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KATEDRA ENERGOELEKTRONIKI I AUTOMATYKI SYSTEMÓW PRZETWARZANIA ENERGII
DEPARTMENT OF POWER ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY CONTROL SYSTEMS
PART 2
dr inż. Andrzej Firlit
SELECTED ISSUES
OF SMART POWER GRIDS
SIEĆ EE PRZYSZŁOŚCI – JAKA POWINNA BYĆ?
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DoE – WWW.ENERGY.GOV
Source:U.S. Department of Energy
www.energy.gov
2
https://aghedupl-my.sharepoint.com/:f:/g/personal/afirlit_agh_edu_pl/Evw-xui7JXtIvS6AoEmOB8ABBx4bgvoc4UeQcNq9VyuSQw
?
PROSUMENT - DG RSE
Supplier's guarantees
regarding the quality of
energy supply
voltage valuevoltage fluctuationsvoltage distortionvoltage symmetryvoltage dips / swellspower supply
continuity (poweroutages / failure)
……
The impact of the
consumers (in
generall, there are no
formal requirements
for consumers’
guarantees to reduce
emissions of
electromagnetic
disturbances)
current harmonics and interharmonics
current asymmetryreactive power,
tg (φ)surge / inrush
currents…
MEASUREMENTS BY
AN POWER QUALITY
ANALYZER
Power Quality – Quality of electricity supplyPower conditions
Property boundary between the partiesPCC connection pointAGREEMENT between
the parties
What is the purpose of the measurements?
Energy meter
15 minutes
legal regulationsstandards, norms
THE IMPORTANCE OF
CONTINUOUS
MONITORING SYSTEM
Who is measuring?
10 minutes
3
?
SOURCE OF ENERGY
LOAD ORGROUPS OF LOADS
Supplier's guarantees
regarding the quality of
energy supply
voltage valuevoltage fluctuationsvoltage distortionvoltage symmetryvoltage dips / swellspower supply
continuity (poweroutages / failure)
……
The impact of the
consumers (in
generall, there are no
formal requirements
for consumers’
guarantees to reduce
emissions of
electromagnetic
disturbances)
current harmonics and interharmonics
current asymmetryreactive power,
tg (φ)surge / inrush
currents…
MEASUREMENTS BY
AN POWER QUALITY
ANALYZER
Power Quality – Quality of electricity supplyPower conditions
no contractPCC
What is the purpose of the measurements?
no energymeter
legal regulationsstandards, norms
THE IMPORTANCE OF
CONTINUOUS
MONITORING SYSTEM
Who is measuring?
10 minutes
the laws of physicsand electrotechnics
distributed generations DGrenewable sources of energy RES,
energy storage systems ESSPROSUMENTs
Gwarancje
OPERATORA I PRODUCENTA
w zakresie jakości
dostawy energii w PWP
voltage value voltage fluctuations voltage distortion voltage symmetry voltage dips / swells power supply
continuity (poweroutages / failure)
… …
CONSUMERS
& DG/RES
may have a negative
effect on the power
system
current harmonics and interharmonics
current asymmetry reactive power,
tg (φ) surge / inrush
currents voltage value DG security of service „variability" of
genration…
Property boundary between the partiesconnection pointAGREEMENT between the parties
?variable state of the power
systemDG, RSE
consumers consumers
conventionalenergy sources
Power Quality – Quality of electricity supplyPower conditions
electricity must be supplied continuously
?MEASUREMENTS BY
AN POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUOUS
MONITORING SYSTEM
Who is measuring?
10 minutes
4
Koncepcja SMART GRIDS
MICROGRIDsisland supply
ENERGY CLUSTERs
ENERGY BALANCE !!!
CRITICAL CONDITION !!!
PS
DSO
The way the power systems
work are changing
Power Quality is important (+/-)
Power supply continuity is critical
Koncepcja SMART GRIDS
MICROGRIDsisland supply
ENERGY CLUSTERs
ENERGY BALANCE !!!
CRITICAL CONDITION !!!
PS
DSO
The way the power systems
work are changing
Power Quality is important (+/-)
Power supply continuity is critical
Electricity must be delivered continuously
To manage / control a micro grids, you need to knowthe values of the relevant parameters
measurement and recording and monitoring (continuous)
executive devices
5
Title of project:
Development of distributed energy in energy clusters
KlastER
Rozwój energetyki rozproszonej w klastrach energii
Project duration: 2019 – 2021 r.
MENAG consortium: Ministerstwo Energii (lider), Akademia
Górniczo-Hutnicza, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych
1st competition for open projects under the Strategic Program of Scientific Research
and Development Works "Social and economic development of Poland in the
conditions of globalizing markets" GOSPOSTRATEG - National Center for Research
and Development NCBiR
KlastER project – NCBiR
The purpose of the KlastER project
Elaboration strategies to develop energy clusters in Poland,
based on a number of analyzes and pilot launches of
technological and organizational solutions developed in
clusters
... building a network of distributed energy competences ...
KlastER project – NCBiR
6
You can measure and measure, good or bad.
Measurements taken correctly do not have to be
identical.
The method of data processing is very important.
Comment
The appropriate measurements are one
of an important aspects of the smart grids (power
quality).
At this point, we can formulate a series of questions.
What will measure the meter in the socket?
What measurements did you take previously?
What is the PQ analyzer?
Do you know what I am asking?Do you know what's going on?
1) -311 V
2) 236 V
3) 58 V
4) 0 V
5) 289 V
Which value
is correct?
Is it good
or bad?
What are the technical and legal requirements?
7
I want to have knowledge about the operating parameters of the power system.
What should he measure?What instruments should I measure?
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3DG/RES
SEE
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
"Cross-section„
of the supply line
source of energy load
U
I1
I2
I3
IΣ
IN
one U (UNPE)
(voltage bus)
several I (1,2,3)
total IΣ
DG / RESdistributed generation
renewable energy source
I want to have knowledge about the operating parameters of the power system.
What should he measure?What instruments should I measure?
nine voltages
UL1, UL2, UL3
UL12, UL23, UL31
UN-PE
four currents
IL1, IL2, IL3, IN
voltmeters, ammeters, frequency meters, wattmeters, varometers, oscilloscopes,
spectrum analyzers, energy meters, and more ...
- a lot of technical aspects: memory size, communication method, time synchronization,
mobility, fieldwork in real conditions, IP class and others ...
(3 phases + N + PE, U phase, U phase-to-phase voltage)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
"Cross-section„
of the supply line
source of energy load
8
Power Quality – desired state
1
3-phase, 3/4-wire system (neutral IN = 0)
3-phase symmetrical resistive linear load (PF = DPF = 1)
voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal and in-phase - no phase
shift
ϕ = 0°, cos(ϕ) = 1
URMS, IRMS, f – const.
p(t) = u(t)∙i(t) – const.
THDU, KU, WHU = 0%
THDI, KI, WHI = 0%
PF / DPFPower Factor
Displacement Power Factor
obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14
9
obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14
obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14
10
Examples of current waveforms of different converters
THREE MEASUREMENT POINTSMINING PLANT
winding machine
cage drive
passive filter
5. harmonic
power line – source of energy
– voltages measurement
– currents measurement
6,0 kV
PQ ANALYSER
no. 1
PQ ANALYSER
no. 2, 3, …
11
THREE MEASUREMENT POINTSMINING PLANT
winding machine
cage drive
passive filter
5. harmonic
power line – source of energy
– voltages measurement
– currents measurement
6,0 kV
PQ ANALYSER
THREE MEASUREMENT POINTSMINING PLANT
winding machine
cage drive
passive filter
5. harmonic
power line – source of energy
– voltages measurement
– currents measurement
6,0 kV
PQ ANALYSER
12
THREE MEASUREMENT POINTSMINING PLANT
winding machine
cage drive
passive filter
5. harmonic
power line – source of energy
– voltages measurement
– currents measurement
6,0 kV
PQ ANALYSER
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabus
13
1. Dugan R.C., McGranaghan M.F., Santoso S.: Electrical Power Quality Systems, Second Edition, The
McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.
2. Handbook of power quality edited by A. Bagginii (co-authors, among others: Z. Hanzelka, A. Firlit), Wiley,
2008
3. Bolen M., Gu I.: Signal processing of power quality disturbances. Wiley, 2006
4. Bollen M.: Understanding power quality problems, IEEE Press, 2000
5. Materials by Leonardo ENERGY www.leonardo-energy.org
6. Benchmarking Report on Quality of Electricity Supply, CEER, Reports: 2001, 2nd 2003, 3rd 2005, 4th
2008, 5th 2011, 6th 2016/6.1-20182000-2018
7. Bollen M.H.J., Milanović J.V., Čukalevski N.: CIGRE/CIRED JWG C4.112 – Power Quality Monitoring,
International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’14), Cordoba (Spain), 8th
to 10th April, 2014, Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), 12, April 2014.
8. Bollen M.H.J., Zhong J., Zavoda F., Meyer J., McEachern A., López F.C.: Power quality aspects of Smart
Grids, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’10), Granada
(Spain), 23th to 25th March, 2010.
9. Energy Community Regulatory Board ECRB, Guidelines of good practice on the implementation and use
of voltage quality monitoring systems for regulatory purposes, Council of European Energy Regulators
CEER, December 2012.
10. Kilter J., Meyer J., Howe B., Zavada F., Tenti L., Milanović J.V., Bollen M., Ribeiro P.F., Doyle P., Gordon
J.M.R.: Current practice and future challenges for power quality monitoring, ClGRE WG C4.112
Perspective, 2012 IEEE.
11. Meyer J., Kilter J., Howe B., Zavoda F., Tenti L., Gordon J.M.R., Milanović J.V.: Contemporary and future
aspects of cost effective power quality monitoring, Position Paper of CIGRE WG C4.112, 2012 IEEE.
12. Neumann R.: The importance of IEC 61000-4-30 Class A for the coordination of power quality levels, 9th
International Conference Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Barcelona, 09–11.10.2007.
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – books and articles.
1. Saboori H., Mohammadi M., Taghe R.: Virtual power plant (VPP), definition, concept, components and
types, 2011 IEEE.
2. Van Gerwen R.: Generacja rozproszona i odnawialne źródła energii. Wprowadzenie do zagadnień GR i
odnawialnych źródeł energii, „Jakość zasilania – poradnik”, tom 8.1, Polskie Centrum Promocji Miedzi
2006.
3. Firlit A.: Power theory with non-sinusoidal waveforms – Annex 3, Handbook of Power Quality edited by
Angelo Baggini, Willey 2008.
4. I Krajowy raport benchmarkingowy nt. jakości dostaw energii elektrycznej do odbiorców przyłączonych do
sieci przesyłowych i dystrybucyjnych, Urząd Regulacji Energetyki, 2009.
5. Hanzelka Z.: Jakość dostawy energii elektrycznej – zaburzenia wartości skutecznej napięcia, ISBN: 978-
83-7464-566-9, Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków 2013
6. Hanzelka Z. (redaktor naukowy), Firlit A. (redaktor naukowy) i inni: Elektrownie ze źródłami
odnawialnymi. Zagadnienia wybrane., ISBN 978-83-7464-817-2, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 2015
7. Hanzelka Z., Firlit A., Błajszczak G.: Syntetyczne miary jakości napięcia, Automatyka, elektryka,
zakłócenia, red. Z. R. Kwiatkowski, Gdańsk, INFOTECH, ISBN 978-83-921711-8-8, str.118-126, 2011 r.
8. Błajszczak G., Firlit A.: Narzędzia do oceny i analizy jakości energii elektrycznej, Energetyka, 12, 2009,
787–793.
9. Firlit A.: Ciągły monitoring i analiza jakości energii elektrycznej, Elektroenergetyka – spółczesność i
Rozwój, nr 4(10)/2011, grudzień 2011
10. Hanzelka Z., Firlit A., Chmielowiec K., Świątek B.: New Challenges for Voltage Quality Studies, Przegląd
Elektrotechniczny, ISSN 0033-2097, r. 89, nr 6/2013
11. Raport z Piknik Jakości Energii Elektrycznej 2014 – Eksperymentalne badania porównawcze
analizatorów, www.piknikjee.pl, AGH – TAURON Dystrybucja, 23 października 2014
12. Raport z Piknik AMI 2015 – Badania porównawcze inteligentnych liczników energii elektrycznej AMI,
www.piknikami.pl, AGH – TAURON Dystrybucja – Politechnika Wrocławska, 19 listopada 2015
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – books and articles.
14
1. PN-EN 50160 – Parametry napięcia zasilającego w publicznych sieciach
elektroenergetycznych
2. Rozporządzenie ministra gospodarki z dnia 4 maja 2007 r. w sprawie
szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu elektroenergetycznego, Dz.U.
z 29 maja 2007 r. (na podstawie art. 9 ust. 3 i 4 ustawy z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r.
– Prawo energetyczne – Dz.U. 2006 nr 89, poz. 625, z późn. zm.)
3. PN-EN 61000-4-30 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Metody pomiaru jakości
energii
4. PN-EN 61000-4-15 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Miernik migotania światła —
Specyfikacja funkcjonalna i projektowa
5. PN-EN 61000-4-7 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Ogólny przewodnik dotyczący
pomiarów harmonicznych i interharmonicznych oraz przyrządów pomiarowych,
dla sieci zasilających i przyłączonych do nich urządzeń
6. PN-EN 62586-1,-2 – Pomiar jakości energii elektrycznej w sieciach zasilających
7. PN-EN 61000-2-2 – Kompatybilność elektromagnetyczna (EMC) — Część 2-2:
Środowisko — Poziomy kompatybilności zaburzeń przewodzonych małej
częstotliwości i sygnałów przesyłanych w publicznych sieciach zasilających
niskiego napięcia
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – norms and standards.
1. PN-EN 61000-2-4 – Kompatybilność elektromagnetyczna (EMC) — Część 2-4: Środowisko — Poziomy
kompatybilności dotyczące zaburzeń przewodzonych małej częstotliwości w sieciach zakładów
przemysłowych
2. PN-EN 61000-3-2 – Poziomy dopuszczalne emisji harmonicznych prądu (fazowy prąd zasilający
odbiornika ≤ 16 A)
3. PN-EN 61000-3-12 – Poziomy dopuszczalne emisji harmonicznych prądu dla odbiorników o
znamionowym prądzie fazowym > 16 A i lub = 75 A przyłączonych do publicznej sieci zasilającej niskiego
napięcia – wersja angielska
4. IEC TR 61000-3-6 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-6: Limits – Assessment of emission
limits for the connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność
elektromagnetyczna (EMC). Wartości dopuszczalne. Wyznaczanie dopuszczalnych poziomów emisji dla
instalacji wprowadzających odkształcenia przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)
5. IEC TR 61000-3-7 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-7: Limits – Assessment of emission
limits for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność
elektromagnetyczna (EMC). Wartości dopuszczalne. Wyznaczanie dopuszczalnych poziomów emisji dla
zmiennych instalacji przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)
6. IEC TR 61000-3-13 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-13: Limits – Assessment of emission
limits for the connection of unbalanced installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność
elektromagnetyczna (EMC). Wartości dopuszczalne. Wyznaczanie dopuszczalnych poziomów emisji dla
niezrównoważonych (niesymetrycznych) instalacji przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)
7. IEC TR 61000-3-14 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-14: Assessment of emission limits for
harmonics, interharmonics, voltage fluctuations and unbalance for the connection of disturbing
installations to LV power systems
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – norms and standards.
15
Normative acts, formal and legal documents
1. Prawo energetyczne – ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r. Dz. U. 1997 Nr
54 poz. 348 – Opracowano na podstawie: t.j. Dz. U. z 2018 r. poz. 755,
650, 685, 771, 1000, 1356, 1629, 1637, 2348.
2. Ustawa o kompatybilności elektromagnetycznej (Dz.U. Nr 82 z dn. 13
kwietnia 2007 r.)
3. …
Technical documentation from the manufacturer of measuring
equipment
1. AEberle, www.a-eberle.de
2. Sonel, www.sonel.pl
3. Fluke, www.fluke.com
4. Elspec, www.elspec-ltd.com
5. and others
Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous.
Disturbances
voltage distortionflicker severityvoltage fluctuation
voltagedips
slowvoltagechanges
fast voltagechanges
short/long -time
interruptions
flickerseverities
temporary / transient
overvoltages
16
Continuous power quality
phenomena
Supply voltage variations
Power frequency
Rapid voltage changes
Flickers (voltage fluctuations)
(temporary power frequency
overvoltages)
Voltage unbalance
Harmonic distortions
Interharmonic, subharmonic
voltages
Mains signalling on the supply
voltage
Current measurements
Power quality events
Interruption
Supply voltage dips
Supply voltage swells
Supply voltage unbalance
Transient overvoltages
Rapid voltage changes
Emissions in the 2 kHz
to 150 kHz range (as
information)
What to do?Power quality disturbances
jee – zmiany i zdarzenia
change220 V – 231 V
event
Ur = 100 V
120 ms
17
jee – zmiany i zdarzenia
high daily THD variability of the supply voltage- from 2.5% to 7.5%
change
event
920 ms
Power Quality – Overview – Disturbances
18
Power Quality – Overview – Disturbances
Is it good ??? !!!Awareness of restrictions on inference
What the questioner has in mind?
19
Czy jestdobrze ??? !!!
Świadomość ograniczeń
co do wnioskowania
Co pytającyma na myśli?
Is it good ??? !!!Awareness of restrictions on inference
What the questioner has in mind?
When does the power supply system work well
and when does it work badly?
How to evaluate it?
How to analyze this matter?
What do we need to do?
What do we need to measure?
What standards and norms are important?
Technical standards are needed - definitely.
It is necessary to specify (define) indicators for
assessing the operation of the power supply
network (power system).
Some questions
20
Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technicalstandards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systems
PN-EN 50160the newest version – www.pkn.pl
Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks
Parametry napięcia zasilającego w publicznych sieciach elektroenergetycznych
wersje:1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2019
Rozporządzenie Ministra Gospodarki
w sprawie szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu elektroenergetycznego
z dnia 04 maja 2007 r. (+późniejsze zmiany)
Dz. Ust. z 2007 Nr 93, poz. 623(poprzednia wersja 2004 r.)
Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technical standards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systemsRegulation of the Economy Minister (Power System Regulations)
Instrukcja Ruchu i EksploatacjiSieci Dystrybucyjnej (IRIESD)
Zatwierdzenie:PGE, ENEA, ENERGA, TAURON,
inogy Poland (RWE Stoen)
21
Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technicalstandards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systems
OVERVIEW – OTHER POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
Norms – The following represents a basis for and future-proof
power quality devices and systems.
IEC 61000-4-30 defines the measurement processes,
accuracy and interpretation of network quality parameters
for Class A and Class S devices.
IEC 62586-2 defines functional testing and uncertainty
requirements for Power Quality Instruments (PQI).
EN 50160 sets forth how the measured variables must be
evaluated.
IEC 61850 sets forth how data and information must be
forwarded.
The data formats are standardized for fault records in the
form of IEEE 1159 (PQDIF) and COMTRADE.
Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technicalstandards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systems
OVERVIEW – OTHER POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
22
dr inż. Andrzej Firlit
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza
Katedra Energoelektronikii Automatyki Systemów Przetwarzania Energii
Centrum Energetyki AGH
30-059 Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 30
tel.: 12 617 35 93, 603 877 809, fax. 12 633 22 84
afirlit@agh.edu.pl
„ to pewien stopień
doskonałości” –
Centrum Energetyki AGH
www.cjee.agh.edu.pl
Recommended