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SOUTH AFRICAChapter 11
THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE
Politics in Action Striking mineworkers in South Africa
Geographic Setting About twice the size of Texas Four main race groups:
41 million Bantu-language-speaking Africans 4.6 million Whites 4.6 million Coloureds (term used in SA) 1.3 million Indians
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Section 1
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THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE
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THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Critical Junctures
Settlement, 1688–1911 Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906 Imperialists against Republicans, 1867–1910
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Critical Junctures
The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945
Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960 The Sharpeville Massacre and Grand
Apartheid, 1960–1976
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Critical Junctures
Generational Revolt and Political Reform, 1976–1990
The South African Miracle, 1990–1999
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE
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Nelson Mandela walks through the gates of Pollsmoor Prison on the day of his release, hand in hand with his wife, Winnie. Mandela insisted on leaving the prison on foot, rather than being driven.
THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE The Four Themes and South Africa
South Africa in a Globalized World of States Governing the Economy The Democratic Idea Collective Identity Themes and Comparisons
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Where Do You Stand?
What accounts for the fact that the South African system of apartheid was such an exceptionally oppressive system before 1994?
From what you have read so far, how significant have been the changes brought about by South Africa’s democratic transition?
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POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
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Section 2
State and Economy Apartheid Economics
Supported by social and economic policy Buttressed by welfare state
Liberalization and Deregulation Apartheid dismantled by economic deregulation Rising defense spending and expanding public debt
brought reasons to deregulate/privatize
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Society and Economy
Remains one of most unequal societies in world despite efforts to alleviate poverty Social inequality product of government policies
Black Empowerment Expanding black ownership is policy priority The Preferential Procurement Act
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POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Environmental Issues
Industrial pollution concerns “Brown issues” and “green” issues Ecological sustainability Climate change and flooding
South Africa in the Global Economy Protectionist policies constrained growth Consequences of sanctions
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Where Do You Stand?
South African social inequality has increased since 1994. Why does this matter politically?
Is poverty in today’s South Africa mainly an effect of Apartheid?
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GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING
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Section 3
Organization of the State Quasi-federal system since 1994
National government has power to override laws passed by provincial regional legislatures
The Executive Features of Britain’s Westminster model President powerful; forms government Nelson Mandela (first president after 1994) Cabinet ministers
GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING
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Other State Institutions The Judiciary and the Police
Highest crime rate in world National Security Organizations Subnational Government
Nine provincial governments led by premiers Executive councils (mini-cabinet) Municipal governments often key agencies
GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING
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GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING The Policy-Making Process
During Mandela administration, policy-making was participatory
Growth, Employment, and Redistribution policy (GEAR) policy in 1996 represented an abrupt turnaround Policy now isolated from activism
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Where Do You Stand?
The changes in 1994 were a compromise. Did they leave South Africa’s administration stronger or weaker?
Did the ANC make unwise concessions during the negotiations? If so, what were they and why were they made? If not, why do you reject the criticisms made of the compromise?
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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION
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Section 4
The Legislature National Assembly (400 members) National Council of Provinces (upper house) Legislation mostly drafted by ministers and
officials
REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION
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Political Parties and the Party System Still shaped by racial divisions
African National Congress The (Afrikaner) National Party Small Parties
Democratic Alliance Inkatha Freedom Party Congress of the People
REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Elections
Managed by Independent Electoral Commission and increasingly effective
Proportional representation Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Racial divisions continue to affect patterns of political support
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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Interest Groups, Social Movements, and
Protest Unusually well organized Protests often in bigger cities, poor
neighborhoods Democracy weakened by divisions between
ethnic groups
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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION The Political Impact of Technology
Social media and social network usage is highest on the continent
But has little transformative political impact Some new social movements try to use technology
to mobilize “militant poor”
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Where Do You Stand?
What have been the ANC’s main achievements as the ruling party since 1994?
What are the benefits and what are the shortcomings of one party predominating politically for such a long time?
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SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION
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Section 5
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas Impact of AIDS Economic challenges Social inequality remains
SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION
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Youth Politics and the Generational Divide First “born-free” generation
Higher rates of distrust of politicians and lower levels of party identification
Abahlali baseMjondolo movement
SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION
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South African Politics in Comparative Perspective Deeply divided pre-1990
Economic inequalities and racial divisions Democratization since 1994
Generally effective governance Long process of political/economic reforms
Where Do You Stand?
What are the prospects for South African political stability?
Why does South Africa’s social inequality matter?
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