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See Melchers and Shaw p. 145 for African countries where English is used.
Melchers and Shaw
Africa
• Liberia – Rest of Englsh-speaking Africa
• Melchers and Shaw put Liberian English in the Inner Circle, p,120;
• they note its affinity with AAVE
Liberia
• 1822 American Colonization Society established “Liberia” for freed slaves.
• Only “American” colony in Africa• 20 000 black American settlers • Costa da Pimenta, Pepper Coast, Windward
Coast• 1847 Republic of Liberia established by the
American élite.
Liberia
• Only African English which distinguishes
• HappY = • No h-dropping• VrV is a “one-tap trill”• Tendency towards unchecked syllables – loss of
final consonants
Liberia
• Liberian English• Kruh Pidgin• Merico (defunct)• Liberian Kreyol
Throughout the West Coast:• Crio
• Wes Kos (WAP)
Africa Africa
Outside Liberia
list of African languages
Africa – outside Liberia
• 5 – term vowel system
CLOSE (HIGH
BA
CKF
RO
NT
OPEN (LOW)
CLOSE (HIGH
BA
CKF
RO
NT
OPEN (LOW)
Igbo
Africa – outside Liberia • 5 – term vowel system is common
•some larger systems but none as large as EnglishIgbo has
but Vowel Harmony means that
cannot combine with
so bit - beat
but not *beating
Africa
Africa
"In fact in African English as a whole it is very common for pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and so on to be stressed in running speech; and a further consequence of this is that no weak forms are used. Compare the sentence She's a rascal you know in its Est-African syllable-timed form [1Sí ze 1raskal 1jú no] with its English-English stressed-time form [Siz0 1rAsk0l ju 1n0u]"
Wells 643-3
Wells p, 639 on Yoruba
Yoruba: 28 millions (third most spoken African language).- Dialect continuum
Charts from Wiki
p. 638-9
Yoruba in Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, Togo
Wells p. 637
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