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CHAPTER 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURISM
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Tourism is a composite phenomenon which embraces the incidence of a
mobile population of travelers who are strangers to the places they visit. It has been a
major social phenomenon of the societies all along. It is motivated by the natural urge
of every human being for new experience, adventure, education and entertainment.
The motivations for tourism also include social, religious and business interests. The
spread of education has fostered a desire to know more about different parts of the
globe. The basic human thirst for new experience and knowledge has become
stronger, as technological advances are overcoming communication barriers. The
growth of tourism is closely related to the ease and speed of travel, economic growth
and political development. It grew gradually as easier and faster ways of travel
became available. Progresses in air transport and development of tourist facilities
have encouraged people to venture out to the foreign lands.1
Tourism is one of the largest industries with faster expansion in its range and
dimension. It involves no erection of factories and earns large sum of foreign
exchange without in anyway exporting any tangible product. It is an industry with
great employment potential.2 It provides a vast spectrum of employment to both the
semi-skilled and the unskilled.3 Studies in developing countries have shown that
investment in tourism generates more employment than an equivalent investment in
highly mechanized industries. The ancillary industries having a direct bearing on
56
tourism are handicrafts and souvenir industry, leisure and entertainment services and
the personnel who deal with tourists across the counter in customs, immigration, air
ports, air lines, railway stations, emporia, banks, medical, police, communication,
advertising, sports agencies and many other organizations.
Besides providing employment to a large number of people, tourism can be
the instrument of regional policy and at achieving an equitable balance between major
industrial areas and the rest of the country. It enables the wealth earned in one part of
the country to be transferred to another.4 Tourism also makes a tremendous
contribution to the improvement of social and political understanding. Travel in
different countries fosters a better rapport between people of various stocks. Personal
international contacts have always been an important way of spreading ideas about
other culture. Tourism is thus an important means of promoting cultural exchanges
and international co-operation.
The importance of tourism as an instrument for economic development and
employment generation, particularly in remote and backward areas, has been well
recognized the world over. It is the largest service industry globally in terms of gross
revenue as well as foreign exchange earnings. Tourism can play an important and
effective role in achieving the growth with equity objectives, which we have set for
ourselves. Tourism is an economic sector that has the potential to grow at a high rate
and can ensure consequential development of the infrastructure at the destinations. It
has the capacity to capitalize on a country’s success in the services sector and provide
sustainable models of growth.
57
Tourism has the potential to stimulate other economic sectors through its
backward and forward linkages and cross-sector synergies with sectors like
agriculture, horticulture, poultry, handicrafts, transport, construction, etc. Expenditure
on tourism induces a chain of transactions requiring supply of goods and services
from these related sectors. The consumption demand, emanating from tourist
expenditure, also induces more employment and generates a multiplier effect on the
economy. As a result, additional income and employment opportunities are generated
through such linkages. Thus, the expansion of the tourism sector can lead to large-
scale employment generation and poverty alleviation. The economic benefits that
flow into the economy through growth of tourism in the shape of increased national
and state revenues, business receipts, employment, wages and salary, buoyancy in
central, state and local tax receipts can contribute towards overall socio-economic
improvement and accelerated growth in the economy.
Tourism is overwhelmingly an industry of private sector service
providers, although the public sector has a significant role to play in
infrastructure areas either directly or through Public Private Partnership (PPP)
mode. It is a multi-sector activity characterized by multiple services provided by
a range of suppliers. 5Thus, the growth of tourism cannot be attained unless the
issues related to all the related sectors are addressed simultaneously. The
tourism industry comprises hospitality (related to accommodation and dining),
travel (transportation services through different modes), and various other
businesses which offer services and products to tourists. The components of the
tourism industry are shown in Figure 3.1.
58
Figure: 3.1 Components of the tourism industry
Source: Dun & Bradstreet’s Industry Research India.
Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening
diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world.
Tourism has become a thriving global industry with the power to shape developing
countries in both positive and negative ways. No doubt it has become the fourth
largest industry in the global economy. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate
of 4 percent. With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of
the most traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made
available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.)
can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-
line and traditional shops. It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between
tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global
context, not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism
industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global
59
citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies.
This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the
relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
3.2 HISTORY OF TOURISM:
3.2.1Early Period:
Ten thousand years ago, man invented the wheel and started traveling long
distances. Later, he fixed wheels to his cart or chariot and used animals to pull this
vehicle. This gave him speed and comfort. He also discovered that horses could be
harnessed to carry him on their backs for long distances. Kings and merchants
traveled by comfortable chariots while the kings’ men rode the horses. Only the rich
and the powerful traveled while the common people stayed at home. Travel was
dangerous, expensive and time-consuming activity that was rarely undertaken unless
for business, adventure, to flee disease or war and a few other reasons, none of which
leisure.
As civilization developed, conscious travel in order to explore and see the
world began. The invention of money by the Sumerians and development of trade
and commerce beginning about 4000 B.C perhaps marks the beginning of the modern
era of travel. Shulgi, the ruler of ancient Babylonia claimed to have protected roads
and built rest houses at various places for respectable wayfarers6.
At different times, there have been large movements of populations.
Sometimes, climate changed and an area could not retain the population, and people
moved to greener areas where they could find food for themselves and fodder for
60
their animals. The Aryans used to live in Central Asia. Due to climatic changes
some of their groups moved to Europe and others came to India through Persia (Iran).
These mass movements of the past were due to social, political or economic reasons.
But some wise men always traveled in the quest of knowledge. They had a lust for
travel.
The Phoenicians were probably the first real travelers in the modern sense as
they went from place to place as travelers and traders. Almost at the same time, trade
and travel developed in India where the wheel and money were already known at the
time of the Mohen-jo-daro civilization, 3500 years ago.
Means of travel included foot, animal, ship or boat. The simplest being foot,
although horseback improved the pace walking did not hinder the distance one could
travel. Camels, donkeys, bullocks and elephants were also used whilst travelling.
When using animals as transport, it made the trip both expensive and allowed the
traveller to carry more supplies for trade. Early sea vessels varied from dug out tree
trunks to the complex Roman galleys. According to early Western history, upper
classes often travelled around the Mediterranean basin.
The earliest forms of leisure tourism can be traced as far back as the
Babylonian and Egyptian empires. A museum of “historic antiquities” was open to
the public in the sixth century BC in Babylon, while the Egyptians held many
religious festivals attracting not only the devout, but also who came to see the famous
buildings and works of art in the cities. The local towns accommodated tourists by
providing services such as: vendors of food and drink, guides, hawkers of souvenirs,
touts and prostitutes. From around the same date, Greek tourists travelled to visit the
61
sites of healing Gods. Because the independent city-states of ancient Greece had no
central authority to order the construction of roads, most of these tourists travelled by
water and hence the seaports prospered.
Some enterprising men traveled in search of God and to discover how his
Universe came into being. One such great man and a great traveler was Gautam or
Prince Siddhartha. He was born at a small place called Lumbini 2,500 years ago.
Gautham Buddha was the son of a king and would have been a king if he had not left
his home. But he renounced the world and walked hundreds of miles in search of a
Guru who could teach him the true meaning of life. In the course of his travels, he
reached the banks of a small river near Bodh Gaya. While meditating under a tree,
the meaning of his search for truth was revealed to him.
Gautam ‘The Buddha’ decided to share the Truth which he had discovered,
with the people of the world. So he traveled to Varanasi (India). On the banks of the
Ganges, he delivered his first sermon, to five disciples at Sarnath, which is now an
important place of Buddhist pilgrimage. Thereafter, Buddism spread all over India –
‘the Dharma’ which Buddha preached. Lord Buddha traveled from one place to
another spreading his wisdom, till he died at the age of 80 at Kushinagar in Uttar
Pradesh. Lord Buddha had a large number of disciples who traveled all over the
world. His most famous disciple was Emperor Ashoka, who sent preachers to many
countries. It was due to Ashoka’s efforts that Buddhism spread to almost all parts of
Asia.
There were well known travellers in the history of the world. Alexander the
Great was one among them. Born in Greece, he travelled for conquest. He travelled to
62
India and found the road systems and facilities well arranged. He was surprised to see
that Indians get wool in trees. He was referring to the cotton that was grown in India
at a time when people in Greece wore clothes made of animal wool or animal hides.
It was during the same period that pleasure travel begun taking place in China and
Japan. The Chinese emperor, Wu Di travelled plenty and his adventures were well
described in his writing.
The ancient Greeks traveled short distances in small boats. Jason and the
legendary Argonauts built a large ship to search for the Golden Fleece undaunted by
dangers described in Homer’s odyssey. Herodotus in the fifth century B.C toured
Phoenicia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Greece and Black sea and recorded the history, customs,
traditions and practices of the people living in these areas. Philosophers viz., Thales,
Pythagoras and Plato have traveled in Egypt.
Travel for pleasure was ready to take off during two hundred years of peace
when the Roman Empire was at its peak. It meant that one could travel from
Hadrian’s Wall to the Euphrates without crossing a hostile border. Inns
accommodated traveling government functionaries and traders. The Romans were the
first pleasure travelers in the world. Travel became quite sophisticated by the time
Jesus Christ was born. The Romans used to travel up a hundred miles a day by using
relays of horses, taken from rest posts five to six miles apart. They had an excellent
network of roads. The vessel that carried the beautiful queen Cleopatra to meet Mark
Antony reportedly had billowing scarlet silk sails, silver tipped oars, decks trapped
with royal purple cloth. The Romans visited temples, shrines, festivals, and baths for
health and for amusements7
63
.The lands of the Mediterranean Sea produced a remarkable evolution in
travel. People traveled for trade, commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical
treatment or education at an early date. Guidebooks became available as early as the
fourth century BC, covering a vast area of destinations, i.e. Athens, Sparta and Troy.
Pausanias, a Greek travel writer, produced a noted “description of Greece” between
AD 160 and 180, which, in its critical evaluation of facilities and destinations, acted
as a model for later writers. Advertisements, in the form of signs directing visitors to
wayside inns, are also known from this period. However, under Romans rule,
international travel was given priority. With no foreign borders between England and
Syria, and with the seas safe from piracy due to the Roman patrols, conditions
favouring travel had arrived. Roman coinage was acceptable everywhere, and Latin
was the common language. Domestic tourism also flourished within the Roman
Empire. Second homes were built by the wealthy within easy travelling distance of
Rome, occupied particularly during the springtime social season. Herodotus (485–424
B.C.), the well-travelled writer with an interest in both history and ethnology who
visited Egypt, North Africa, the Black Sea, Mesopotamia and Italy, pioneered a new
type of research trip.
There were two well known Chinese travelers who came to ancient India –
‘Fa-hien’ and ‘Hiuen Tsang.’ They tell us about the facilities of travels available in
India several hundred years ago. Later, travelers like ‘Ibn Batuta’ came and told us
about the Indians’ love for travel. All foreign travelers found India to be a peaceful
country inhabited by hospitable people who honoured their guests.
64
A thousand years ago, a Hindu Seer, ‘Adi Sankara’ travelled from a remote
corner of India in Kerala to spread the gospel of Hinduism. He set up four Dhamas
which devout Hindus are expected to visit once during their lifetime – ‘Badrinath’ in
the northern Himalayas, ‘Dwarka’ on the west coast in Gujarat, ‘Puri’ on the eastern
coast of Orissa and ‘Rameswaram’ in the south of Tamil Nadu. Millions of Indians
have, over the centuries, traveled to these four remote corners of India on pilgrimage.
And, their enthusiasm is still unabated. Even today, millions of Indians travel to
these sacred shrines every year.
3.2.2The Middle Ages:
The collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and subsequent turmoil
brought about the doom of holiday travel in this part of the world. The roads were no
longer well maintained and became infested with brigands. During that period, no
one traveled for pleasure. Travel facilities were a bare minimum.
Among the few great medieval travelers were Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo
and Ibn Batuta. Benjamin of Tudela, a jewish scholar who left Saragossa in 1160,
travelled for thirteen years to Europe, Persia and India and gave details of Jewish
communities and geography of the places he visited. Marco Polo left Venice in 1271
with his father and uncle and traveled through Persia and Afghanistan to the Pamir
plateau. Ibn Batuta traveled in the fourteenth century from Tangier to Arabia,
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor.
3.2.3 The Renaissance and After:
The age of the renaissance broadened the horizons of men and led to a quest for
exploration and discovery. Travel before the industrial revolution was largely a
65
matter of pilgrimage or business. From the end of sixteenth century, some growth in
private travel is evident, initially for educational purposes and later to satisfy a new
curiosity about the way people lived in other places. In the sixteenth century, it
became customary to send young gentlemen on a grand tour of the continent for the
purpose of education.
From the early seventeenth century, a new form of tourism developed as a
direct outcome of the freedom and quest for learning heralded by the Renaissance.
Young men who wanted positions at court were encouraged to travel to finish their
education. Others soon adopted this practice in the upper echelons of society and it
soon became customary for the education of a gentleman to be completed by a
“Grand tour” of major cultural centres of Europe, accompanied by a tutor and often-
lasting three years or more. The appeal soon became social and leisure seeking young
men travelled, predominantly to France and Italy, to enjoy the rival cultures and
social life of cities such as Paris, Venice, or Florence. By the end of the eighteenth
century, the custom had become institutionalized for the gentry.
Leisure in the eighteenth century became an attribute of the rich and the
cultured. A revolutionary step in travel was taken in the first decade of the nineteenth
century when John London McAdam and Thomas Telford invented a road surface
that replaced the dirt roads then existing in Europe. With the improvement of roads,
stagecoaches became a popular mode of travel. Charles Dickens, the famous
novelist, describes his journey to Italy in such a coach which he had bought.
66
Railways:
The first railroad in Europe, between Liverpool and Manchester was
constructed in 1830. Almost at the same time, a rail truck was laid in France linking
Paris and Versailles and in Germany between Nuremberg and Furth.
In 1841, a traveling Baptist preacher and book salesman called Thomas Cook
was on his way to attend a temperance meeting in Liecester when he thought of
engaging a special train to carry friends of temperance from Leicester to
Loughborough and back to attend a rally. A group of 570 participants were signed up
at the rate of one shilling a person for a 22-mile round trip. This was the first publicly
advertised tour in the world which gave Thomas Cook an idea that selling travel
could be a good business, making him the first travel agent. He had the foresight of
providing almost all modern facilities to his “customers.” It is his entrepreneurship
that primarily made tourism a recognized economic activity.
In 1856, Thomas Cook was advertising the first “Grand circular Tour of the
continent” including London, Antwerp, Brussels, Waterloo, Cologne, the Rhine,
Mainz, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Baden-Baden, Strasburg, Paris and London. By 1869,
he was offering a conducted tour of Holy Land to British travelers. He also took a
tour to India.
Comfortable railways were started in America 125 years ago by George
Mortimer Pullman, who built a train called ‘pioneer’. It was the first sleeping car
train where a berth cost two dollars per night. Meanwhile Japan introduced its
“Tokaido Express’ which runs at a speed of nearly 250 kilometres per hour.
67
Shipping Services:
Another development was taking place making ocean crossing a comfortable
and easy travel experience. As such, the American tourists started discovering
Europe and Europeans started to rediscover America. Inter-national travel by ships
became extensive and also the fastest way to travel between countries until steamship
services suffered from the post-war competition of airlines.
The Automobile:
While railways and steamship companies satisfied the desire of the nineteenth
century traveler, another new contraption called ‘motor car’ or ‘automobile’ appeared
on the scene to change the travel landscape of the twentieth century. Pioneers like
Duryea and Studebaker Brothers, Carl Benz, Louis Ranault and Bugatti built motor
cars with a speed of up to twenty miles an hour. The development of the automobile
industry has led to the demand for multi-lane highways all over the world, especially
in the developed countries.
The increase in private car ownership has done more to change travel habits
than any other factor in tourism. It has given the families a new source of freedom of
movement. They saw the costs of motoring falling, though ignoring the indirect costs
of depreciation, wear and tear. This perception of low cost coupled with greater
flexibility led to great increase in motoring holidays everywhere particularly short
distance holidays.
Air Travel:
A scientist, Sir George Cayley discovered the fundamental principles of the
aero plan – a flying machine heavier than air. He was followed by several other
68
notable men like String Fellow and Otto Lillenthal. The credit of developing the
modern aero plane goes to the Wright Brothers. On December 17, 1903, the Wright
Brothers made their first flight in Kity Hawk and earned the glory of being the first to
soar aloft in a power-driven aero plane. The wars increased interest in international
travel. This interest was given the shape of mass tourism by the aviation industry. The
surplus of aircrafts and growth of private airlines aided the expansion of air travel.
The aircraft had become comfortable, faster and steadily cheaper for overseas travel.
With the introduction of Boeing 707 jet in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses
had arrived. The beginning of chartered flights boosted the package tour market and
led to the establishment of organized mass tourism. The Boeing 747, a 400 seat craft,
brought the cost of travel down sharply. Compared to travel by any other mode, air
travel over long distances has become the epitome of economy, speed and comfort. It
has changed the complexion of travel and tourism completely, especially in the field
of international tourism. It has also brought about the democratization of travel
enabling millions of people to take a holiday or move on business.
3.2.4 Highlights of tourism in the nineteenth century:
� Advent of railway initially catalysed business travel and later leisure travel.
Gradually special trains were chartered to only take leisure travel to their
destinations.
� Package tours organised by entrepreneurs such as Thomas Cook.
� The European countries indulged in a lot of business travel often to their
colonies to buy raw material and sell finished goods.
69
� In the decades following the invention of photography in 1839, professional
photographic firms appeared in the major cities of Western Europe, as well as
in more remote travel destinations such as Greece, Egypt, India, Asia, and the
Middle East. The invention of photography acted as a status-enhancing tool
and promoted overseas travel. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the
rapid development and increasing recognition of the art of photography, along
with a growing fascination with other countries and cultures, marked the
beginning of the formation of a "global visual culture.”
� The formation of first hotel chains was pioneered by the railway companies
who established great railway terminus hotels.
� Seaside resorts began to develop different images as for day-trippers, elite, for
gambling.
� Other types of destinations-ski resorts, hill stations, mountaineering spots etc.
� The technological development in steamships promoted travel between North
America and Europe.
� The Suez Canal opened direct sea routes to India and the Far East.
� The cult of the guidebook followed the development of photography.
3.2.5 Tourism in the Twentieth Century: The First World War gave firsthand experience of countries and aroused a
sense of curiosity about international travel among less well off sector for the first
time. The large scale of migration to the US meant a lot of travel across the Atlantic.
Private motoring began to encourage domestic travel in Europe and the west. The sea
70
side resort became annual family holiday destination in Britain and increased in
popularity in other countries of the west. Hotels proliferated in these destinations.
A corresponding growth in hotel industry led to the establishment of world-
wide chains. Tourism also began to diversify as people began to flock alternative
destinations in the 70s. Nepal and India received a throng of tourists lured by Hare
Krishna Movement and transcendental meditation. The beginning of individual travel
in a significant volume only occurred in the 80s. Air travel also led to a continuous
growth in business travel especially with the emergence of the Multi National
Companies.
3.3 TOURISM IN INDIA:
India is one of the oldest civilizations with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich
cultural heritage. It is a vast and diverse country, which has something to offer to
everyone. The beauty of its ancient monuments, the beat and rhythm of its folk and
classical dances that have come down the ages almost unchanged, its colourful
crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and grandeur of the snowcapped
mountain tops, the quick backwaters of Kerala and the beautiful beaches and above
all its well-meaning, charming people-these are timeless in their appeal. All these
make India a paradise of tourists.
India is a country known for its lavish treatment to all visitors, no matter
where they come from.8 Its visitor-friendly traditions, varied life styles and cultural
heritage and colourful fairs and festivals held abiding attractions for the tourists. The
other attractions include beautiful beaches, forests and wild life and landscapes for
eco-tourism; snow, river and mountain peaks for adventure tourism; technological
71
parks and science museums for science tourism; centres of pilgrimage for spiritual
tourism; heritage, trains and hotels for heritage tourism. Yoga, Ayurveda and natural
health resorts and hill stations also attract tourists.
The economic and social advantages of tourism, which were being fully
exploited by many countries, especially in the west, came to be recognized in India
only in the sixties.9 Although considerable time and attention were devoted to the
development of tourist traffic immediately after independence, it was only about
fifteen odd years later that tourism received the priority it richly deserved.
The first conscious and organized efforts to promote tourism in India were
made in 1945 when a committee was set up by the Government under the
Chairmanship of Sir John Sargent, the then Educational Adviser to the Government
of India. Thereafter, the development of tourism was taken up in a planned manner in
1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan. The approach has evolved from
isolated planning of single unit facilities in the Second and Third Five Year Plans.
The Sixth Plan marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be
considered a major instrument for social integration and economic development.10
A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in 1988, the
National Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a
sustainable growth in tourism. In 1992, a National Action Plan was prepared and in
1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of Tourism was drafted. In 1997, the New
Tourism Policy recognises the roles of Central and State governments, public sector
undertakings and the private sector in the development of tourism were. The need for
involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions, Local Bodies, Non-Governmental
72
Organisations and the local youth in the creation of tourism facilities has also been
recognised.
The development of tourism in India is a fascinating subject. There has been
an all round spurt in activity in this sphere with the central and State Tourism
Departments joining hands with the travel trade in the country in concerted bid to
achieve the set targets. Tourism is a multi-billion dollar global industry today,
generating enormous wealth and large-scale employment. The Department of
Tourism in India has undertaken a number of measures to promote tourism. Though
tourism gained importance belatedly, it has grown at a rapid pace and enhanced its
share in international tourist arrivals as well as foreign exchange earnings.
The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency to formulate national policies
and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. In the process, the
Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including
various Central Ministries/agencies, the State Governments/ Union Territories and the
representatives of the private sector. The Directorate General of Tourism, which is an
attached Office of the Ministry, has 20 field offices within the country and 14
overseas offices. The domestic field offices are sources of tourist information. They
are also responsible for monitoring the progress of implementation of field projects
by the State Governments in their respective jurisdictions. India Tourism
Development Corporation (ITDC) is the only public sector undertaking under the
charge of the Ministry of Tourism.
73
3.3.1 TOURIST ARRIVALS IN INDIA:
India currently hold the 12th position in Asia and 68th position in the list
of world’s most attractive tourist destinations, as per the Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2011 by the World Economic Forum (WEF). The increasing
numbers of domestic as well as international tourists have been very encouraging for
the Indian travel and hospitality sector which has nearly doubled during the last three
years. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as
rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism.
Domestic Tourist Arrivals:
Domestic tourism plays a vital role in achieving the national objectives of
promoting social and cultural cohesion and national integration. It is also one of the
most vibrant expressions of Indian heritage. It is the single unifying force, which
helps in achieving understanding between various linguistic, religious and communal
groups living in different parts of the country. Its contribution to generation of
employment is very high. With the increase in income levels and emergence of a
powerful middle class, the potential for domestic tourism has grown substantially
during the last few years.
Domestic tourism is the backbone for international tourism. It is the base on
which the pyramid of international tourism is built. In the contemporary India, the
phenomenon of domestic tourism with its vibrant and changing dimensions can be
expected to make an even greater contribution toward strengthening the fabric of the
unity of India. Despite its great significance in the national integration and
development, domestic tourism has not received adequate attention in the process of
74
development planning. However, there has been the almost unobtrusive and yet
inexorable rise of domestic tourism in the Indian paradigm. From 238.12 lakh
domestic visits in 2001, the number rose to 1030.10 million in 2010.
Foreign Tourist Arrivals:
. The Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2010 were 5.88
million as compared to the FTAs of 5.11 million during 2009, showing a growth of
15.1 percent. Majority of foreign tourists come from USA and UK. The growth was
much better than the growth rate of 5 to 6 per cent projected for the world by the
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for 2010. Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are the top 5 states to receive
inbound tourists. While the growth in tourism has been impressive, India’s share in
total global tourism arrivals and earning is quite insignificant and is expected to
improve in the next decade. During 2009, FTAs in India had registered a decline of
3.3 percent over 2008. This decline in 2009 may be due to various reasons including
global slowdown, H1N1 pandemic, etc.
To attract more tourists to India, Ministry of Tourism has taken
number of steps including advertising in India and abroad, participation in travel fairs,
exhibitions, road shows, India evenings, seminars & workshops, publication of
brochures, offering incentives to inbound travelers, and inviting media personalities,
tour operators and opinion makers to visit the country under the
Hospitality Programme of the Ministry During 2010, a total number of 6,549 Visa on
Arrivals (VoA) were issued under VoA Scheme. The Scheme of Visa on Arrival
(VoA) was introduced from January 1, 2010 for citizens of five countries, viz.
75
Finland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand and Singapore, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
and Phillipines visiting India for tourism purposes.
In fact, it is now the ‘medical tourism’ that is gaining momentum in India with
inexpensive and probably some of the best medical facilities in the world. According
to the latest report of tourism industry, India’s medical tourism has registered an
annual growth rate of 25 per cent and is expected to touch the $2 billion mark by
2012.
Various private healthcare-centres are providing world-class health care
services at a very affordable price and primarily attracting patients from the South
Asian countries along with Britain, United States, Gulf region and Africa. Realising
the potential of tourism industry, the Union Government has been allowing more and
more patients by providing a special medical tourism visa, which can again facilitate
the process of tourist inflow
.
76
Tab
le:
3.1
Tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
In
dia
(in
mil
lion
s)
Sl.
N
o:
Yea
r D
om
esti
c to
uri
sts
Ind
ex
(base
yea
r =
2001
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
Fore
ign
to
uri
sts
Ind
ex
( b
ase
yea
r =
2001
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
Tota
l In
dex
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
1.
2001
236.5
100
-
2.5
4
100
-
239.0
4
100
-
2.
2002
269.6
113.9
+13.9
2.3
8
93.7
-6.3
271.9
8
113.8
+113.8
3.
2003
309.0
130.7
+130.7
2.7
3
107.5
+7.5
311.7
3
130.4
+30.0
4
4.
2004
366.2
154.8
+54.8
3.4
6
136.2
+36.2
369.6
6
154.6
+54.6
5.
2005
391.9
165.7
+65.7
3.9
2
154.3
+54.3
395.8
2
165.6
+65.6
6.
2006
462.3
195.5
+95.5
4.4
3
174.4
+74.4
466.7
3
195.3
+95.3
7.
2007
526.6
222.7
+122.7
5.0
8
200.0
+100
531.6
8
222.4
+122.4
8.
2008
562.9
238.0
+138.0
5.2
8
207.9
+107.9
568.1
8
237.7
+137.7
9..
2009
650.0
274.8
+174.8
5.1
1
201.2
+101.2
655.1
1
274.1
+174.1
10.
2010
740.0
312.9
+212.9
5.8
8
231.5
+131.5
745.8
8
312.0
+212.0
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f T
ou
rism
, G
over
nm
ent
of
India
77
Fig
ure
: 3.2
Do
mes
tic
tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
In
dia
(in
mil
lion
s)
23
6.5
26
9.6
30
9
36
6.2
39
1.9
46
2.3
52
6.6
56
2.9
65
0
74
0
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
0
80
0
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
Domestic Tourist in million
Ye
ar
Do
me
stic
To
uris
t
Fore
ign
t
0123456
20
01
2002
2.5
42.3
8
Foreign Tourist in million
78
Fig
ure
: 3.3
Fore
ign
tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
In
dia
(in
mil
lion
s)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
200
82
00
9
2.7
3
3.4
6
3.9
2
4.4
3
5.0
85
.28
5.1
1
Yea
r
Fore
ign
Tou
rist
20
10
5.8
8
79
3.3.2Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India:
Tourism is an important sector of Indian economy and contributes
substantially in the country’s foreign exchange earnings. It is perhaps the only
‘marketed’ or ‘marketable’ product which results in enormous transfer of funds.
Even though this industry in India is short of foreign grants, it can bring valuable
foreign exchange to the country without any exchange or export of merchandise.
Income from international tourism can be phenomenal in the form of foreign
exchange earnings. It adds to the national income and as an invisible export, may
offset a loss on the visible trading account and will be of critical importance in the
overall financial reckoning.
India's foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism during 2010 were $
14.193 million as compared to $ 11.394 million in the previous year and $ 11.747
million in 2008. There is 343.8 percent growth in the foreign exchange earnings in
2010 when compared to the base year 2001.
80
Table: 3.2 Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India (US$ million)
Sl. No:
Year Foreign Exchange Index Base Year = 2001
Percentage Change (+/-)
1.
2001
3198 100 -
2.
2002
3103 97.0 -3
3.
2003
4463 139.6 +39.6
4.
2004
6170 192.9 +92.9
5.
2005
7493 234.3 +134.3
6.
2006
8634 269.9 +169.9
7.
2007
10729 335.5 +235.5
8.
2008
11747 367.3 +267.3
9.
2009
11394 356.3 +256.3
10.
2010
14193 443.8 +343.8
Source: Primary data:
Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million
3.3.3 Present Situation Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of
6.23 percent to the national GDP and providing 8.78
India witnesses’ more than
domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will
be a tourism hotspot from 2009
per the Travel and Tourism Comp
81
Figure: 3.4 Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million
Situation of tourism ion India:
Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of
to the national GDP and providing 8.78 percent of the total employment.
India witnesses’ more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million
domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will
be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. As
per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009 by the World Economic
Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million)
Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of
of the total employment.
million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million
domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will
year growth potential. As
etitiveness Report 2009 by the World Economic
82
Forum, India is ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region and 62nd overall, moving up
three places on the list of the world's attractive destinations. It is ranked the 14th best
tourist destination for its natural resources and 24th for its cultural resources, with
many World Heritage Sites, both natural and cultural, rich fauna, and strong creative
industries in the country. India also bagged 37th rank for its air transport network.
The India travel and tourism industry ranked 5th in the long-term (10-year) growth
and is expected to be the second largest employer in the world by 2019.
Moreover, India has been ranked the "best country brand for value-for-
money" in the Country Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand, a
leading global brand consultancy. India also claimed the second place in CBI's "best
country brand for history", as well as appears among the top five in the best country
brand for authenticity and art & culture, and the fourth best country for business.
3.3.4Initiatives to Boost Tourism in India:
Some of the recent initiatives taken by the Government to boost tourism
include grant of export house status to the tourism sector and incentives for
promoting private investment in the form of Income Tax exemptions, interest subsidy
and reduced import duty. The hotel and tourism-related industry has been declared a
high priority industry for foreign investment which entails automatic approval of
direct investment up to 51 per cent of foreign equity and allowing 100 per cent non-
resident Indian investment and simplifying rules regarding the grant of approval to
travel agents, tour operators and tourist transport operators.
The first ever Indian Tourism Day was celebrated on January 25, 1998. The
Year 1999 was celebrated as ‘Explore India Millennium Year’ by presenting a
83
spectacular tableau on the cultural heritage of India at the Republic Day Parade and
organising India Tourism Expo in New Delhi and Khajuraho. Moreover, the
campaign ‘Visit India Year 2009’ was launched at the International Tourism
Exchange in Berlin, aimed to project India as an attractive destination for
holidaymakers. The government joined hands with leading airlines, hoteliers, holiday
resorts and tour operators, and offered them a wide range of incentives and bonuses
during the period between April and December, 2009.
• The demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8.2 per cent
between 2010 and 2019 and will place India at the third position in the world.
• India's travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in
the world, employing 40,037,000 by 2019.
• Capital investment in India's travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8.8
per cent between 2010 and 2019.
3.4 IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA:
Tourism industry in India has several positive and negative impacts on the
economy and society. These impacts are highlighted below.
3.4.1Positive Impacts:
Generating Income and Employment:
Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of income and employment
generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development. It contributes
6.23 percent to the national GDP and 8.78 percent of the total employment in India.
Almost 20 million people are now working in the India’s tourism industry.
84
Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings:
Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings in India. This
has favourable impact on the balance of payment of the country. The tourism industry
in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to
US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4 percent annual growth rate.
Preservation of National Heritage and Environment:
Tourism helps preserve several places which are of historical importance by
declaring them as heritage sites. For instance, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, Ajanta
and Ellora temples, etc, would have been decayed and destroyed had it not been for
the efforts taken by Tourism Department to preserve them. Likewise, tourism also
helps in conserving the natural habitats of many endangered species.
Developing Infrastructure:
Tourism tends to encourage the development of multiple-use infrastructure
that benefits the host community, including various means of transports, health care
facilities, and sports centers, in addition to the hotels and high-end restaurants that
cater to foreign visitors. The development of infrastructure has in turn induced the
development of other directly productive activities.
Promoting Peace and Stability:
Tourism industry can also help promote peace and stability in developing
country like India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy,
protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness. However, key
challenges like adoption of regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime and
85
corruption, etc, must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this industry are
to be realized.
3.4.2Negative Impacts:
Undesirable Social and Cultural Change:
Tourism sometimes led to the destruction of the social fabric of a
community. The more tourists coming into a place, the more the perceived risk of that
place losing its identity. A good example is Goa. From the late 60's to the early 80's
when the Hippy culture was at its height, Goa was a haven for such hippies. Here
they came in thousands and changed the whole culture of the state leading to a rise in
the use of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking. This had a ripple effect on the
country.
Increase Tension and Hostility:
Tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion between the tourists and
the local communities when there is no respect and understanding for each other’s
culture and way of life. This may further lead to violence and other crimes committed
against the tourists. The recent crime committed against Russian tourist in Goa is a
case in point.
Creating a Sense of Antipathy:
Tourism brought little benefit to the local community. In most all-inclusive
package tours more than 80 percent of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and
other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. Moreover, large
hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ
86
local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers
from reaping the benefit of their presence. This has often created a sense of antipathy
towards the tourists and the government.
Adverse Effects on Environment and Ecology:
One of the most important adverse effects of tourism on the environment is
increased pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality.
Increased transport and construction activities led to large scale deforestation and
destabilisation of natural landforms, while increased tourist flow led to increase in
solid waste dumping as well as depletion of water and fuel resources. Flow of tourists
to ecologically sensitive areas resulted in destruction of rare and endangered species
due to trampling, killing, disturbance of breeding habitats. Noise pollution from
vehicles and public address systems, water pollution, vehicular emissions, untreated
sewage, etc. also have direct effects on bio-diversity, ambient environment and
general profile of tourist spots.
3.5 PROFILE OF TOURISM IN TAMILNADU:
Tamilnadu enjoys the locational advantage of being the “Gateway to the south”.
It is situated in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula and has over 20 centuries of
cultural heritage and historic significance.11 Tourism in Tamil Nadu holds a special
place in India’s tour landscape. The fabled land of Tamilnadu has a marvelous mosaic
of tourist attractions to cater to the various tastes of tourists. The land that was once
the cradle of Dravidians restores the ancient cultural heritage in the form of intricate
temples The rich heritage of temple architecture along with the picturesque hill
stations, the beautiful beach resorts, the picnic spots of rare scenic beauty and wild
87
life and bird sanctuaries, constitute colourful tourist attractions in Tamilnadu. Tamil
Nadu is a State known for several festivals and fairs with life affirmative attitude.
Celebration is a part of Tamil culture and they make every moment a great
benediction. Therefore, the fairs and festivals act as mechanisms to attract large
number of people in the vicinity and offer them an avenue to relax and rejoice.
Cultural programmes, musical events and dance performances suit the festive mood
and provide the crowd with healthy entertainment. The endless special appeals of
Tamilnadu not only make it an obvious choice of holiday destination but also extend
its aesthetic credibility to the outer world. The tagline adopted for promoting tourism
in Tamil Nadu is ‘Enchanting Tamil Nadu’. Statistics show that 30 percent of the
foreign tourists visiting India also visit Tamil Nadu.
Tamilnadu promotes zero-tolerant tourism without any compromise on socio-
cultural values and customs. This has resulted in generating quality tourism.
Tamilnadu has ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Proactive
efforts are being continued to make Tamilnadu the most preferred destination in
India. Tamil Nadu is a unique State in several aspects and more specially from the
tourism point of view.
The domestic tourists show keen interest in the beaches, waterfalls, temples
and temple festivals and they usually wind up their tour on a single day or draw up
their itinerary to cover the weekends (Saturday & Sunday). The national tourists i.e.
tourists drawn from all other states (except Tamil Nadu) especially from North India
would like to explore Tamil Nadu in a more detailed manner and they usually visit
the zoological parks, wild life sanctuaries, pilgrimage centres, amusement parks and
88
shopping centres. Their visit to Tamil Nadu lasts for a week as they combine two
weekends. The tourists from abroad, on the other hand are interested in visiting
historical monuments, heritage sites, ecological sites and rural tourist centres. The
foreign tourists spend 15 to 30 days in India. Out of this, they do not hesitate to spend
even upto a week in Tamil Nadu. The immense tourist wealth of Tamil Nadu as
explained above is undoubtedly the greatest asset of Tamil Nadu. The tourist wealth,
be it natural or manmade alone cannot be considered as a complete product to attract
tourists. Tourism Department’s interaction with the tourists, since the last few
decades have revealed that they attach much importance to basic amenities and
infrastructure facilities at tourist centres. Tamilnadu has recognized the importance of
tourism long ago and facilitated its development in desired directions. Aggressive
marketing, synergized development of tourist infrastructure, dovetailing the resources
of various departments, motivating stakeholders, inculcating tourist-friendly culture,
exploring new avenues like medical tourism and adventure tourism in the last four
years have helped tourism in Tamilnadu to achieve more than twenty percent annual
growth. "Bed and Breakfast" (Home stay) scheme is formulated to encourage the
locals to participate in the scheme and also increasing the room capacity in the
State.12
Tourism in Tamil Nadu has identified certain unique selling products for both
domestic and international market. For instance, medical tourism is being highlighted
in certain countries like the USA, UAE, South Africa, etc. A large number of
domestic tourists are coming from the east and north-east regions. Cultural tourism
has been the main stay for Europe. So, we are promoting our destination and products
in potential areas keeping in view the expectancy of tourists. Our participation at an
89
international level at trade events such as PATA, WTM, ITB Berlin, SAARC,
FITTUR Spain and MITT Moscow will result in continuous increase in foreign
tourist arrivals to explore our destinations.
Figure: 3.5 Department of Tourism Culture:
90
3.5.1Types of Tourism in Tamil Nadu:
The tourist traffic in Tamil Nadu is generated at three levels, Domestic (from
within Tamil Nadu), National (from all other states in India) and International. The
tourists belong to mainly two categories
i) who have a single point agenda of enjoying the tourist wealth of Tamil Nadu
and
ii) who combine their visit to Tamil Nadu with other purposes like pilgrimage,
business and medical treatment.
The various types of tourism available in Tamil Nadu are as detailed below
Leisure Tourism: Tourists visiting tourist centres in Tamilnadu for leisure constitute a
major segment of tourists. They usually throng the hill resorts, beach resorts,
waterfalls, zoological parks, bird sanctuaries and botanical / horticultural gardens.
Pilgrim Tourism:
Pilgrims are another major group of tourists visiting Tamil Nadu. They
visit places of worship according to their faith. But, at times they also visit places of
worship of the other religions.
Heritage Tourism:
Tamil Nadu can boast of its immense heritage wealth. This is clearly
evident from the fact that UNESCO has declared five monuments in Tamil Nadu
(Mamallapuram, Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram and Nilgiris
Mountain Railway) as world heritage monuments. Apart from this, there are countless
heritage centres in Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu Government has declared 47 towns
91
in Tamil Nadu as heritage towns for conservation and preservation of the priceless
heritage. One of the common complaints / suggestions, received from the tourists is
regarding proper upkeep of heritage destinations. Tamil Nadu Tourism will strive to
prevent damage to heritage centres on a war footing.
Adventure Tourism:
Tourists in search of adventure constitute mostly youngsters. They would like to
stimulate their appetite for adventure through trekking, air/water sports and the like.
Cruise Tourism:
Cruise shipping is today one of the largest growing sectors globally with an
annual turnover of more than $500 billion. Tourists are taken on a cruise, which gives
insight into the tradition of Tamil Nadu.
Rural Tourism: The emphasis under rural tourism is on the uniqueness of the individual
villages with regard to their life style, art and culture and monuments.
Business Tourism:
Top executives who arrive Tamil Nadu on business trips or to attend seminars,
conferences, conventions, etc., combine tourism with their business Trips.
Medical Tourism:
Tamil Nadu has some of India's best medical facilities (Allopathy, Ayurveda,
Siddha, Unani etc.,). This coupled with Tamil Nadu's traditional hospitality attracts
patients from other States and even from other countries. After full recovery, the
patients as well as their attendants visit places of tourist interest. Wellness tourism, is
92
a fast emerging tourism product in Tamil Nadu. Indian Medical Tourism mainly
revolves around patients and their families visiting the Tamil Nadu's best hospitals for
world-class services, which are cost effective. From all over India and other parts of
the globe, thousands of health tourists are coming to Tamil Nadu to avail the
medicare of expert doctors. Conventionally, Medical Tourism also spans across the
prestigious medical colleges and institutions of the State. Students and research
scholars are attracted to TamilNadu's superior medical education standards. Tamil
Nadu offers an enchanting array of fascinating tourist destinations for tourists who
care about their health. Multispecialty hospitals, catering to treatment for people from
all over the world are now much sought after. Several tourist resorts in
Mamallapuram and other places offer facilities of Ayurvedic medicare which can be
compared to the best anywhere in the world. According to a survey, two percent of
the foreign tourists visiting Tamil Nadu are coming for medical treatment.
Fairs/Festivals Tourism:
Large inflow of tourists is usually seen during the major festive seasons
like Deepavali, Christmas, Ramzan, Pongal, etc. The exhibitions and fairs (like India
Tourist & Industrial Fair conducted every year by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development
Corporation at Island Grounds, Chennai) also draw significant numbers.
Social Functions:
People visit their friends and relatives in connection with social
functions like marriage and visit tourist spots either before or after the function.
93
Academic Tourism:
Students from educational institutions visit tourist spots as a part of their
curriculum. During such trips they combine studies with Tourism. Tourist attractions
like Government Museum, Fort Museum, Snake Park, Planetarium, etc., in Chennai
act as centres of education for students.
Ecological Tourism: Ecological Tourism usually shortened as eco-tourism, is a form of
Tourism, which aims to make tourists both ecologically and socially conscious. It is
defined both as a concept tourism movement and as a tourism section. Generally
speaking, eco-tourism focuses on local culture, wilderness adventures, volunteering,
personal growth and learning new ways to live on the planet, typically involving
travel to destinations where the flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary
attractions. Responsible eco-tourism includes programmes that minimize the adverse
effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment and enhance the cultural
integrity of local people.
Wildlife-Tourism:
Wildlife-Tourism can be an eco and animal friendly tourism in both
captive and wild environments. It has experienced a rapid growth in recent years
worldwide. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is watching wild animals in their
natural habitat. Wildlife tourism is also a multi-million dollar industry offering
customized tour packages and safaris.
Tamil Nadu has recognized the importance of tourism long ago and facilitated
its development in desired directions. Aggressive marketing, synergized
94
development of tourist infrastructure, dovetailing the resources of various
departments, motivating stakeholders, inculcating tourist friendly culture, exploring
new avenues like medical tourism and adventure tourism in the last four years have
helped Tamil Nadu Tourism to achieve more than twenty percent annual growth.
There is steady increase in the tourist arrivals in Tamilnadu. (Table: 3.3) when
compared to the base year 2001 there is 330.4 percent percent increase in the tourist
arrivals in 2010 when compared to 2001 ie 1058.15 lakh tourists arrived in 2010
when compared to 245.85 lakh arrivals in 2001. Aggressive promotion and
marketing campaigns through print and electronic media at the national and
international levels, creation and provision of good infrastructure at tourist spots have
resulted in the continuous increase of tourist arrivals to Tamilnadu.13 Especially
during the past four years, there is remarkable increase in the tourist arrivals in
Tamilnadu (both domestic and foreign). The length of stay of a tourist in Tamilnadu
is five days in the case of a domestic tourist and seven days in the case of a foreign
tourist. Tamilnadu is now ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign
tourists. Proactive efforts are being continued to make Tamil Nadu the most
preferred destination in India.
95
Tab
le:
3.3
Tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
Tam
il N
ad
u
Sl.
N
o:
Yea
r D
om
esti
c to
uri
sts
Ind
ex
(base
yea
r =
2001
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
Fore
ign
to
uri
sts
Ind
ex
( b
ase
yea
r =
2001
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
Tota
l In
dex
%
Incr
ease
/
Dec
rease
1.
2001
238.1
2
100
-
7.7
3
100
-
245.8
5
100
-
2.
2002
246.6
1
103.6
+3.6
8.0
5
104.1
+4.1
254.6
6
103.6
+3.6
3.
2003
270.5
9
113.6
+13.6
9.0
2
116.7
+16.7
279.6
1
113.7
+13.7
4.
2004
300.3
9
126.2
+26.2
10.5
8
136.9
+36.9
311.3
5
126.6
+26.6
5.
2005
323.3
9
135.8
+35.8
11.7
9
152.5
+52.5
335.1
8
136.3
+36.3
6.
2006
392.1
4
164.7
+64.7
13.3
5
172.7
+72.7
405.4
9
164.9
+64.9
7.
2007
506.4
7
212.7
+112.7
17.5
3
226.8
+126.8
524.0
0
213.1
+113.1
8.
2008
626.1
8
262.9
+162.9
20.4
0
263.9
+163.9
646.5
8
262.9
+162.9
9..
2009
780.3
8
327.7
+227.7
23.6
9
306.5
+206.5
804.0
7
327.1
+227.1
10.
2010
1030.1
0
432.6
+332.6
28.0
5
362.8
+262.8
1058.1
5
430.4
+330.4
Sourc
e: C
om
mis
sioner
of
Touri
sm, C
hen
nai
96
Fig
ure
: 3.6
Do
mes
tic
Tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
Tam
iln
ad
u (
in L
ak
hs)
238
.12
24
6.6
1270.5
9300.3
9323.3
9
392.1
4
506.4
7
62
6.1
8
78
0.3
8
10
30
.1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
20
01
20
02
2003
2004
2005
2006
200
72
00
82
00
92
01
0
Domestic tourist arrivals in Lakhs
Yea
r
Fore
ign
t
05
10
15
20
25
30
20
01
20
02
20
03
7.7
38
.05
9.0
2
Foreign tourist in Lakhs
97
Fig
ure
: 3.7
Fore
ign
tou
rist
arr
ivals
in
Tam
iln
ad
u (
in L
ak
hs)
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
10
.58
11
.79
13
.35
17
.53
20
.4
23
.69
Yea
r
Fo
reig
n T
ou
rist
20
09
20
10
23
.69
28
.05
98
Reference:
1 Bryden John M (1973) Tourism and Development, Cambridge University
Press, London. P 45-49
2 Mathew MD and Seevan M (1984) Tourism: An Employment Oriented
Industry, Eastem Economist, Vol. 2, PP 5-7.
3Pragati Mohanty (1992), ‘Hotel Industry and Tourism in India’, Ashish
Publishing House, New Delhi, P.44.
4 Gill. S. Pushpinder (1996), ‘Dynamics of Tourism’, Anmol Publishing House,
New Delhi.
5 Mohinder Chand (2000), ‘Travel Agency Management’, Anmol publications
private Limited, New Delhi.PP 5-6
6 Kye-Sung, Raymond (1999) Welcome to Hospitality- an Introduction, Delmar
Publication, Bangalore, PP 3-6
7 Lickorish, L.J, and Kershaw, A.G., The Management of Tourism, Heinemann,
London, 1975, P. 3
8 Ogilvic FW (193) The Tourist Movement P.S King and Sons Ltd. Orchard
House, Westminister, London. PP 50-55
9 Mohammed Zulfikar (1998) Introduction to Tourism and Hotel Industry, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi P 37
10 Garg RBL (1980) New Dimension of Tourism, Indian and Foreign Review,
Vol. 17, P 14
99
11 Thankgamani K (1985) Tourist Trade in Tamilnadu, Ph.D, thesis, ICSSR
Library, New Delhi, PP 64-65
12 Policy Note (2010-2011) Tourism and Cultural Department, Government of India, P
Recommended