Seventeenth lesson Dix-septième leçon...INTRODUCTION Comparatives express relative superiority,...

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Seventeenth lesson – Dix-septième leçon

CONTENTS

Introduction

1) The comparative form

1.1) Comparative constructions

1.2) With adjectives

1.3) With adverbs

1.4) With nouns

1.5) With verbs

2) The comparative of bon, mauvais, bien

2.1) With bon

2.2) With mauvais

2.3) With bien

3) The superlative forms

3.1) Definition

3.2) To summarise

3.3) With adjectives

3.4) With adverbs

3.5) With nouns

3.6) With verbs

4) The superlative of bon, mauvais and bien

4.1) Using bon

4.2) Using mauvais

4.3) Using bien

Comparatives Superlatives

INTRODUCTION

Comparatives express relative superiority,

inferiority and equality between two or more

things, people or ideas.

The superlative expresses which object, person

or concept is the most or least of all those being

compared.

1. THE COMPARATIVE FORMS

1.1 Overview

Superiority [+] Equality [=] Inferiority [-]

Adjective Plus adj. que Aussi adj. que Moins adj. que

Adverb Plus adv. que Aussi adv. que Moins adv. que

Noun Plus de noun que Autant de noun que Moins de noun que

Verb Verb plus que Verb autant que Verb moins que

1. THE COMPARATIVE FORMS

1.3 With adverbs

Paul court plus vite que Thoko.

Paul runs more quickly than Thoko.

Thoko court aussi vite que Paul.

Thoko runs as quickly as Paul.

Thoko court moins vite que Paul.

Thoko runs less quickly than Paul

1. THE COMPARATIVE FORMS

1.4 With nouns

Nelson a plus d’amis que Sam.

Nelson has more friends than Sam.

Sam a autant d’amis que Nelson.

Sam has as many friends as Nelson.

Sam a moins d’amis que Nelson.

Sam has fewer friends than Nelson.

1. THE COMPARATIVE FORMS

1.5 With verbs

Jane lit plus qu’Anne.

Jane reads more than Anne.

Anne lit autant que Jane.

Anne reads as much as Jane.

Anne lit moins que Jane.

Anne reads less than Jane.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

2.1With Bon

In comparative constructions bon (good) is an

adjective and means good, suitable, useful.

Its forms are irregular.

The comparative form of bon is meilleur.

meilleur meilleure Meilleurs meilleures

m. sg. f. sg. m. pl. f. pl.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Bon is irregular in the superioir

comparative.

In the inferiority or equality constructions, it

follows the normal rules.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Tes notes sont meilleures que mes notes.

Your marks are better than my marks.

Tes notes sont moins bonnes que mes notes.

Your marks are worse than my marks. (literally less

good)

Tes notes sont aussi bonnes que mes notes.

Your marks are as good as my marks.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Bien is also used in comparative constructions with

être (or verbs such être), and means good, suitable,

useful …

Tes gâteaux sont bien mais mes gâteaux sont meilleurs.

Your cakes are good but my cakes are better.

Ce roman est bien mais la pièce de théâtre est meilleure.

This novel is good, but the play is better.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

2.2 With mauvais

Mauvais (bad) has both regular and irregular

forms for the comparative.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Regular forms:

mauvais mauvaise mauvais mauvaises

m. sg. f. sg. m. pl. f. pl.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Mes notes sont plus mauvaises que tes notes.

My marks are worse than your marks.

(literally more bad)

Mes notes sont moins mauvaises que tes notes.

My marks are better than your marks.

(literally less bad)

Mes notes sont aussi mauvaises que tes notes.

My marks are as bad as your marks.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Irregular forms:

pire pires

m./f. sg. m./f. pl.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Mes notes sont pires que tes notes.

My marks are worse than your marks.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

2.3 With bien

When bien (well) is used as an adverb (i.e. when

it refers to as verb, it has a special comparative

and superlative form: mieux (better)

This irregularity only applies to the constructions

of superiority, inferiority and equality.

2. THE COMPARATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS, BIEN

Je danse bien.

I dance well.

Je danse mieux que toi.

I dance better than you.

Je danse moins bien que toi.

Literally: I dance less well than you.

Je danse aussi bien que lui.

I dance as well as him.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

3.1 Definition

Superlatives express absolute superiority or

inferiority.

They require the definite article.

The definite article always agrees with

adjectives and consequently with the subject of

the sentence.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

In constructions with adverbs, the adverb follows

the verb.

Remember that adverbs do not agree with

words they refer to.

This is why, le is the only article form used in

superlative constructions with adverbs.

This rule applies also to superlative constructions

with nouns and verbs.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS – OVERVIEW

Superiority [+] most Inferiority [-] least

Adjective La/le/les plus adj. Le/la/les moins adj.

Adverb Le plus adv. Le moins adv.

Noun Le plus de noun Le moins de noun

Verb Verb le plus Verb le moins

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

3.3 With adjectives

Jane est la plus belle de la famille!

Jane is the most beautiful in the family!

Paul est le plus beau de la famille!

Paul is the most handsome in the family!

David et Thoko sont les plus intelligents de la famille!

David and Thoko are the most intelligent in the family!

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

Anne est la moins intéressant de la classe.

Anne is the least interesting in the classroom.

David est le moins intéressant de la classe.

David is the least interesting in the classroom.

Jono et Clive sont les moins sérieux de la classe.

Jone and Clive are the least serious in the classroom.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

Notes:

In the previous sentences le/la/les plus and

le/la/les moins refer to the subject of the

sentence.

Consequently, the definite article agrees in

gender and number with the subjects as well as

with adjectives related to them.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

3.4 With adverbs

Dans ma famille, c’est mon frère qui lit le plus vite.

In my family, it is my brother who reads the fastest.

Et c’est ma sœur qui comprend le moins vite.

And it’s my sister who understands the slowest. (literally the

least fast)

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

Notes:

In the previous sentences le plus/le moins refer

to the adverb (not to subject: son frère/sa

sœur).

This is why the definite article remains le (it

never agrees with adverbs).

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

3.5 With nouns

Dans mon quartier, c’est Nelson qui a le plus d’amis.

In my neighbourhood, it’s Nelson who has the most friends.

Et c’est Elouise qui a le moins de succès.

And it’s Elouise who has the least success.

3. THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

In the sentences in the previous slide le plus/le

moins refer to the verb (not to subject: Anne,

Jane, Pierre, David).

This is why the definite article remains le (it

never agrees with verbs)

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

4.1With bon

As with its comparative forms, bon (good) is

irregular in its superlative constructions.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

The superlative of bon is le meilleur:

Le meilleur La meilleure Les meilleurs Les meilleures

m. sg. f. sg. m. pl. f. pl.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

Mes notes sont les meilleures.

My marks are the best.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

4.2 With mauvais

Mauvais (bad) has both regular and irregular

forms for the superlative

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

Regular forms:

Le plus

mauvais

La plus

mauvaise

Les plus

mauvais

Les plus

mauvaises

m. sg. f. sg. m. pl. f. pl.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

Irregular forms:

Le pire La pire Les pires

m. sg. f. sg. m./f. pl.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

Mes notes sont les pires.

My marks are the worse.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

4.3 With bien

The adverb bien (well) has a special superlative

form: le mieux (the best).

This irregular form only applies to the

construction of superiority.

4. THE SUPERLATIVE OF BON, MAUVAIS AND BIEN

C’est Marie qui explique le mieux la grammaire.

It’s Marie who explains grammar the best.

C’est Paul qui explique le moins bien la grammaire.

It’s Paul who explains grammar the worst.

C’est tout pour aujourd’hui!

Au revoir!

Merci!