55

CHAPTER 3

SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURISM

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Tourism is a composite phenomenon which embraces the incidence of a

mobile population of travelers who are strangers to the places they visit. It has been a

major social phenomenon of the societies all along. It is motivated by the natural urge

of every human being for new experience, adventure, education and entertainment.

The motivations for tourism also include social, religious and business interests. The

spread of education has fostered a desire to know more about different parts of the

globe. The basic human thirst for new experience and knowledge has become

stronger, as technological advances are overcoming communication barriers. The

growth of tourism is closely related to the ease and speed of travel, economic growth

and political development. It grew gradually as easier and faster ways of travel

became available. Progresses in air transport and development of tourist facilities

have encouraged people to venture out to the foreign lands.1

Tourism is one of the largest industries with faster expansion in its range and

dimension. It involves no erection of factories and earns large sum of foreign

exchange without in anyway exporting any tangible product. It is an industry with

great employment potential.2 It provides a vast spectrum of employment to both the

semi-skilled and the unskilled.3 Studies in developing countries have shown that

investment in tourism generates more employment than an equivalent investment in

highly mechanized industries. The ancillary industries having a direct bearing on

56

tourism are handicrafts and souvenir industry, leisure and entertainment services and

the personnel who deal with tourists across the counter in customs, immigration, air

ports, air lines, railway stations, emporia, banks, medical, police, communication,

advertising, sports agencies and many other organizations.

Besides providing employment to a large number of people, tourism can be

the instrument of regional policy and at achieving an equitable balance between major

industrial areas and the rest of the country. It enables the wealth earned in one part of

the country to be transferred to another.4 Tourism also makes a tremendous

contribution to the improvement of social and political understanding. Travel in

different countries fosters a better rapport between people of various stocks. Personal

international contacts have always been an important way of spreading ideas about

other culture. Tourism is thus an important means of promoting cultural exchanges

and international co-operation.

The importance of tourism as an instrument for economic development and

employment generation, particularly in remote and backward areas, has been well

recognized the world over. It is the largest service industry globally in terms of gross

revenue as well as foreign exchange earnings. Tourism can play an important and

effective role in achieving the growth with equity objectives, which we have set for

ourselves. Tourism is an economic sector that has the potential to grow at a high rate

and can ensure consequential development of the infrastructure at the destinations. It

has the capacity to capitalize on a country’s success in the services sector and provide

sustainable models of growth.

57

Tourism has the potential to stimulate other economic sectors through its

backward and forward linkages and cross-sector synergies with sectors like

agriculture, horticulture, poultry, handicrafts, transport, construction, etc. Expenditure

on tourism induces a chain of transactions requiring supply of goods and services

from these related sectors. The consumption demand, emanating from tourist

expenditure, also induces more employment and generates a multiplier effect on the

economy. As a result, additional income and employment opportunities are generated

through such linkages. Thus, the expansion of the tourism sector can lead to large-

scale employment generation and poverty alleviation. The economic benefits that

flow into the economy through growth of tourism in the shape of increased national

and state revenues, business receipts, employment, wages and salary, buoyancy in

central, state and local tax receipts can contribute towards overall socio-economic

improvement and accelerated growth in the economy.

Tourism is overwhelmingly an industry of private sector service

providers, although the public sector has a significant role to play in

infrastructure areas either directly or through Public Private Partnership (PPP)

mode. It is a multi-sector activity characterized by multiple services provided by

a range of suppliers. 5Thus, the growth of tourism cannot be attained unless the

issues related to all the related sectors are addressed simultaneously. The

tourism industry comprises hospitality (related to accommodation and dining),

travel (transportation services through different modes), and various other

businesses which offer services and products to tourists. The components of the

tourism industry are shown in Figure 3.1.

58

Figure: 3.1 Components of the tourism industry

Source: Dun & Bradstreet’s Industry Research India.

Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening

diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world.

Tourism has become a thriving global industry with the power to shape developing

countries in both positive and negative ways. No doubt it has become the fourth

largest industry in the global economy. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate

of 4 percent. With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of

the most traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made

available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.)

can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-

line and traditional shops. It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between

tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global

context, not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism

industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global

59

citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies.

This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the

relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

3.2 HISTORY OF TOURISM:

3.2.1Early Period:

Ten thousand years ago, man invented the wheel and started traveling long

distances. Later, he fixed wheels to his cart or chariot and used animals to pull this

vehicle. This gave him speed and comfort. He also discovered that horses could be

harnessed to carry him on their backs for long distances. Kings and merchants

traveled by comfortable chariots while the kings’ men rode the horses. Only the rich

and the powerful traveled while the common people stayed at home. Travel was

dangerous, expensive and time-consuming activity that was rarely undertaken unless

for business, adventure, to flee disease or war and a few other reasons, none of which

leisure.

As civilization developed, conscious travel in order to explore and see the

world began. The invention of money by the Sumerians and development of trade

and commerce beginning about 4000 B.C perhaps marks the beginning of the modern

era of travel. Shulgi, the ruler of ancient Babylonia claimed to have protected roads

and built rest houses at various places for respectable wayfarers6.

At different times, there have been large movements of populations.

Sometimes, climate changed and an area could not retain the population, and people

moved to greener areas where they could find food for themselves and fodder for

60

their animals. The Aryans used to live in Central Asia. Due to climatic changes

some of their groups moved to Europe and others came to India through Persia (Iran).

These mass movements of the past were due to social, political or economic reasons.

But some wise men always traveled in the quest of knowledge. They had a lust for

travel.

The Phoenicians were probably the first real travelers in the modern sense as

they went from place to place as travelers and traders. Almost at the same time, trade

and travel developed in India where the wheel and money were already known at the

time of the Mohen-jo-daro civilization, 3500 years ago.

Means of travel included foot, animal, ship or boat. The simplest being foot,

although horseback improved the pace walking did not hinder the distance one could

travel. Camels, donkeys, bullocks and elephants were also used whilst travelling.

When using animals as transport, it made the trip both expensive and allowed the

traveller to carry more supplies for trade. Early sea vessels varied from dug out tree

trunks to the complex Roman galleys. According to early Western history, upper

classes often travelled around the Mediterranean basin.

The earliest forms of leisure tourism can be traced as far back as the

Babylonian and Egyptian empires. A museum of “historic antiquities” was open to

the public in the sixth century BC in Babylon, while the Egyptians held many

religious festivals attracting not only the devout, but also who came to see the famous

buildings and works of art in the cities. The local towns accommodated tourists by

providing services such as: vendors of food and drink, guides, hawkers of souvenirs,

touts and prostitutes. From around the same date, Greek tourists travelled to visit the

61

sites of healing Gods. Because the independent city-states of ancient Greece had no

central authority to order the construction of roads, most of these tourists travelled by

water and hence the seaports prospered.

Some enterprising men traveled in search of God and to discover how his

Universe came into being. One such great man and a great traveler was Gautam or

Prince Siddhartha. He was born at a small place called Lumbini 2,500 years ago.

Gautham Buddha was the son of a king and would have been a king if he had not left

his home. But he renounced the world and walked hundreds of miles in search of a

Guru who could teach him the true meaning of life. In the course of his travels, he

reached the banks of a small river near Bodh Gaya. While meditating under a tree,

the meaning of his search for truth was revealed to him.

Gautam ‘The Buddha’ decided to share the Truth which he had discovered,

with the people of the world. So he traveled to Varanasi (India). On the banks of the

Ganges, he delivered his first sermon, to five disciples at Sarnath, which is now an

important place of Buddhist pilgrimage. Thereafter, Buddism spread all over India –

‘the Dharma’ which Buddha preached. Lord Buddha traveled from one place to

another spreading his wisdom, till he died at the age of 80 at Kushinagar in Uttar

Pradesh. Lord Buddha had a large number of disciples who traveled all over the

world. His most famous disciple was Emperor Ashoka, who sent preachers to many

countries. It was due to Ashoka’s efforts that Buddhism spread to almost all parts of

Asia.

There were well known travellers in the history of the world. Alexander the

Great was one among them. Born in Greece, he travelled for conquest. He travelled to

62

India and found the road systems and facilities well arranged. He was surprised to see

that Indians get wool in trees. He was referring to the cotton that was grown in India

at a time when people in Greece wore clothes made of animal wool or animal hides.

It was during the same period that pleasure travel begun taking place in China and

Japan. The Chinese emperor, Wu Di travelled plenty and his adventures were well

described in his writing.

The ancient Greeks traveled short distances in small boats. Jason and the

legendary Argonauts built a large ship to search for the Golden Fleece undaunted by

dangers described in Homer’s odyssey. Herodotus in the fifth century B.C toured

Phoenicia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Greece and Black sea and recorded the history, customs,

traditions and practices of the people living in these areas. Philosophers viz., Thales,

Pythagoras and Plato have traveled in Egypt.

Travel for pleasure was ready to take off during two hundred years of peace

when the Roman Empire was at its peak. It meant that one could travel from

Hadrian’s Wall to the Euphrates without crossing a hostile border. Inns

accommodated traveling government functionaries and traders. The Romans were the

first pleasure travelers in the world. Travel became quite sophisticated by the time

Jesus Christ was born. The Romans used to travel up a hundred miles a day by using

relays of horses, taken from rest posts five to six miles apart. They had an excellent

network of roads. The vessel that carried the beautiful queen Cleopatra to meet Mark

Antony reportedly had billowing scarlet silk sails, silver tipped oars, decks trapped

with royal purple cloth. The Romans visited temples, shrines, festivals, and baths for

health and for amusements7

63

.The lands of the Mediterranean Sea produced a remarkable evolution in

travel. People traveled for trade, commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical

treatment or education at an early date. Guidebooks became available as early as the

fourth century BC, covering a vast area of destinations, i.e. Athens, Sparta and Troy.

Pausanias, a Greek travel writer, produced a noted “description of Greece” between

AD 160 and 180, which, in its critical evaluation of facilities and destinations, acted

as a model for later writers. Advertisements, in the form of signs directing visitors to

wayside inns, are also known from this period. However, under Romans rule,

international travel was given priority. With no foreign borders between England and

Syria, and with the seas safe from piracy due to the Roman patrols, conditions

favouring travel had arrived. Roman coinage was acceptable everywhere, and Latin

was the common language. Domestic tourism also flourished within the Roman

Empire. Second homes were built by the wealthy within easy travelling distance of

Rome, occupied particularly during the springtime social season. Herodotus (485–424

B.C.), the well-travelled writer with an interest in both history and ethnology who

visited Egypt, North Africa, the Black Sea, Mesopotamia and Italy, pioneered a new

type of research trip.

There were two well known Chinese travelers who came to ancient India –

‘Fa-hien’ and ‘Hiuen Tsang.’ They tell us about the facilities of travels available in

India several hundred years ago. Later, travelers like ‘Ibn Batuta’ came and told us

about the Indians’ love for travel. All foreign travelers found India to be a peaceful

country inhabited by hospitable people who honoured their guests.

64

A thousand years ago, a Hindu Seer, ‘Adi Sankara’ travelled from a remote

corner of India in Kerala to spread the gospel of Hinduism. He set up four Dhamas

which devout Hindus are expected to visit once during their lifetime – ‘Badrinath’ in

the northern Himalayas, ‘Dwarka’ on the west coast in Gujarat, ‘Puri’ on the eastern

coast of Orissa and ‘Rameswaram’ in the south of Tamil Nadu. Millions of Indians

have, over the centuries, traveled to these four remote corners of India on pilgrimage.

And, their enthusiasm is still unabated. Even today, millions of Indians travel to

these sacred shrines every year.

3.2.2The Middle Ages:

The collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and subsequent turmoil

brought about the doom of holiday travel in this part of the world. The roads were no

longer well maintained and became infested with brigands. During that period, no

one traveled for pleasure. Travel facilities were a bare minimum.

Among the few great medieval travelers were Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo

and Ibn Batuta. Benjamin of Tudela, a jewish scholar who left Saragossa in 1160,

travelled for thirteen years to Europe, Persia and India and gave details of Jewish

communities and geography of the places he visited. Marco Polo left Venice in 1271

with his father and uncle and traveled through Persia and Afghanistan to the Pamir

plateau. Ibn Batuta traveled in the fourteenth century from Tangier to Arabia,

Mesopotamia and Asia Minor.

3.2.3 The Renaissance and After:

The age of the renaissance broadened the horizons of men and led to a quest for

exploration and discovery. Travel before the industrial revolution was largely a

65

matter of pilgrimage or business. From the end of sixteenth century, some growth in

private travel is evident, initially for educational purposes and later to satisfy a new

curiosity about the way people lived in other places. In the sixteenth century, it

became customary to send young gentlemen on a grand tour of the continent for the

purpose of education.

From the early seventeenth century, a new form of tourism developed as a

direct outcome of the freedom and quest for learning heralded by the Renaissance.

Young men who wanted positions at court were encouraged to travel to finish their

education. Others soon adopted this practice in the upper echelons of society and it

soon became customary for the education of a gentleman to be completed by a

“Grand tour” of major cultural centres of Europe, accompanied by a tutor and often-

lasting three years or more. The appeal soon became social and leisure seeking young

men travelled, predominantly to France and Italy, to enjoy the rival cultures and

social life of cities such as Paris, Venice, or Florence. By the end of the eighteenth

century, the custom had become institutionalized for the gentry.

Leisure in the eighteenth century became an attribute of the rich and the

cultured. A revolutionary step in travel was taken in the first decade of the nineteenth

century when John London McAdam and Thomas Telford invented a road surface

that replaced the dirt roads then existing in Europe. With the improvement of roads,

stagecoaches became a popular mode of travel. Charles Dickens, the famous

novelist, describes his journey to Italy in such a coach which he had bought.

66

Railways:

The first railroad in Europe, between Liverpool and Manchester was

constructed in 1830. Almost at the same time, a rail truck was laid in France linking

Paris and Versailles and in Germany between Nuremberg and Furth.

In 1841, a traveling Baptist preacher and book salesman called Thomas Cook

was on his way to attend a temperance meeting in Liecester when he thought of

engaging a special train to carry friends of temperance from Leicester to

Loughborough and back to attend a rally. A group of 570 participants were signed up

at the rate of one shilling a person for a 22-mile round trip. This was the first publicly

advertised tour in the world which gave Thomas Cook an idea that selling travel

could be a good business, making him the first travel agent. He had the foresight of

providing almost all modern facilities to his “customers.” It is his entrepreneurship

that primarily made tourism a recognized economic activity.

In 1856, Thomas Cook was advertising the first “Grand circular Tour of the

continent” including London, Antwerp, Brussels, Waterloo, Cologne, the Rhine,

Mainz, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Baden-Baden, Strasburg, Paris and London. By 1869,

he was offering a conducted tour of Holy Land to British travelers. He also took a

tour to India.

Comfortable railways were started in America 125 years ago by George

Mortimer Pullman, who built a train called ‘pioneer’. It was the first sleeping car

train where a berth cost two dollars per night. Meanwhile Japan introduced its

“Tokaido Express’ which runs at a speed of nearly 250 kilometres per hour.

67

Shipping Services:

Another development was taking place making ocean crossing a comfortable

and easy travel experience. As such, the American tourists started discovering

Europe and Europeans started to rediscover America. Inter-national travel by ships

became extensive and also the fastest way to travel between countries until steamship

services suffered from the post-war competition of airlines.

The Automobile:

While railways and steamship companies satisfied the desire of the nineteenth

century traveler, another new contraption called ‘motor car’ or ‘automobile’ appeared

on the scene to change the travel landscape of the twentieth century. Pioneers like

Duryea and Studebaker Brothers, Carl Benz, Louis Ranault and Bugatti built motor

cars with a speed of up to twenty miles an hour. The development of the automobile

industry has led to the demand for multi-lane highways all over the world, especially

in the developed countries.

The increase in private car ownership has done more to change travel habits

than any other factor in tourism. It has given the families a new source of freedom of

movement. They saw the costs of motoring falling, though ignoring the indirect costs

of depreciation, wear and tear. This perception of low cost coupled with greater

flexibility led to great increase in motoring holidays everywhere particularly short

distance holidays.

Air Travel:

A scientist, Sir George Cayley discovered the fundamental principles of the

aero plan – a flying machine heavier than air. He was followed by several other

68

notable men like String Fellow and Otto Lillenthal. The credit of developing the

modern aero plane goes to the Wright Brothers. On December 17, 1903, the Wright

Brothers made their first flight in Kity Hawk and earned the glory of being the first to

soar aloft in a power-driven aero plane. The wars increased interest in international

travel. This interest was given the shape of mass tourism by the aviation industry. The

surplus of aircrafts and growth of private airlines aided the expansion of air travel.

The aircraft had become comfortable, faster and steadily cheaper for overseas travel.

With the introduction of Boeing 707 jet in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses

had arrived. The beginning of chartered flights boosted the package tour market and

led to the establishment of organized mass tourism. The Boeing 747, a 400 seat craft,

brought the cost of travel down sharply. Compared to travel by any other mode, air

travel over long distances has become the epitome of economy, speed and comfort. It

has changed the complexion of travel and tourism completely, especially in the field

of international tourism. It has also brought about the democratization of travel

enabling millions of people to take a holiday or move on business.

3.2.4 Highlights of tourism in the nineteenth century:

� Advent of railway initially catalysed business travel and later leisure travel.

Gradually special trains were chartered to only take leisure travel to their

destinations.

� Package tours organised by entrepreneurs such as Thomas Cook.

� The European countries indulged in a lot of business travel often to their

colonies to buy raw material and sell finished goods.

69

� In the decades following the invention of photography in 1839, professional

photographic firms appeared in the major cities of Western Europe, as well as

in more remote travel destinations such as Greece, Egypt, India, Asia, and the

Middle East. The invention of photography acted as a status-enhancing tool

and promoted overseas travel. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the

rapid development and increasing recognition of the art of photography, along

with a growing fascination with other countries and cultures, marked the

beginning of the formation of a "global visual culture.”

� The formation of first hotel chains was pioneered by the railway companies

who established great railway terminus hotels.

� Seaside resorts began to develop different images as for day-trippers, elite, for

gambling.

� Other types of destinations-ski resorts, hill stations, mountaineering spots etc.

� The technological development in steamships promoted travel between North

America and Europe.

� The Suez Canal opened direct sea routes to India and the Far East.

� The cult of the guidebook followed the development of photography.

3.2.5 Tourism in the Twentieth Century: The First World War gave firsthand experience of countries and aroused a

sense of curiosity about international travel among less well off sector for the first

time. The large scale of migration to the US meant a lot of travel across the Atlantic.

Private motoring began to encourage domestic travel in Europe and the west. The sea

70

side resort became annual family holiday destination in Britain and increased in

popularity in other countries of the west. Hotels proliferated in these destinations.

A corresponding growth in hotel industry led to the establishment of world-

wide chains. Tourism also began to diversify as people began to flock alternative

destinations in the 70s. Nepal and India received a throng of tourists lured by Hare

Krishna Movement and transcendental meditation. The beginning of individual travel

in a significant volume only occurred in the 80s. Air travel also led to a continuous

growth in business travel especially with the emergence of the Multi National

Companies.

3.3 TOURISM IN INDIA:

India is one of the oldest civilizations with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich

cultural heritage. It is a vast and diverse country, which has something to offer to

everyone. The beauty of its ancient monuments, the beat and rhythm of its folk and

classical dances that have come down the ages almost unchanged, its colourful

crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and grandeur of the snowcapped

mountain tops, the quick backwaters of Kerala and the beautiful beaches and above

all its well-meaning, charming people-these are timeless in their appeal. All these

make India a paradise of tourists.

India is a country known for its lavish treatment to all visitors, no matter

where they come from.8 Its visitor-friendly traditions, varied life styles and cultural

heritage and colourful fairs and festivals held abiding attractions for the tourists. The

other attractions include beautiful beaches, forests and wild life and landscapes for

eco-tourism; snow, river and mountain peaks for adventure tourism; technological

71

parks and science museums for science tourism; centres of pilgrimage for spiritual

tourism; heritage, trains and hotels for heritage tourism. Yoga, Ayurveda and natural

health resorts and hill stations also attract tourists.

The economic and social advantages of tourism, which were being fully

exploited by many countries, especially in the west, came to be recognized in India

only in the sixties.9 Although considerable time and attention were devoted to the

development of tourist traffic immediately after independence, it was only about

fifteen odd years later that tourism received the priority it richly deserved.

The first conscious and organized efforts to promote tourism in India were

made in 1945 when a committee was set up by the Government under the

Chairmanship of Sir John Sargent, the then Educational Adviser to the Government

of India. Thereafter, the development of tourism was taken up in a planned manner in

1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan. The approach has evolved from

isolated planning of single unit facilities in the Second and Third Five Year Plans.

The Sixth Plan marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be

considered a major instrument for social integration and economic development.10

A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in 1988, the

National Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a

sustainable growth in tourism. In 1992, a National Action Plan was prepared and in

1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of Tourism was drafted. In 1997, the New

Tourism Policy recognises the roles of Central and State governments, public sector

undertakings and the private sector in the development of tourism were. The need for

involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions, Local Bodies, Non-Governmental

72

Organisations and the local youth in the creation of tourism facilities has also been

recognised.

The development of tourism in India is a fascinating subject. There has been

an all round spurt in activity in this sphere with the central and State Tourism

Departments joining hands with the travel trade in the country in concerted bid to

achieve the set targets. Tourism is a multi-billion dollar global industry today,

generating enormous wealth and large-scale employment. The Department of

Tourism in India has undertaken a number of measures to promote tourism. Though

tourism gained importance belatedly, it has grown at a rapid pace and enhanced its

share in international tourist arrivals as well as foreign exchange earnings.

The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency to formulate national policies

and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. In the process, the

Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including

various Central Ministries/agencies, the State Governments/ Union Territories and the

representatives of the private sector. The Directorate General of Tourism, which is an

attached Office of the Ministry, has 20 field offices within the country and 14

overseas offices. The domestic field offices are sources of tourist information. They

are also responsible for monitoring the progress of implementation of field projects

by the State Governments in their respective jurisdictions. India Tourism

Development Corporation (ITDC) is the only public sector undertaking under the

charge of the Ministry of Tourism.

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3.3.1 TOURIST ARRIVALS IN INDIA:

India currently hold the 12th position in Asia and 68th position in the list

of world’s most attractive tourist destinations, as per the Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness Report 2011 by the World Economic Forum (WEF). The increasing

numbers of domestic as well as international tourists have been very encouraging for

the Indian travel and hospitality sector which has nearly doubled during the last three

years. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as

rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism.

Domestic Tourist Arrivals:

Domestic tourism plays a vital role in achieving the national objectives of

promoting social and cultural cohesion and national integration. It is also one of the

most vibrant expressions of Indian heritage. It is the single unifying force, which

helps in achieving understanding between various linguistic, religious and communal

groups living in different parts of the country. Its contribution to generation of

employment is very high. With the increase in income levels and emergence of a

powerful middle class, the potential for domestic tourism has grown substantially

during the last few years.

Domestic tourism is the backbone for international tourism. It is the base on

which the pyramid of international tourism is built. In the contemporary India, the

phenomenon of domestic tourism with its vibrant and changing dimensions can be

expected to make an even greater contribution toward strengthening the fabric of the

unity of India. Despite its great significance in the national integration and

development, domestic tourism has not received adequate attention in the process of

74

development planning. However, there has been the almost unobtrusive and yet

inexorable rise of domestic tourism in the Indian paradigm. From 238.12 lakh

domestic visits in 2001, the number rose to 1030.10 million in 2010.

Foreign Tourist Arrivals:

. The Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2010 were 5.88

million as compared to the FTAs of 5.11 million during 2009, showing a growth of

15.1 percent. Majority of foreign tourists come from USA and UK. The growth was

much better than the growth rate of 5 to 6 per cent projected for the world by the

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for 2010. Maharashtra,

Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are the top 5 states to receive

inbound tourists. While the growth in tourism has been impressive, India’s share in

total global tourism arrivals and earning is quite insignificant and is expected to

improve in the next decade. During 2009, FTAs in India had registered a decline of

3.3 percent over 2008. This decline in 2009 may be due to various reasons including

global slowdown, H1N1 pandemic, etc.

To attract more tourists to India, Ministry of Tourism has taken

number of steps including advertising in India and abroad, participation in travel fairs,

exhibitions, road shows, India evenings, seminars & workshops, publication of

brochures, offering incentives to inbound travelers, and inviting media personalities,

tour operators and opinion makers to visit the country under the

Hospitality Programme of the Ministry During 2010, a total number of 6,549 Visa on

Arrivals (VoA) were issued under VoA Scheme. The Scheme of Visa on Arrival

(VoA) was introduced from January 1, 2010 for citizens of five countries, viz.

75

Finland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand and Singapore, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam

and Phillipines visiting India for tourism purposes.

In fact, it is now the ‘medical tourism’ that is gaining momentum in India with

inexpensive and probably some of the best medical facilities in the world. According

to the latest report of tourism industry, India’s medical tourism has registered an

annual growth rate of 25 per cent and is expected to touch the $2 billion mark by

2012.

Various private healthcare-centres are providing world-class health care

services at a very affordable price and primarily attracting patients from the South

Asian countries along with Britain, United States, Gulf region and Africa. Realising

the potential of tourism industry, the Union Government has been allowing more and

more patients by providing a special medical tourism visa, which can again facilitate

the process of tourist inflow

.

76

Tab

le:

3.1

Tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

In

dia

(in

mil

lion

s)

Sl.

N

o:

Yea

r D

om

esti

c to

uri

sts

Ind

ex

(base

yea

r =

2001

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

Fore

ign

to

uri

sts

Ind

ex

( b

ase

yea

r =

2001

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

Tota

l In

dex

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

1.

2001

236.5

100

-

2.5

4

100

-

239.0

4

100

-

2.

2002

269.6

113.9

+13.9

2.3

8

93.7

-6.3

271.9

8

113.8

+113.8

3.

2003

309.0

130.7

+130.7

2.7

3

107.5

+7.5

311.7

3

130.4

+30.0

4

4.

2004

366.2

154.8

+54.8

3.4

6

136.2

+36.2

369.6

6

154.6

+54.6

5.

2005

391.9

165.7

+65.7

3.9

2

154.3

+54.3

395.8

2

165.6

+65.6

6.

2006

462.3

195.5

+95.5

4.4

3

174.4

+74.4

466.7

3

195.3

+95.3

7.

2007

526.6

222.7

+122.7

5.0

8

200.0

+100

531.6

8

222.4

+122.4

8.

2008

562.9

238.0

+138.0

5.2

8

207.9

+107.9

568.1

8

237.7

+137.7

9..

2009

650.0

274.8

+174.8

5.1

1

201.2

+101.2

655.1

1

274.1

+174.1

10.

2010

740.0

312.9

+212.9

5.8

8

231.5

+131.5

745.8

8

312.0

+212.0

Sourc

e: M

inis

try o

f T

ou

rism

, G

over

nm

ent

of

India

77

Fig

ure

: 3.2

Do

mes

tic

tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

In

dia

(in

mil

lion

s)

23

6.5

26

9.6

30

9

36

6.2

39

1.9

46

2.3

52

6.6

56

2.9

65

0

74

0

0

10

0

20

0

30

0

40

0

50

0

60

0

70

0

80

0

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Domestic Tourist in million

Ye

ar

Do

me

stic

To

uris

t

Fore

ign

t

0123456

20

01

2002

2.5

42.3

8

Foreign Tourist in million

78

Fig

ure

: 3.3

Fore

ign

tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

In

dia

(in

mil

lion

s)

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

200

82

00

9

2.7

3

3.4

6

3.9

2

4.4

3

5.0

85

.28

5.1

1

Yea

r

Fore

ign

Tou

rist

20

10

5.8

8

79

3.3.2Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India:

Tourism is an important sector of Indian economy and contributes

substantially in the country’s foreign exchange earnings. It is perhaps the only

‘marketed’ or ‘marketable’ product which results in enormous transfer of funds.

Even though this industry in India is short of foreign grants, it can bring valuable

foreign exchange to the country without any exchange or export of merchandise.

Income from international tourism can be phenomenal in the form of foreign

exchange earnings. It adds to the national income and as an invisible export, may

offset a loss on the visible trading account and will be of critical importance in the

overall financial reckoning.

India's foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism during 2010 were $

14.193 million as compared to $ 11.394 million in the previous year and $ 11.747

million in 2008. There is 343.8 percent growth in the foreign exchange earnings in

2010 when compared to the base year 2001.

80

Table: 3.2 Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India (US$ million)

Sl. No:

Year Foreign Exchange Index Base Year = 2001

Percentage Change (+/-)

1.

2001

3198 100 -

2.

2002

3103 97.0 -3

3.

2003

4463 139.6 +39.6

4.

2004

6170 192.9 +92.9

5.

2005

7493 234.3 +134.3

6.

2006

8634 269.9 +169.9

7.

2007

10729 335.5 +235.5

8.

2008

11747 367.3 +267.3

9.

2009

11394 356.3 +256.3

10.

2010

14193 443.8 +343.8

Source: Primary data:

Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million

3.3.3 Present Situation Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of

6.23 percent to the national GDP and providing 8.78

India witnesses’ more than

domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will

be a tourism hotspot from 2009

per the Travel and Tourism Comp

81

Figure: 3.4 Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million

Situation of tourism ion India:

Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of

to the national GDP and providing 8.78 percent of the total employment.

India witnesses’ more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million

domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will

be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. As

per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009 by the World Economic

Foreign Exchange Earning’s from tourism in India (US$ million)

Today tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of

of the total employment.

million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million

domestic tourism visits. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will

year growth potential. As

etitiveness Report 2009 by the World Economic

82

Forum, India is ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region and 62nd overall, moving up

three places on the list of the world's attractive destinations. It is ranked the 14th best

tourist destination for its natural resources and 24th for its cultural resources, with

many World Heritage Sites, both natural and cultural, rich fauna, and strong creative

industries in the country. India also bagged 37th rank for its air transport network.

The India travel and tourism industry ranked 5th in the long-term (10-year) growth

and is expected to be the second largest employer in the world by 2019.

Moreover, India has been ranked the "best country brand for value-for-

money" in the Country Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand, a

leading global brand consultancy. India also claimed the second place in CBI's "best

country brand for history", as well as appears among the top five in the best country

brand for authenticity and art & culture, and the fourth best country for business.

3.3.4Initiatives to Boost Tourism in India:

Some of the recent initiatives taken by the Government to boost tourism

include grant of export house status to the tourism sector and incentives for

promoting private investment in the form of Income Tax exemptions, interest subsidy

and reduced import duty. The hotel and tourism-related industry has been declared a

high priority industry for foreign investment which entails automatic approval of

direct investment up to 51 per cent of foreign equity and allowing 100 per cent non-

resident Indian investment and simplifying rules regarding the grant of approval to

travel agents, tour operators and tourist transport operators.

The first ever Indian Tourism Day was celebrated on January 25, 1998. The

Year 1999 was celebrated as ‘Explore India Millennium Year’ by presenting a

83

spectacular tableau on the cultural heritage of India at the Republic Day Parade and

organising India Tourism Expo in New Delhi and Khajuraho. Moreover, the

campaign ‘Visit India Year 2009’ was launched at the International Tourism

Exchange in Berlin, aimed to project India as an attractive destination for

holidaymakers. The government joined hands with leading airlines, hoteliers, holiday

resorts and tour operators, and offered them a wide range of incentives and bonuses

during the period between April and December, 2009.

• The demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8.2 per cent

between 2010 and 2019 and will place India at the third position in the world.

• India's travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in

the world, employing 40,037,000 by 2019.

• Capital investment in India's travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8.8

per cent between 2010 and 2019.

3.4 IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA:

Tourism industry in India has several positive and negative impacts on the

economy and society. These impacts are highlighted below.

3.4.1Positive Impacts:

Generating Income and Employment:

Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of income and employment

generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development. It contributes

6.23 percent to the national GDP and 8.78 percent of the total employment in India.

Almost 20 million people are now working in the India’s tourism industry.

84

Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings:

Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings in India. This

has favourable impact on the balance of payment of the country. The tourism industry

in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to

US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4 percent annual growth rate.

Preservation of National Heritage and Environment:

Tourism helps preserve several places which are of historical importance by

declaring them as heritage sites. For instance, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, Ajanta

and Ellora temples, etc, would have been decayed and destroyed had it not been for

the efforts taken by Tourism Department to preserve them. Likewise, tourism also

helps in conserving the natural habitats of many endangered species.

Developing Infrastructure:

Tourism tends to encourage the development of multiple-use infrastructure

that benefits the host community, including various means of transports, health care

facilities, and sports centers, in addition to the hotels and high-end restaurants that

cater to foreign visitors. The development of infrastructure has in turn induced the

development of other directly productive activities.

Promoting Peace and Stability:

Tourism industry can also help promote peace and stability in developing

country like India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy,

protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness. However, key

challenges like adoption of regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime and

85

corruption, etc, must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this industry are

to be realized.

3.4.2Negative Impacts:

Undesirable Social and Cultural Change:

Tourism sometimes led to the destruction of the social fabric of a

community. The more tourists coming into a place, the more the perceived risk of that

place losing its identity. A good example is Goa. From the late 60's to the early 80's

when the Hippy culture was at its height, Goa was a haven for such hippies. Here

they came in thousands and changed the whole culture of the state leading to a rise in

the use of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking. This had a ripple effect on the

country.

Increase Tension and Hostility:

Tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion between the tourists and

the local communities when there is no respect and understanding for each other’s

culture and way of life. This may further lead to violence and other crimes committed

against the tourists. The recent crime committed against Russian tourist in Goa is a

case in point.

Creating a Sense of Antipathy:

Tourism brought little benefit to the local community. In most all-inclusive

package tours more than 80 percent of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and

other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. Moreover, large

hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ

86

local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers

from reaping the benefit of their presence. This has often created a sense of antipathy

towards the tourists and the government.

Adverse Effects on Environment and Ecology:

One of the most important adverse effects of tourism on the environment is

increased pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality.

Increased transport and construction activities led to large scale deforestation and

destabilisation of natural landforms, while increased tourist flow led to increase in

solid waste dumping as well as depletion of water and fuel resources. Flow of tourists

to ecologically sensitive areas resulted in destruction of rare and endangered species

due to trampling, killing, disturbance of breeding habitats. Noise pollution from

vehicles and public address systems, water pollution, vehicular emissions, untreated

sewage, etc. also have direct effects on bio-diversity, ambient environment and

general profile of tourist spots.

3.5 PROFILE OF TOURISM IN TAMILNADU:

Tamilnadu enjoys the locational advantage of being the “Gateway to the south”.

It is situated in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula and has over 20 centuries of

cultural heritage and historic significance.11 Tourism in Tamil Nadu holds a special

place in India’s tour landscape. The fabled land of Tamilnadu has a marvelous mosaic

of tourist attractions to cater to the various tastes of tourists. The land that was once

the cradle of Dravidians restores the ancient cultural heritage in the form of intricate

temples The rich heritage of temple architecture along with the picturesque hill

stations, the beautiful beach resorts, the picnic spots of rare scenic beauty and wild

87

life and bird sanctuaries, constitute colourful tourist attractions in Tamilnadu. Tamil

Nadu is a State known for several festivals and fairs with life affirmative attitude.

Celebration is a part of Tamil culture and they make every moment a great

benediction. Therefore, the fairs and festivals act as mechanisms to attract large

number of people in the vicinity and offer them an avenue to relax and rejoice.

Cultural programmes, musical events and dance performances suit the festive mood

and provide the crowd with healthy entertainment. The endless special appeals of

Tamilnadu not only make it an obvious choice of holiday destination but also extend

its aesthetic credibility to the outer world. The tagline adopted for promoting tourism

in Tamil Nadu is ‘Enchanting Tamil Nadu’. Statistics show that 30 percent of the

foreign tourists visiting India also visit Tamil Nadu.

Tamilnadu promotes zero-tolerant tourism without any compromise on socio-

cultural values and customs. This has resulted in generating quality tourism.

Tamilnadu has ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Proactive

efforts are being continued to make Tamilnadu the most preferred destination in

India. Tamil Nadu is a unique State in several aspects and more specially from the

tourism point of view.

The domestic tourists show keen interest in the beaches, waterfalls, temples

and temple festivals and they usually wind up their tour on a single day or draw up

their itinerary to cover the weekends (Saturday & Sunday). The national tourists i.e.

tourists drawn from all other states (except Tamil Nadu) especially from North India

would like to explore Tamil Nadu in a more detailed manner and they usually visit

the zoological parks, wild life sanctuaries, pilgrimage centres, amusement parks and

88

shopping centres. Their visit to Tamil Nadu lasts for a week as they combine two

weekends. The tourists from abroad, on the other hand are interested in visiting

historical monuments, heritage sites, ecological sites and rural tourist centres. The

foreign tourists spend 15 to 30 days in India. Out of this, they do not hesitate to spend

even upto a week in Tamil Nadu. The immense tourist wealth of Tamil Nadu as

explained above is undoubtedly the greatest asset of Tamil Nadu. The tourist wealth,

be it natural or manmade alone cannot be considered as a complete product to attract

tourists. Tourism Department’s interaction with the tourists, since the last few

decades have revealed that they attach much importance to basic amenities and

infrastructure facilities at tourist centres. Tamilnadu has recognized the importance of

tourism long ago and facilitated its development in desired directions. Aggressive

marketing, synergized development of tourist infrastructure, dovetailing the resources

of various departments, motivating stakeholders, inculcating tourist-friendly culture,

exploring new avenues like medical tourism and adventure tourism in the last four

years have helped tourism in Tamilnadu to achieve more than twenty percent annual

growth. "Bed and Breakfast" (Home stay) scheme is formulated to encourage the

locals to participate in the scheme and also increasing the room capacity in the

State.12

Tourism in Tamil Nadu has identified certain unique selling products for both

domestic and international market. For instance, medical tourism is being highlighted

in certain countries like the USA, UAE, South Africa, etc. A large number of

domestic tourists are coming from the east and north-east regions. Cultural tourism

has been the main stay for Europe. So, we are promoting our destination and products

in potential areas keeping in view the expectancy of tourists. Our participation at an

89

international level at trade events such as PATA, WTM, ITB Berlin, SAARC,

FITTUR Spain and MITT Moscow will result in continuous increase in foreign

tourist arrivals to explore our destinations.

Figure: 3.5 Department of Tourism Culture:

90

3.5.1Types of Tourism in Tamil Nadu:

The tourist traffic in Tamil Nadu is generated at three levels, Domestic (from

within Tamil Nadu), National (from all other states in India) and International. The

tourists belong to mainly two categories

i) who have a single point agenda of enjoying the tourist wealth of Tamil Nadu

and

ii) who combine their visit to Tamil Nadu with other purposes like pilgrimage,

business and medical treatment.

The various types of tourism available in Tamil Nadu are as detailed below

Leisure Tourism: Tourists visiting tourist centres in Tamilnadu for leisure constitute a

major segment of tourists. They usually throng the hill resorts, beach resorts,

waterfalls, zoological parks, bird sanctuaries and botanical / horticultural gardens.

Pilgrim Tourism:

Pilgrims are another major group of tourists visiting Tamil Nadu. They

visit places of worship according to their faith. But, at times they also visit places of

worship of the other religions.

Heritage Tourism:

Tamil Nadu can boast of its immense heritage wealth. This is clearly

evident from the fact that UNESCO has declared five monuments in Tamil Nadu

(Mamallapuram, Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram and Nilgiris

Mountain Railway) as world heritage monuments. Apart from this, there are countless

heritage centres in Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu Government has declared 47 towns

91

in Tamil Nadu as heritage towns for conservation and preservation of the priceless

heritage. One of the common complaints / suggestions, received from the tourists is

regarding proper upkeep of heritage destinations. Tamil Nadu Tourism will strive to

prevent damage to heritage centres on a war footing.

Adventure Tourism:

Tourists in search of adventure constitute mostly youngsters. They would like to

stimulate their appetite for adventure through trekking, air/water sports and the like.

Cruise Tourism:

Cruise shipping is today one of the largest growing sectors globally with an

annual turnover of more than $500 billion. Tourists are taken on a cruise, which gives

insight into the tradition of Tamil Nadu.

Rural Tourism: The emphasis under rural tourism is on the uniqueness of the individual

villages with regard to their life style, art and culture and monuments.

Business Tourism:

Top executives who arrive Tamil Nadu on business trips or to attend seminars,

conferences, conventions, etc., combine tourism with their business Trips.

Medical Tourism:

Tamil Nadu has some of India's best medical facilities (Allopathy, Ayurveda,

Siddha, Unani etc.,). This coupled with Tamil Nadu's traditional hospitality attracts

patients from other States and even from other countries. After full recovery, the

patients as well as their attendants visit places of tourist interest. Wellness tourism, is

92

a fast emerging tourism product in Tamil Nadu. Indian Medical Tourism mainly

revolves around patients and their families visiting the Tamil Nadu's best hospitals for

world-class services, which are cost effective. From all over India and other parts of

the globe, thousands of health tourists are coming to Tamil Nadu to avail the

medicare of expert doctors. Conventionally, Medical Tourism also spans across the

prestigious medical colleges and institutions of the State. Students and research

scholars are attracted to TamilNadu's superior medical education standards. Tamil

Nadu offers an enchanting array of fascinating tourist destinations for tourists who

care about their health. Multispecialty hospitals, catering to treatment for people from

all over the world are now much sought after. Several tourist resorts in

Mamallapuram and other places offer facilities of Ayurvedic medicare which can be

compared to the best anywhere in the world. According to a survey, two percent of

the foreign tourists visiting Tamil Nadu are coming for medical treatment.

Fairs/Festivals Tourism:

Large inflow of tourists is usually seen during the major festive seasons

like Deepavali, Christmas, Ramzan, Pongal, etc. The exhibitions and fairs (like India

Tourist & Industrial Fair conducted every year by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development

Corporation at Island Grounds, Chennai) also draw significant numbers.

Social Functions:

People visit their friends and relatives in connection with social

functions like marriage and visit tourist spots either before or after the function.

93

Academic Tourism:

Students from educational institutions visit tourist spots as a part of their

curriculum. During such trips they combine studies with Tourism. Tourist attractions

like Government Museum, Fort Museum, Snake Park, Planetarium, etc., in Chennai

act as centres of education for students.

Ecological Tourism: Ecological Tourism usually shortened as eco-tourism, is a form of

Tourism, which aims to make tourists both ecologically and socially conscious. It is

defined both as a concept tourism movement and as a tourism section. Generally

speaking, eco-tourism focuses on local culture, wilderness adventures, volunteering,

personal growth and learning new ways to live on the planet, typically involving

travel to destinations where the flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary

attractions. Responsible eco-tourism includes programmes that minimize the adverse

effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment and enhance the cultural

integrity of local people.

Wildlife-Tourism:

Wildlife-Tourism can be an eco and animal friendly tourism in both

captive and wild environments. It has experienced a rapid growth in recent years

worldwide. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is watching wild animals in their

natural habitat. Wildlife tourism is also a multi-million dollar industry offering

customized tour packages and safaris.

Tamil Nadu has recognized the importance of tourism long ago and facilitated

its development in desired directions. Aggressive marketing, synergized

94

development of tourist infrastructure, dovetailing the resources of various

departments, motivating stakeholders, inculcating tourist friendly culture, exploring

new avenues like medical tourism and adventure tourism in the last four years have

helped Tamil Nadu Tourism to achieve more than twenty percent annual growth.

There is steady increase in the tourist arrivals in Tamilnadu. (Table: 3.3) when

compared to the base year 2001 there is 330.4 percent percent increase in the tourist

arrivals in 2010 when compared to 2001 ie 1058.15 lakh tourists arrived in 2010

when compared to 245.85 lakh arrivals in 2001. Aggressive promotion and

marketing campaigns through print and electronic media at the national and

international levels, creation and provision of good infrastructure at tourist spots have

resulted in the continuous increase of tourist arrivals to Tamilnadu.13 Especially

during the past four years, there is remarkable increase in the tourist arrivals in

Tamilnadu (both domestic and foreign). The length of stay of a tourist in Tamilnadu

is five days in the case of a domestic tourist and seven days in the case of a foreign

tourist. Tamilnadu is now ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign

tourists. Proactive efforts are being continued to make Tamil Nadu the most

preferred destination in India.

95

Tab

le:

3.3

Tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

Tam

il N

ad

u

Sl.

N

o:

Yea

r D

om

esti

c to

uri

sts

Ind

ex

(base

yea

r =

2001

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

Fore

ign

to

uri

sts

Ind

ex

( b

ase

yea

r =

2001

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

Tota

l In

dex

%

Incr

ease

/

Dec

rease

1.

2001

238.1

2

100

-

7.7

3

100

-

245.8

5

100

-

2.

2002

246.6

1

103.6

+3.6

8.0

5

104.1

+4.1

254.6

6

103.6

+3.6

3.

2003

270.5

9

113.6

+13.6

9.0

2

116.7

+16.7

279.6

1

113.7

+13.7

4.

2004

300.3

9

126.2

+26.2

10.5

8

136.9

+36.9

311.3

5

126.6

+26.6

5.

2005

323.3

9

135.8

+35.8

11.7

9

152.5

+52.5

335.1

8

136.3

+36.3

6.

2006

392.1

4

164.7

+64.7

13.3

5

172.7

+72.7

405.4

9

164.9

+64.9

7.

2007

506.4

7

212.7

+112.7

17.5

3

226.8

+126.8

524.0

0

213.1

+113.1

8.

2008

626.1

8

262.9

+162.9

20.4

0

263.9

+163.9

646.5

8

262.9

+162.9

9..

2009

780.3

8

327.7

+227.7

23.6

9

306.5

+206.5

804.0

7

327.1

+227.1

10.

2010

1030.1

0

432.6

+332.6

28.0

5

362.8

+262.8

1058.1

5

430.4

+330.4

Sourc

e: C

om

mis

sioner

of

Touri

sm, C

hen

nai

96

Fig

ure

: 3.6

Do

mes

tic

Tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

Tam

iln

ad

u (

in L

ak

hs)

238

.12

24

6.6

1270.5

9300.3

9323.3

9

392.1

4

506.4

7

62

6.1

8

78

0.3

8

10

30

.1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20

01

20

02

2003

2004

2005

2006

200

72

00

82

00

92

01

0

Domestic tourist arrivals in Lakhs

Yea

r

Fore

ign

t

05

10

15

20

25

30

20

01

20

02

20

03

7.7

38

.05

9.0

2

Foreign tourist in Lakhs

97

Fig

ure

: 3.7

Fore

ign

tou

rist

arr

ivals

in

Tam

iln

ad

u (

in L

ak

hs)

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

10

.58

11

.79

13

.35

17

.53

20

.4

23

.69

Yea

r

Fo

reig

n T

ou

rist

20

09

20

10

23

.69

28

.05

98

Reference:

1 Bryden John M (1973) Tourism and Development, Cambridge University

Press, London. P 45-49

2 Mathew MD and Seevan M (1984) Tourism: An Employment Oriented

Industry, Eastem Economist, Vol. 2, PP 5-7.

3Pragati Mohanty (1992), ‘Hotel Industry and Tourism in India’, Ashish

Publishing House, New Delhi, P.44.

4 Gill. S. Pushpinder (1996), ‘Dynamics of Tourism’, Anmol Publishing House,

New Delhi.

5 Mohinder Chand (2000), ‘Travel Agency Management’, Anmol publications

private Limited, New Delhi.PP 5-6

6 Kye-Sung, Raymond (1999) Welcome to Hospitality- an Introduction, Delmar

Publication, Bangalore, PP 3-6

7 Lickorish, L.J, and Kershaw, A.G., The Management of Tourism, Heinemann,

London, 1975, P. 3

8 Ogilvic FW (193) The Tourist Movement P.S King and Sons Ltd. Orchard

House, Westminister, London. PP 50-55

9 Mohammed Zulfikar (1998) Introduction to Tourism and Hotel Industry, Vikas

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi P 37

10 Garg RBL (1980) New Dimension of Tourism, Indian and Foreign Review,

Vol. 17, P 14

99

11 Thankgamani K (1985) Tourist Trade in Tamilnadu, Ph.D, thesis, ICSSR

Library, New Delhi, PP 64-65

12 Policy Note (2010-2011) Tourism and Cultural Department, Government of India, P