
Basra 281 297 287 274 284
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4211
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Mean monthly values of TOC in different stations
Figure-2 shows the mean monthly values of TOC
in nine selected stations (Zakho, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad,
AL_Rutba, Hilla, Diwaniya, Nasiriya, Basra) during the
period (1998-2017).
During the winter month's (Dec, Jan, Feb) the
figures showed that the maximum value of TOC was
obtained in Zakho station where it ranged between (302 -
338) DU, while minimum values was obtained in Basra
station where it ranged between (273 - 287) DU.
From the figure we can see that the mean
monthly values of TOC decrease from the north to the
south of Iraq according to the latitude. During spring
months (March, April, May) the figure showed that the
values of TOC increased in comparison with winter
months.
The TOC found to be maximum around the
months of March, April in comparison with the other
months of the year.
The maximum value of TOC in spring months
obtained in Zakho station where it ranged between (327 -
345) DU, while the minimum values was obtained in
Basra station, where it ranged between (294 - 299) DU.
In summer months the TOC decrease from the
north to the south of Iraq and their values ranged between
(283 - 309) DU.
The minimum values of TOC were obtained
during the autumn months.
October gave the minimum values of TOC in
comparison with the other months of the year where there
values ranged between (270 - 282) DU.
Mean seasonally values of TOC in different stations Figure-3-a shows the mean seasonally values of
TOC during winter season for (Zakho, Mosul, Tikrit,
Baghdad, _Rutba, Hila, Diwaniyah, Nasiriya, Basra)
stations respectively.
The maximum value was obtained in Zakho
station (322) DU. while the minimum value was obtained
in Nukhuyb stations (278) DU.
Figure-3-b shows the mean seasonally values of
TOC during spring season for all stations.
The maximum values of TOC was obtained in Zakho
station (337) DU, while the minimum value was obtained
in Basra station (29) DU.
Figure-3-c shows the mean seasonally values of
TOC during summer season for all stations.
The maximum values of TOC was obtained in Zakho
(298) DU, while the minimum value was obtained in Al-
Rutba station (278) DU.
Figure-3-d shows the mean seasonally values of
TOC during autumns season for all stations.
The maximum values of TOC was obtained in
Zakho station (286) DU, while the minimum value was
obtained in Basra station (274) DU.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4212
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4213
Figure-2. Mean Monthly values of TOC for the period (1998-2017).
Figure-3-a. Winter Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.
Figure-3-b. Spring Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.
Figure-3-c. Summer Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.
Figure-3-d. Autumn Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4214
Study of Time Series for the monthly values of TOC in
different stations
Figure-4 shows the time series for the monthly
values of TOC in the different stations (Zakho, Mosul,
Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Hilla, Nasiriya, Basra).
Linear best fit calculating for the period (1998-
2017) shows a positive trend in (Nasiriya and Basra)
stations and negative trend in the other stations.
Linear Regress in Equation for all stations are:
y=-0.0202x+313.9 ------------- for Zakho station
y=-0.0093x +303.6 ------------- for Mosul station
y=-0.0083x+300.4 ------------- for Tikrit station
y=-0.0007x+292.4 ------------- for Baghdad station
y=-0.165x+211.96 -------------- for Rutba station
y=-0.0226x+293.03 -------------- for Hilla station
y=-0.0045x+289.29 --------------- for Nukhuyb station
y= 0.0008x+284 --------------- for Nasiriya station
y= 0.0053x+284 --------------- for Basra station
Figure-4. Time Series of mean monthly values of TOC in different stations.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4215
Tables (4, 5) show the standard Deviation (SD)
and Coefficient of Variation (CV) of the monthly values of
TOC during the period (1998-2017) for the nine stations.
We can see that the maximum values of SD for
the monthly values of TOC was obtained in winter months
for all stations where it ranged between: (11.5-15.4), (9.2-
13.7), (8.8-16.1), (9-10.1), (8.6-14.9), (12.1-10.2), (9.8-
17.1), (10.8-15.3), (10.8-15.9) DU for: Zakho, Mosul,
Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Hilla, Nukhuyb, Nasiriya, Basra
stations respectively.
Summer months show the minimum of values of
SD where it ranged between: (5.7-7.2), (3.5-5.3), (3.2-4.9),
(2.7-3.7), (2.7-5), (2.8-3.6), (2.8-3.9), (2.9-3.4), (2.9-3.3)
DU for the above stations respectively.
The minimum values of SD in all stations was
obtained in Baghdad station in July (2.7) DU, while the
maximum values of SD in all stations was obtained in
Hilla station in Feb. (18.2) DU.
From Table-5 we can see that the maximum
values of (CV) was obtained in winter months for all
stations where ranged between (2.8-5.1) for Zakho, Mosul,
Tikrit stations and between (2.9-6.1) for Baghdad, Rutba,
Hilla stations and between (3.8-5.5) for Nukhuyb,
Nasiriya, Basra stations .The minimum values of CV in all
stations was obtained in summer months where it ranged
between (0.96-2.3).
The maximum values of CV in all stations were
obtained in Hilla station in Feb. (6.12), while the
minimum values were obtained in Baghdad station in July
(0.96).
Table-4. Standard Deviation (SD) DU of mean monthly values of Ozone for selected stations
during the period (1998-2017).
Months
Stations
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Des.
Zakho 11.55 17.23 16.93 11.23 9.63 7.29 5.71 6.09 7.42 5.76 10.02 15.42
Mosul 9.27 14.21 16.32 11.35 9.48 5.30 3.44 3.51 5.17 5.13 9.07 13.76
Tikrit 8.89 16.17 16.54 12.59 9.36 4.98 3.20 3.91 4.56 4.30 9.35 13.22
Baghdad 10.17 16.64 11.44 9.42 7.94 3.79 2.77 3.75 3.78 3.95 9.05 13.04
Rutba 8.62 14.90 14.51 10.52 7.05 5.04 3.38 2.72 3.42 4.79 9.47 12.76
Hilla 12.14 18.25 12.72 10.22 8.24 3.39 2.86 3.67 3.26 3.91 8.62 13.49
Nukhuyb 9.85 17.10 11.65 9.62 7.30 3.98 3.14 2.84 2.98 4.14 8.84 13.25
Nasiriya 10.82 15.36 10.05 8.70 7.02 2.92 2.90 3.45 2.66 3.76 8.23 12.94
Basra 10.86 15.96 9.34 8.41 7.60 3.18 2.99 3.35 2.74 3.41 7.99 13.38
Table-5. (CV%) Coefficient of Variation (CV %) of mean monthly values of Ozone for selected
stations during the period (1998-2017).
Months
Stations
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Des.
Zakho 3.52 5.08 4.89 3.30 2.94 2.36 1.94 2.10 2.59 2.04 3.46 5.11
Mosul 2.95 4.37 4.94 3.44 2.99 1.77 1.18 1.22 1.84 1.85 3.16 4.67
Tikrit 2.88 5.11 5.091 3.88 2.98 1.68 1.10 1.36 1.67 1.56 3.28 4.55
Baghdad 3.43 5.49 3.69 3.01 2.61 1.29 0.69 1.32 1.35 1.45 3.24 4.63
Rutba 2.92 4.92 4.64 3.32 2.29 1.72 1.18 0.96 1.23 1.76 3.42 4.55
Hilla 4.15 6.12 4.12 3.30 2.72 1.16 0.99 1.29 1.17 1.44 3.10 4.83
Nukhuyb 3.4 5.77 3.8 3.11 2.41 1.33 1.06 0.97 1.07 1.52 3.12 4.7
Nasiriya 3.82 5.35 3.38 2.89 2.38 1.01 1.01 1.21 0.96 1.39 3.01 4.74
Basra 3.84 5.55 3.15 2.81 2.58 1.10 1.04 1.18 0.98 1.62 2.93 4.90
Table-6 shows the Mean Annual, Maximum,
Minimum, SD, CV, of TOC in different stations for the
period 1998-2017.
From the table we can see that the maximum
annul mean was obtained in Zakho station (311) DU and
the minimum annul mean was in Basra (284) DU and the
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4216
values for other cities ranged between Zakho and Basra.
This is due to latitude effect on Ozone.
Standard deviation varied between (11.3) DU in
Nukhub and (24.9) DU in Zakho.
Also the Coefficient of variation varied from
minimum values (4) % in Nukhub and maximum value (8)
% in Zakho.
Table-6. Annual mean, maximum, minimum, of different stations for period (1998-2017).
CV% SD
(DU)
Minimum
(DU)
Maximum
(DU)
Mean
(DU) Longitude Latitude Station
7. 44 23.15 282 345 311 42.69 37.13 Zakho
6.91 21.01 278 334 304 43.13 36.34 Mosul
5.68 16. 16 275 324 298 43.68 34.6 Tikrit
4.95 14.65 274 318 295 44.42 33.32 Baghdad
5.15 15.03 272 316 291 40.28 33.03 Rutba
4.5 13.12 272 312 291 44.43 32.48 Hilla
4.04 11. 33 271 307 288 42.25 32.04 Nukhuyb
3.7 10.65 271 305 288 46.26 31.05 Nasiriya
3.28 9.34 270 299 284 47.81 30.5 Basra
Spatial variation of TOC in IRAQ The total ozone in any location on the globe is
defined as the sum of all the ozone in the atmosphere
directly above the location.
Most of the ozone resides in the stratospheric
ozone layer and small percentage (about 10%) is
distributed throughout the atmosphere.
Most of the ozone in the stratosphere is formed
over the equatorial belt, where the level of solar radiation
is greatest it is transported by latitudinal air movement
toward polar latitude. Consequently the amount of
stratospheric ozone above a location on the earth varies
naturally with latitude, season, and from day - to - day.
TOC varies strongly with Latitude over the globe,
with largest value occurring at middle and high Latitude
during all seasons.
Under normal circumstance highest ozone value
are formed over Polar Regions and the lowest values are
formed around the equator. The ozone layer is normally
thicker in winter and early spring, while it’s thinner in
early autumn.
Figures (5-a) (5-b) (5-c) (5-d): show the spatial
variation of TOC during the months of the year. From the
figures we can see that the TOC decrease from the North
of Iraq toward the south of Iraq
From the figures we can divide Iraq in to three
regions:
First Region between (37.1o-35.5
oN) represents
the North of Iraq.
The values of TOC in this region is ranged
between: (290-338) DU in winter months, (315 - 345) DU
in spring months, (282-309) DU in summer months, (272-
289) DU in autumn months.
Second Region between (35.5o- 32
o N) represent
the middle months, (283-294) DU in summer months,
(272-289) DU in autumn months.
Third Region between (32o-30.5
o N) represent the
south of Iraq where the value of TOC in this region is
ranged between (273-295) DU in winter months, (294 -
306) DU in spring months, (265-290) DU in summer
months, (270-280) DU in Autumn months.
The maximum value of TOC obtained in Zakho
station (345) DU in March, while the minimum value
obtained in Basra station (270) DU in October.
In all stations March show the maximum values
of TOC and October show the minimum values of TOC.
The seasonal variation of TOC is shown in the
Figure-6.
From the figures we can see three zones in winter
and spring season.
First zone between (37.1o-34.6
o N) where the
value of TOC is ranged between (304-337) DU, Second
zone between (34.6o-32.5
o N) where the value of TOC is
ranged between (293-315) DU.
The third zone between (32.5o - 30.5
o N) where
the value of TOC is ranged between (281-304) DU.
In summer season we can nearly observed two
zones, the first between (37.1o-33.3
o N) and the second
below (33.3o N).
The value of TOC in the first zone between (287-
298) DU and the second zone between (278-288) DU.
In autumn we can observed also two zones, the
first between (37.1o-33 N
o) and the second below (33
o N).
The value of TOC in the first zone is ranged
between (279-286) DU, and in the second zone between
(274-277) DU.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4217
Figure-5-a. Spatial variation of TOC during winter months.
Figure-5-b. Spatial variation of TOC during spring months.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4218
Figure-5-c. Spatial variation of TOC during summer months.
Figure-5-d. Spatial variation of TOC during autumn months.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4219
Figure-6. Spatial varition of TOC in the four seasons in Iraq.
CONCLUSIONS
Spatial and temporal variations of total ozone
column in Iraq were studied for the period (1998-2017).
We can deduct from the results:
a) The maximum values of TOC were obtained in March
and the minimum values were obtained in October for
all stations.
VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
4220
b) TOC values decrease from the north of Iraq toward
the South of Iraq according to the latitude values.
c) The maximum value of TOC was obtain in Zakho
(345) DU in March and the minimum value was
obtain in Basra (270) DU in October.
d) Spring season show the maximum values of TOC
ranged between (337-297) DU while Autumn season
show the minimum values ranged between (286 - 274)
DU.
e) Linear best fit calculating for the time series (1998-
2017) shows a positive trend in (Nasiriya and Basra)
and negative trend for the other stations.
f) The maximum values of SD and CV was obtained in
winter months and the minimum values were obtained
in summer months for all stations.
g) Spatial variation of TOC in Iraq shows that Iraq can
be divided into three zones (North, Middle, South)
according to the monthly values of TOC.
REFERENCE
[1] Saadiyal H., H. 2012. Temporal and spatial
variabilities of total ozone column over Iraq, ATST.
ISSN. 2221-4283. 2(2).
[2] Rex M., Salawitch P., Gathen N., Harris M., Chipper
field and B. Nanjokat. 2004. Arctic Ozone Loss and
Climate Change, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L04116.
[3] Kiehl J. T., Schneider T. L., Protmann R.W., Solomon
S. 1999. Climate forcing due to tropospheric and
stratospheric ozone, J. of geophysical research. 104,
31239-31254.
[4] WMO. 2002. Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion, project - Report No. 47, Geneva, (2003).
[5] Ali M., S. 2009. Total Ozone Column variation over
Baghdad and selected cities in Neighbor Countries,
AL-Mustansiriyah, J. Sci. 20(3).
[6] WMO. 1994. Scientific assessment of ozone
depletion, Report No. 37, Geneva, Switzerland.
[7] Al-Salihi, Ali M. and Hassan Zahraa M. 2014.
Analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of ozone
over Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis, Atmospheric science dept.
Collage of science, AL- Mustansiriyah University.
[8] WMO. 1999. Global Climate Observation System,
Rep. 953, Geneva, Switzerland
[9] United Nation Environment programmer. 2011.
Ozone Secretariat, http:// ozone.vnep.org/Ratification
status.
Recommended