SOUTH AFRICA Chapter 11. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Politics in Action Striking mineworkers in South Africa Geographic Setting

SOUTH AFRICAChapter 11

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE

Politics in Action Striking mineworkers in South Africa

Geographic Setting About twice the size of Texas Four main race groups:

41 million Bantu-language-speaking Africans 4.6 million Whites 4.6 million Coloureds (term used in SA) 1.3 million Indians

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

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Section 1


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THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE


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THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning.

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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Critical Junctures

Settlement, 1688–1911 Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906 Imperialists against Republicans, 1867–1910


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The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945

Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960 The Sharpeville Massacre and Grand

Apartheid, 1960–1976


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Generational Revolt and Political Reform, 1976–1990

The South African Miracle, 1990–1999


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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE


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Nelson Mandela walks through the gates of Pollsmoor Prison on the day of his release, hand in hand with his wife, Winnie. Mandela insisted on leaving the prison on foot, rather than being driven.

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE The Four Themes and South Africa

South Africa in a Globalized World of States Governing the Economy The Democratic Idea Collective Identity Themes and Comparisons


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Where Do You Stand?

What accounts for the fact that the South African system of apartheid was such an exceptionally oppressive system before 1994?

From what you have read so far, how significant have been the changes brought about by South Africa’s democratic transition?


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POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT


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Section 2

State and Economy Apartheid Economics

Supported by social and economic policy Buttressed by welfare state

Liberalization and Deregulation Apartheid dismantled by economic deregulation Rising defense spending and expanding public debt

brought reasons to deregulate/privatize

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Society and Economy

Remains one of most unequal societies in world despite efforts to alleviate poverty Social inequality product of government policies

Black Empowerment Expanding black ownership is policy priority The Preferential Procurement Act


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POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Environmental Issues

Industrial pollution concerns “Brown issues” and “green” issues Ecological sustainability Climate change and flooding

South Africa in the Global Economy Protectionist policies constrained growth Consequences of sanctions


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Where Do You Stand?

South African social inequality has increased since 1994. Why does this matter politically?

Is poverty in today’s South Africa mainly an effect of Apartheid?


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GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING


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Section 3

Organization of the State Quasi-federal system since 1994

National government has power to override laws passed by provincial regional legislatures

The Executive Features of Britain’s Westminster model President powerful; forms government Nelson Mandela (first president after 1994) Cabinet ministers



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Other State Institutions The Judiciary and the Police

Highest crime rate in world National Security Organizations Subnational Government

Nine provincial governments led by premiers Executive councils (mini-cabinet) Municipal governments often key agencies



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GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING The Policy-Making Process

During Mandela administration, policy-making was participatory

Growth, Employment, and Redistribution policy (GEAR) policy in 1996 represented an abrupt turnaround Policy now isolated from activism


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Where Do You Stand?

The changes in 1994 were a compromise. Did they leave South Africa’s administration stronger or weaker?

Did the ANC make unwise concessions during the negotiations? If so, what were they and why were they made? If not, why do you reject the criticisms made of the compromise?


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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION


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Section 4

The Legislature National Assembly (400 members) National Council of Provinces (upper house) Legislation mostly drafted by ministers and

officials

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION


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Political Parties and the Party System Still shaped by racial divisions

African National Congress The (Afrikaner) National Party Small Parties

Democratic Alliance Inkatha Freedom Party Congress of the People

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Elections

Managed by Independent Electoral Commission and increasingly effective

Proportional representation Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity

Racial divisions continue to affect patterns of political support


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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Interest Groups, Social Movements, and

Protest Unusually well organized Protests often in bigger cities, poor

neighborhoods Democracy weakened by divisions between

ethnic groups


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REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION The Political Impact of Technology

Social media and social network usage is highest on the continent

But has little transformative political impact Some new social movements try to use technology

to mobilize “militant poor”


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Where Do You Stand?

What have been the ANC’s main achievements as the ruling party since 1994?

What are the benefits and what are the shortcomings of one party predominating politically for such a long time?


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SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION


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Section 5

Political Challenges and Changing Agendas Impact of AIDS Economic challenges Social inequality remains



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Youth Politics and the Generational Divide First “born-free” generation

Higher rates of distrust of politicians and lower levels of party identification

Abahlali baseMjondolo movement



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South African Politics in Comparative Perspective Deeply divided pre-1990

Economic inequalities and racial divisions Democratization since 1994

Generally effective governance Long process of political/economic reforms

Where Do You Stand?

What are the prospects for South African political stability?

Why does South Africa’s social inequality matter?


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Documents

SOUTH AFRICA Chapter 11. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Politics in Action Striking mineworkers in South Africa Geographic Setting