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Seeds of Discovery
An Investment by the Mexican Government
Seeds of Discovery
An Investment by the Mexican Government
Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources in wheat and maize
to address
•Food Security
• Climate change
• Resource Limitation
Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources in wheat and maize
to address
•Food Security
• Climate change
• Resource Limitation
Mission StatementDevelopment of the genetic and associated
technologies for the exploitation of genetic resources
to empower the global maize and wheat breeder
communities to address the challenges to global food
security including climate change and resource
scarcity (energy, water, nutrient and land).
Mission StatementDevelopment of the genetic and associated
technologies for the exploitation of genetic resources
to empower the global maize and wheat breeder
communities to address the challenges to global food
security including climate change and resource
scarcity (energy, water, nutrient and land).
Outcomes
Tools and/or genetic resources that can be
deployed directly in any breeding program
anywhere in the world
Outcomes
Tools and/or genetic resources that can be
deployed directly in any breeding program
anywhere in the world
Food SecurityThe singularly most important trait to
address food security is yield
Whole Genome Selection
Introgression from elite gene pools
Synthetics
Land races
Food SecurityThe singularly most important trait to
address food security is yield
Whole Genome Selection
Introgression from elite gene pools
Synthetics
Land races
Climate Change (2030)
Global increase in CO2
Global increase in temperature
Global increase in Ozone
Substantial changes in precipitation
Climate Change (2030)
Global increase in CO2
Global increase in temperature
Global increase in Ozone
Substantial changes in precipitation
Global increase in temperature
Geographically variable
Night temperature relatively more elevated than day
temperature
Heat shocks
Global increase in temperature
Geographically variable
Night temperature relatively more elevated than day
temperature
Heat shocks
Global increase in temperature
Developing world impacted
Warmer and wetter in high latitudes
Change in growing season length
Heat stress during grain filling will be a particular concern
Global increase in temperature
Developing world impacted
Warmer and wetter in high latitudes
Change in growing season length
Heat stress during grain filling will be a particular concern
Precipitation changes anticipated with climate change
Miloudi Nachit, ICARDA, 2011
Targeted Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources
There have been periods in the history of the earth when elevated CO2 and temperature were experienced
Target the genetic resources through FIGS
Targeted Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources
There have been periods in the history of the earth when elevated CO2 and temperature were experienced
Target the genetic resources through FIGS
Drought Tolerance
Matthew Reynolds: phenotyping, land races
Francis Ogbonnaya and David Bonnet: Synthetics
Wild relatives: FIGS
Target: Adaptation to dryland environments
Drought Tolerance
Matthew Reynolds: phenotyping, land races
Francis Ogbonnaya and David Bonnet: Synthetics
Wild relatives: FIGS
Target: Adaptation to dryland environments
Heat Stress
Terminal heat stress tolerance
Mexican wheat breeders (Pedro Figueroa) and CIMMYT assistance: Land
races
Gene pools from regions that experience terminal heat stress
Heat Stress
Terminal heat stress tolerance
Mexican wheat breeders (Pedro Figueroa) and CIMMYT assistance: Land
races
Gene pools from regions that experience terminal heat stress
Heat Stress (Cont.)
David Bonnet: Synthetics based on T. dicoccum, India
FIGS: target genetic resources to be evaluated
Heat Stress (Cont.)
David Bonnet: Synthetics based on T. dicoccum, India
FIGS: target genetic resources to be evaluated
Biotic StressesMore difficult to predict
Anticipate: changed global distribution, changes in severity, new diseases
Problem or has potential to be a problem
Sufficiency of current R&D
Resistance potentially available in elite material
Biotic StressesMore difficult to predict
Anticipate: changed global distribution, changes in severity, new diseases
Problem or has potential to be a problem
Sufficiency of current R&D
Resistance potentially available in elite material
Wheat RustsAlready evidence or changed global
distribution
Bread wheat: sufficient activity
Durum: Insufficient in CIMMYT germplasm, OK in ICARDA
Focus: APR
Karim Ammar, Miloudi Nachit, FIGS)
Wheat RustsAlready evidence or changed global
distribution
Bread wheat: sufficient activity
Durum: Insufficient in CIMMYT germplasm, OK in ICARDA
Focus: APR
Karim Ammar, Miloudi Nachit, FIGS)
Necrotrophic Diseases
Increasingly important: more dead tissue, conservation agriculture
Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola)
Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis)
Necrotrophic Diseases
Increasingly important: more dead tissue, conservation agriculture
Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola)
Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis)
Necrotrophic Diseases (Cont.)
Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)
Spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana)
Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum)
FIGS
Necrotrophic Diseases (Cont.)
Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)
Spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana)
Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum)
FIGS
Root HealthAssumes much greater importance
Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera)
Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)
Pratylenchus sp. (neglectus, thornei, penetrans)
Julie Nicol
Root HealthAssumes much greater importance
Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera)
Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)
Pratylenchus sp. (neglectus, thornei, penetrans)
Julie Nicol
New DiseasesLikely to be significant
Cannot predict
Wheat blast (Magnaporthe grisea)
Indistinguishable from rice blast
FIGS
New DiseasesLikely to be significant
Cannot predict
Wheat blast (Magnaporthe grisea)
Indistinguishable from rice blast
FIGS
Insect PestsSunn Pest (Eurygester integriceps)
Green bug (Schizaphis graminum)
Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor)
Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)
Russian Wheat Aphid (Sufficient R&D)
Insect PestsSunn Pest (Eurygester integriceps)
Green bug (Schizaphis graminum)
Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor)
Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)
Russian Wheat Aphid (Sufficient R&D)
Phosphorous Use Efficiency
Genetic variation for VAM development
Implications for P nutrition?
Variation for PUE with and without VAM development
Phosphorous Use Efficiency
Genetic variation for VAM development
Implications for P nutrition?
Variation for PUE with and without VAM development
Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Genetic variation identified
Ivan Ortiz Monasterio (?)
FIGS
R&D program plan is incomplete
Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Genetic variation identified
Ivan Ortiz Monasterio (?)
FIGS
R&D program plan is incomplete
Processing QualityHuman nutrition
Fe and Zn concentration in the grain
Milling Yield
Functionality
Processing QualityHuman nutrition
Fe and Zn concentration in the grain
Milling Yield
Functionality
Crop Trait Information NetworkCrop Trait Information Network
GeneSys PortalGeneSys Portal
CTIN Users:BreedersPre‐BreedersCuratorsResearchersOthers
CTIN Users:BreedersPre‐BreedersCuratorsResearchersOthers
National variety trials
National variety trials
Crop genetic Resource Collections
Crop genetic Resource Collections
Seeds of DiscoverySeeds of Discovery
CGIAR International Nurseries
CGIAR International Nurseries
CGIAR Breeding Programs
CGIAR Breeding Programs
National Breeding Programs
National Breeding ProgramsCurrent Global
Pre‐Breeding Research
Current Global Pre‐Breeding Research
National Trait MiningNational Trait Mining
International Phenotyping Programs
International Phenotyping ProgramsMolecular Information
SystemsMolecular Information
Systems
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