Skin and Body Membranes - · PDF fileCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,...

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Skin and Body Membranes

Body Membranes §  Function of body membranes

§  Cover body surfaces

§  Line body cavities

§  Form protective sheets around organs

Classification of Body Membranes §  Epithelial membranes

§  Cutaneous membranes

§  Mucous membranes

§  Serous membranes

§  Connective tissue membranes

§  Synovial membranes

Cutaneous Membrane §  Cutaneous membrane = skin

§  Dry membrane

§  Outermost protective boundary

§  Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

§  Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

Cutaneous Membranes

Figure 4.1a

Mucous Membranes §  Surface epithelium type depends on site

§  Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus)

§  Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract)

§  Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

§  Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface

§  Often adapted for absorption or secretion

Mucous Membranes

Figure 4.1b

Serous Membranes §  Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium

§  Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

§  Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body

§  Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid

§  Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ

§  Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity

Serous Membranes

Figure 4.1d

Serous Membranes §  Specific serous membranes

§  Peritoneum

§  Abdominal cavity

§  Pleura

§  Around the lungs

§  Pericardium

§  Around the heart

Serous Membranes

Figure 4.1c

Connective Tissue Membrane §  Synovial membrane

§  Connective tissue only

§  Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints

§  Secretes a lubricating fluid

Connective Tissue Membrane

Figure 4.2

Integumentary System §  Skin (cutaneous membrane)

§  Skin derivatives

§  Sweat glands

§  Oil glands

§  Hair

§  Nails

Skin Functions

Table 4.1 (1 of 2)

Skin Functions

Table 4.1 (2 of 2)

Skin Structure §  Epidermis—outer layer

§  Stratified squamous epithelium

§  Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

§  Dermis

§  Dense connective tissue

Skin Structure

Figure 4.3

Skin Structure §  Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to

dermis

§  Not part of the skin

§  Anchors skin to underlying organs

§  Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Layers of the Epidermis §  Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

§  Deepest layer of epidermis

§  Lies next to dermis

§  Cells undergoing mitosis

§  Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

§  Stratum spinosum

§  Stratum granulosum

Layers of the Epidermis §  Stratum lucidum

§  Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata

§  Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

§  Stratum corneum

§  Outermost layer of epidermis

§  Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

Layers of the Epidermis §  Summary of layers from deepest to most

superficial

§  Stratum basale

§  Stratum spinosum

§  Stratum granulosum

§  Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)

§  Stratum corneum

Melanin §  Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes

§  Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale

§  Color is yellow to brown to black

§  Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

Dermis §  Two layers

§  Papillary layer (upper dermal region) §  Projections called dermal papillae

§  Some contain capillary loops §  Other house pain receptors and touch

receptors §  Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)

§  Blood vessels §  Sweat and oil glands §  Deep pressure receptors

Dermis §  Overall dermis structure

§  Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis

§  Collagen fibers give skin its toughness

§  Elastic fibers give skin elasticity

§  Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation

Skin Structure

Figure 4.4

Normal Skin Color Determinants §  Melanin

§  Yellow, brown, or black pigments

§  Carotene

§  Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

§  Hemoglobin

§  Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

§  Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Skin Appendages §  Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands

§  Sebaceous glands

§  Sweat glands

§  Hair

§  Hair follicles

§  Nails

Appendages of the Skin §  Sebaceous glands

§  Produce oil

§  Lubricant for skin

§  Prevents brittle hair

§  Kills bacteria

§  Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface

§  Glands are activated at puberty

Appendages of the Skin

Figure 4.6a

Appendages of the Skin §  Sweat glands

§  Produce sweat

§  Widely distributed in skin

§  Two types

§  Eccrine

§  Open via duct to pore on skin surface

§  Apocrine

§  Ducts empty into hair follicles

Figure 4.6b

Sweat and Its Function §  Composition

§  Mostly water §  Salts and vitamin C §  Some metabolic waste §  Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

§  Function §  Helps dissipate excess heat §  Excretes waste products §  Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

§  Odor is from associated bacteria

Appendages of the Skin §  Hair

§  Produced by hair follicle

§  Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells

§  Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color

Figure 4.7c

Appendages of the Skin §  Hair anatomy

§  Central medulla

§  Cortex surrounds medulla

§  Cuticle on outside of cortex

§  Most heavily keratinized

Figure 4.7b

Appendages of the Skin §  Associated hair structures

§  Hair follicle

§  Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

§  Arrector pili muscle

§  Smooth muscle

§  Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened

§  Sebaceous gland

§  Sweat gland

Figure 4.7a

Figure 4.8

Appendages of the Skin §  Nails

§  Scale-like modifications of the epidermis

§  Heavily keratinized

§  Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed

§  Responsible for growth

§  Lack of pigment makes them colorless

Appendages of the Skin §  Nail structures

§  Free edge

§  Body is the visible attached portion

§  Root of nail embedded in skin

§  Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

Figure 4.9

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances §  Infections

§  Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)

§  Caused by fungal infection

§  Boils and carbuncles

§  Caused by bacterial infection

§  Cold sores

§  Caused by virus

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances §  Infections and allergies

§  Contact dermatitis

§  Exposures cause allergic reaction

§  Impetigo

§  Caused by bacterial infection

§  Psoriasis

§  Cause is unknown

§  Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

Figure 4.10

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances §  Burns

§  Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

§  Associated dangers

§  Dehydration

§  Electrolyte imbalance

§  Circulatory shock

Rule of Nines §  Way to determine the extent of burns

§  Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation

§  Each area represents about 9% of total body surface area

Rule of Nines

Figure 4.11a

Severity of Burns §  First-degree burns

§  Only epidermis is damaged

§  Skin is red and swollen

§  Second-degree burns

§  Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged

§  Skin is red with blisters

§  Third-degree burns

§  Destroys entire skin layer

§  Burn is gray-white or black

Severity of Burns

Figure 4.11b

Critical Burns §  Burns are considered critical if

§  Over 25% of body has second-degree burns

§  Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns

§  There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

Skin Cancer §  Cancer—abnormal cell mass

§  Classified two ways

§  Benign

§  Does not spread (encapsulated)

§  Malignant

§  Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body

§  Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

Skin Cancer Types §  Basal cell carcinoma

§  Least malignant

§  Most common type

§  Arises from stratum basale

Skin Cancer Types

Figure 4.12a

Skin Cancer Types §  Squamous cell carcinoma

§  Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

§  Early removal allows a good chance of cure

§  Believed to be sun-induced

§  Arises from stratum spinosum

Skin Cancer Types

Figure 4.12b

Skin Cancer Types §  Malignant melanoma

§  Most deadly of skin cancers

§  Cancer of melanocytes

§  Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

§  Detection uses ABCD rule

Skin Cancer Types

Figure 4.12c

ABCD Rule §  A = Asymmetry

§  Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

§  B = Border irregularity

§  Borders of mole are not smooth

§  C = Color

§  Different colors in pigmented area

§  D = Diameter

§  Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

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